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APA Style Help & Tools

{{page_title}}, best bet: apa's academic writer.

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Academic Writer is the only authoritative and complete online environment for teaching, writing, and publishing in APA Style®, now updated to the 7th Edition. Designed to help users develop their writing and professional research skills, Academic Writer combines sophisticated learning and teaching tools, advanced writing and content management technology, and full integration of APA’s best-selling Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association® to create an unparalleled web-based suite of integrated services and tools.

Access Academic Writer anytime with this link:

library.purdueglobal.edu/academicwriter

Academic Writer Documentation & Tips

The below links lead to more information, tips, and training about the basics of using Academic Writer.

  • Library Guide to Academic Writer
  • Getting Started Guide (PDF)
  • Creating Academic Writer Accounts (PDF)
  • Accessing the Publication Manual (PDF)
  • Technical Requirements

Using Academic Writer's Writing Tools

Academic Writer contains a Writing section where you can create and write a full APA-formatted paper.  You can write the entire paper in Academic Writer or just use it to setup the title page, headings, and references.  Export your work at any time to a Microsoft Word document.  Below are documents from Academic Writer about the essential features of their Writing tools.  

  • Setting up the Title Page
  • Adding References to Papers (PDF)
  • Adding In-Text Citations (PDF)
  • Adding Tables (PDF)
  • Exporting Papers (PDF)

Featured Items from Academic Writer

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Basics of APA Style

Learn the basics of APA Style, including how to format a manuscript, understand the form and function of common manuscript parts, organize and express your thoughts clearly and precisely, employ the mechanics of style, use graphic elements effectively, credit sources and acknowledge the contributions of others, and construct a comprehensive and reliable reference list.

Academic Writer

© 2020 American Psychological Association.

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How to Avoid Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism

Learn how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism, including how to identify plagiarism, understand its risks and consequences, cite sources properly, and develop sound writing practices.

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Learn how to set up the title page of an APA Style paper, including the page header and running head, title, author name and affiliation, and author note.

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Paper Template: ("Merenda" Sample Student Paper)

This sample response paper presents a university student's personal reaction to an article about whether medication is prescribed too often to young children to treat psychological disorders. The title page demonstrates the simple default layout for a student paper. The paper has a simple setup with only a title page, body of text, and references. No "running head"! Response papers typically do not include author notes or abstracts, though this may vary by assignment.

Visit the Writing Center

Need writing help?  Visit the Writing Center to contact a tutor, submit your paper for review and feedback, or ask APA Style-related questions, as well as access dozens of writing tutorials, videos, webinars, and other instructional resources.

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PG Writing Center's Top APA Links

  • Common Citations in APA Format
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  • APA (7th Edition) Demystified in 5 Minutes Video
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eBook on APA Style 7th Edition

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Zotero: Free Reference Management Tool

Zotero [zoh-TAIR-oh] is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share your research sources. This tool is especially popular for heavy researchers at the grad level and above.

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Research and Citation Resources

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Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

If you are having trouble locating a specific resource please visit the  search page  or the  Site Map . The Citation Chart  provides a detailed overview of MLA Style, APA Style, and Chicago Manual of Style source documentation by category.

Conducting Research

These OWL resources will help you conduct research using primary source methods, such as interviews and observations, and secondary source methods, such as books, journals, and the Internet. This area also includes materials on evaluating research sources.

Using Research

These OWL resources will help you use the research you have conducted in your documents. This area includes material on quoting and paraphrasing your research sources, as well as material on how to avoid plagiarism.

APA Style (7th Edition)

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster

Chicago Manual of Style

This section contains information on the Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, which was issued in 2017.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Style

These resources describe how to structure papers, cite sources, format references, and handle the complexities of tables and figures according to the latest Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) guidelines.

American Medical Association (AMA) Style

These resources provide guidance on how to cite sources using American Medical Association (AMA) Style, 10th Ed., including examples for print and electronic sources.

Research Overview

We live in an age overflowing with sources of information. With so many information sources at our fingertips, knowing where to start, sorting through it all and finding what we want can be overwhelming! This handout provides answers to the following research-related questions: Where do I begin? Where should I look for information? What types of sources are available?

Conducting Primary Research

Primary research involves collecting data about a given subject directly from the real world. This section includes information on what primary research is, how to get started, ethics involved with primary research and different types of research you can do. It includes details about interviews, surveys, observations, and analysis.

Evaluating Sources of Information

Evaluating sources of information is an important step in any research activity. This section provides information on evaluating bibliographic citations, aspects of evaluation, reading evaluation, print vs. online sources, and evaluating Internet sources.

Searching Online

This section covers finding information online. It includes information about search engines, Boolean operators, Web directories, and the invisible Web. It also includes an extensive, annotated links section.

Internet References

This page contains links and short descriptions of writing resources including dictionaries, style manuals, grammar handbooks, and editing resources. It also contains a list of online reference sites, indexes for writers, online libraries, books and e-texts, as well as links to newspapers, news services, journals, and online magazines.

Archival Research

This resource discusses conducting research in a variety of archives. It also discusses a number of considerations and best practices for conducting archival research.

This resources was developed in consultation with Purdue University Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections staff.

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Purdue Owl: APA Formatting & Style Guide

Developed by Purdue's Online Writing Lab. Contains resources on in-text citation and the references page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.

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  • Did you know?
  • Citing sources is crucial
  • Free citation tools

Did you know  that almost ALL of UMA Libraries' catalogs and databases will  create citations for you?  When you find a resource, simply scan the database for a  "(quotation mark)"  icon, or for a label such as  Cite this Item,  or  Cite,  or  Citation Export.

Giving Credit to Whom It Is Due

When you write a research paper, you must document the sources you used to produce it. When quoting or even paraphrasing another person's idea in your paper, you must give credit to that person so that the reader can find the source you cited.

Sources for which you should provide full citations include books, articles, interviews, Internet sources, government documents, software, videotapes, etc. You cite the sources briefly within the text of your paper, and then give the full citation in the "Bibliography" or "Works Cited" section at the end of your paper.

Additionally, IT IS REQUIRED. See UMA's  Academic Integrity Policy  which spells out your responsibility as a student. The way to avoid plagiarism is to carefully cite all sources used. Your instructors will indicate which citation style they want you to use when citing your sources. Most often this is either APA or MLA citation style.

Please double-check citations before submitting your work! We cannot guarantee the accuracy of citations created using these free, online tools.

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The UMA Writing Centers and VAWLT   (Virtual, Accessibility, Writing, Library & Technology tutors) offer UMA learners free online writing help and tutoring sessions. Visit their websites to learn more!

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The UMA Writing Centers and VAWLT  offer UMA students free, online tutoring sessions. Visit their websites to learn more!

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The UMA Writing Center supports writers and fosters a culture of writing at UMA, both in person & online.

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UMA VAWLT provides virtual support to by chat, email, & Zoom.

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  • MLA Cheat Sheet Contains some info about the changes from 8th to 9th ed. as well as some basics of MLA style. PDF.
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MLA Made Easy - Top 10 Changes from the 8th to 9th Edition of MLA Style . Hatala Testing, 2021. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eBYiznvmkc .

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Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab)

The  Online Writing Lab (OWL)  at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out-of-class instruction.

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Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)  site  is a fairly comprehensive resource for the Modern Language Association's (MLA) style and formatting rules. Use the left side bar on OWL's page to navigate to the style or other help that you need.

UPDATED TO 9th ed.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)  site  is a fairly comprehensive resource for the American Psychological Association (APA) style and formatting rules. Use the left side bar of the OWL page to navigate to the style or other help that you need.

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APA Activity (tutorial)                                          APA Side By Side   (compares reference, in-text citation,                                                                                                                      and in-text citation with author set-up)

Chicago Formatting Guidelines                Chicago Notes & Bibliography

Format a Citation in APA Style Using EBSCOhost

Citation help from Academic Search Complete & other EBSCO databases

Academic Search Complete (along with Business Source Complete, PsycInfo, and other EBSCO databases) will create a citation for you! Look for the "Cite" button to view citations in all the major citation formats.

Citation Basics & Links

Citing your sources is an important step in the research and writing process.  Choose one of the following to get started:

Documentation style depends on your area of study. For instance, the American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is often used in the social sciences, whereas the Modern Language Association (MLA) style is used in the humanities. Check with your professor to be sure you are using the right style for your papers.

Here's a short overview of citations:

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Help me cite my sources.

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What is a Citation

Citations  provide credit to the original authors of the information sources you use in a paper or assignment. Whenever you refer to someone else's work or ideas, whether it's a text-based source, image, presentation, or other material, you must provide a citation. 

Citing sources involves two parts:

Parenthetical citations -  The citation information is written in parentheses directly after the quoted or paraphrased materials.

Footnotes or endnotes  - A number in superscript appears after the quoted or paraphrased material and directs readers to the citation information located at the end of the page (footnotes) or at the end of the document (endnotes). 

  • Reference list or Bibliography  - This comes at the end of your paper and provides a complete list of all of the different sources you consulted throughout your assignment. 

How do I cite in APA, MLA or Chicago?

  • Chicago Format

APA is often used in the social sciences disciplines and requires the use of parenthetical citations. 

Use the following style guides to learn how to format citations in APA:

IU Libraries' APA Quick Style Guide  - This provides a brief overview of how to cite some of the most common types of sources.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA Style Guide  - This guide provides more in-depth information on APA citations, as well as how to properly format other parts of your paper (the title page, appendices, etc.).

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  - This is the official APA manual, which provides the most comprehensive overview of APA style. If you can't find the information you need in one of the above sources, look here. 

Location: Wells Library, Undergraduate Core Collection - Call Number  BF76.7 .P83 2010

MLA   format is often used in humanities disciplines. It involves the use of parenthetical citations. 

Use the following style guides to learn how to format citations in MLA:

IU Libraries MLA Quick Style Guide   - This provides a short overview of how to cite some of the most common research sources.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) MLA Style Guide  -  This guide includes more in-depth help on how to cite sources in MLA style, as well as how to properly format other parts of your paper (the title page, appendices, etc.).

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers   - The official publication manual for MLA style. If you can't find the answer to your citation question in one of the above style guides, check here.

Location: Wells Library, Undergraduate Core Collection - Call Number  LB2369 .G53 2009

Chicago   format is most often used in history and a few other humanities disciplines. Chicago style can use either parenthetical citations  or  footnotes or endnotes. 

Use the following style guides to learn how to format citations in Chicago style:

IU Libraries Chicago Style Quick Guide  -  This provides a short overview of how to cite some of the most common research sources.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) Chicago Style Guide  -  This includes more in-depth help on how to cite sources in Chicago style, as well as how to properly format other parts of your paper (the title page, appendices, etc.).

Chicago Manual of Style Online   -  The official publication manual for Chicago style. If you can't find the answer to your citation question in one of the above style guides, check here.

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The APA or American Psychological Association style of citation is mainly used for the social sciences. The style is currently in its 7th edition.

Purdue OWL: APA  Formatting and Style Guide

APA OWL

This resource, updated to reflect the APA Handbook (7th ed.), offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the references page. Check here for help citing more resources or make an appointment with an Oxford librarian!

apa purdue owl as cited in

Icons are from the Noun Project and under Creative Commons licence (CCBY): books by sandra , article by Arfan Khan Kamol , website by Julynn B , link by Nathan Diesel, Video by Aybige, Audio by Manasa, Image by Mohammad Iqbal, hashtag by Gregor Cresnar.

Book Icon

Some example citations are below, from the Purdue OWL APA Guide . Follow the link for more examples!

How To Cite...

Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend . Yale University Press.

Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. New York University Press.

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication . American Psychological Association.

Artman, J., Sundquist, J., & Dechow, D. R. (2016). The craft of librarian instruction: Using acting techniques to create your teaching presence. Association of College and Research Libraries.

Armstrong, D. (2019). Malory and character. In M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.), A new companion to Malory  (pp. 144-163). D. S. Brewer.

Article Icon

When citing a scholarly article from a database if you can not find a DOI, a permalink or a nondatabase URL then you do not need to provide a link in APA 9th edition, unless requested by your professor.   

Mc Aninch, D. (2019, July 15). Seeing France’s wild mountains through a clouded, classic windshield. New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/15/travel/cevennes-france-drive.html

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies.  The Country Today , 1A, 2A.

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15 (3), 5-13.

From an Online Database

Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and experience design: Negotiating community-oriented digital research with service-learning.  Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement ,   6 (1), 11 – 16. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979

Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book  The self-knower: A hero under control , by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert].  Contemporary Psychology , 38 (5), 466–467.

Irwin, D. (2019, July 9). Wot I think: Gato Roboto. [Review of the video game Gato Roboto , published by Devolver Digital, 2019]. Rock Paper Shotgun .  https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2019/07/09/gato-roboto-review/

Website Icon

In APA style, individual webpages and documents hosted online are cited similarly to print content. Note, however, that the URL is typically included at the end of the entry. In APA style, you only need to include the date of access if the page's content will probably change over time (i.e. a wiki page).

Oxford College Library. (n.d.). Mission and Vision - Oxford College Library . https://oxford.library.emory.edu/about/about-oxford-college-library/mission-and-vision

Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist . Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01

Axelrod, A. (2019, August 11). A century later: The Treaty of Versailles and its rejection of racial equality. Code Switch, NPR . https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality

Digital Resources

Citing personal photos, digital files, or other electronic resources can be confusing. The important thing to remember is that everything you use for academic or professional work, even if you made it yourself , does need to be cited - every time!

Some URL Notes from Purdue OWL :

Link Icon

  • Many scholarly journal articles found in databases include a DOI (digital object identifier). If a DOI is available, cite the DOI number instead of the URL.
  • Online newspapers and magazines sometimes include a permalink , which is a shortened, stable version of a URL. Look for a “share” or “cite this” button to see if a source includes a permalink. If you can find a permalink, use that instead of a URL.

If you have a question or need to cite something not listed here, schedule a consultation with a librarian!

Visit the Purdue OWL Pages on citing Audiovisual Media and Electronic Sources in APA for more examples!

Play Button Icon

Lushi, K. [Korab Lushi]. (2016, July 3). Albatross culture 1 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AMrJRQDPjk&t=148s

Tedx Talks. (2011, Nov. 15). TEDxHampshireCollege - Jay Smooth - How I learned to stop worrying and love discussing race [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbdxeFcQtaU

Speaker Icon

Zuckerman, J. (2015, July 22). To heal [Song]. https:// soundcloud.com/jeremy-zuckerman/to-heal

Dacus, L. (2018). Night shift [Song]. On Historian [Album]. Matador Records.

Personal Interview

A personal interview is one that you have conducted yourself - the "author" is the interviewee. Note that APA style does not require a reference to a personal interview.

Crowl, P. (2019, July 12). Personal interview.

Prime, K. (Host). (2019, March 29). For whom the cowbell tolls [Audio podcast episode]. In Radiolab . WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/whom-cowbell-tolls

Photo Icon

Remember to get the permission of all the people in the photo (or their guardians, if minors) before you use it in your work!

Garofalo, C. (2019, April 12). [CSCE contributor gift table] [Photograph]. https://www.christophervisuals.com/OxfordCollege/CSCE/i-wP8vMbB/A

Online Photo or Image

The title of the item for the reference comes from its caption, so if the image has no official caption, you will describe the item inside square brackets. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author.

Williams, M. O. (2016, March 10). An Ouled Nail woman in Algeria wears a tattoo that is customary for dancers, 1949 [Photograph]. https:// natgeofound.tumblr.com/post/140802561912/an-ouled-nail-woman-in-algeria-wears-a-tattoo-that

Cash, I. (2011, April 5). Infographic of infographics . [Infographic]. https:// imgur.com/DNxvj

Only include the first 20 words of the post/caption when citing a social media post in APA style. If the post includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate that information in brackets after the content description. Also attempt to replicate emojis if possible; if not, describe the emoji (i.e. [Face with Tears of Joy emoji])

Hashtag Icon

U.S. Department of the Interior. (2020, January 10). Like frosting on a cake, snow coats and clings to the hoodoos at Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/USInterior/photos/a.155163054537384/2586475451406120/?type=3&theater

National Geographic [@NatGeo]. (2020, January 12). Scientists knew African grays are clever, but now they’ve been documented assisting other members of their species—even strangers [Tweet; thumbnail link to article]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/NatGeo/status/1216346352063537154

BBC [@bbc]. (2020, January 12). Skywatchers have been treated to the first full moon of 2020-known as a “wolf moon”-at the same time as a [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B7OkWqbBwcf/

Figure 1.  Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses

          

Note. From   Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses  [Painting], by Paul  Cézanne, 1890,   The Metropolitan Museum of  Art,  metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882 . Public Domain.

*Figures cited in-text must be both captioned and cited in the bibliography.

In-text citation:

(see fig. X)

(see fig. 3)

Figure Title and Note:

In APA, for images in papers you have the figure number, title and then a note, which serves as the caption. In the note if using copyrighted materials use From when reprinting an image and  Adapted from   if you have adapted an image. For description you place in Brackets this is often the format/medium of artwork, such as painting, photograph, sculpture, etc. 

Fig. X. Title of work or Description of the work 

Note.  From  Title  [description in brackets], by artist full name, c reation year; Institution, URL. Licensing information/public domain information/fair use notation. 

Figure 3.  Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses

Note.  From   Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses  [Painting], by Paul  Cézanne, 1890,  The Metropolitan Museum of Art (metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882) . Public Domain.

Figure. 5.  Atlanta Streetcar, 

Note.  From Atlanta Streetcar [Photograph], by Lauren Holley, 2014, Flickr (flickr.com/photos/atlantadowntown/16106577510/). CC BY 2.0.

Bibliography:

Author Last Name, First Initial. (year of publication).  title  [description in brackets]. Source. URL.  Cézanne, P. (1890).  Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses [Painting]. The Metropolitan Museum of Art ,  New York, NY, United States.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882.

Image has no known title?

If the work has no title provide a concise but informative description of the work and put it in the brackets. 

Mackintosh, C. R. (1897-1900). [Chair of stained oak]. Victoria and Albert Museum, London, England,

Image has no known author?

Omit the author's name, start with the title and move the date after the title:

Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses . 1890 .  The Metropolitan Museum of Art ,  New York, NY, United States. metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882.

No creation date?

Use (n.d.) in place of the date, this means "no data"

Cézanne, P. (n.d).  Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses [Painting]. The Metropolitan Museum of Art ,  New York, NY, United States.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882.

Are you using a video screenshot?

Fig. X. Still from title of work 

Note . From  title  [description in brackets], by director/ creator, c reation year; Institution, URL. Licensing information/public domain information/fair use notation. 

Figure 4. Still  Lord of the Rings: Fellowship of the Ring

Note. From  Lord of the rings: fellowship of the ring [Still from Film], by Peter Jackson, 2001, Wingnut Films; The Saul Zaentz Company. Copyright 2001 by The Saul Zaentz Company. 

  YouTube & Streaming Video:

  Creator name. (Year, Month day).  Title [description]. Platform, URL.

  Modern Librarian Memoirs. (2017, November 2) What is Information Literacy?  [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbe6xBibOL4.

APA uses parenthetical citations for in-text citation. Include the author's last name and the date of the work. Typically you put this at the end of the sentence just before the period.  

In APA, only include the page number if you are directly quoting a source. (If quoting more than one page, use pp. instead of p.).

To cite more than one source, put a semicolon between the two sources' citations.

For more information on APA, see the Purdue OWL page about in-text citation .

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Be sure to always follow the latest version of APA formatting guidelines.

  • APA Style APA style . (n.d.). Excelsior Online Writing Lab. https://owl.excelsior.edu/citation-and-documentation/apa-style/
  • General Format General format. (n.d.). Purdue Online Writing Lab. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html

Google Scholar

  • Google Scholar Google scholar . (n.d.). Google. https://scholar.google.com/ Google Scholar can be used to find papers.
  • Google Scholar 2018 The National University Library. (February 2018). Google scholar 2018 [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2uE6WGA7DI This video explains how to set up Google Scholar to automatically check NU library permissions. This is an immensely powerful research tool and should be used.

Finding Information in Resources

  • Art of Reading a Journal Article: Methodically and Effectively Subramanyam, RV. (2013). Art of reading a journal article: Methodically and effectively. J Oral Maxillofact Pathol, 17 (1), 65-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3687192/ This article will showcase how to mine relevant information from resources. For example, begin by reading the title, abastract and conclusion first.
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Citation Styles

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APA 7th Edition 2019

Apa 7th edition video, apa citation how to documents, in-text citations, how to cite chatgpt with apa.

APA Escape Room

Formating a Works Cited Page

Apa citation format examples.

  • Purdue OWL - APA

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Cover Art

  • APA Style and Grammar Guidelines 7th edition 2019
  • APA Style Paper Format Consult the APA Style for additional information and examples.
  • References Consult the APA Reference Examples site

APA 7th Edition from Joshua Vossler on Vimeo .

  • APA 7th Ed. Citation Guide WCC Writing Center 2023
  • APA 7th ed. Reference Guide APA guide

apa purdue owl as cited in

NOTES: The symbol "&" is used inside parentheses; the word "and" is used in text..

The author's last name and the year of publication should appear in any in-text citation.

Be aware of how to cite a work with multiple authors, and how this format will change after the first citation.

  • APA Style In-Text Citations
  • Paraphrasing with in-text citations -- example paragraph
  • Quotations with in-text citations - example paragraph
  • In-Text Citation Checklist From APA.org
  • How to cite ChatGPT Following APA Style

Research Toolkit - How to Cite Sources with APA

  • Research Toolkit - How to Cite

Start a new page..

The title of the page (References) should be centered and not underlined.

The page should be double-spaced; bring each new reference to the margin and indent the remainder of the reference.

Only use last names and first initials, not full first names.

Only references cited in your paper appear in the References. Likewise, anything cited in your paper must appear in the References.

If you did not actually read an article but read about it (secondary sources), you must cite the article of interest and the source you read utilized within the text of your paper.

Journal Article Electronic Format from a Research Database

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article.  Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Note: if no DOI number,  then use the URL.  APA does not require you to list the database name. 

Jafari, N., Jafari, N., Vosoughia, S., Utaberta, N., Yunos, M. Y. M., Ismail, N. A., & Ariffin, N. F. M. (2015). Influence of residents' preference of urban agriculture at rooftop garden on awareness about rooftop garden. Advances in Environmental Biology, 9 (24) , 71+. Retrieved from https://www.scimagojr.com/index.php

Three (3) or twenty (20) authors

List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand.

Jafari, N., Jafari, N., Vosoughia, S., Utaberta, N., Yunos, M. Y. M., Ismail, N. A., & Ariffin, N. F. M. (2015). Influence of residents' prefer ence  of urban agriculture at rooftop garden on awareness about rooftop garden.  Advances in Environmental Biology, 9 (24) ,  71+. Retrieved from https://www.scimagojr.com/index.ph p

[note: the second and third line of a citation should have a hanging indent of .5]

A webpage or online content

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page . Site name. URL

Johnson, B. (2020, June 11). Racial & Food Justice — A Resource . The Cornell Daily Sun. https://cornellsun.com/2020/06/11/racial-food-justice-a-resource/

Group or organization

Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page . Site name. URL

Environmental Protection Agency (2016, June 27). Using green roofs to reduce heat islands .  https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle . Publisher Name.

Novak, A. (2016). The rooftop growing guide: how to transform your roof into a vegetable garden or farm . Ten Speed Press.

  • APA Style Clinical Practice References Consult the APA Style for additional information and examples.

The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) offers a APA Formatting and Style Guide.

Use Purdue OWL for help with:

  •     In-text citations
  •     Examples of citations by source
  •     Works Cited formatting
  •     Paper formatting
  • Excelsior Online Writing Lab 2019. Excelsior Online Writing Lab (OWL). This site is licensed under a Creative Commons
  • APA Citation Activity Updated 2020
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APA Citation Style Guides/Manual

  • Publication manual of the American Psychological Association - APA "The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, it is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences, natural sciences, nursing, communications, education, business, engineering, and other fields. Known for its authoritative, easy-to-use reference and citation system, the Publication Manual also offers guidance on choosing the headings, tables, figures, language, and tone that will result in powerful, concise, and elegant scholarly communication. It guides users through the scholarly writing process-from the ethics of authorship to reporting research through publication. The seventh edition is an indispensable resource for students and professionals to achieve excellence in writing and make a impact with their work."
  • Investigar y escribir con APA 7 Bibliographical citations--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Standards, Citas bibliográficas--Manuales,etc
  • APA Formatting and Style Guide, 7th Ed. (Purdue Univ) APA Formatting and Style Guide - via Purdue Owl - These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
  • MLA handbook Formatting your research project -- Mechanics of prose -- Principles of inclusive language -- Documenting sources : an overview -- The list of works cited -- Citing sources in the text -- Notes -- Abbreviations -- Works-cited-list entries by publication format. "The ninth edition of the MLA Handbook is a textbook and reference guide that offers student writers and writing instructors guidance on creating works-cited-list entries in MLA style using the template of core elements. It features advice on punctuation, grammar, inclusive language, formatting research papers, and in-text citations. Includes an appendix of sample works-cited-list entries, illustrations, and an index."
  • MLA Formatting and Style Guide (Purdue Univ) MLA Formatting Guide via Purdue Owl - The following overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using MLA 9th edition, including how to format the Works Cited page and in-text citations. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. See also our MLA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel.

Chicago Manual of Style

  • Chicago Manual of Style Online The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format.
  • Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition (Purdue Univ) Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition - via Purdue Owl - Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc. at The Chicago Manual of Style Online.
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  • Chicago Manual of Style (17th Edition) Chicago manual style citations are used when covering history, art, and literature. Purdue Owl's manual of the Chicago manual style will help explain what this citation method is used for and the proper way to use this style.

MLA Citation

  • MLA Citation MLA citations are used for the humanities, such as English and communications. Purdue Owl's manual of MLA citations will explain the proper usage of this citation.

APA Citation (7th edition)

  • APA Citation (7th edition) APA citation is used for education, medical papers, health, science, social sciences, and business. Purdue Owl's manual for APA citation will help explain the proper usage of this citation.
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Citing your sources.

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  • Argument & Method

MLA (Modern Language Association) Style

Apa (american psychological association) style, chicago style, purdue owl (online writing lab).

apa purdue owl as cited in

The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects.

Proper citation is an essential aspect of scholarship. Citing properly allows your reader or audience to locate the materials you have used. Most importantly, citations give credit to the authors of quoted or consulted information. Failure to acknowledge sources of information properly may constitute plagiarism.  For an explicit definition of plagiarism, see the  Boston University Academic Conduct Code .

For detailed instructions on how to cite sources in your paper or project, please consult a style manual listed below. See our Citing Sources guide for additional style manuals.

apa purdue owl as cited in

  • MLA Formatting and Style Guide at Purdue OWL

apa purdue owl as cited in

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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

  • How to Cite AI
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How to Cite AI-Generated Content

Guideline :  https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt.

APA format:  OpenAI. (Year).  ChatGPT  (Month Day version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com

APA reference entry: OpenAI. (2023).  ChatGPT  (Feb 13 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com

APA in-text citation: (OpenAI, 2023)

Example 1 from APA Guideline

When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

OpenAI. (2023).  ChatGPT  (Mar 14 version) [Large language model].  https://chat.openai.com/chat

Example 2  from APA Guideline

When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Guideline : https://style.mla.org/citing-generative-ai/ 

MLA format: “Text of prompt” prompt.  ChatGPT , Day Month version, OpenAI, Day Month Year, chat.openai.com.

MLA Works Cited entry: “Explain antibiotics” prompt.  ChatGPT , 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 16 Feb. 2023, chat.openai.com.

MLA in-text citation: ("Explain antibiotics")

Recommendations on how to cite AI-generated content  

Chicago style recommends citing ChatGPT in a Chicago footnote

1. Text generated by ChatGPT, March 31, 2023, OpenAI, https://chat.openai.com.

According to the Guidelines for Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Generated Text (based on  IEEE Author Center Submission Guidelines ),  The use of content generated by artificial intelligence (AI) (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) shall be disclosed in an acknowledgments section. The AI system used shall be identified, and specific sections of the document that use AI-generated content shall be identified and accompanied by a brief explanation regarding the level at which the AI system was used to generate the content. The use of AI systems for editing and grammar enhancement should be disclosed as noted above.

IEEE has not published an official guideline on citing AI-generated content yet. The IEEE Author Center recommends consulting the Chicago Manual of Style for guidance for any usage not included in the  IEEE Editorial Style Manual . The Chicago Manual of Style has  recommendations on how to cite AI-generated content . 

Other resources: 

Scribbr: ChatGPT Citations | Formats & Examples  

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  • Last Edited: Jan 17, 2024 4:08 PM
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  • Free Tools for Students
  • APA Citation Generator

Free APA Citation Generator

Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!

APA 7 guide book cover

🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?

An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.

It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.

Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator?

College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:

  • Save a considerable amount of time
  • Ensure that your citations are consistent and formatted correctly
  • Be rewarded with a higher grade

In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?

Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:

  • Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page.
  • MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
  • Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
  • Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.

MyBib supports the following for APA style:

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Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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  5. APA 7th Edition: References Lists

  6. APA FORMATTING AND STYLE GUIDE (7TH EDITION) FOR ARTICLES FROM A JOURNAL

COMMENTS

  1. APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

    Cite Using citation machines responsibly Powered by Basic Rules Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors

  2. APA Style Guide

    Publication Date: 2019-10-01 The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. Purdue's OWL (Online Writing Lab) provides instruction on how to use APA 7th. Below are a few topics covered by the OWL. APA Style Introduction APA 7th APA Overview and Workshop APA 7th

  3. APA Citation Style

    Citation Management Citation management software can help you manage your citations and easily organize and format your citations in a wide variety of citation styles. Check out the links below for more information about these useful programs. Citation Management Basics

  4. APA

    Citation Management Tools Quick Reference Generators Citation management tools help you track and organize the articles you are gathering for your research. Citation management tools also generate in-text citations, import records from databases, and reference pages.

  5. APA Citation Format

    APA 7th Edition Citation Format instructions--Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA Style Manual Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed. by American Psychological Association Call Number: BF76.7 .P83 2020 (three copies at HSSE reference desk, one in HICKS) ISBN: 9781433832161 Publication Date: 2020

  6. Library: Purdue Global Library: APA Style Help & Tools

    Using Academic Writer's Writing Tools. Academic Writer contains a Writing section where you can create and write a full APA-formatted paper. You can write the entire paper in Academic Writer or just use it to setup the title page, headings, and references. Export your work at any time to a Microsoft Word document.

  7. Research and Citation Resources

    Cite Using citation machines responsibly Powered by APA Style (7th Edition) These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style.

  8. Purdue Owl: APA Formatting & Style Guide

    Citation Type Website Languages English Developed by Purdue's Online Writing Lab. Contains resources on in-text citation and the references page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.

  9. PDF APA 7th Edition (2020): Citations & Reference List

    For a work by two authors, name both authors each time you cite the work. When using a signal phrase, use the word "and" between the authors' name; when using parentheses, use an ampersand (&). Studies by Olsen and Tanner (1995) show . . . (Olsen & Tanner, 1995)

  10. APA Citation Help

    The Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) offers additional guidelines on APA style rules. It provides clear examples of in-text citations and reference page entries for a variety of print and online resources and is used by many universities. You may, occasionally, find inconsistencies between the OWL and the APA Manual.

  11. Basics of Citing in APA

    The Purdue Owl APA formatting and Style Guide's most often used spaces on the guide are: In-Text Citations: The Basics (information on how a citation should generally be formatted inside of your paper, paraphrased, and direct quotes) In-Text Citations: Author/Authors (information on rules for listing of author(s). For example multiple authors, corporate authors, etc.)

  12. APA Formatting and Style Guide

    This resource was written by David Neyhart and Erin Karper. Last full revision by Jodi Wagner. Last edited by Dana Lynn Driscoll on May 17th 2007 at 3:24PM. Summary: APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 5th edition of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA ...

  13. Resource Guides: Citations: Citing Your Sources

    APA, Chicago/Turabian, CSE, MLA citation style guides. University of Maine Augusta; Resource Guides; Citations; ... (OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to ...

  14. PDF APA 7th Edition Style

    arAustln Peay State University CLARKSVILLE TENNESSEE APSU Writing Center APA style 7th Edition References *This packet is adapted from the information from Purdue Owl and the American Psychological

  15. Citing Sources

    IU Libraries' APA Quick Style Guide - This provides a brief overview of how to cite some of the most common types of sources. Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA Style Guide - This guide provides more in-depth information on APA citations, as well as how to properly format other parts of your paper (the title page, appendices, etc.).

  16. APA Style

    Purdue OWL: APA Formatting and Style Guide. This resource, updated to reflect the APA Handbook (7th ed.), offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the references page. Check here for help citing more resources or make an appointment with an Oxford librarian! Publication Manual of ...

  17. LibGuides: EID620 v1: Research Resources (APA)

    General format. (n.d.). Purdue Online Writing Lab. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html

  18. APA

    APA 7th Edition 2019. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association by American Psychological Association. Call Number: BF76.7 .P83 2020. ISBN: 9781433832161. Publication Date: 7th edition. APA Style and Grammar Guidelines. 7th edition 2019. APA Style Paper Format.

  19. How to Cite Images

    Citation General Guidelines Include as much of the information below when citing images in a paper and formal presentations. Apply the appropriate citation style (see below for APA, MLA examples). Image creator's name (artist, photographer, etc.) Title of the image Date the image (or work represented by the image) was created

  20. Citation Style Guides

    APA Formatting and Style Guide - via Purdue Owl - These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.

  21. PDF Using "et al." in APA 7: A Quick Rundown

    The Purdue OWL provides the following example with what would otherwise be Jones et al. (2020): If you're ci ng mul ple works with similar groups of authors, and the shortened "et al" cita on form of each source would be the same, you'll need to avoid ambiguity by wri ng out more names. If you cited works with these authors:

  22. Citations

    Purdue Owl's manual of MLA citations will explain the proper usage of this citation. APA Citation (7th edition) APA citation is used for education, medical papers, health, science, social sciences, and business.

  23. Citing Your Sources

    The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects.

  24. Research Guides: Artificial Intelligence (AI): How to Cite AI

    How to Cite AI-Generated Content APA Guideline: https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt Examples: APA format: OpenAI. (Year). ChatGPT (Month Day version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com APA reference entry: OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Feb 13 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com

  25. Free APA Citation Generator [Updated for 2024]

    Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page. MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself. Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.