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Effective Multicultural Teams: Theory and Practice pp 239–274 Cite as

Problem Solving and Decision Making

  • Linda Drake Gobbo 3  

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Part of the Advances in Group Decision and Negotiation book series (AGDN,volume 3)

Problem solving and decision making in multicultural work teams are the last of the skill areas to be covered in this book. This topic will be discussed from the cultural, individual, and organizational levels of multicultural team development, building on the frameworks that have been presented in previous chapters. Many theorists consider problem solving and decision making as synonymous-all decisions are made in response to a problem or opportunity. Simply stated, if problem solving is the process used to find a solution to the problem, challenge, or opportunity. However, how one solves problems can be quite varied. An individual can use analytical tools based on logic, deduction, or induction, or intuition based on an understanding of principles, or creative thinking. Problem-solving abilities and approaches may vary considerably, actually using different paradigms or frameworks. In this chapter one approach, with the steps and methods to do problem solving in work teams, will be presented.

There are six steps to the problem-solving model described and demonstrated in this chapter. Several of those steps within the model are used for decisionmaking, and are covered as well. How a team makes the decision, and who on the team makes it are important elements and will also be discussed. As prior chapters have noted, membership of multicultural teams varies greatly. The procedures each member follows, the different value orientations guiding their behavior (Smith et al. 2002), the nature of the tasks they must complete, and the communication tools they employ (face-to-face and/or technology-based) all impact how they approach problem solving and decision making. When done effectively, problem solving, which includes decision making, moves through all the steps described here equally, engaging the knowledge and skills of all team members.

This chapter will first present theoretical frameworks for problem solving, then define the steps that comprise problem solving and decision making within them. This will be followed by a discussion of the cultural variations, and impact of individual styles and societal assumptions on decision-making. Shared mental models and consensus are offered as methods to equalize participation in team decision making, and an overview of other methods provided. The last section will look at ways to coordinate the stages of team development with the variety of problemsolving and decision-making techniques in order to maximize a team’s effectiveness.

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Gobbo, L.D. (2008). Problem Solving and Decision Making. In: Halverson, C.B., Tirmizi, S.A. (eds) Effective Multicultural Teams: Theory and Practice. Advances in Group Decision and Negotiation, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6957-4_9

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How to Make Great Decisions, Quickly

  • Martin G. Moore

decision making and problem solving questions pdf

It’s a skill that will set you apart.

As a new leader, learning to make good decisions without hesitation and procrastination is a capability that can set you apart from your peers. While others vacillate on tricky choices, your team could be hitting deadlines and producing the type of results that deliver true value. That’s something that will get you — and them — noticed. Here are a few of a great decision:

  • Great decisions are shaped by consideration of many different viewpoints. This doesn’t mean you should seek out everyone’s opinion. The right people with the relevant expertise need to clearly articulate their views to help you broaden your perspective and make the best choice.
  • Great decisions are made as close as possible to the action. Remember that the most powerful people at your company are rarely on the ground doing the hands-on work. Seek input and guidance from team members who are closest to the action.
  • Great decisions address the root cause, not just the symptoms. Although you may need to urgently address the symptoms, once this is done you should always develop a plan to fix the root cause, or else the problem is likely to repeat itself.
  • Great decisions balance short-term and long-term value. Finding the right balance between short-term and long-term risks and considerations is key to unlocking true value.
  • Great decisions are timely. If you consider all of the elements listed above, then it’s simply a matter of addressing each one with a heightened sense of urgency.

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Like many young leaders, early in my career, I thought a great decision was one that attracted widespread approval. When my colleagues smiled and nodded their collective heads, it reinforced (in my mind, at least) that I was an excellent decision maker.

decision making and problem solving questions pdf

  • MM Martin G. Moore is the founder of Your CEO Mentor and author of No Bullsh!t Leadership and host of the No Bullsh!t Leadership podcast. His purpose is to improve the quality of leaders globally through practical, real world leadership content. For more information, please visit, www.martingmoore.com.

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Direction: In each question below is given a statement followed by three courses of action numbered (A), (B) and (C). A course of action is a step or administrative decision to be taken for. improvement, follow-up or further action in regard to the problem, policy, etc. On the basis of the information given in the statement, you have to assume everything in the statement to be true, then decide which of the suggested courses of action logically follow(s) for pursuing.

Question 1:

Statement : A heavy unseasonable downpour during tho last two days has paralysed the, normal life in the state in which five persons were killed but this has provided a huge relief to the problem of acute water crisis in the state.

Courses of action: (A) The state government should set up a committee to review the alarming situation. (B) The state government should immediately remove all the restrictions, on use of potable water in all the major cities in the state. (C) The state government should send relief supplies to all the affected areas in the state.

a) None b) Only (A) c) Only (B) and (C) d) Only (C) e) All (A), (B), (C)

Question 2:

Statement: A large private bank has decided to retrench one-third of its employees in view of the huge losses incurred by it during the past three quarters.

Courses of action: (A) The Govt. should issue a notification to general public to immediately: stop all transactions with the bank. (B) The Govt. should direct the bank to refrain from retrenching its employees. (C) The Govt. should ask the central bank of the country to initiate an enquiry into the bank’s activities and submit its report.

a) None b) Only (A) c) Only (B) d) Only (C) e) Only (A) and (C)

Question 3:

Statement: Many political activists have decided to stage demonstrations and block traffic movement in the city during peak hours to protest against the steep rise in prices of essential commodities.

Courses of action: (A) The Govt. should immediately ban all forms of agitations in the country. (B) The police authority of the city should deploy additional forces all over the city to help traffic movement in the city. (C) The state administration should carry out preventive arrests of the known criminals staying in the city.

a) Only (A) b) Only (B) c) Only (C) d) Only (A) and (B) e) None of these

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Question 4:

Statement: The school dropout rate in many districts in the state has increased sharply during the last few years as the parents of these children make them work in the fields owned by others to earn enough for them to get at least one meal a day.

Courses of action: (A) The Govt. should put up a mechanism to provide foodgrains to the poor people in these districts through public distribution system to encourage the parents to send their wards to school. (B) The Govt. should close down some of these schools in the district and deploy the teachers of these schools to nearby schools and also ask remaining students to join these schools. (C) Govt. should issue arrest warrants for all the parents who force their children to work in fields instead of attending classes.

Question 5: 

Statement: One aspirant was killed due to stampede while participating in a recruitment drive of police constables.​_

Courses of action: (A) The officials incharge of the recruitment process should immediately be suspended. (B) A team of officials should be asked to find out the circumstances which led to the death of the aspirant and submit its report within a week. (C) The Govt. should ask the home department to stagger the number of aspirants over more number of days to avoid such incidents in future.

a) Only (A) b) Only (B) c) Only (C) d) Only (B) and (C) e) None of these

Instructions: Study the following information carefully and answer the question given below: Following are the conditions for selecting Senior Manager-General Banking in a bank: The candidate must (i) have secured at least 60 per cent marks in std XII. (ii)have secured at least 55 per cent marks in Graduation in any discipline (iii)have secured at least 60 per cent marks in Postgraduate degree/diploma in Management/Economics/statistics (iv)be at least 25 years and not more than 35 years as on 01-03-2010 (v)have post qualification work experience of at least 2 years as General Banking Officer in a bank (vi)have secured at least 40 per cent marks in the Personal interview In the case of a candidate who satisfies all the above conditions except (a)at (iii)above but has secured at least 60 per cent marks in CA or ICWA the case is to be referred to VP-Recruitment (b)at (vi)above but has secured at least 65 per cent marks in the written examination and at least 35 per cent marks in the personal interview the case is to be referred to president-Recruitment In each question below are given details of the one candidate You have to take one of the following course of action based on the information provided and the conditions and sub conditions given above and mark the number of that course of action as your answer You are not to assume anything other than the information provided in each question All these are given to you as on 01-03-2010

Question 6: Kesav Vora was born on 8th November 1978.He has secured 65 per cent marks in std XII and 60 per cent marks in Graduation He has secured 58 per cent marks in MA Economics and 60 per cent in ICWA He has been working in a bank as a generalist officer for the past two years after completing his education he has also secured 50 per cent marks in the written examination and 45 per cent marks in the personal interview

a) if the data provided are inadequate to taken decision b) if the case is to be referred to VP-Recruitment c) if the case is to be referred to President-Recruitment d) if the candidate is to be selected e) if the candidate is not to be selected

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Question 7:  Arindam Ghosh has been working in a bank as a generalist officer for the past four years after completing his post graduate diploma in management with 60 per cent marks He has secured 50 per cent marks in the written examination and 40 per cent marks in the personal interview He has also secured 70 per cent marks in std XII. He was born on 25th February 1975.

Question 8:  Sohan Majhi has secured 65 per cent marks in Bsc and 70 per cent marks in MSc Statistics. He has been working in a bank as generalist officer for the past three years after completing his post graduation He has secured 55 per cent marks in the written examination and 50 per cent marks in the personal interview.He was born on 8th July 1982.

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Question 9:  Neha Salve has been working in a bank as a generalist officer for the past four years after completing her post graduate degree in Economics with 60 per cent marks She has secured 60 per cent marks in both graduation and std XIII. She was born on 24th August 1979 She has secured 70 per cent marks in the written examination and 38 per cent marks in the personal interview.

Question 10:  Neeta Jaiswal was born on 2nd June 1980 She has been working in a bank as a generalist officer for the past three years after completing her post graduation degree in Economics with 60 per cent marks she has secured 68 per cent marks in hsc and 58 per cent marks in BCom She has also secured 50 per cent marks in both the written examination and personal interview.

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Answers & Solutions:

1) Answer (C)

In a crisis situation, the expectation is to have the supplies sent to the areas as soon as possible. Hence option C is correct

2) Answer (C)

The govt should start an inquiry to investigate the actions of the bank and refrain from acting in haste without proper analysis. Hence option C is the right option.

3) Answer (B)

Banning agitations would not affect them anyway. Additional police would bring the agitations and demonstrations to an end. Hence that’s the right choice.

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4) Answer (A)

The cause ie. hunger should be addressed to encourage children’s education. So, Option A is correct.

5) Answer (D)

Suspending officers without investigation may not resolve the actual issue. So, options B and C are correct.

6) Answer (B)

(i) $\geq60\%$ in class XII, => yes (65%)

(ii) $\geq55\%$ in graduation, => yes (60%)

(iii) $\geq60\%$ in PG/diploma, => no (58%)

(iv) $25\leq$ age $\leq35$, => yes (31 years)

(v) Work experience $\geq2$ years, => yes

(vi) $\geq40\%$ in Interview, => yes (45%)

$\because$ The candidate failed to satisfy (iii) condition but got 60% in ICWA, thus case is to be referred to VP-Recruitment.

=> Ans – (B)

Current Affairs Questions and Answers for Competitive Exams

7) Answer (E)

(i) $\geq60\%$ in class XII, => yes (70%)

(ii) $\geq55\%$ in graduation, => not given

(iii) $\geq60\%$ in PG/diploma, => yes (60%)

(iv) $25\leq$ age $\leq35$, => no

(vi) $\geq40\%$ in Interview, => yes (40%)

$\because$ Arindam is older than 35 years, thus the candidate is not to be selected.

=> Ans – (E)

8) Answer (A)

(i) $\geq60\%$ in class XII, => not given

(ii) $\geq55\%$ in graduation, => yes (65%)

(iii) $\geq60\%$ in PG/diploma, => yes (70%)

(iv) $25\leq$ age $\leq35$, => yes (27 years)

(vi) $\geq40\%$ in Interview, => yes (50%)

$\because$ Sohan satisfied all the conditions, but his marks of XII std. are not mentioned, thus data insufficient.

=> Ans – (A)

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9) Answer (C) (i) $\geq60\%$ in class XII, => yes (60%)

(ii) $\geq55\%$ in graduation, => yes (60%)

(iv) $25\leq$ age $\leq35$, => yes (30 years)

(vi) $\geq40\%$ in Interview, => no (38%)

$\because$ Neha failed to satisfy (vi) condition but got 70% in written exam, thus case is to be referred to President-Recruitment.

=> Ans – (C)

10) Answer (D)

(i) $\geq60\%$ in class XII, => yes (68%)

(ii) $\geq55\%$ in graduation, => yes (58%)

(iv) $25\leq$ age $\leq35$, => yes (29 years)

$\because$ Neeta satisfied all the conditions, thus the candidate is to be selected.

=> Ans – (D)

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  • Decision Making Concept & Questions

Decision Making Concept & Questions

Decision Making Questions are a part of Verbal Reasoning and a common topic for all major Government exams conducted in the country.

Logical analysis and reviewing the questions carefully are the key factors to answer questions based on this topic. The weightage of marks, however from this section varies between 3-5 marks.

In this article, we shall discuss at length the concept of decision making, tips to answer decision making questions and some sample questions for candidates assistance.

To know the detailed syllabus for logical or verbal reasoning and the exams in which this section is included, candidates can visit the logical reasoning page. 

Decision Making Questions and Answers PDF:- Download PDF Here

The Concept of Decision Making 

Under the decision making questions, candidates need to analyse and review the given information and based on the same need to answer the question. 

There two types of questions which may be asked as a part of decision making. These include:

  • Direct Questions: In such questions, a condition may be given and based on the same the final decision has to be made
  • Complex Questions: In such questions, a set of eligibility criteria are given. Candidates need to analyse the eligibility details given and based on it, answer what candidates can qualify/ appear/ register for an exam or a post

With the increased competition, the complex variety of questions have become more common. These type of questions are lengthy but if reviewed carefully, they are easy to answer. 

Candidates can go through the video on decision making to understand the concept better-

decision making and problem solving questions pdf

Candidates can also check the Tips to Solve Decision Making Questions in UPSC CSAT at the linked article.

Decision Making Questions & Answers

Given below are sample questions based on decision making. Candidates can practise them and analyse the types of questions and the format in which they may be asked. 

Directions (Q1 – Q2): Refer to the information given below and answer the following questions:

In a school in New Delhi, a panel of three senior teachers has been formed to elect the Head Boy of the school. Thre probable candidates have been selected by the students: Ajay, Veer and Nitin. Each teacher has to vote either in against or for each student. 

The following criteria are known to us about the selection:

  • Exactly two teachers vote for Ajay
  • Exactly one teacher votes for Veer
  • Exactly one teacher votes for Nitin
  • Teacher 1 votes for Ajay 
  • Teacher 2 votes against Ajay and Nitin
  • Teacher 3 votes against Nitin

Q 1. Which of the given statements is definitely true?

  • Teacher 2 votes against Nitin
  • Teacher 3 is in support of Ajay but against Nitin
  • Teacher 1 is against Ajay
  • Teacher 3 is against Veer
  • None of the above

Q 2. Based on the given information, which of the statements is completely false?

  • If Teacher 3 votes against Veer, then Teacher 2 would have voted for Veer
  • Teacher 1 was against making Veer the Head Boy of the school
  • Teacher 3 voted for Ajay
  • Veer was not supported by Teacher 1

Directions (Q3 – Q4): Analyse the information given below about an election campaign strategy and answer the following questions:

You are supposed to prepare a strategy for election campaigning which is going to start in 6 months time. This is to be done at multiple constituencies involving many agencies. There would be a huge amount of logistical support which would be required once the format has been decided. The Minister has called for a meeting to hear your action plan and you need to be prepared for it.

Q 3. What would be the most effective answer?

  • Concentrate on coordinating with the different agencies and having them approve the strategy
  • Concentrate on setting deadlines, targets and checkpoints in order to meet the deadlines.
  • Concentrate on getting an immediate feel for the contents design and layout of the strategy.
  • Concentrate on logistics: how to move people and equipment from one place to another smoothly

Q 4. What would be the least effective answer?

  • Concentrate on logistics: how to move people and equipment from one place to another smoothly.

decision making and problem solving questions pdf

Direction Q5: You have been using a certain computer system to perform your role for years and it has proved to be stable and reliable. Recently, you were informed that it is to be updated next month with new functionality and applications. You are concerned about the time it would take to have a trouble free system as the current system took six months to become trouble free. You now need to decide your response to this news. 

Q 5. What would be the least effective answer?

  • Find out all you can about the system and volunteer to be the first to trial run it.
  • Voice your concern to your superior and recommend that all possible upgrades be delayed until all possible issues have been identified and resolved.
  • Ask All other colleagues to run the new systems for errors so that the quality of your work is not compromised, but seek their reviews.
  • Believe that the appropriate checks have been carried out and wait for the introduction of the upgrade so that you can assess its functionality.

Q 6. As a relatively small part of your role, you are responsible for the maintenance of a database of statistical information regarding meteorological data and its link to road traffic levels at the Indian met department. This is drawn upon every three months for analysis, although for the past few years the results have been consistent and predictable and some people have questioned the need for such detailed data. In order to compile the information, you rely on daily input of information from a number of people in different localities. One day, one of these individuals comes to you to request that data be submitted on a weekly rather than daily basis, to save time. Your boss is on holiday and you are left to make the decision. Which of the given options must not be considered by the employee?

  • Inform them that you cannot authorize it until your boss is back from leave.
  • Make the change as it seems more sensible, and inform your boss when he returns.
  • Inform him that there is no chance of any change in the reporting pattern.
  • Ask the other person involved in it and what is their take and tell this to your boss once he comes back.

Q 7. You are new to your department and your boss has handed you a brief for a presentation that covers what you should tell your department about the new IT system that is being introduced. Your boss would have done it himself, but he has annual leave for the next few days. It contains a lot of facts and you are aware that your boss prefers a more factual dry presentation style. However, you are concerned that the audience would find the content dull and you want to make a good first impression on them. What would be the least effective answer?

  • Respect the approach that your superior would have taken and present just the facts, but try to do so quickly so that the audience doesn’t get too bored.
  • Introduce a range of interactive, entertaining elements to the briefing that increase audience engagement with the content prepared by your boss, but might not reflect the style of your boss.
  • Send a brief around in email form prior to the meeting and then engage in a two-way discussion with the audience about the system.
  • Suggest to your boss that he may like to present the content when he returns, as this will ensure that it is delivered in the way he intended.

Q 8. You have been asked by your boss to meet with a representative from another unit to present the findings from your team’s latest piece of research. After giving you the briefing, your boss advises you to ‘tone down’ your ‘usual style’ as she thinks this will work better. You are not quite sure what she meant by this and feel a little offended: your style has always worked well in the past. How would you respond? What would be the most effective answer?

  • Make your boss understand that your tone is good for the presentation.
  • Ask your boss for more detail on what they meant by the comment.
  • Ask your colleagues what they meant by the comment.
  • Self-reflect upon what your boss meant then change your behaviour accordingly.

Q 9. The public sector where you are working for is to be included for a major restructure. Some posts will vanish, some roles will change and there will be some new opportunities created. The announcement has created some concern within the PSU, especially as it has been performing well up to this point. Your CMD has arranged for a one on one meeting with everyone to discuss the restructuring. You need to decide how best to prepare for the meeting. Which of the given statements must definitely be followed with reference to the information?

  • Spend time planning how accurately to convey your strengths so that your position is safe within the firm.
  • Plan to ask questions about what new opportunities are available and how you can position yourself to take advantage of it.
  • Aim to get as much information from your CMD about the restructure: timescale and impact.
  • Prepare a convincing case concerning why the company should not be included in the restructuring.

Q 10. You work in an office where the work being carried out in different departments is visible. You have noticed that an engineering trainee in another department spends most of the time ‘lost’ with little work to do. You have already brought this issue to the notice of your head of the department but nothing seems to have happened to solve the situation. In addition, the boss is often out of office so does not see it himself. What would be the least effective answer?

  • Go over to the person in question and set them tasks to complete for your department.
  • Speak to someone else in the department and ask them if there is any work the person could complete for them.
  • Speak to the person in question and tell him to find some work to do as they are currently giving a bad impression.
  • Schedule a meeting for tomorrow with the person’s head of the department where you can suggest some work for him.

Q 11. You have sent a survey to multiple units in order to gauge levels of job satisfaction as part of a wide internal survey across the organization. When the results arrive back, you see that by far the biggest cause of dissatisfaction seems to be the pay levels. However, your manager has suggested that in reality staff are content with their pay: this survey is just seen as an opportunity to ask for more. There is no time or budget to repeat the survey and you need to decide how to proceed. What would be the most effective answer?

  • Conduct some online research into other surveys of this nature to see whether this is a common pattern: include this observation in the report and recommendations.
  • Accept your manager’s views and highlight this in your summary report and recommendations
  • Accept the original data and avoid including your manager’s interpretation when collating the summary report and recommendations.
  • Declare the results of the survey around pay levels to be ‘ambiguous’ and instead concentrate on the second most important area of the survey.

Q 12. A new director was recently appointed to manage your directorate after being managed by the previous person for a couple of years. In her introductory speech, the new director states that there will be a number of changes to be made now she has arrived: some will happen quickly and others will be introduced over the next few months. She does not give more detail than this but reassures everyone that people will be informed as soon as possible about the changes. Which of the following is the best step that any employee working under her must take?

  • Request a meeting straight away with the new director and say that you need to know more about the planned changes.
  • Wait a few weeks and then request a meeting with the new director and find out more about the planned changes.
  • Be alert to the news about the changes, but continue to work as usual until more is announced.
  • Try to find out more about the changes that the new director made in other parts of the organization in order to gain an insight into what she might be planning for your area.

Q 13. You are working on a complex project when one of the members of your department gives you some negative feedback about your way of working that comes as a complete surprise to you. You have never received feedback on this area before and you had previously considered it a moderate strength of yours. It has been playing on your mind for the past week as you are keen to be seen in a positive way by others. Choose the most effective answer.

  • Try to improve your image in the eyes of the person who gave you the feedback by describing to them why you acted in the way you did and how it has brought you success in the past.
  • Ask the person who provided the original feedback for more detail about why they think the way they do.
  • Ask a selection of other people for feedback on the area concerned to see if this corroborates the original negative feedback.
  • Self-reflect some more and read up on how to develop in the area identified.

Q 14. You are in the middle of speaking to an audience about some work that had a successful outcome and that you are very proud of about ten minutes into your speech, you notice that a couple of the audience members are yawning and looking at their watches. Choose the most effective answer.

  • Pause at an appropriate point and ask for audience feedback on what you have covered so far.
  • Look directly at them and ask ‘am I keeping you awake?’ in order to embarrass them and make them pay more attention.
  • Speed up your pace of talking and vary your tone in order to re-engage your interest.
  • Make greater use of visual aids and props in order to stimulate their interest.

Q 15. You have been given two weeks in which to review a large body of data, spot certain types of errors and inconsistencies and then produce a corrected and improved version as a result. Your Superior has asked to meet with you after four days to review your progress. Three days into your review you realize that there are also several other types of errors and inconsistencies in the data and you will not have the time to review it all in two weeks, let alone in time for your meeting with your Superior tomorrow. You feel a more realistic timescale would be four weeks. However, you know that a lot of people are awaiting the outcome of your review and corrections and if it is delayed this will hold up the work of other Units. Pick the least effective answer.

  • Use the two weeks to focus on correcting those types of errors that the original assignment called for and complete the assignment on time.
  • Use the meeting with your Superior to argue for an extension of the deadline so that you can correct the further errors you discovered as well.
  • Start correcting all discovered errors and complete as much as you can in two weeks.
  • Start correcting all discovered errors but arrange to feed the results of your review through in stages to other units so that they can begin work.

Candidates can check the answers to these questions in the PDF given below and check how correctly they have answered all the questions:

For clarity on the strategies to take Reasoning Decision Making Questions in the exam, aspirants should go through the following video-

decision making and problem solving questions pdf

Emphasizing on each and every topic under the reasoning ability section will help candidates score more not just in one subject but also increase the overall marks. 

Aspirants can also check the detailed Preparation Strategy for Competitive Exams at the linked article.

For any further updates regarding the upcoming Government exams, candidates can visit BYJU’S and keep themselves updated with the latest exam information, preparation tips and study material. 

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Decision Making and Problem Solving

Last updated on December 10, 2023 by Alex Andrews George

Decision Making and Problem Solving

ClearIAS.com is dedicated to providing aspirants with essential tools to successfully navigate the UPSC Civil Services Prelims .

One such tool is the ability to think decisively, which is critical for effectively tackling the CSAT (Civil Services Aptitude Test) Paper .

This blog will delve into the importance of decision-making and problem-solving skills, further illuminated through Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) examples with detailed solutions.

Table of Contents

Importance of Decision Making & Problem Solving

Decision making and problem-solving are pivotal skills tested in the CSAT paper . As future civil servants, aspirants need to develop these skills to address complex, multifaceted problems efficiently and ethically.

1. Decision Making

Decision making is the process of making choices by evaluating alternatives. It requires analytical and critical thinking skills, alongside an understanding of the implications and consequences of each option.

2. Problem Solving

Problem-solving entails identifying, analyzing, and resolving problems in a systematic manner. It often requires innovative thinking and the ability to apply learned concepts to novel situations.

IAS, IPS, or IFS: How to succeed faster?

No. It's not by reading books!

MCQ Examples of Decision-Making Questions

Below are MCQ examples that demonstrate decision-making skills:

Scenario: An area is affected by severe flooding. You, as a district magistrate, have limited resources. Which of the following should be your immediate priority?

  • A. Repairing roads
  • B. Distributing food and water
  • C. Rebuilding houses
  • D. Organizing entertainment to lift people’s spirits

Answer: B. Distributing food and water

Solution: Immediate needs like food and water are crucial for survival in disaster scenarios, making them the top priority.

Scenario: You are working on a project with a tight deadline. Your team member is consistently delivering work late, affecting the timeline. What should be your immediate step?

  • A. Report the member to higher authorities
  • B. Remove the member from the team
  • C. Discuss the issue with the member
  • D. Ignore the issue and adjust the project timeline

Answer: C. Discuss the issue with the member

Solution: Communication is key in resolving team disputes. Before taking drastic measures, understanding the member’s perspective and finding a solution collaboratively is advisable.

Scenario: Your city is facing a significant rise in COVID-19 cases. As an officer, you are assigned to create awareness. Which approach is most effective?

  • A. Distribute pamphlets
  • B. Organize large public awareness events
  • C. Implement awareness through social media and local networks
  • D. Ignore the situation, assuming people are already aware

Answer: C. Implement awareness through social media and local networks

Solution: Social media and local networks provide wide reach without risking further spread through large gatherings.

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Scenario: There is a proposal for a new dam which will provide water and electricity but will displace a local tribe. What should you consider first?

  • A. Proceed with the construction immediately
  • B. Reject the proposal outright
  • C. Assess alternative solutions and engage with the tribe for their input
  • D. Delay the decision indefinitely

Answer: C. Assess alternative solutions and engage with the tribe for their input

Solution: It is essential to balance development and the welfare of all stakeholders involved, necessitating a thorough assessment and inclusive decision-making process.

Scenario: As a civil servant, you receive two projects. Project A will benefit a large number of people slightly. Project B will significantly benefit a smaller group. Which project should be prioritized?

  • A. Project A
  • B. Project B

Answer: C. Both

Solution: Civil services work for the welfare of all. An ideal approach would be finding a way to implement both projects effectively, balancing the broader good with significant impact where needed.

Scenario: You have a limited budget for a healthcare initiative. What is the crucial factor to consider when deciding which health programs to fund?

  • A. Popularity of the program
  • B. Political backing
  • C. Program’s potential impact on public health
  • D. The novelty of the program

Answer: C. Program’s potential impact on public health

Solution: The primary consideration for any healthcare initiative should be its potential positive impact on public health, ensuring that it addresses the community’s most pressing health needs efficiently.

John needs to choose between two job offers. Offer A has a higher salary but is located in a city with a high cost of living. Offer B has a lower salary but is situated in a town with a lower cost of living. Which job offer should John choose?

  • D. Cannot be determined

Answer: D. Cannot be determined

Solution : This question requires decision-making skills. Without knowing John’s priorities and values, the answer cannot be determined. Each offer has its pros and cons, and the decision rests on John’s personal preferences and circumstances.

MCQ Examples of Problem-Solving Questions

What is the next number in the series: 2, 6, 12, 20?

Answer: B. 30

Solution : This is a series problem. The series is progressing by adding consecutive even numbers (4, 6, 8, etc.). Thus, 20 + 10 = 30.

If all Ps are Qs, and some Qs are Rs, which of the following must be true?

  • A. All Ps are Rs
  • B. Some Ps are Rs
  • C. No Ps are Rs
  • D. None of the above

Answer: D. None of the above

Solution : Without definite information, we cannot confirm any of the given options. It is possible that some Ps are Rs, but it is not necessarily true.

Three individuals have to be selected from a group of 6 people. How many different combinations are possible?

Answer: C. 20

Solution : This is a combination problem. The number of ways to choose 3 individuals from 6 is given by the combination formula: 6C3 = 6! / (3!*(6-3)!) = 20.

If a shirt costs Rs.40 after a 20% discount, what was its original price?

Answer: B. Rs.50

Solution : Let the original price be X. The shirt is sold for 80% of its original price after a 20% discount. So, 0.80X = Rs.40. Solving for X gives X = Rs.50.

A train covers a distance of 150 km in 2.5 hours. What is its average speed?

Answer: A. 60 km/h

Solution : Average speed is obtained by dividing the total distance by the total time taken. So, 150 km / 2.5 hours = 60 km/h.

How to study Decision Making and Problem Solving for CSAT?

Students may note that this article on Decision Making and Problem Solving is just an overview of the topic. There is a lot more to learn about Decision Making and Problem Solving in the CSAT paper.

We recommend the below sources to learn the subject.

  • Join the ClearIAS CSAT Course .
  • Join ClearIAS Prelims Test Series .
  • Join ClearIAS Prelims cum Mains Course.
  • Go through ClearIAS YouTube Classes on CSAT.
  • Read books on CSAT .

Also read:   CSAT Course: UPSC Prelims Paper 2 Program

Decision-making and problem-solving are vital skills for the UPSC CSAT Prelims and for effective functioning as a civil servant .

As you have seen the decision-making and problem-solving section is not limited to scenario-based questions!

Aspirants should keep in mind that any questions which are problem-solving or decision-making in nature can be asked from this section.

Further, questions may not be limited to the Class X level, as is the case with the basic numeracy section or data interpretation.

Practising decision-making and problem-solving questions not only improves these skills but also boosts your confidence in tackling the diverse set of problems presented in the examination.

For more resources and practice questions, continue exploring ClearIAS.com. Happy studying!

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About Alex Andrews George

Alex Andrews George is a mentor, author, and social entrepreneur. Alex is the founder of ClearIAS and one of the expert Civil Service Exam Trainers in India.

He is the author of many best-seller books like 'Important Judgments that transformed India' and 'Important Acts that transformed India'.

A trusted mentor and pioneer in online training , Alex's guidance, strategies, study-materials, and mock-exams have helped many aspirants to become IAS, IPS, and IFS officers.

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Decision Making Questions and Answers PDF [Reasoning Tricks]

Decision Making Questions and Answers PDF

Decision Making Questions and Answers Pdf is part of Verbal Reasoning that provides various problem solving on decision making skills questions with detailed solutions.

This Short-term decision-making questions and answers give decision-making reasoning tricks to remember important points. The Decision making multiple choice questions and answers contains a judgment making test at the end of every chapter for improving your skill.

This decision making and problem-solving questions and answers pdf is useful in competitive exams like XAT, IAS, SSC, RRB, FCI, Railway, UPSC, State PCS, etc.

Types of Decision Making Questions

Let’s practice more on verbal reasoning, 50 decision making reasoning questions.

Decision Making Questions For All Competitive Exams – Download PDF

Decision Making and Problem Solving Questions and Answers – Download PDF

[XAT] Decision Making Past Papers Questions with Solutions 2008 to 2020  – Download

TOP 50 Decision-Making Questions – Download PDF

Decision Making Questions For Railway Exams – Download PDF

In decision-making questions, you have to analyze and review the given information and based on that information you need to answer the question.

There are two types of decision making questions asked in competitive exams :

  • Direct Questions

Complex Questions

Direct questions:.

In such questions, a condition is given based on the final decision that has to be made.

In such questions, a set of eligibility criteria are given. you need to analyze the eligibility details based on that and answer what you can qualify for an exam or a post.

We hope you like the questions and answers provided in the above Free PDF that would be helpful for your Competitive Exam Reasoning preparation.

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Disclaimer: All information/materials available on this website or the links provided on the site are for educational and study purposes only. We provide the links which are already available on the internet. Therefore, the content is meant for individual and noncommercial uses only. We don’t want to violate any copyright law. These Pdf Notes are provided for students who are financially troubled but deserve to learn. Thank you!

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Decision Making and Problem Solving Questions and Answers – Download PDF

Decision Making and Problem Solving Questions and Answers - Download PDF

Decision Making and Problem Solving Questions and Answers: Decision-Making is a process in which a final outcome is derived by evaluating and analysing the given data.The objective of “Decision making” is to reach a certain conclusion from the given information or a given set of conditions.It is one of the essential and highest-scoring topics which you can easily face in the banking exam.

Decision making

Directions (1-5):in each question below is given a statement followed by two assumptions numbered i and ii. consider the statement and decide which of the given assumptions are implicit..

  • Statement- Bikram’s advice to Bala’s – “ If you want to study Engineering, Join institute Quantum.”

Assumptions-

(A) Institute Quantum provides good engineering education.

(B) Bala listen Bikram’s advice.

(C) If only assumption I is Implicit

(D) If only assumption II is Implicit

(E) If either I or II is Implicit

(F) If neither I nor II is Implicit

(G) If both I and II are implicit

Correct option is: E

“It is dangerous to lean out of a running train.”

(A) Generally people do not like to get hurt.

(B) All those who lean out of a train run the risk of being hurt.

Correct option is: B

  • Statement- “Love marriages mostly end in divorce.”

(A) Love marriages do take place.

(B) There are cases of divorce.

  • Statement- “ Buy pure and natural Oil of company HOL” – An ad. in a newspaper.

People do not mind paying more for pure and natural oil.

(A) Artificial oil can be prepared.

(B) If only assumption I is Implicit

(C) If only assumption II is Implicit

(D) If either I or II is Implicit

(E) If neither I nor II is Implicit

(F) If both I and II are implicit

< < Read More Static GK Article 2020 > >

  • Statement- “The extradition treaty with USA holds great significance for Japan as a people like Amla , the top leader of IS who is currently lodged in a USA jail.”

(A) USA may be the hiding place for many terrorist groups like IS.

(B) Terrorists groups like IS which spread terrorism in Japan may also be spreading terrorism in other countries like USA.

Current Affairs November 2020 PDF Download

DIRECTIONS (6-9): In each of these questions few statements is followed by two conclusions numbered l and II. Assume everything in the statement to be true. Consider the two conclusions together and decide which of them logically follows beyond a reasonable doubt from the information given in the statement.

I know nothing except the fact of my ignorance.

Conclusions:

(A) Writer’s knowledge is very poor

(B) The world of knowledge is too vast to be explored by a single person.

(C) If only conclusion II follows

(D) If only conclusion I follows

(E) If neither I nor II follows

(F) If both I and II follow

(G) None of these

Correct option is: C

Quality has a price tag. India is allocating lots of funds to education.

(A) Quality of education in India would improve soon

(B) Funding alone can enhance quality of education

Latest Government Jobs 2020

  • Statement: 

A man must be wise to be a good wrangler.

Good wranglers are talkative and boring.

(A) All the wise persons are boring

(B)All the wise persons are good wranglers.

Correct option is:  C

In case of outstanding candidates, the condition of previous experience of social work may be waived by the admission committee for M.A. (Social work).

Some of the students for M.A. (Social work) will have previous experience of social work.

Some of the students for M.A. (Social work) will not have previous experience of social work.

(A) If only conclusion II follows

(B) If only conclusion I follows

(C) If neither I nor II follows

(D) If both I and II follow

(E) None of these

Correct option is : D

Directions (10 – 14): Read the statement and arguments carefully and choose the right answer.

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  • There is a growing feeling amongst the larger Asian countries that the West is passé. The news coming out of there, especially since the 2008 financial crisis, is of declining populations, big layoffs and economic meltdowns in several countries of the European Union (EU), Italy being the latest. So much of bad news over an extended period gives the impression that the rise of the West has finally halted; that the West is now in cowering retreat.

Which of the following weakens the argument provided in the passage above?

  • The Western media has contributed to perpetuating the news of the decline of the West. II. The rich West hangs together, with a combined GDP several times than that of the rest of the world. III. The U.S., has a growing population and remains the most productive and innovative in the world, as well as militarily the most powerful.

(A) Only II

(B) Only III

(C) Only I and II

(D) Only I and III

(E) Only II and III

Correct option is: D

Download decision Making Exam Tips PDF 

  Online Mock Test 2020

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Morning Rundown: Popular DJ killed in Chiefs parade shooting, string of student deaths shakes Indian community, and vandalized skyscrapers are LA's new tourist attraction

‘A nightmare’: Special counsel’s assessment of Biden’s mental fitness triggers Democratic panic

WASHINGTON — President Joe Biden sidestepped any criminal charges as the investigation into his handling of classified documents concluded, but the political blowback from the special counsel’s report Thursday could prove even more devastating, reinforcing impressions that he is too old and impaired to hold the highest office.

Special counsel Robert Hur’s portrait of a man who couldn’t remember when he served as Barack Obama’s vice president, or the year when his beloved son Beau died, dealt a blow to Biden’s argument that he is still sharp and fit enough to serve another four-year term.

In deciding not to charge Biden with any crimes, the special counsel wrote that in a potential trial, “Mr. Biden would likely present himself to a jury, as he did during our interview with him, as a sympathetic, well-meaning, elderly man with a poor memory.”

It was tough enough for Biden to reassure voters about his health before Hur’s report hit like a thunderclap Thursday afternoon, prompting members of his own party to question whether he could remain the nominee in November.

“It’s a nightmare,” said a Democratic House member who asked to speak anonymously to provide a frank assessment, adding that “it weakens President Biden electorally, and Donald Trump would be a disaster and an authoritarian.”

“For Democrats, we’re in a grim situation.”

Biden wasted little time before attempting to minimize the fallout. He held an unexpected exchange with reporters in the White House on Thursday night, in which he disputed Hur's assessment of his mental acuity.

Biden grew emotional when invoking the part of the report addressing the date of his son's death.

"How in the hell dare you raise that?" Biden said. "Frankly, when I was asked the question I thought to myself, 'It wasn't any of their damn business.' "

‘Beyond devastating’

Polling has long shown that age looms as Biden’s greatest liability in his expected rematch with Trump. A January poll by NBC News found that 76% of voters have major or moderate concerns about Biden’s mental and physical health.

“It’s been a problem since way before this ever happened,” said a longtime Democratic operative who noted that when focus groups are asked to apply one word to Biden, it is often “old.”

Just this week, Biden twice referred to conversations he’s had as president with foreign leaders who’ve long since died. In his remarks Thursday night defending his competency, while talking about the war in Gaza, he referred to Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sissi as being the head of Mexico. White House press aides have downplayed such lapses as the sort of mistake anyone in public life can make.

The Hur report strips away the defenses that Biden’s press operation has used to protect him and raises fresh doubts about whether Biden is up to the rigors of the presidency, Democratic strategists said in interviews.

“This is beyond devastating,” said another Democratic operative, speaking on condition of anonymity to talk candidly about Biden’s shortcomings. “It confirms every doubt and concern that voters have. If the only reason they didn’t charge him is because he’s too old to be charged, then how can he be president of the United States?”

Asked if Hur’s report changes the calculus for Democrats who expect Biden to be the party’s nominee, this person said: “How the f--- does it not?”

Another Biden ally called it “the worst day of his presidency.”

“I think he needs to show us this is a demonstrably false characterization of him and that he has what it takes to win and govern.”

Biden has overwhelmingly won the first primary contests — notching victories in New Hampshire, South Carolina and Nevada. It would be virtually impossible for anyone else to challenge him at this point; the deadline has passed in more than 30 states to get on primary ballots.

Some of the president’s allies were quick to defend him. They pointed to the timing of the interview with the special counsel — days after Hamas’ attack on Israel, which had captured much of the president’s focus. Others said that in their own dealings with Biden, he shows no sign of infirmity.

“He did so well in this discussion with members,” Rep. Susan Wild, D-Pa., told NBC News after seeing the president on Thursday. “He’s very sharp, no memory issues, and his only stumbling is when he trips over words consistent with his lifelong speech impediment.”

‘Prejudicial language’

Though Biden was fortunate to escape indictment, the special counsel report may give Trump additional fodder as he fights charges for allegedly mishandling classified records at his Mar-a-Lago social club. Republicans are already accusing Biden of benefiting from a double standard . Trump will likely brandish the Hur report as proof that Biden has “weaponized” the Justice Department for political advantage.

What’s more, Democrats will now be hard-pressed to capitalize on Trump’s indictment over retaining classified records. Before Hur’s report came out, Democrats argued that the two cases were very different. Whereas Trump failed to turn over classified records even after he was asked to do so, Biden willingly cooperated with authorities and relinquished all the material he had, Biden allies had argued.

“The public understands the essential difference between presidents or vice presidents like Joe Biden who occasionally behaved in sloppy ways with respect to where they were taking documents, and a president like Trump, who deliberately makes off with hundreds of classified government documents and then hides them and refuses to return them,” Rep. Jamie Raskin, D-Md., said on Wednesday, before the report was released. (Trump has denied any wrongdoing.)

Now, the distinctions may be harder for Biden allies to draw, given that Hur wrote that there was evidence Biden “willfully retained and disclosed classified material after his vice presidency when he was a private citizen.”

The report mentions an instance in February 2017, when he was no longer vice president, when Biden read notes containing classified information “nearly verbatim” to a ghostwriter helping him with his book, “Promise Me, Dad.”

Storage of sensitive government secrets was haphazard. The report describes certain classified records involving the war in Afghanistan in Biden’s Delaware garage inside a “badly damaged box surrounded by household detritus.”

Before the report was released, Biden aides had been bracing for a finding that he had simply been careless in his treatment of classified records, a person familiar with the White House’s thinking said.

The political fallout from the report, though, is likely to be “worse,” this person said. What will stick in people’s minds is what Hur said about Biden’s memory, the person added.

Biden’s lawyers disputed the report’s description of Biden’s forgetfulness.

“We do not believe that the report’s treatment of President Biden’s memory is accurate or appropriate,” two of his lawyers wrote in a letter to Hur. “The report uses highly prejudicial language to describe a commonplace occurrence among witnesses: a lack of recall of years-old events.”

In the hours after the report was released, people close to the Biden campaign rolled out a different rebuttal. Jim Messina, who ran Obama’s 2012 re-election campaign, wrote on X, the site formerly known as Twitter, that Hur is a Republican who “knew exactly how his swipes could hurt Biden politically.”

That’s a familiar argument. Trump has also claimed that law enforcement is trying to sway the election, meaning both sides are now claiming victimization at the hands of partisan prosecutors.

“Hur knew exactly what he was doing here,” Stephanie Cutter, a veteran Democratic operative, wrote on X. “To provide political cover for himself for not prosecuting, he gratuitously leveled a personal (not legal) charge against the president that he absolutely knows is a gift to Trump. And, guess what we are all talking about?”

decision making and problem solving questions pdf

Peter Nicholas is a senior national political reporter for NBC News.

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