biography of albert einstein in english class 9

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Albert Einstein

By: History.com Editors

Updated: May 16, 2019 | Original: October 27, 2009

The German-born physicist Albert Einstein developed the first of his groundbreaking theories while working as a clerk in the Swiss patent office in Bern. After making his name with four scientific articles published in 1905, he went on to win worldwide fame for his general theory of relativity and a Nobel Prize in 1921 for his explanation of the phenomenon known as the photoelectric effect. An outspoken pacifist who was publicly identified with the Zionist movement, Einstein emigrated from Germany to the United States when the Nazis took power before World War II. He lived and worked in Princeton, New Jersey, for the remainder of his life.

Einstein’s Early Life (1879-1904)

Born on March 14, 1879, in the southern German city of Ulm, Albert Einstein grew up in a middle-class Jewish family in Munich. As a child, Einstein became fascinated by music (he played the violin), mathematics and science. He dropped out of school in 1894 and moved to Switzerland, where he resumed his schooling and later gained admission to the Swiss Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich. In 1896, he renounced his German citizenship, and remained officially stateless before becoming a Swiss citizen in 1901.

Did you know? Almost immediately after Albert Einstein learned of the atomic bomb's use in Japan, he became an advocate for nuclear disarmament. He formed the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists and backed Manhattan Project scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer in his opposition to the hydrogen bomb.

While at Zurich Polytechnic, Einstein fell in love with his fellow student Mileva Maric, but his parents opposed the match and he lacked the money to marry. The couple had an illegitimate daughter, Lieserl, born in early 1902, of whom little is known. After finding a position as a clerk at the Swiss patent office in Bern, Einstein married Maric in 1903; they would have two more children, Hans Albert (born 1904) and Eduard (born 1910).

Einstein’s Miracle Year (1905)

While working at the patent office, Einstein did some of the most creative work of his life, producing no fewer than four groundbreaking articles in 1905 alone. In the first paper, he applied the quantum theory (developed by German physicist Max Planck) to light in order to explain the phenomenon known as the photoelectric effect, by which a material will emit electrically charged particles when hit by light. The second article contained Einstein’s experimental proof of the existence of atoms, which he got by analyzing the phenomenon of Brownian motion, in which tiny particles were suspended in water.

In the third and most famous article, titled “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies,” Einstein confronted the apparent contradiction between two principal theories of physics: Isaac Newton’s concepts of absolute space and time and James Clerk Maxwell’s idea that the speed of light was a constant. To do this, Einstein introduced his special theory of relativity, which held that the laws of physics are the same even for objects moving in different inertial frames (i.e. at constant speeds relative to each other), and that the speed of light is a constant in all inertial frames. A fourth paper concerned the fundamental relationship between mass and energy, concepts viewed previously as completely separate. Einstein’s famous equation E = mc2 (where “c” was the constant speed of light) expressed this relationship.

From Zurich to Berlin (1906-1932)

Einstein continued working at the patent office until 1909, when he finally found a full-time academic post at the University of Zurich. In 1913, he arrived at the University of Berlin, where he was made director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. The move coincided with the beginning of Einstein’s romantic relationship with a cousin of his, Elsa Lowenthal, whom he would eventually marry after divorcing Mileva. In 1915, Einstein published the general theory of relativity, which he considered his masterwork. This theory found that gravity, as well as motion, can affect time and space. According to Einstein’s equivalence principle–which held that gravity’s pull in one direction is equivalent to an acceleration of speed in the opposite direction–if light is bent by acceleration, it must also be bent by gravity. In 1919, two expeditions sent to perform experiments during a solar eclipse found that light rays from distant stars were deflected or bent by the gravity of the sun in just the way Einstein had predicted.

The general theory of relativity was the first major theory of gravity since Newton’s, more than 250 years before, and the results made a tremendous splash worldwide, with the London Times proclaiming a “Revolution in Science” and a “New Theory of the Universe.” Einstein began touring the world, speaking in front of crowds of thousands in the United States, Britain, France and Japan. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for his work on the photoelectric effect, as his work on relativity remained controversial at the time. Einstein soon began building on his theories to form a new science of cosmology, which held that the universe was dynamic instead of static, and was capable of expanding and contracting.

Einstein Moves to the United States (1933-39)

A longtime pacifist and a Jew, Einstein became the target of hostility in Weimar Germany, where many citizens were suffering plummeting economic fortunes in the aftermath of defeat in the Great War. In December 1932, a month before Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany, Einstein made the decision to emigrate to the United States, where he took a position at the newly founded Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey . He would never again enter the country of his birth.

By the time Einstein’s wife Elsa died in 1936, he had been involved for more than a decade with his efforts to find a unified field theory, which would incorporate all the laws of the universe, and those of physics, into a single framework. In the process, Einstein became increasingly isolated from many of his colleagues, who were focused mainly on the quantum theory and its implications, rather than on relativity.

Einstein’s Later Life (1939-1955)

In the late 1930s, Einstein’s theories, including his equation E=mc2, helped form the basis of the development of the atomic bomb. In 1939, at the urging of the Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard, Einstein wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt advising him to approve funding for the development of uranium before Germany could gain the upper hand. Einstein, who became a U.S. citizen in 1940 but retained his Swiss citizenship, was never asked to participate in the resulting Manhattan Project , as the U.S. government suspected his socialist and pacifist views. In 1952, Einstein declined an offer extended by David Ben-Gurion, Israel’s premier, to become president of Israel .

Throughout the last years of his life, Einstein continued his quest for a unified field theory. Though he published an article on the theory in Scientific American in 1950, it remained unfinished when he died, of an aortic aneurysm, five years later. In the decades following his death, Einstein’s reputation and stature in the world of physics only grew, as physicists began to unravel the mystery of the so-called “strong force” (the missing piece of his unified field theory) and space satellites further verified the principles of his cosmology.

HISTORY Vault: Secrets of Einstein's Brain

Originally stolen by the doctor trusted to perform his autopsy, scientists over the decades have examined the brain of Albert Einstein to try and determine what made this seemingly normal man tick.

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• Albert Einstein Biography

Remember the Genius - Albert Einstein

Vedantu offers in-depth biographies of essential personalities throughout history. Furthermore, many other study materials will help students excel in any examination.

Here we will be looking at the life of Albert Einstein. This world-famous theoretical physicist revolutionized the world of physics in the modern world. His contributions to quantum mechanics, like his thesis on the 'Theory of Relativity and The Photoelectric Effect,' have helped scientists find breakthrough discoveries throughout the field of science.

Another significant contribution from him was the mass-energy equivalence formula, E = mc². One of the most celebrated and influential physicists of all time. In 1921, he was given the Nobel Prize in Physics for contributing to the concept of 'The Photoelectric Effect.'

Childhood and Education

Einstein was born in Ulm, a city in the German Empire, on March 14th, 1879, to a family of Ashkenazi Jews. 

Since childhood, he was always interested in the subject of science. He often recalls how certain events in his early childhood days were pretty significant in his interest in science. At age 5, he was introduced to a compass and mesmerized by its deflecting needle. At age 12, he was interested in Geometry. These were the stepping stones to his intrigue in the subject. He even named his favorite book the "sacred little geometry book."

As a child, his tutor, Max Talmey, was one of the most important influences. He introduced him to higher mathematics & philosophy.

He was great at Math and Physics from a very young age, which led him to believe that we can understand any concept in our nature as a "mathematical structure." He started to teach himself these concepts and, after a point, said, "I have learned all the maths they teach at school and a bit more."

For Einstein, understanding the concepts and reasoning behind the various phenomena was more critical than learning the dates of those said phenomena.

Here is a list of some of his well-known inventions and discoveries:

General relativity

Special relativity 

Photoelectric Effect

Theory of Brownian movement

Mass and energy equivalence, E = mc²

Planck-Einstein relation, E = hf

Bose-Einstein condensate

Bose-Einstein statistics

Gravitational-wave

Cosmological constant

EPR paradox

Unified field theory

Ensemble interpretation

Einstein-de Haas effect

Einstein-Rosen bridge

Stark-Einstein law

Achievements

Out of many, a few of his most notable achievements are:

He emphasized the concept of mass and energy being equivalent, which led to the famous formula of E = mc².

Einstein was one of the first few people who dismissed the ideologies of Older Physics. He talked about how the absolute of Time was now replaced by a greater absolute of light.

In 1910, he explained the phenomenon, 'Why the Sky is Blue, and his paper on this subject was considered to be a great contribution to the subject of the cumulative effect of the light scattering by individual molecules in the atmosphere.

He questioned 'The Wave Theory of Light' and debated how light could also be regarded as particulates. This ideology was one of the stepping stones for Quantum Physics. For these ideals, he won the Nobel Prize in 1921.

In 1924, Satyendra Nath Bose, an Indian Physicist, provided a paper on the subject of light as a gas of photons and asked Einstein for his assistance in the publication of this paper. Einstein studied his concepts to discover that the same theory could be applied for atoms, and these discoveries turned out to be the basis for the concept of Bosons.

In 1932, Einstein and de Sitter proposed the concepts that helped in the initial stages of the research of 'dark matter.'

FAQs on Albert Einstein Biography

1. Why did Albert Einstein win a Nobel Prize?

Albert Einstein has contributed a lot to the field of science. The numerous theories he gave provided revolutionary discoveries in the field of modern physics.

He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the Photoelectric Effect in 1921. As declared by The Nobel Committee, he was awarded this prize "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."

The Photoelectric Effect happens when electrons are emitted due to electromagnetic radiation, for example, light hitting a material. When the electrons are emitted in this way, they are known as photoelectrons.

Einstein presented his Nobel speech on 11th July 1923 in Gothenburg, as he was not able to attend the Award Ceremony a year before in Stockholm.

2. What is Albert Einstein famous for?

Albert Einstein is famous for his 'Theory of Relativity, ' which changed the understanding of space, time, gravity, and the universe in the field of science. This theory tells us that the speed of light within a vacuum is the same no matter the speed at which an observer travels.

In today's time, we use this theory in different areas of science such as Satellite-Based Measurements, Global Positioning like GPS, and other high-precision measurements like the measurement of time and electron microscopes.

3. What are some other accomplishments Albert Einstein is known for?

Apart from his crucial contribution to The Photoelectric Effect and Theory of Relativity, Einstein is also known for providing landmark papers on Equivalence of Matter and Energy, Brownian Motion, Einstein-de Haas effect, Einstein-Rosen bridge, Stark-Einstein law, his contribution to Satyendra Nath Bose's paper on the subject of light as a gas of photons, which led to the discovery of Bosons.

Even today, his contributions have led to further discoveries and inventions that have helped us in our day-to-day lives. From Nuclear Energy to GPS Synchronizations, it all is based on the imprints of Einstein.

4. What are some life lessons we can learn from Albert Einstein?

Albert Einstein teaches us some very useful life lessons:

Learning from Mistakes: Einstein never did everything perfectly on the first try. To get a clear understanding of the concepts he studied, he made several attempts, several theories that probably were wrong. Taking those risks is always a good thing as it helps us move forward and achieve our goals.

Always be Curious: Albert Einstein always looked at different phenomena around him with a thought of curiosity, this childlike questioning is what helps us open the pathways for imagination, and that is what leads us to great discoveries.

Simplicity: Einstein teaches us that simplicity is the most important quality a person should have. His concepts were so complex and useful for indefinite research on various topics in the field of science, but at the same time also a concept you can make a 5-year old understand.

Unconventional Thinking: Whether it is Design, Science, Literature, or any other field, Rational Thinking is not always helpful. Sometimes we have to break the cliches and think differently. Being unconventional in your actions makes your creations different.

5. What are some other Biographies available at Vedantu?

Biographies are important to learn about and get inspired from a person's life. It is a real-life story that contains all the iconic moments of their lives that are considered important parts of history.

At Vedantu , we have biographies of various different personalities who have contributed to the different events in Science, Education, Literature, Indian Independence.

Some other important biographies available on our website and apps are also as highly detailed as this one, providing the best readable material on each and every personality.

6. What is the Theory of Relativity?

Theory of Relativity, published by Albert Einstein, incorporates two interconnected theories: special relativity and general relativity. Special relativity deals with all the physical phenomena that occur in the absence of gravity. On the other hand, General relativity deals with the gravitational laws and their relation to other natural forces. It is applied to the cosmological and astronomical fields.

7. For Which of Einstein's Works did he Receive the Nobel Prize for Physics?

Einstein received Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on The photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon where electrically charged particles are emitted when it is exposed to electromagnetic radiation. It can also be defined as the ejection or release of electrons from a metallic plate when light falls on it.

8. Was Einstein Part of the Manhattan Project?

Manhattan Project was the code-name for the American-led research that first led to nuclear weapons formation during World War II. It is often incorrectly rumored that Einstein's mass-energy played a crucial role in creating atom bombs. His thesis never explained how to create a nuclear weapon. Einstein was often interrogated regarding this issue. He always answered that he only wrote to President Roosevelt suggesting the United States research atomic weapons before the Germans took control of these deadly weapons.

• CBSE Notes For Class 9
• Class 9 English Notes and Summary
• Chapter 4 A Truly Beautiful Mind

A Truly Beautiful Mind Summary & Notes - CBSE Class 9 English Beehive

Summary of a truly beautiful mind.

Chapter 4 of the Class 9 English textbook ‘Beehive’ consists of a lesson named A Truly Beautiful Mind. It is a story about Albert Einstein, a great scientist that highlights his interest in mathematics and physics. The prose piece elaborates on how he worked to discover the Theory of Relativity, his likes and dislikes and the attribute of human feelings that he experienced for mankind in his lifetime and worked for world peace and democracy. Read the prose summary in CBSE English Notes Class 9 format to explore in detail. 9th standard students can access the prose summary of the CBSE Class 9 English Prose Notes – A Truly Beautiful Mind as they gear up for their exams.

Students can also know how to write an effective essay by going through the Essay page at BYJU’S and, thereby, score good marks in their Class 9 English exams.

CBSE Class 9 English A Truly Beautiful Mind Summary

A Truly Beautiful Mind is a short biography of Albert Einstein, who was a genius scientist. He was born on 14th March 1879 in Ulm, a city located in Germany. He couldn’t talk until he was two-and-a-half years old. But when he started talking, he would repeat every word twice. His playmates would often refer to him as ‘Brother Boring’. His mother thought that he was a freak with an abnormally large head. As a child, Einstein loved playing with mechanical toys, and after his younger sister, Maja, was born, he observed that her toys were different and did not have wheels.

His school headmaster told his father that he had no hopes for young Albert and considered him to be foolish. When he was six years old, Einstein learned to play the violin on his mother’s insistence and became a skilled violinist. However, he was not a bad student as he scored good marks in almost every subject in school while his family used to stay in Munich. By the time he was fifteen years old, Einstein started feeling uncomfortable with the school’s regimentation, so he left it for good.

When Albert’s parents moved to Milan, they left him with their relatives, and he continued his education in German-speaking Switzerland. Soon after he completed schooling, he secured admission to a university in Zurich. He felt that the university atmosphere was more liberal in accepting new concepts and ideas. Besides, he was greatly interested in physics and mathematics and wanted to pursue a career in this field. In 1902, Albert started working as a technical specialist in the patent office located in Bern, where he would assess other people’s inventions and secretly worked on his ideas about the Theory of Relativity. While at the university, he met Mileva Maric, a fellow student who was equally bright and intelligent. They fell in love and married in January 1903 and had two sons. However, their marriage soon faltered, and they finally divorced in 1919. The same year, he married Elsa, his cousin.

In 1905, Einstein released his paper titled ‘Special Theory of Relativity’, according to which time and distance are not absolute. This gave birth to the most renowned formula, which describes the relationship between mass and energy, i.e., E = mc 2 . Later in 1915, he published his ‘General Theory of Relativity’, which administered a new description of gravity. In 1919, a solar eclipse proved that his ‘Theory of Relativity’ was accurate. In no time, his work was proclaimed by newspapers as a “scientific revolution”. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his works in physics which are relevant even today. He was lauded by the press for all the honours that he received for his scientific theory.

In 1933, when the Nazis gained control over Germany, Einstein immigrated to the United States of America. He did not want his scientific research to be used for the destruction of mankind, so he moved from Germany. Further, the discovery of nuclear fission in 1938 led to a huge uproar among American physicists. So, Einstein wrote a letter to the American President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, warning about the hazards of an atomic bomb explosion.

However, in 1945, America developed the atomic bomb secretly and dropped those bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This caused him acute mental agony. Deeply shaken, Einstein wrote a public memorandum to the United Nations to form a world government that could prevent the recurrence of such massive destruction to mankind. In his last few days, he got involved in politics, advocating democracy and world peace. In 1955, Einstein breathed his last at the age of 76. He is commemorated as a great visionary; we also remember him as a scientific genius.

Conclusion of A Truly Beautiful Mind

The chapter – A Truly Beautiful Mind illustrates the life story of the scientific genius Albert Einstein. He was not just a scientist but was deeply concerned about human welfare. Due to this reason, the story is entitled ‘A Truly Beautiful Mind’ . This article is a simple attempt from our end to help students get an understanding of the chapter from this CBSE Class 9 English Beehive Prose Summary of A Truly Beautiful Mind . Visit BYJU’S to check other resources such as CBSE Notes and CBSE study material and access different years’ question papers and CBSE sample papers . For more informational content, they can download BYJU’S: The Learning App and explore a plethora of useful resources.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 9 English A Truly Beautiful Mind

Who was einstein.

Einstein was a German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.

What are the hazards of an atomic bomb?

Nuclear explosions produce air-blast effects similar to those produced by conventional explosives. The shock wave directly injures humans by rupturing eardrums or lungs or by hurling people at high speed, but most casualties occur because of collapsing structures and flying debris.

Who is a genius?

A genius is a person who displays exceptional intellectual ability, creative productivity, universality in genres, or originality.

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Biography of Albert Einstein, Theoretical Physicist

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Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879–April 18, 1955), a German-born theoretical physicist who lived during the 20th century, revolutionized scientific thought. Having developed the Theory of Relativity, Einstein opened the door for the development of atomic power and the creation of the atomic bomb.

Einstein is best known for his 1905 general theory of relativity, E=mc 2 , which posits that energy (E) equals mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared. But his influence went far beyond that theory. Einstein's theories also changed thinking about how the planets revolve around the sun. For his scientific contributions, Einstein also won the 1921 Nobel Prize in physics.

Einstein also was forced to flee Nazi Germany after the rise of Adolf Hitler . It's no exaggeration to say that his theories indirectly helped lead the Allies to victory over the Axis powers in World War II, particularly the defeat of Japan.

Fast Facts: Albert Einstein

• Known For : The General Theory of Relativity, E=mc 2 , which led to the development of the atomic bomb and atomic power.
• Born : March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
• Parents : Hermann Einstein and Pauline Koch
• Died : April 18, 1955 in Princeton, New Jersey
• Education : Swiss Federal Polytechnic (1896–1900, B.A., 1900; University of Zurich, Ph.D., 1905)
• Published Works : On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, Does an Object’s Inertia Depend on Its Energy Content?
• Awards and Honors : Barnard Medal (1920), Nobel Prize in Physics (1921), Matteucci Medal (1921), Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1926), Max Planck Medal (1929), Time Person of the Century (1999)
• Spouses : Mileva Marić (m. 1903–1919), Elsa Löwenthal (m. 1919–1936)
• Children : Lieserl, Hans Albert Einstein, Eduard
• Notable Quote : "Try and penetrate with our limited means the secrets of nature and you will find that, behind all the discernible concatenations, there remains something subtle, intangible and inexplicable."

Early Life and Education

Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm, Germany to Jewish parents, Hermann and Pauline Einstein. A year later, Hermann Einstein's business failed and he moved his family to Munich to start a new electric business with his brother Jakob. In Munich, Albert's sister Maja was born in 1881. Only two years apart in age, Albert adored his sister and they had a close relationship with each other their whole lives.

Although Einstein is now considered the epitome of genius, in the first two decades of his life, many people thought Einstein was the exact opposite. Right after Einstein was born, relatives were concerned with Einstein's pointy head. Then, when Einstein didn't talk until he was 3 years old, his parents worried something was wrong with him.

Einstein also failed to impress his teachers. From elementary school through college, his teachers and professors thought he was lazy, sloppy, and insubordinate. Many of his teachers thought he would never amount to anything.

When Einstein was 15 years old, his father's new business had failed and the Einstein family moved to Italy. At first, Albert remained behind in Germany to finish high school, but he was soon unhappy with that arrangement and left school to rejoin his family.

Rather than finish high school, Einstein decided to apply directly to the prestigious Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, Switzerland. Although he failed the entrance exam on the first try, he spent a year studying at a local high school and retook the entrance exam in October 1896 and passed.

Once at the Polytechnic, Einstein again did not like school. Believing that his professors only taught old science, Einstein would often skip class, preferring to stay home and read about the newest in scientific theory. When he did attend class, Einstein would often make it obvious that he found the class dull.

Some last-minute studying allowed Einstein to graduate in 1900. However, once out of school, Einstein was unable to find a job because none of his teachers liked him enough to write him a recommendation letter.

For nearly two years, Einstein worked at short-term jobs until a friend was able to help him get a job as a patent clerk at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. Finally, with a job and some stability, Einstein was able to marry his college sweetheart, Mileva Maric, whom his parents strongly disapproved.

The couple went on to have two sons: Hans Albert (born 1904) and Eduard (born 1910).

Einstein the Patent Clerk

For seven years, Einstein worked six days a week as a patent clerk. He was responsible for examining the blueprints of other people's inventions and then determining whether they were feasible. If they were, Einstein had to ensure that no one else had already been given a patent for the same idea.

Somehow, between his very busy work and family life, Einstein not only found time to earn a doctorate from the University of Zurich (awarded 1905) but found time to think. It was while working at the patent office that Einstein made his most influential discoveries.

Influential Theories

In 1905, while working at the patent office, Einstein wrote five scientific papers, which were all published in the Annalen der Physik ( Annals of Physics , a major physics journal). Three of these were published together in September 1905.

In one paper, Einstein theorized that light must not just travel in waves but existed as particles, which explained the photoelectric effect. Einstein himself described this particular theory as "revolutionary." This was also the theory for which Einstein won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.

In another paper, Einstein tackled the mystery of why pollen never settled to the bottom of a glass of water but rather, kept moving (Brownian motion). By declaring that the pollen was being moved by water molecules, Einstein solved a longstanding, scientific mystery and proved the existence of molecules.

His third paper described Einstein's "Special Theory of Relativity," in which Einstein revealed that space and time are not absolutes. The only thing that is constant, Einstein stated, is the speed of light; the rest of space and time are all based on the position of the observer.

Not only are space and time not absolutes, Einstein discovered that energy and mass, once thought completely distinct items, were actually interchangeable. In his E=mc 2  equation (E=energy, m=mass, and c=speed of light), Einstein created a simple formula to describe the relationship between energy and mass. This formula reveals that a very small amount of mass can be converted into a huge amount of energy, leading to the later invention of the atomic bomb.

Einstein was only 26 years old when these articles were published and already he had done more for science than any individual since Sir Isaac Newton.

Scientists Take Notice

In 1909, four years after his theories were first published, Einstein was finally offered a teaching position. Einstein enjoyed being a teacher at the University of Zurich. He had found traditional schooling as he grew up extremely limiting and thus he wanted to be a different kind of teacher. Arriving at school unkempt, with hair uncombed and his clothes too baggy, Einstein soon became known as much for his appearance as his teaching style.

As Einstein's fame within the scientific community grew, offers for new, better positions began to pour in. Within only a few years, Einstein worked at the University of Zurich ( Switzerland ), then the German University in Prague (Czech Republic), and then went back to Zurich for the Polytechnic Institute.

The frequent moves, the numerous conferences that Einstein attended, and preoccupation of Einstein with science left Mileva (Einstein's wife) feeling both neglected and lonely. When Einstein was offered a professorship at the University of Berlin in 1913, she didn't want to go. Einstein accepted the position anyway.

Not long after arriving in Berlin, Mileva and Albert separated. Realizing the marriage could not be salvaged, Mileva took the kids back to Zurich. They officially divorced in 1919.

Achieves Worldwide Fame

During  World War I , Einstein stayed in Berlin and worked diligently on new theories. He worked like a man obsessed. With Mileva gone, he often forgot to eat and sleep.

In 1917, the stress eventually took its toll and he collapsed. Diagnosed with gallstones, Einstein was told to rest. During his recuperation, Einstein's cousin Elsa helped nurse him back to health. The two became very close and when Albert's divorce was finalized, Albert and Elsa married.

It was during this time that Einstein revealed his General Theory of Relativity, which considered the effects of acceleration and gravity on time and space. If Einstein's theory was correct, then the gravity of the sun would bend light from stars.

In 1919, Einstein's General Theory of Relativity could be tested during a solar eclipse. In May 1919, two British astronomers (Arthur Eddington and Sir Frances Dyson) were able to put together an expedition that observed the  solar eclipse  and documented the bent light. In November 1919, their findings were announced publicly.

After having suffered monumental bloodshed during World War I, people around the world were craving news that went beyond their country's borders. Einstein became a worldwide celebrity overnight.

It wasn't just his revolutionary theories; it was Einstein's general persona that appealed to the masses. Einstein's disheveled hair, poorly fitting clothes, doe-like eyes, and witty charm endeared him to the average person. He was a genius, but he was an approachable one.

Instantly famous, Einstein was hounded by reporters and photographers wherever he went. He was given honorary degrees and asked to visit countries around the world. Albert and Elsa took trips to the United States, Japan, Palestine (now Israel), South America, and throughout Europe.

Becomes an Enemy of the State

Although Einstein spent the 1920s traveling and making special appearances, these took away from the time he could work on his scientific theories. By the early 1930s, finding time for science wasn't his only problem.

The political climate in Germany was changing drastically. When Adolf Hitler took power in 1933, Einstein was luckily visiting the United States (he never returned to Germany). The Nazis promptly declared Einstein an enemy of the state, ransacked his house, and burned his books.

As death threats began, Einstein finalized his plans to take a position at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, New Jersey. He arrived at Princeton on Oct. 17, 1933.

Einstein suffered a personal loss when Elsa died on Dec. 20, 1936. Three years later, Einstein's sister Maja fled from  Mussolini's Italy and came to live with Einstein in Princeton. She stayed until her death in 1951.

Until the Nazis took power in Germany, Einstein had been a devoted pacifist for his entire life. However, with the harrowing tales coming out of Nazi-occupied Europe, Einstein reevaluated his pacifist ideals. In the case of the Nazis, Einstein realized they needed to be stopped, even if that meant using military might to do so.

The Atomic Bomb

In July 1939, scientists Leo Szilard and Eugene Wigner visited Einstein to discuss the possibility that Germany was working on building an atomic bomb.

The ramifications of Germany building such a destructive weapon prompted Einstein to write a letter to  President Franklin D. Roosevelt  to warn him about this potentially massive weapon. In response, Roosevelt established the  Manhattan Project , a collection of U.S. scientists urged to beat Germany to the construction of a working atomic bomb.

Even though Einstein's letter prompted the Manhattan Project, Einstein himself never worked on constructing the atomic bomb.

Later Years and Death

From 1922 until the end of his life, Einstein worked on finding a "unified field theory." Believing that "God does not play dice," Einstein searched for a single, unified theory that could combine all the fundamental forces of physics between elementary particles. Einstein never found it.

In the years after World War II , Einstein advocated for a world government and for civil rights. In 1952, after the death of Israel's first President Chaim Weizmann , Einstein was offered the presidency of Israel. Realizing that he was not good at politics and too aged to start something new, Einstein declined the offer.

On April 12, 1955, Einstein collapsed at his home. Just six days later, on April 18, 1955, Einstein died when the aneurysm he had been living with for several years finally burst. He was 76 years old.

Resources and Further Reading

• “ The Year Of Albert Einstein. ”  Smithsonian.com , Smithsonian Institution, 1 June 2005.
• “ Albert Einstein. ”  Biography.com , A&E Networks Television, 14 Feb. 2019.
• Kuepper, Hans-Josef. “ The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. ”  Albert Einstein - Honours, Prizes and Awards.
• Albert Einstein Printables
• The Life and Work of Albert Einstein
• Ancestry of Albert Einstein
• Biography: Albert Einstein
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• Edward Teller and the Hydrogen Bomb
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• Introduction to the Major Laws of Physics
• James Clerk Maxwell, Master of Electromagnetism
• Georges-Henri Lemaitre and the Birth of the Universe
• Biography of J. Robert Oppenheimer, Director of the Manhattan Project
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• RADAR and Doppler RADAR: Invention and History

Who was Albert Einstein? (Short biography)

Albert Einstein was a German physicist of the XIX and XX centuries. He was born on March 14, 1879 and died on April 18, 1955. Einstein was known mainly for the development of the theory of relativity (special and general), the theoretical explanation of the Brownian motion and the photoelectric effect .

Einstein was born in the German city of Ulm, but one year later his family moved to Munich, where he would live until he was 15 years old. At 17, he entered the Federal Polytechnic School of Zurich to study mathematics and physics. Five years later, when he was a graduate, he obtained Swiss citizenship and in 1902 he began to work in the Federal Office of Intellectual Property in Switzerland. He worked this job until his 30s and was able to combine is with his scientific research.

1905 was his most successful year . He published four scientific articles on the photoelectric effect, the Brownian motion, the theory of special relativity and the mass-energy equivalence (E = mc²). The first earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921, the second the degree of doctor and the last two, over time, would make him the greatest scientist of the twentieth century .

In 1908 he began to practice as a professor of physics at the University of Bern, a position he would continue later in Prague and finally in Berlin. He lived there until the rise of the Nazi regime made him leave Germany and move to the United States (1932). There he taught at the Institute of Advanced Studies in Princeton and became an American citizen (obtaining dual Swiss-American citizenship). He spent the rest of his life trying to integrate the physical laws of gravity and electromagnetism. He also spread pacifist, socialist and Zionist values. He died as a result of an internal hemorrhage on April 18, 1955 (76 years old).

2. ALBERT EINSTEIN DOCUMENTARY

3. REFERENCES

• Saber es práctico (2018). ¿Quién fue Albert Einstein? ¿Qué hizo? (Resumen) . Text in Spanish. Avaliable [ HERE ].
• ScienceNet – Youtube (2014).  Albert Einstein Documentary HD .
• Sofi – Flickr (2009). Albert Einstein by Philippe Halsman, 1947 . Avaliable [ HERE ].

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Paragraph on Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein is regarded as one the famous scientists of the 20th century and the greatest physicists of all time. People usually spell the name of Einstein to compare the most intelligent children or adults. Every day millions of people take birth and die but very few among them are remembered by the people till generations. They are remembered because of their remarkable contributions or deeds. It states that everybody has their own ability. Scientists are believed to be the people who are really crazy and believe in doing extraordinary things. Albert Einstein was also among such crazy geniuses. He was really an outstanding personality and his way of working was totally different from the other scientists of the world.

Short and Long Paragraphs on Albert Einstein

The topic Albert Einstein is very important for school students and competitive exam aspirants. Students often get this topic in the exam to write an essay, paragraph, project, assignment, etc. They often find difficulty in writing essays on such topics. They could not understand how the essay, paragraph, assignment, etc had to be started. In the same context, I have provided some sets of long and short paragraphs on the topic of Albert Einstein. I hope that these paragraphs would be beneficial to all the students and readers in giving them an idea of writing essays, assignments, projects, etc on this topic.

Paragraph 1- 100 Words (Albert Einstein: A Genius Scientist)

Albert Einstein was a genius personality who had brought wonders in the field of Science and especially in Physics. He was the inventor of different important theories and equations in Physics. The invention of these important theories and equations in physics had brought a wobble in the world of Physics. It is because of his remarkable inventions and findings in science he had been stated as the greatest scientist of the 20th century. After his death, his brain has been preserved for conducting research and finding out the reason for his super intelligence. His entire life, beautiful quotes and sayings are the source of inspiration for the younger generations.

Paragraph 2- 120 Words (Albert Einstein’s Outstanding Contribution To Field Of Science)

The name Albert Einstein refers to a great physicist and a famous scientist of the 20th century. He was also stated as the most intelligent human being on the earth. It was his intelligence that helped in developing the theory of relativity, mass-energy equivalence, the law of photoelectric effect in the field of physics. He also had an outstanding contribution in relativity and quantum mechanics that are regarded as two important aspects of modern physics. He had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in the year 1921 for developing the ‘photoelectric effect’ .His principles and findings have become a milestone in the field of science. His discoveries have fostered the innovation of several modern technologies and tools. He had also been awarded several awards for his outstanding discoveries in the field of science.

Paragraph 3- 150 Words (His Love For Physics And Mathematics)

“Try not to become a man of success, but rather try to become a man of value”. This is one of the famous inspirational quotes of the great and successful American scientist Albert Einstein. I think that you all would have heard of this great physicist and his discoveries in the field of science. His discovery of the theory of relativity has been a significant contribution to physics. He was not good in all subjects but was greatly interested in mathematics and physics. He was called a child genius because he was capable of solving hard problems of mathematics at a very small age. He had poor performance in subjects other than mathematics and physics; therefore he was disliked by his schools.

He had a different perspective towards nature and its phenomenon. His mind was full of curiosity and thus he was always interested in doing and knowing about new things. He had a child-like curiosity even after he grew older and this was the greatest reason behind the discoveries of his scientific theories.

Paragraph 4- 200 Words (Albert Einstein’s Curiosity For Nature)

We all would have heard about different scientists and discoveries in the world. The name Albert Einstein brings the image of an outstanding and genius personality in our mind. He was the mastermind behind the discovery of several important theories and equations in physics. He had published more than 300 research papers in his scientific career.

Inquisitive Towards Nature

Albert Einstein was different from the normal children from his childhood. He was not able to mix with other children and was not interested in playing with them. He preferred to live alone in a peaceful environment. He used to play only with his sister and used to play the game that gave some life lessons. He was a nature lover and always wanted to be close to nature. He loved seeing the activities happening in nature. He was also very curious to know the exact reason behind every phenomenon happening in nature.

Successful Scientist Even After Speaking Inability In Childhood

It is evident that Albert Einstein was a Nobel laureate famous scientist of the 20th century. Do you know that during his childhood this great scientist had the speaking inability? The parents of Albert Einstein were worried after his birth. It was because his head was bigger than the entire body. They thought that he was suffering from some kind of illness. Gradually, the structure of his head started improving. Later, he was not able to speak till the age of four years of age. He was facing a problem in understanding the language and therefore he could not speak till he became four years old. The same child with speaking inability grew up to become the scientist who brought miracles in the field of science.

Paragraph 5- 250 Words (An Account on Early Life of Albert Einstein)

Albert Einstein is regarded as a renowned mathematician and scientist in the world. He had a very creative mind and his creativity resulted in remarkable inventions in the field of science. His outstanding inventions in physics have totally changed the entire world. He was listed among the top hundred influential people of the 20th century. He was also given the title of “Person of the Century” by Time Magazine in the year 1999.

An Account On Early Life Of Albert Einstein

The great scientist Albert Einstein was born in a middle-class Jewish family in Germany on 14th of March in the year 1879. His father’s name was Hermann Einstein and he was a salesman and engineer. His mother’s name was Pauline Einstein and she was from a rich family background. Albert Einstein was the eldest among the two children of his parents. Hermann Einstein left Ulm city with his family in Germany in the year 1880 and settled in Munich city of Germany. He started a company of electrical equipment in Munich with his brother. Albert Einstein tied a knot to Mileva Maric in the year 1903 at the age of 24 years.

• Schooling And Education-  Albert Einstein never loved going to school. He started his education at the age of five years in Catholic Elementary School in Munich. Later when he attained the age of 8 years he left Catholic elementary school and joined Luitpold Gymnasium for completing his primary and secondary education. His father wanted him to pursue his career in Electrical engineering but Einstein was not interested in doing the same. It is because he did not have the desire to attend the classes anymore. According to him, curiosity and learning instinct is most important for every student and it is not achieved by the rote learning method followed in schools and colleges. He was not happy with classroom learning and felt as if he was taught forcefully.
• Secondary Education-  Albert Einstein, at the age of 16 years left his schooling and joined a diploma course at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. He appeared for an entrance test and passed only mathematics and physics. He was given admission to this college on the condition that he had to complete his schooling and thus in this way he completed his graduation in the year 1896. Finally, his scientific career initiated from the year 1900 resulted in fascinating discoveries and research papers in the field of science.

I have tried to provide every detail of this topic in short and long paragraphs stated above. I hope that you would have loved and enjoyed reading the same.

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FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions on Albert Einstein

Ans.  Albert Einstein gave the Theory of Relativity in 1905.

Ans.  Israel is the country in the world that had requested Albert Einstein to become its second president.

Ans.  E=mc2 was Albert Einstein’s most famous equation.

Ans.  Albert Einstein shifted to the USA in the year 1933.

Ans.  The great scientist Albert Einstein had the citizenship of Germany, Switzerland and the USA.

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A Truly Beautiful Mind Class 9 Short Summary & Explanation in English

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Table of Contents

Introduction

This story is about Albert Einstein and how he achieved success in his life. It also includes his plea for a one world government and a constant yearning to ban all weapons.

“Brother Boring”

Albert Einstein’s mother thought he was a freak, but he was destined for greatness. His playmates called him ‘Brother Boring’ as he did not know how to interact with his friends. He started to talk at the age of twenty-two. So, he most of the time alone. Einstein was discouraged by his headmaster. He learned to play violin and maintained this skill throughout his life.

Albert Einstein often hated high school in Munich and left it for good though scoring best marks in the entire school. He loved Mathematics and Physics. He was also interested in a fellow student, Mileva Maric. She came to study there in Zurich at the same university, and both fell in love. Their love letters contained a mixture of science and romance.

An Imaginary Bureau

In 1902, he secured a job as a technical expert in the patent office in Bern. He also gathered ideas for his inventions there during his tenure. He jokingly called his desk drawer the “bureau of theoretical physics.”

His paper on Special Theory of Relativity stated that time and space were not absolute, i,e two clocks with the same time initially would show different times if one of them moved at a very high speed compared to the other. One of the famous formula that Einstein gave was E = mc 2

Personal Problems

Besides solving physics problems, Einstein’s personal life was very complicated. Einstein, from the beginning, wanted to marry Mileva, but her mother disagreed, so Einstein called off the marriage. They finally married in 1903, but the couple parted ways in 1919. Einstein married his cousin Elsa the same year.

Scientific Revolution

In 1915, Einstein published his General Theory of Relativity, with the help of which he perfectly calculated the extent to which the light from fixed stars would be deflected. The scientific community considered it as a “scientific revolution.” He also received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.

The Atom Bomb

When the Nazis were in power in Germany, Einstein emigrated to the United States. With the discovery of nuclear fission in Germany, many other physicists fled from Germany. Einstein wrote a letter to the then-president of the United States of America about the Atom Bomb’s destructive powers.

Later on, when America dropped the Atom Bomb on Japan, he was shocked. He wrote a letter to the United Nations for a world government. When he died in 1955, he was more of a world citizen than a scientist.

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Summary of A Truly Beautiful Mind Class 9 Beehive

Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, in the German city of Ulm. He was a normal-looking child. His mother thought him an abnormal child. He began to speak very late. And when he spoke he repeated each word twice. The other children made fun of him. So he used to play all alone. lie loved to play with mechanical toys. When he was six years old, he learnt to play the violin. Albert Einstein went to high school in Munich. He was a good student. Ile scored good marks in all subjects. But he did not like the strict discipline of the school. He often got clashed with his teachers. So he left school for good. After long discussions, he agreed to continue his study in Switzerland. He was highly gifted in mathematics and interested in physics. After passing high school, he joined Zurich University. There he got interested in a fellow student Mileva Marie. He found an ally in her. She was a young Serb. She was very intelligent. They fell in love and later they got married in 1903. Albert graduated in 1900, at the age of 21. He was unemployed. the lie worked as a teaching assistant. In 1902, he got the job of a technical expert in a patent office in Bern. His job was to assess other people’s discoveries. He was secretly developing his own ideas. He published his famous paper in 1905 on ‘Special Theory of Relativity’, according to which time and distance are not absolute. Einstein’s new personal chapter coincided with his rise to world fame. In 1915, he had published his ‘General Theory of Relativity’, which provided a new interpretation of gravity. Einstein has correctly calculated in advance the extent to which the light from fixed stars would be deflected through the sun’s gravitational field. Einstein received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. He was showered with honours and invitations from all over the world and lauded by the press. When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Einstein emigrated to the United States. Five years later, the discovery of nuclear fission in Berlin had American physicists in an uproar. At the urging of a colleague, Einstein wrote a letter to the American president Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 2, 1939, in which he warned against the danger of atom bombs. His words influenced Roosevelt. The Americans developed the atomic bomb in a secret project of their own and dropped it on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. Einstein was deeply shaken by the extent of the destruction. This time he wrote a long letter to the United Nations. In it, he proposed the formation of a world government. Einstein got ever more involved in politics using his popularity to campaign for peace and democracy. When Einstein died in 1955 at the age of 76. he was celebrated as a visionary and world citizen as much as a scientific genius.

• Albert Einstein was one of the greatest scientists in the world.
• This lesson throws a light on his life and his works in the field of science and world politics. the lie was born on March 14, 1879, in the German city of Ulm.
• He was a normal looking child. But he had some deficiencies as a child.
• He began to speak very late and when he spoke he repeated every word twice.
• His playmates made fun of him. His parents were not even so careful about him.
• But from his childhood, he had a big interest in science. He was good at studies.
• He always got good marks but he did not like the strict discipline of the school. So, he left the school for good.
• He agreed to study in Switzerland which has a liberal atinosphere. There he got interested in a fellow student Mileva Mark. Later he married her.
• He worked on different scientific theories.
• He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. He was showered with honours and invitations from all over the world.
• When America dropped atom bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki he was deeply shaken. He proposed for the formation of the world government.
• He worked for the development of peace and democracy in the work until he died in 1955. He is remembered even today as a ‘world’s citizen.

Albert Einstein: He has been portrayed as a great intellectual genius and a peace-loving human being with liberal ideas. As an intellectual, he created a revolution in the field of science, particularly physics. Ma human beings, he spread the message of love, liberty, and peace. During his childhood, Einstein did not show any traces of intelligence. He was a slow child who started speaking very late. Even his mother considered him to be a freak and the headmaster of his school had such a negative opinion about him that he stated that Einstein would never achieve success in any career that he chi” However, Einstein proved to be a good student as he had s13’en interest and skills in mathematics and physics and he also scored in all other subjects. Einstein’s love for freedom dated back to his school days. He felt suffocated in his school in Munich because of excessive discipline. He opted to study in Switzerland in a school with a liberal environment. He left Germany for America when the dictatorial Nazis took over because he was averse to every type of authority. Though a great scientist, Einstein was a lover of arts and literature. He was against philistinism (ignorance of or hostility towards art and culture). He fell in love with a Serbian girl Mileva Maric because she held similar ideas about art. As a scientist, his theories of relativity and gravity created a stir in the world of science. He was awarded the Nobel Prize and got numerous other honours. Einstein was a great lover of mankind. He wanted a world government. He was perturbed by the destructive use of science when the atom bomb was dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He spent the rest of his life spreading the message of peace and democracy. Thus, Einstein’s traits as a scientific genius and a peace-loving human being with a deep love for freedom are amply highlighted in this biographical account.

एल्बर्ट आइंसटाईन का जन्म 14 मार्च , 1879 को जर्मनी के उल्म नामक शहर में हुआ था । वह एक सामान्य-सा दिखाई पड़ने वाला बालक था । उसकी माता तो उसे एक विचित्र बालक मानती थी । उसने बहुत देरी से बोलना शुरू किया । ओर जब वह बोलता था तो प्रत्येक शब्द को दो बार बोलता था । दुसरे बच्चे उसका मजाक उड़ाते थे । इसलिए वह अकेला ही खेलता रहता था । वह मैकेनिकल (यांत्रिक) खिलौनों के साथ खेलना पसंद करता था । जब वह मात्र 15 बर्ष का था तो उसने वायलिन बजाना सीख था ।

एलबर्ट आइंसटाईन को म्यूनिख में उच्च-विद्यालय में भेजा गया । वह एक अच्छा विद्यार्थी था । वह सभी विषयों में अच्छे अंक प्राप्त करता था । लेकिन उसे स्कूल का कठोर अनुशासन पसंद नहीं था । वह प्राय: अपने अध्यापकों के साथ झगड़ पड़ता था । इसलिए उसने हमेशा के लिए ही स्कूल को छोड़ दिया ।

लंबे वार्तालाप के पश्चात वह स्विटूजरलैंड में अपनी पढाई को जारी रखने के लिए सहमत हो गया । गणित में तो वह बहुत विशिष्टता प्राप्त था तथा भौतिकी में भी उसकी बहुत रुचि थी । हाई स्कूल की परीक्षा पास करने के पश्चात उसने ज्यूरिक विश्वविद्यालय में प्रवेश ले लिया । यहाँ उसकी अपनी एक सहपाठी मिलेवा मैरिक से लगाव हो गया । उसने उसमें एक साथी ढूंढ लिया । वह एक युवा सर्वियाई युवती थी । वह वहुत ही बुद्धिमान थी । उन दोनों में प्यार हो गया और बाद में दोनों ने 1903 में शादी कर ली ।

एल्बर्ट ने सन 1900 में 21 वर्ष की आयु में स्नातक की उपाधि प्राप्त की । वह बेरोजगार था । उसने एक सहायक शिक्षक की नौकरी कर ली । 1902 में, उसे बर्न में एक पेटेंट कार्यालय में नौकरी मिल गई । उसका कार्य दूसरे लोगों के अविष्कारों का मूल्यांकन करने का था । वह गुप्त रुप से अपने सिद्धांतों को भी विकसित कर रहा था । उसने ‘सापेक्षता के विशेष सिद्धांत’ पर 1905 में अपना विख्यात पत्र प्रकाशित किया, जिसके अनुसार समय और दूरी अपने आप में स्वतंत्र नहीं हैं ।

आइंसटाईन के जीवन का नया अध्याय विश्व में उसके उदय से प्राप्त प्रसिद्धि से मेल खाता है । 1915 में उसने ‘सापेक्षता के सामान्य सिद्धांत’ का प्रकाशन किया , जिसने गुरुत्व-बल की एक नई व्याख्या की । आइंसटाईन ने सही –सही गणना कर ली थी कि स्थिर सितारों से कितने समय में सूर्य गुरुत्व –बल के कारण प्रकाश का अपवर्तन हो जाता है । 1921 में आइंसटाईन को

भौतकी के क्षेत्र में नोबल पुरुस्कार प्राप्त हुआ । उसे सारे विश्व में सम्मान और निमंत्रण – पत्र प्राप्त हुए और मीडिया के माध्यम से प्रसिद्ध हुआ ।

जब 1933 ई. में जर्मनी में नाजीवादी पार्टी सत्ता में आई तो आइंसटाईन जर्मनी छोड़कर अमेरिका चला गया । पांच वर्ष बाद जब जर्मनी ने नाभिकीय विखंडन किया तो अमेरिका के भौतिकीशास्त्री परेशानी में आ गए । अपने एक सहकर्मी की सलाह पर आइंसटाईन ने अमेरिका के राष्ट्रपति फ्रिंकालिन डी. रुजवेल्ट को परमाणु बम के भारी खतरे के बारे में चेतावनी दे डाली । उसके शब्दों ने रूजवेल्ट को प्रभावित किया । अमेरिका वालों ने एक गुप्त योजना के अंतर्गत परमाणु बमों का विकास किया और अगस्त,1945 में उन्हें जापान के हिरोशिमा और नागासाकी शहरों के ऊपर गिराया ।

आइंसटाईन युद्ध को तबाही से बहुत अधिक विचलित हो उठा । इस बार उसने संयुक्त राष्ट्र के नाम एक लम्बा पत्र लिखा जिसमें उसने विश्व सरकार बनाने का प्रस्ताव रखा। आइंसटाईन राजनीति में और अधिक लेने लग गया और उसने ख्याति को शांति और लोकतंत्र की स्थापना में प्रयोग क्रिया । जव 1955 में 76 वर्ष की आयु में आइंसटाईन की मृत्यु हुई तो लोगों ने उसे एक महान वैज्ञानिक के साथ-साथ एक भविष्य-द्रष्टा तथा विश्व नागरिक के रूप में भी याद किया ।

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A Total Solar Eclipse Made Albert Einstein a Scientific Superstar

An eclipse in May 1919 had a pivotal role in proving one of Einstein’s most famous theories.

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A solar eclipse in May 1919 helped prove one of Albert Einstein ’s most famous hypotheses: his theory of general relativity. The discovery changed our understanding of physics and cemented Einstein’s status as one of the most influential scientists in history .

Einstein’s theory of general relativity dates back to 1905

Einstein’s theory , completed in 1915, is centered around gravity. Rather than being an invisible force that attracts objects to each other, gravity—as explained by relativity—is a curving or warping of space-time caused by concentrations of mass and energy. According to Einstein, this affects the motion of anything that passed nearby, including light.

Einstein had begun working on his theory in 1905 and was so confident in his principle that he asked researchers to carry out an eclipse experiment as early as 1911. He even raised his own money to fund it. He found a volunteer in German astronomer Erwin Freundlich in 1914, but the expedition was scrapped following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the outbreak of World War I.

Finally, in 1919, Einstein got his chance.

The 1919 solar eclipse experiment focused on the stars

In order to test Einstein’s idea, English astronomers named Arthur Eddington and Frank Dyson launched expeditions to chart stars during the total solar eclipse on May 29, 1919. The scientists planned to pinpoint the positions of stars around the sun during “totality,” or when the sun’s light is completely blocked by the moon, and compare them to normal conditions. If there was a difference in their locations—even one so slight that it would be visible to the human eye—this would indicate the sun had deflected their light through a curving of space.

According to Smithsonian Magazine , Eddington traveled to the island of Principe, off the African coast, while Dyson sent two members of his staff to Sobral, Brazil, to perform the calculations. Whereas the 2024 eclipse has a maximum length of 4 minutes, 28 seconds along the path of totality, the duo and their teams had more than 5 minutes to examine the sky. The stars’ positions were recorded on glass plates, which were then brought back to England for further examination.

The results were, mostly, expected

Eddington and Dyson both deemed the experiment successful, as their results were very close to Einstein’s predictions for the amount of deflection. Well, at least the majority of them. One of the telescopes in Dyson’s expedition produced odd readings , with the stars looking like smudges and not rounded circles. So, he threw those respective plates out.

This has led some historians to speculate Dyson might have done so to exclude data that didn’t match the intended outcome, but University of Arkansas physics professor Daniel Kennefick, who wrote the book No Shadow of a Doubt about the 1919 eclipse and its findings, said this was highly unlikely. “It is rare to be completely neutral in science or life. Punishing Eddington for being honest in articulating his preferences is merely asking that scientists dishonestly suppress their views,” Kennefick said .

Einstein never doubted his theory

Einstein found out in September 1919 via telegram the results of the experiment had proven him correct. Although, he already knew they would.

Kennefick told Smithsonian Magazine that physicist Ilse Rosenthal-Schneider was allegedly with Einstein when he received the message and surprised by his lack of enthusiasm for the findings. “She said, ‘Well, what would you have said if the theory had found against you? Would you have been disappointed, in that event?’” Kennefick explained. “And [Einstein] smiled and said, ‘Well then I would have been sorry for the dear lord, because the theory is correct.’”

Another solar eclipse in 1922 would offer a chance to confirm Eddington and Dyson’s results, but the scientific community was eager to celebrate Einstein as a luminary before then. Eddington presented the results at a Royal Society meeting in London on November 6, 1919—in front of a picture of Sir Isaac Newton , whose ideas of gravity Einstein had revolutionized—and they were published the following day.

The Times of London called the findings a “revolution in science,” and Einstein’s popularity skyrocketed. He soon embarked on lecture tours across the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Japan, with crowds lining up to see him. According to Discover magazine , one woman even fainted upon meeting Einstein.

Two years later, in 1921, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for “his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect,” all but cementing his legacy.

The theory of general relativity continues to help us navigate our world and understand the universe beyond. According to the Royal Astronomical Society , astrophysicists use relativity to explain the movement of stars and planets and how matter behaves in extreme regions of space—particularly black holes. Non-scientists rely on relativity every day, as satellite navigation systems use it to pinpoint travel coordinates. Knowing that it all ties back to a solar eclipse, you now have a better understanding of the gravity of Monday’s eagerly-awaited celestial event.

Tyler Piccotti first joined the Biography.com staff as an Associate News Editor in February 2023, and before that worked almost eight years as a newspaper reporter and copy editor. He is a graduate of Syracuse University. When he's not writing and researching his next story, you can find him at the nearest amusement park, catching the latest movie, or cheering on his favorite sports teams.

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Albert Einstein

(Prose) Chapter 4: A Truly Beautiful Mind

• CBSE Class 9
• UNIT - A ( Beehive)
• (Prose) Chapter 4: A Truly Beautiful Mind Notes

• A Truly Beautiful Mind
• Beehive and Moments
• Publication
• ACERISE INDIA

By Albert Einstein

A Truly Beautiful Mind Introduction

Albert Einstein is the subject of this chapter. He was a brilliant scientist. The chapter's title, 'A Truly Beautiful Mind,' refers to Albert Einstein. This is a brief biography of Albert in which some of his qualities are highlighted, such as his interest in mathematics and physics, as well as his humanitarian qualities.The title, 'A Truly Beautiful Mind,' begs the question of how a scientist's mind can be beautiful. This is due to the fact that we will be discussing another aspect of Einstein in this lesson. He was a good man. He advocated for world peace and non-violence, which is why the title refers to him as having a truly beautiful mind.

A Truly Beautiful Mind Summary

Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm, Germany. He couldn't speak until he was two and a half years old, and when he did, he repeated every word twice. His playmates thought he was boring, and his mother thought he was insane due to his abnormally large head. His headmaster thought he was stupid and useless at school. He, on the other hand, proved them all wrong. He began playing the violin at the age of six, at the insistence of his mother. He honed his skills as a violinist. His family relocated to Munich when he was 15 years old. He left because he was uncomfortable with the school's strict discipline.

After finishing his education, he enrolled at the University of Zurich, where the atmosphere was more liberal and open to new ideas and concepts. He expressed a stronger interest in physics and mathematics. At the university, he met Mileva Maric, a fellow student. She was both intelligent and clever. They later married and had two sons, but their marriage did not last and they divorced in 1919.

Albert worked as a technical expert in Bern's patent office after finishing his education. Here, he secretly worked on his theory of relativity. In 1915, he published his paper on special theory of relativity, which was followed by the now-famous equation E = mc2. In 1915, he published his paper on the General Theory of Relativity, which defined gravity in an entirely new way. He rose to fame as a result of this theory. During the 1919 solar eclipse, his theory proved to be correct, and it revolutionised physics. As the Nazis took power in Germany in 1933, he emigrated to the United States. He did not want his finding and research to be used for destruction.

When Germany discovered the principle of nuclear fission in 1938, he was the first person to write to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the dangers of atomic bombs. When America dropped the Atomic Bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in 1945, he was deeply hurt and petitioned the United Nations for the formation of a world government to prevent such devastation from happening again. In his later years in politics, he advocated for world peace and democracy. In 1955, he died at the age of 76.

A Truly Beautiful Mind Lesson Explanation

ALBERT Einstein was born on 14 March 1879 in the German city of Ulm, without any indication that he was destined for greatness.

• destined: fate, a predetermined set of events that has to happen in the future.

Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879. He was born in the German city of Ulm. Nobody could have predicted when he was a child that he would one day become a great scientist. He was just like the other kids.

On the contrary, his mother thought Albert was a freak.

• freak: a word used disapprovingly to talk about a person who is unusual and doesn’t behave, look or think like others

Albert's mother thought he was a freak because he didn't act, talk, or look like other people. He was not like other children his age. He acted strangely. In comparison to other children, he appeared to be less intelligent.

To her, his head seemed much too large.

Albert's mother thought the little boy's head was a little too big in comparison to the heads of other children.

At the age of two-and-a-half, Einstein still wasn’t talking.

Albert Einstein began speaking when he was two and a half years old.

When he finally did learn to speak, he uttered everything twice.

• Uttered: spoke

Finally, when Einstein began speaking, he would repeat the words.

Einstein did not know what to do with other children, and his playmates called him “Brother Boring.”

His playmates used to refer to him as "brother boring" because he kept to himself and did not interact with them.

So the youngster played by himself much of the time.

Einstein kept to himself at all times. He used to only play with himself.

He especially loved mechanical toys.

Since his childhood, he has been a fan of mechanical toys, which are toys that use some kind of machinery, such as automated cars and aeroplanes.

Looking at his newborn sister, Maja, he is said to have said: “Fine, but where are her wheels”?

When his sister was born, he couldn't see her feet because she was so small. He was wondering where the baby's wheels, i.e. the baby's feet, were. Because Albert Einstein used to play with toys, and all of the toys had wheels, Maja appeared to him to be a toy as well, and he may have wondered where her wheels were.

A headmaster once told his father that what Einstein chose as a profession wouldn’t matter, because “he’ll never make a success at anything.”

Einstein's father was told by the headmaster of Einstein's school that Einstein would never be successful in whatever profession he chose.

Einstein began learning to play the violin at the age of six, because his mother wanted him to; he later became a gifted amateur violinist, maintaining this skill throughout his life.

• amateur: doing something for personal enjoyment rather than as a profession, something which is your hobby and you do it as a pastime.

Einstein was an excellent violinist; he began playing the violin at the age of six because his mother encouraged him to do so. He had been an amateur violinist his entire life, playing the violin as a hobby rather than a profession.

But Albert Einstein was not a bad pupil. He went to high school in Munich, where Einstein’s family had moved when he was 15 months old and scored good marks in almost every subject.

• pupil: student

Albert Einstein was an excellent student. He attended a Munich school because his family relocated from Ulm to Munich when he was 15 months old, and he excelled in almost every subject.

Einstein hated the school’s regimentation and often clashed with his teachers.

• regimentation: order or discipline taken to an extreme

Einstein disliked the strict discipline at the school where he attended. As a result, he frequently disagreed with and opposed his teacher's viewpoints.

At the age of 15, Einstein felt so stifled there that he left the school for good.

• Stifled: unable to breathe; suffocated
• Left the school for good: left school forever .

Einstein was so suffocated in that school that he couldn't follow the strict discipline, so he left forever.

The previous year, Albert’s parents had moved to Milan, and left their son with relatives.

Albert Einstein had left the school a year before because his parents had relocated to Milan, Italy. Albert was left with his relatives in Munich.

After prolonged discussion, Einstein got his wish to continue his education in German-speaking Switzerland, in a city which was more liberal than Munich.

• liberal: willing to understand and respect others opinions

Albert couldn't keep up with the discipline at his old school in Munich. He had a long discussion with his family and relatives before his parents agreed to enroll him in a Swiss school where the language of communication was German.

Einstein was highly gifted in mathematics and interested in physics, and after finishing school, he decided to study at a university in Zurich.

Einstein was a good student; he was gifted in mathematics, so he excelled in mathematics, and he was also interested in physics.

But science wasn’t the only thing that appealed to the dashing young man with the walrus moustache.

• Walrus is a shape of Moustache.

Science was not the only thing that drew Einstein's attention as a handsome young man. He was interested in something other than science.

He also felt a special interest in a fellow student, Mileva Maric, whom he found to be a “clever creature.”

Aside from Math and Physics, Albert Einstein had a crush on one of his classmates, Mileva Maric. He thought she was extremely clever, sharp, and intelligent.

This young Serb had come to Switzerland because the University in Zurich was one of the few in Europe where women could get degrees.

They met at Zurich University. Mileva Maric was a Serbian citizen (that is why she is called a Serb). She moved to Switzerland from Serbia because the University of Zurich was one of the few in Europe that granted degrees to female students.

Einstein saw in her an ally against the “philistines”—those people in his family and at the university with whom he was constantly at odds.

• ally: a friend or an associate
• philistine: a word used disapprovingly to talk about people who do not like art, literature or music
• To be at odds means to be in the opposition of someone, to be against someone.

Einstein considered Mileva to be a friend because she shared his interests in art, literature, and music. This was something they both had in common. Having an interest in art, literature, or music was not considered desirable back then. People who were interested in art, literature, or music used to refer to their opponents as 'philistines.' Many people at the university, including Albert Einstein's family, were opposed to this. So, in the face of such people, Albert Einstein and Mileva Maric's unity aided them in dealing with the situation.

The couple fell in love. Letters survive in which they put their affection into words, mixing science with tenderness. Wrote Einstein: “How happy and proud I shall be when we both have brought our work on relativity to a victorious conclusion.”

Albert Einstein and Mileva Maric fell in love and wrote love letters to each other to express their feelings. They used to write letters in which they combined science with their emotions. Einstein once mentioned his scientific invention and stated that he would be very proud on that day when they would finally finish their paper on the theory of relativity.

In 1900, at the age of 21, Albert Einstein was a university graduate and unemployed.

Albert Einstein was 21 years old in 1900, and he had just graduated from university but was unemployed.

He worked as a teaching assistant, gave private lessons and finally secured a job in 1902 as a technical expert in the patent office in Bern.

• patent: a document which gives the rights of an invention to an inventor

Albert Einstein worked as a Teaching Assistant and also gave private lessons from 1900 to 1902. In 1902, he finally got a job in Bern. Bern is a German city. He was hired as a Technical Officer at a patent office in Bern.

While he was supposed to be assessing other people’s inventions, Einstein was actually developing his own ideas in secret.

Einstein was supposed to examine other people's inventions and grant them a patent. On the other hand, he was secretly creating his own inventions as well.

He is said to have jokingly called his desk drawer at work the “bureau of theoretical physics.”

Einstein later stated that the desk at which he worked was the theoretical physics office because it was only there that he began working on his inventions.

One of the famous papers of 1905 was Einstein’sSpecial Theory of Relativity, according to which time and distance are not absolute.

• absolute: measured in itself, not in relation to anything else

Einstein published his first paper in 1905. It was all about the'special theory of relativity.' It was stated in this publication that the measurement of time and distance is not absolute and is dependent on something else.

Indeed, two perfectly accurate clocks will not continue to show the same time if they come together again after a journey if one of them has been moving very fast relative to the other.

According to the theory, if two clocks are moving, they will not display the same time. One clock will tick more quickly than the other.

From this followed the world’s most famous formula which describes the relationship between mass and energy:

E = mc2(In this mathematical equation, E stands for energy, m for massand c for the speed of the light in a vacuum (about 300,000 km/s).

This theory of relativity provided us with the fundamental formula of physics – E = mc2. E denotes energy, m the mass of the object, and c the speed of light in a vacuum. (A vacuum is defined as an absence of air, and the speed of light in a vacuum is nearly 300,000 km/s.) To put it another way, Einstein said that sitting with a nice girl for two hours feels like two minutes. On the other hand, if you sit on a hot stove for two minutes, it feels like two hours—this is the effect of relativity. As a result, each individual will perceive the timing differently.

While Einstein was solving the most difficult problems in physics, his private life was unravelling.

• unraveling: starting to fail

Despite the fact that he was solving complex physics problems for the rest of the world, his personal life was becoming problematic. In his personal life, he began to fail.

Albert had wanted to marry Mileva right after finishing his studies, but his mother was against it.

Albert Einstein desired to marry Mileva Maric soon after completing his studies, but his mother, Pauline Einstein, was opposed.

She thought Mileva, who was three years older than her son, was too old for him.

Pauline thought Mileva Maric was three-year-old elder than albert, was too old for him.

She was also bothered by Mileva’s intelligence. “She is a book like you,” his mother said. Einstein put the wedding off.

Pauline thought Mileva was very intelligent for a wife, and she told Einstein that Mileva was like a book to him. Because his mother was opposed to the marriage, he called off his wedding to Mileva.

The pair finally married in January 1903, and had two sons.

Albert Einstein married Mileva Maric in 1903, and the couple had two sons.

But a few years later, the marriage faltered.

• faltered: became weak

Their marriage ended in divorce.

Mileva, meanwhile, was losing her intellectual ambition and becoming an unhappy housewife.

Mileva Maric was very intelligent, but as a housewife, she was unable to fulfil her ambitions. She was unhappy because she was unable to fulfil her ambitions.

After years of constant fighting, the couple finally divorced in 1919.

Mileva was dissatisfied with her marriage because she was unable to pursue her career goals, so they divorced in 1919 after a long struggle.

Einstein married his cousin Elsa the same year.

Albert Einstein married for the second time in his life. He married Elsa, his cousin.

Einstein’s new personal chapter coincided with his rise to world fame.

Another thing happened around the time Einstein married Elsa. It was Einstein's rapid rise to global fame. Einstein rose to international acclaim. Everyone regarded him as a brilliant scientist.

In 1915, he had published his General Theory of Relativity, which provided a new interpretation of gravity.

In 1915, he published another paper based on the General Theory of Relativity that provided a new interpretation of gravity.

An eclipse of the sun in 1919 brought proof that it was accurate.

There was a solar eclipse in 1919 that proved Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity was correct.

Einstein had correctly calculated in advance the extent to which the light from fixed stars would be deflected through the sun’s gravitational field. The newspapers proclaimed his work as “a scientific revolution.”

• deflected: changed direction because it hit something

Albert Einstein calculated that a solar eclipse would occur in 1919 in the year 1915. The apparent position of the stars would change as a result. His calculation was correct. As a result, Albert Einstein's work was declared to be a scientific revolution.

Einstein received the Nobel Prize for Physics in1921.

• The Nobel Prize was based on the will of the famous Swedish scientist, a scientist who belongs to Sweden, Alfred Nobel. It was established in 1895 and the first Nobel Prize was given in the year 1901.

In 1921, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

He was showered with honors and invitations from all over the world and lauded by the press.

He was honoured and received invitations from all over the world. The press praised him as well.

When the Nazis came to power in Germany in1933, Einstein emigrated to the United States.

• Emigrated: leave one’s own country in order to settle permanently in another

When Nazis took over Germany in 1933 (the famous Nazi ruler was Adolf Hitler), Einstein left Germany and relocated to the United States of America forever.

Five years later, the discovery of nuclear fission in Berlin had American physicists in an uproar.

• in an uproar: very upset

After 5 years, the Germans discovered nuclear fission – the process by which nuclear or atomic bombs are created. This procedure was planned in Berlin. As a result, all physicists in America were outraged, fearing that the technology would be misused.

Many of them had fled from Fascism, just as Einstein had, and now they were afraid the Nazis could build and use an atomic bomb.

Because of Fascism, many scientists fled to the United States. (Fascism was a dictatorial concept that began in Europe with the rule of Benito Mussolini in Italy.) The scientists were all concerned that the Nazis would misuse the atomic bomb.

At the urging of a colleague, Einstein wrote a letter to the American President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, on 2 August 1939, in which he warned:“A single bomb of this type . . . exploded in a port,might very well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding territory.”

On August 2, 1939, Albert Einstein was asked by a colleague to write a letter to President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt. He forewarned him that Germany's atomic bomb was extremely powerful. If one of these bombs exploded near a port, it would not only destroy the port itself, but also the surrounding territory. This demonstrates Einstein's humanitarianism. He desired the best for the people and world peace. That is why he wrote to the president of the United States to express his concern and to warn him.

His words did not fail to have an effect.

Franklin D. Roosevelt was influenced by Albert Einstein's letter.

The Americans developed the atomic bomb in a secret project of their own and dropped it on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.

The Americans secretly developed the atomic bomb and dropped it on two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Germans had only recently developed the atomic bomb, which they did not use against any country, but America did.

Einstein was deeply shaken by the extent of the destruction.

There was a lot of destruction, and Einstein was shaken.

This time he wrote a public missive to the United Nations.

• missive: letter, especially long and official

He addressed a formal letter to the United Nations Organization.

In it he proposed the formation of a world government. Unlike the letter to Roosevelt, this one made no impact.

Albert Einstein proposed establishing a world government in a letter, but this proposal did not come to fruition.

But over the next decade, Einstein got ever more involved in politics —agitating for an end to the arms buildup and usinghis popularity to campaign for peace and democracy.

Albert Einstein was involved in World Peace for another ten years. He was involved in politics, and his agenda was to stop countries from collecting weapons and developing weapons. He advocated for global peace and democracy. His main goals were world peace and human freedom.

When Einstein died in 1955 at the age of 76, he was celebrated as a visionary and world citizen as much as a scientific genius

• visionary: a person who can think about the future in an original and intelligent way

Einstein had the ability to predict the future. When he died at the age of 76 in 1955, the world remembered him as a visionary. He was a global citizen as well as a scientific genius.

About the Author

Albert Einstein (1916-1995) was a theoretical physicist who published the special and general theories of relativity as well as other contributions to physics. His work has also had an impact on the philosophy of science. Albert Einstein published four papers that revolutionised science in June 1905.

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