consulting case study interview examples

The Ultimate Guide to the Consulting Case Interview – With Examples

This guide, written by a former McKinsey consultant and Wharton MBA, breaks down the management consulting case interview into comprehensible parts with relevant, realistic examples at every turn.

By  Tracy V.

Posted March 12, 2024

Consulting Week (Apr 15-18)

Monday, april 15.

10:00 PM UTC · 60 minutes

While the consulting case study interview may seem daunting at first, most cases follow a typical song-and-dance. Once you get a hang of it, prepping feels much more manageable. The first part of this guide will give a broad overview of the case interview. The second part will break out the typical structure of an interviewee-led case. The last part will dive into each component, with tips and suggestions for preparing. Note that some firms may have their own specific case interview style. Be sure to familiarize yourself with your target firms’ interview processes before the time comes to recruit.

Case interviews involve tackling a business issue or problem faced by a company (the client). These interviews allow consulting firms to gauge candidates’ ability to perform the job. Specifically, firms are testing whether candidates can:

• Think in a structured and creative way
• Analyze and interpret new information
• Communicate persuasively and succinctly

Most firms conduct interviewee-led cases, as outlined in the guide below. In these cases, the candidate is expected to drive the case forward by asking the interviewer for data or information relevant to forming the recommendation. A few firms, most notably McKinsey, are interviewer-led, meaning that the interviewer will be the one guiding the discussion.

Below are a few common types of cases that you can expect to receive. Some cases can be several types all in one (lucky you!):

• Profitability - Determine cause for profit decline and / or ideas for increasing profit; you will rarely get a standalone profitability case – It will usually be rolled up in another case type
• Growth - consider strategies for company growth; could be through sales or market share
• Market Entry / New Business - Assess attractiveness of entering new geography / business / sector and method for entering
• Due Diligence / M&A - Assess attractiveness of purchasing / acquiring a company or business; client can be another company or a financial sponsor
• Competitive Response - Address a competitor’s recent action (e.g., new acquisition, change in pricing strategy)
• Non-Traditional - Similar to the other cases but the client (non-profit, NGO, education-focused entity) has different objectives than a typical corporate company

Case Interview Components

• Prompt: Interviewer reads aloud the case while the interviewee takes notes
• Recap: Interviewee provides a high-level summary of the case and confirms accuracy of information written
• Clarifying Questions: Interviewee asks 2-3 high-level questions
• Structuring (<2 minutes): Interviewee takes a few minutes create a roadmap for approaching the case
• Framework Presentation (2-3 minutes): Interviewee reviews the structure with the interviewer, who may have follow-up questions. Interviewee then moves the case forward by asking for additional information
• Brainstorming: Interviewee is expected to list out several solutions or ideas (e.g., cost drivers for an industry, ways to increase sales)
• Exhibits: Interviewee will be given data in forms such as graphs or charts and expected to provide high-level insights
• Math: Interviewee will be asked to perform a calculation with the new information or using data from the exhibits. Oftentimes, interviewee is not given enough information and must ask for the relevant data
• Synthesis and Recommendation (2-3 minutes) : Interviewee provides the answer first, then supporting facts from the case, and finally risks and next steps

Setup (2-3 minutes)

Prompt : The interviewer may be giving you A LOT of information - don’t write down everything verbatim. Jot down facts and figures, the client name, and the objective(s). If you miss something or don’t remember what a number means, you can ask after your recap.

• Prep: Have a friend read you several different case interview prompts and practice taking down notes. Create your own shorthand and learn how to recognize extraneous pieces of information

Recap : I always reference the client by name and start my recap with the objective(s) first, since this is the most important part of the case. The recap should be summarized, not verbatim, and you should be checking that the figures you wrote down are correct.

• Prep: Practice summarizing your notes out loud instead of repeating the case verbatim. Time yourself to make sure it’s <1 minute.

Clarifying Questions : Very detailed questions should be saved for the case. Clarifying questions are meant to help you with your structure or alleviate any confusion. Keep these at 2-3 questions. I usually ask questions pertaining to:

• Language/terminology - The interviewer won’t expect you to know the nuances of every industry or practice area. It is better you start off the case on the right footing by asking for clarifying definitions
• Goals/objectives - I always ask if there are other goals the company has in mind and, if relevant, specific financial targets or timeframe. Sometimes, the objective given is vague, so I will ask the interviewer to be more specific.
• Business model or geography - Very helpful for cases in niche industries; understanding geography can also prompt you to think about factors like labor cost or global competition
• Scope - To save you time from considering every possibility, you can ask whether the company is leaning towards one option or excluding a set of options completely
• Prep: Have a friend read you case prompts and then practice asking 2-3 clarifying questions on the fly. Try to think of them as you’re taking down notes and giving the recap. Are they helping you with your structuring or are you asking the first thing that pops into your head? Are they broad enough or overly detailed? Are there types of questions you should be asking but keep forgetting?

Framework (4-5 minutes)

Structuring (<2 minutes) : Do not use the word “framework” during the interview. I ask if I could have time to “gather my thoughts” when I am structuring. In your structure, you should have at least three but no more than five “buckets.” These are areas that you want to explore in order to solve the case. In each bucket, there should be at least three sub-bullets. Make sure there is no overlap between the buckets.

• Prep: Time yourself structuring your roadmaps. Be comfortable with recalling the different buckets you should be considering for each type of case and brainstorming sub-bullets for those buckets. It’s okay to go over two minutes when you first start, but as you get comfortable, make sure you are becoming more efficient. For example, as you become more familiar with the buckets, you don’t need to write down every example for the sub-bullets, they will become muscle memory as you recite them out loud. Review the suggested frameworks for the case and take note of whether there are vital topics you keep forgetting or whether there are unnecessary buckets you keep adding. There is no one “right” answer, but your roadmap should enable you to uncover the necessary information to make your recommendation.

Presenting: Introduce the high-level buckets first before diving into each one. You will want to “customize” your framework to the specific case you’re working on. This does not mean creating a custom framework for every single case. You can use the same topics for similar types of cases (but ensure that those topics are relevant - some cases sneakily rule out an entire topic to see if you are paying attention), but you need to make sure that you are using case-specific language and examples when you present. This shows that you are thinking about the specific problem, not just recycling a generic framework. After going through the structure, pause and ask if the interviewer has any questions. Then, give your hypothesis and state which bucket you want to start with by asking for data pertaining to that bucket and why you want it.

• Prep: Present your structures out loud and note whether you are rambling or being case-specific in your language. If you find that your presentation is too long, consider cutting down on the examples or explanations. Be succinct and say enough to get your point across. Don’t just move on to the next case if your presentation falls short. Keep practicing until you feel satisfied and make mental notes for the next case.

Interview “Questions” (10-20 minutes)

For each type of question, you are going to be doing the same things: answering the question, providing insights, conveying how it impacts your recommendation, and driving the case forward. Every time you have “answered” a question, you want to be thinking, “ What else do I need? What’s the logical path forward ?” The only way you can prepare for this is to run through entire cases! Remember, your framework is your friend. Refer back to it often if you don’t know where to go next.

Brainstorming : You will want to structure your ideas into MECE buckets. They can be fairly simple (financials vs. non-financials, external vs. internal, etc.). Similar to your framework, you will give a preview of the buckets first before going into the details of each and you will need to ensure that it is “custom” for your case. If a structure doesn’t naturally come to you, you can create a pseudo-structure by organizing how you will present your brainstorm. For example, you can state how many ideas you have from the onset or say that you will first go through the ideas first and then the associated risks.

This is a highly debated practice, but I always ask for a few seconds so I can think of a structure (they may say no). Don’t take more than 30 seconds because you can add to your buckets as you are presenting.

For non-technical brainstorms, be creative! For example, when interviewers asked about how to increase sales for a consumer-facing retail company, I would bring up TikTok campaigns and celebrity endorsements as a few ideas. Have fun with it!

Occasionally, interviewers will prod you with, “What else?” This does not always mean you didn’t give enough ideas. Sometimes it’s the opposite – they are looking to challenge you or see how you will react. Just roll with it - if you don’t have anything else, say so.

• Prep: Practice brainstorming for different types of prompts. Collect a bank of general ideas and solutions that can be customized for use across industries. Try to think of as many ideas as you can (four to six at the very least) and exercise that creative muscle. To help you with structuring, have a list of “easy” MECE buckets that you can pull out on the fly.

Exhibits : First, give an overview of the exhibit. As an example, for graphs say what the axes represent, tie it back to the case, and give your interpretation of those axes. This gives the interviewer a chance to course-correct if you misinterpreted the exhibit. Give some insight, even if it is low-hanging fruit, and tie it back to the case. There are three levels of insights for both exhibits and math:

• What the numbers say, patterns/trends (X is smaller than anticipated, Y is the largest driver)
• What the client should do (enter the market, cancel plans, plan for launch)
• What we should do next (reconsider something specific, research more data on X, move on to Y)

Oftentimes, exhibits will tie into a calculation. If you are given an exhibit with data that can be used to calculate more insightful information, tell the interviewer that you would like to make those calculations. The interviewer will lead you down that path regardless but it is more impressive if you call it out.

• Prep: Run through different types of exhibits and see how many insights from each level you can pull out. Practice anticipating what type of data you need next in order to move ahead in the case or whether you can/should calculate anything from the data given. Don’t be too insightful though – you only have a limited amount of time to run through the case.

Math : Before you start calculating anything, it is critical for you to confirm what you are solving for and that the information you wrote down is correct. SUPER IMPORTANT – answer the question that is being asked !!  If the interviewer is asking for the incremental profit from a certain strategy, you don’t want to calculate the total profit from the strategy. Active listening is so important!

As you know by now, structure is everything. Again, I always ask for a few seconds to organize my thoughts (the worst thing they can say is no). Set up the problem before you start calculating. This allows you to identify whether there is data missing. Walk the interviewer through your method and ask for missing data. You may need to make your own assumptions or estimates – be sure you can justify them.

If your method is off, the interviewer will usually guide you back to the right path. This saves you from wasting time calculating the incorrect answer. Be sure to pay attention when the interviewer is trying to coach you.

As you are solving the problem, walk the interviewer through each calculation and use math shortcuts as much as possible. Again, if you make a math error, the interviewer can stop you before you go down the entire path. Save time by only calculating what is important for the case and understanding what you can skip.

• Prep: Practice setting up the problem, walking the interviewer through your proposed method, and verbalizing the calculations out loud. On paper, make sure your calculations are being done neatly and not all over the place. Look for different math shortcuts and try them out. Not all of them will fit your style, but you might find new tricks. Track whether you are answering the right questions. Once again, active listening is critical to your candidacy. Once you have correctly solved the problem, make sure you are thinking about the, “So what?” Determine how that number impacts your recommendation and where you should go next.

Synthesis and Recommendation (2-3 minutes)

Again, I always ask for a few seconds to collect your thoughts (<30 secs). If the “CEO is already in the elevator,” they may say no. Have a definitive stance – start with your recommendation and then provide two to three supporting facts using data from the case.

Address risks and next steps (i.e., what is the required analysis/gameplan – this is like real life where the firm is trying to sell additional projects). Your recommendation should be <2 minutes. Frankly, the interviewer has most likely made a decision on your candidacy. Don’t ramble and try to finish strong.

The hardest part of this is pulling out the supporting data in a succinct way. Throughout the case, you should be jotting down notes. I tend to circle what I believe to be relevant supporting data. When you present it, don’t be too specific or granular. You want your recommendation to be punchy.

• Prep: Run through whole cases where you are tracking the relevant supporting data along the way. Time your recommendation and practice verbalizing the information concisely. Don’t forget the risks and next steps. I usually have a list of generic risks (e.g., competitor response, regulation, inaccurate projections) that I can “customize” on the off-chance I’m scrambling to think of some. Your next steps can be collecting additional data to support your recommendation or ways to address those risks.

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Final Thoughts

• Your approach is more important than the solution – The interviewer is trying to understand how you think. Some cases have data that support recommendations in either direction. The key piece is that you are able to back your stance using the facts and data uncovered during the interview.
• Deadends are okay – There will be times when you make multiple requests for data and the interviewer does not have it. That’s perfectly fine! You can’t read the interviewer’s mind and the case could go in so many directions. Just look back at your framework to see where else you can proceed.
• Be coachable – It’s not the end of the world if your method is wrong or if you misinterpreted an exhibit. The interviewer wants to see that you are actively listening and can take feedback and improve. Don’t freak out! Stay calm! Listen to what the interviewer is trying to tell you.

This guide only scratches the surface of case interviews. The best way to prepare for case interviews is to get your reps in with entire cases. That way, you can identify your areas of weakness and be more precise with the drills. I can give you feedback and additional tips and tricks so that you are performing at your best on interview day. Book a free intro call with me on my Leland profile to discuss how we can personalize your case prep plan!

Preparing for consulting recruiting and/or case interviews? Here are some additional resources to help:

• Top 3 Tactics to Ace Your Case Interview
• A Comprehensive Guide to McKinsey & Co., Bain & Co., and Boston Consulting Group
• From No Offers to Multiple Offers - How to Take Your Casing to the Next Level
• How a Disneyland Churro Helped Me Land a Job at Bain (and 5 Pitfalls to Avoid in Market Sizing Problems)
• Five Tips to Break Into Management Consulting

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A Comprehensive Guide to Case Interview Prep [tips updated 2024]

• Last Updated March, 2024

Rebecca Smith-Allen

Former McKinsey Engagement Manager

What Are the Best Ways to Prepare for Interviews with Management Consulting Firms?

Congratulations!

If you’re on this page, you’re probably considering a career in management consulting or are already in the middle of the interview process.

We’re here to help.

We’re a team of more than 20 former McKinsey, Bain, and BCG consultants and recruiters (our average time in consulting is 13 years each) and we put together this guide to help you prepare for getting your consulting offer.

After reading this, we hope “congratulations” is also what you’ll hear when you leave your final interviews.

Management Consulting Jobs Are in High Demand

Management consulting jobs are among the most sought-after positions in on-campus recruiting, whether you’re applying as an undergraduate or from a business school. 

Consulting firm recruits also include law school students, Ph.D. program candidates and people who’ve already started their professional careers in other industries.

Management consulting firms are filled with smart, driven people working to solve hard business problems. 

This work is a great launching pad for your career. 

Top consultancies offer competitive salaries and also invest significantly in employee development. A job at a management consulting firm will expose you to multiple different industries and types of business problems. 

There’s a lot to like about a career in consulting!

Competition for Jobs with Top Consulting Firms Is Fierce, so Preparation Is Essential.

But attractive jobs are usually highly competitive, and that’s definitely the case in management consulting. 

Top firms typically make offers to only about 1% of the people who apply. It’s not impossible to get a job with firms like McKinsey, Bain, and BCG (also known as the MBB firms), but it requires preparation.

In particular, successful candidates know that consulting firms use a particular type of interview question — the case study interview — and they know what recruiters are looking for in answers. 

In this article, we’ll help you prepare for management consulting interviews by answering the following questions:

• What is a case interview?
• How do I answer a case question?
• What is the best approach for case interview prep?

We’ll also provide tips and tricks that will help you to ace your case.  

Whether you’re aiming for a job at one of the MBB firms (McKinsey, Bain, or BCG), with other consultancies such as AT Kearney, L.E.K. or Oliver Wyman, or with the consulting arms of the large accounting firms such as Deloitte, Accenture, PwC, Ernst & Young, or KPMG, we can help you get there.  

What Is a Consulting Case Study Interview (also known as the “Case Interview”)?

A Case Study Interview is a real-time problem-solving test used to screen candidates for their ability to succeed in consulting. 

The case is presented as an open-ended question, often a problem that a specific type of business is facing, that an interviewer asks a candidate to solve.

Sample Case Interview Questions

Sales of drinks in Coffee Bean cafes are decreasing. What is causing the sales decrease?

Turnover of store employees at Burgers R’ Us restaurants has increased over prior years. What would you advise the company to do?

Donations to Caring Hands are decreasing, straining the non-profit’s ability to help the families it targets. What should the organization do to turn this around?

Case Interview 101 – The Basics for Beginners

You don’t need an MBA or an undergraduate degree in economics to land a job in consulting. But you will need to learn some business basics to be able to crack case interviews.

This section covers the concepts non-business students need to become familiar with, such as:

• The income statement – an overview
• Common formulas used in case interviews
• Business concepts you need to know
• Common types of case interviews

Case Interview 101, Part 1: The Income Statement

To solve cases, you first need to understand broadly how companies make money. For any specific case, you’ll want to make sure you understand how that company makes money. 

The most common way companies make money is by selling a product or service for more than it costs to produce, thereby earning a profit . 

Companies use three major financial statements to monitor and report their financial performance: 

(1) The income statement (2) The balance sheet (3) The cash flow statement 

An income statement (or profit and loss statement or statement of revenue and expenses) is a record of a company’s profit or loss over a specific period of time . The profit or loss is calculated by taking the revenues generated and subtracting the expenses incurred over the same period of time. The income statement has 3 major categories: Revenue, Expenses, and Profit or Loss .

Revenue is the total amount of money generated by a company from selling its products or services. It is also referred to as gross sales or “top line” as it sits at the top of the income statement. 

Costs are expenses incurred by a company to make its products or services. In the income statement there are three types of costs: 

• Costs of goods sold (COGS) or cost of sales are the direct costs of making products or providing a service. For a burger restaurant, for example, the COGS would include things like the meat, bun, and hourly labor of cooks, cashiers, and shift supervisors.
• Operating expenses are costs that are indirectly tied to the making of products or services. These include selling, general, and administrative (SGA) expenses, management salaries, depreciation, and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are non-cash expenses that reflect the value of big assets like machinery or buildings going down over time. For example, if our burger restaurant buys a grill to cook burgers on for $1,000 and expects it to last for 10 years, it would spread out the cost over that period, $100 per year. Other operating expenses for our burger restaurant would include things like advertising, the rent on the company’s headquarters, and the salary of the CEO.
• Costs incurred from non-operating activities such as interest paid on loans. These costs are rarely part of case interviews.

Profit or Loss :

Income statements generally show 3 levels of profit (loss) or earnings: Gross Profit; Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA); and Net Profit.

Gross profit or loss

This is calculated by subtracting COGS or the cost of sales from the total revenue generated. If the costs are higher than the revenue generated, then the company has made a loss.

EBITDA and EBIT

EBITDA is calculated by subtracting operating expenses from the gross profit. EBIT is calculated by subtracting depreciation and amortization from EBITDA. 

As mentioned above, depreciation and amortization are non-cash expenses. So if the amount of cash generated by selling a product or service is important to your analysis, you should look at EBITDA. If looking at a more fully loaded cost is the focus of your analysis, use EBIT.

Net Profit or Loss

This is calculated by subtracting interest and tax from EBIT. It is also known as Net Income and refers to the profit (or loss) for the period. This is also known as the “bottom line” as it sits at the bottom of the income statement. This is the ultimate measure of whether a company’s activities are profitable during a certain time period when all costs are considered.  

Case Interview 101, Part 2: Common Formulas Used in Case Interviews

Here is a look at common formulas used in case interviews.

Profitability formula:

The profitability formula is used in profit (or loss) related cases. The profit or loss can be calculated using the following formula:

             Profit (or Loss) = Revenue – Costs

As mentioned above:

• Revenue is the money generated from selling a product or service. It can be broken down into price per unit and number of units sold . 
• Costs are the expenses incurred to make the product or service and can be broken down into cost per unit and number of units sold . 

The formula can further be broken down into:

            Profit (or Loss) = (price per unit x number of units sold) – (cost per unit x number of units sold)

There are other ways to break down revenue and cost depending on the case question.

• Revenue can be broken down by product or service line, customer type, or geographic region (e.g., North American, Europe, Asia)
• Costs can be broken into fixed costs and variable costs, or components such as overhead, salary, etc.

It is often helpful to break costs down into fixed and variable to solve consulting cases, and understanding the difference is important. Fixed costs, like rent for a store or the cost of equipment, are incurred regardless of how many units a company sells; whereas variable costs are only incurred with the production of each additional unit. Because of this, it can be helpful to sell incremental units even at a loss for a short period of time if it helps cover fixed costs.

So the profitability formula can also be written as:

            Profit (or Loss) = (price per unit x number of units sold) – (fixed + variable costs)

P rofitability example:

Your client, a manufacturer, is facing a decline in profits. Your client wants your help solving this problem. We’ll use this example to demonstrate all the formulas in this section.

The first step you could take is to calculate the past year’s profit given the following information:

• Number of units sold = 1 million
• Price per unit = $10
• Cost per unit = $8

          Profit (or Loss) = ($10 x 1 million) – ($8 x 1 million)

          Profit = $2 million

Profit margin formula:

Profit margin indicates how many cents of profit the company generated for each dollar of sale. It’s typically used to measure the financial health of a company . You can compare the profit margin of a company against its historical margins to evaluate whether its current performance is better or worse than past performance. You can also compare it against companies in the same industry to evaluate whether its financial performance is stronger or weaker.

Profit margin can be calculated using the formula:

          Profit margin = (Profit / Revenue ) *100%

Profit margin example:

To calculate the profit margin, first, you need to calculate company revenues as follows:

            Revenue = 1 million x $10

           Revenue = $ 10 million

You can now calculate the profit margin as follows:

            Profit margin = ($2 million / $10 million) x 100%

           Profit margin = 20%

Note you can combine both the formulas for faster calculation.

Market share formula:

Market share is the size of the company in relation to the size of the industry in which it operates, where size is typically measured in annual revenues. It is used to compare the size of a company to its competitors and the industry as a whole. It can be used in market entry cases because industries with a lot of small competitors are generally easier to enter than ones with only a few big competitors. It’s also used in profitability cases because, in general, companies with a large market share also have more market power to do things like set prices.

Market share can be calculated using the following formula:

            Market share (%) =total company revenue / total industry revenue  

Market share example:

Using the example from above, say you decide to determine the company’s market share as part of your analysis. In this example, the industry has annual revenues of $ 200 million.

            Market share (%) = $ 10 million / $ 200 million

           Market share = 5%

Growth Rate Formula:

This refers to the specific change of a variable within a specific period of time. Growth rates can be used in assessing the financial performance of a company over time. For example, high revenue growth rates would likely be a sign of strong financial performance. High cost growth rates may be a sign that a company is having financial trouble.

The growth rate is calculated using the formula:

            Growth rate (%) = (New – Old) / Old

Growth rate example:

To calculate the manufacturer’s revenue growth rate. Last year’s revenue was $ 9.5 million therefore the revenue growth rate is:

            Revenue growth rate = ($10 million – $9.5 million) / $9.5 million

            Revenue growth rate =5%

You can assess whether a company’s growth rate is strong by comparing it to other growth rates such as:

• The company’s growth in the prior year.
• The growth of the market or of competitors.
• The rate of inflation.

Mature companies are likely to see single-digit growth rates unless they launch a very successful new product or they acquire a company. On the other hand, startup investors typically expect double- or triple-digit annual growth during a company’s early years.

Return on investment formula:

Return on investment (ROI) is a profitability metric that indicates how well an investment performed (or will perform). It can be used to compare the profitability or efficiency of an investment or decide which of alternative investments to make. 

ROI is calculated using the following formula:

            ROI (%) = Profit / Cost of investment

ROI example:

Suppose our manufacturer mentions that they purchased state-of-the-art machinery to make their product. It cost $8 million. You decide to calculate the ROI on this investment. 

            ROI  = $2 million / $8 million

           ROI=25%

Break-even formula:

Break-even is the point at which the total revenue and total costs are equal, meaning there is no loss or profit at that point. Break-even is typically used to help companies determine the minimum number of units that need to be sold to cover all the costs used to produce those units. 

An executive might want to know that they could break even at 100,000 units sold because if she thought they could sell more than that, it would be profitable to enter the market. If she thought they’d sell less, they wouldn’t enter the market.

Break-even can be calculated using the following formula:

              Breakeven (units) = Fixed costs  / (sales price – variable cost per unit)

Break-even example:

If a product required a $50,000 investment in equipment (a fixed cost), sold for $5, and cost $4 per unit in variable costs, its breakeven would be: 

              Breakeven (units) = $50,000  / ($5 – $4)

              Breakeven= 50,000 units

Payback period formula:

Managers may also look at the payback period on an investment or, in other words, how long it would take to earn back the cash required to enter a new business. This investment could be a new piece of equipment or a marketing campaign needed to create customer awareness of a new product. This is a different way of looking at the same question that the breakeven formula asks: is it worth my while to make this investment?

The payback period can be calculated using the following formula:

              Payback (years) = Investment cost / annual profit

Payback years example:

Using the same example, you decided to calculate the payback years of the new state-of-art machinery

            Payback (years)= $8 million / $2 million

           Payback = 4 years

Capacity of equipment:

The capacity of equipment is the maximum output or units a piece of equipment can produce with the available resources over a set period of time.

Capacity can be calculated using the following formula:

            Capacity (units) =Total capacity / Capacity required to make one unit

Capacity example:

To calculate the capacity of our manufacturer’s machinery, we’d need to know that it can produce a unit every 10 minutes and that the client operates 12-hour shifts.

              Capacity (units) = 12 hours x (60 minutes per hour) / 10 minutes

             Capacity = 72 units / day

The utilization rate of equipment:

Utilization rate is the percent of available time the equipment or machinery is actually used. It measures efficiency and can be used by companies to make informed decisions on timelines and inventory, or whether additional equipment is needed.

The utilization rate of equipment can be calculated by the following formula:

              Utilization rate (%) =Actual output / Maximum output

Utilization rate example:

Using the same example, imagine that the management tells you that in a 12-hour shift, the machine produces 50 units and there are two 45-minute breaks.

First, you would need to calculate the potential output.

               Actual hours of operation = 12 hours – 1.5 hours = 10.5 hours

               Potential output = (10.5 hours / 12 hours) x 72 units

               Potential output = 63 units

Then, calculate the utilization rate.

                Utilization rate = 50 units / 63 units

                Utilization rate = 79%

Utilization rates raise interesting issues in a case. It raises questions such as:

• If potential output is 63 units, why are only 50 being produced (e.g., machine downtime, worker errors), and what can be done to solve these problems?
• Could the company stagger employee breaks to get potential output up to 72 units from 63?

Case Interview 101, Part 3: Business Concepts You Need to Know

Here are some common business concepts that you need to know as you prepare for your interview.

Process : This is a set of actions or operations that lead to results (products or services). This typically describes how a company makes its products or services. The steps can be performed by workers, equipment, or computers. In a case, this is mostly used in situations where a client would like to make their processes more efficient. For example, a client who is in logistics would like to reduce the cost of its operations by improving the efficiency of its processes, such as by reducing equipment downtime or scheduling deliveries according to time-saving routes. 

Best practices: Best practices are methods or techniques that are considered to be the working standards and guides in a given situation . In a business situation, best practices are used to benchmark companies against the standard and can serve as a roadmap on how to improve the efficiency of their operations.

Hypotheses: Tentative answers to a problem or an assumption based on some evidence. The hypothesis-driven approach is a common approach to solving problems in the consulting world because consultants don’t want to waste time fully researching all possible solutions. They want to move quickly to the most likely answer and then test whether it is or is not the best answer. This approach can be used to solve case interview questions where you first assume an answer to the case problem and check whether this is true or not through analysis. If it is not true, you revise your hypothesis.

Issue tree: This is a common approach in consulting used to solve complex problems . An issue tree is used to break down complex problems into key components in a structured manner. In a case interview, you can use the issue tree to break down the client’s problem into manageable chunks or to break down a formula such as the profitability formula into key components.

Read our article for more information on Issue Trees .

MECE: MECE stands for mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive . It is a way of bucketing problems, ideas, or solutions with no overlapping between the buckets and with each item having a place in one bucket only (mutually exclusive), and with the buckets including all possible items relevant to the context (collectively exhaustive). In a case interview, you can use MECE with the issue tree when breaking down problems or when identifying solutions for the client. MECE issue trees are considered the gold standard for problem-solving so this concept is very good to know. 

You can also use the concept of MECE when segmenting a market – for example, if you are sizing a market and intend to lay out different purchasing behavior assumptions for different customer segments. For example:

Customer segment                         Purchase frequency for items from coffee shops

Women under 30                             4 times per week, purchase includes food item plus beverage Men under 30                                     2 times per week, purchase includes only beverage Women 31 and over                         4 times per month, purchase includes only beverage Men 31 and over                                 3 times per month, purchase includes only beverage

Note how in this example, everyone would fall into one customer segment and only one customer segment. Read our article for more about MECE problem-solving .

Root causes: This is the core issue or main reason for a problem . It is used in problem-solving to identify solutions that appropriately address the problem. The term root cause is used to distinguish between symptoms of a problem, which may be obvious, and the underlying issue that needs to be solved, which may not be obvious. For example, a decline in sales volume is a symptom. The root cause could be high prices, poor product quality, product unavailability, or any number of other issues. You can’t fix the symptom of declining sales volume until you identify the root cause behind the problem. 

In a case interview, you’ll need to identify possible causes of the client’s problem and then ask questions and do analysis to identify the root cause. Once you do, you can make the most appropriate recommendations for the client.

Break-even analysis: This is the calculation used to determine the point at which the total revenue and total costs are equal meaning there is no loss or profit. In business situations, it helps determine at which point the business, investment, or new product or service will become profitable. In case interviews, you can use the break-even analysis to determine whether a client should make a certain investment, say in machinery or a new product line, based on how likely it is that they’ll exceed the break-even threshold.

Case Interview 101, Part 4: Common Types of Case Interviews

In this section, we will review 4 common types of case interviews.

Market-sizing Questions

Market-sizing questions typically appear in cases where clients want to grow or expand their business such as market entry or profitability cases. The client either wants to understand the market size of the current business or of a potential new product line or geography or customer group to understand whether it is big enough to be interesting. 

Sample case questions

“How many cups of coffee does Starbucks sell in a day?” “Estimate the fleet size of Delta Airlines.” “Estimate market size for air-conditioners in New York.”  “Estimate market size for an anti-smoking pill in the U.S.”

You are not expected to know the exact answer to market-sizing questions. Instead, the interviewer wants to see that you can use simple math and logical deduction to build out an answer. For these questions, it is good to memorize a few facts that will help you make assumptions. For example, a good place to start is the population of the U.S. or the population of a U.S. city (or country and city that you live in). 

For more information and examples, read our article on Market-sizing Cases .

Revenue Growth Case Interviews

In revenue growth cases, the client typically wants to grow their business. This can be done by increasing revenue of the current product/service line, by adding a new product/service line, or by selling to a new type of customer or in a new geography. 

They could do this by building a new offering, buying another company, or partnering (joint venture) with another company that already offers what they want to sell. 

“A manufacturer sees its revenue stagnating. It wants to know whether raising price or selling more units is a better path to growing revenue, and how to pursue it.”

“A local theater house thinks there is an opportunity to expand their current offerings to the very loyal client base. What new product or service could they offer their customers? What would be the impact on revenue from expanding their offerings?”

“A regional fast-food chain, serving hamburgers and fries, is experiencing increasing demand outside of its main regions of operation and wants to expand. What regions would have the biggest impact on its revenue?”

You should remember that there are multiple ways to achieve revenue growth. One thing to consider is the client and industry context when tackling revenue growth questions. For example, does the client have a good market size in the industry? Does the client have the capability to offer new products/services? Is the industry highly competitive?

For more information, read our article on Revenue Growth Cases .

Market Entry Case Interviews

In market entry cases, the client wants to know if they can enter a market and be profitable. For example, entering a different geography, new demography, or new product/service line. (Note, there can be overlap between revenue growth cases and market entry cases.)

“A U.S.-based consumer electronics manufacturer is thinking of expanding into emerging markets. What is the potential revenue growth if they choose to expand into India?”

“A telecom operator is looking to diversify their presence in the U.S. and wants to enter the video streaming market. How can they capture a significant market share?”

“A renewable energy company that specializes in large equipment such as windmills wants to enter the retail market and sell smaller equipment directly to individual homes. They would like to know if this is a good idea.”

There are a number of frameworks you can build off of to tackle a market-entry case. For example, Porter’s Five Forces, Business Situation Framework or 3C&P (customer, competition, company, and product), and Supply & Demand among others. It is key to consider the “new” market context as well as the client context to enter this market. 

To find out more on this, read our article on The Market Entry Framework .

Cost Optimization Case Interviews

Cost optimization cases or questions can be part of a profitability case where a client is experiencing declining profitability or when a client wants to improve efficiency.

“A national hotel chain has seen its operational costs significantly increase over the last year and would like you to figure out why.”

“A juice manufacturer has been experiencing a steady increase in revenue over the past 5 years however their cost has been increasing at a faster rate, meaning the profits have not grown as expected. What is the root cause of the significant increase in cost?”

“A tour company would like to reduce their costs due to the falling number of tourists over the past few years. What ways would you recommend for them to reduce their costs?’

For cost optimization cases, remember to break down the cost components. For example, you can break them down into fixed and variable costs or cost of goods sold and operational costs and then brainstorm the categories of each that will likely apply to the company at hand. This will make it easier to identify what costs should be reduced or eliminated.

Check out Types of Case Interviews article for more detail on these types of cases and more.

Why Do Top Consulting Firms Use Case Interview Questions?

Management consultancies are not the only types of firms that use case interview questions to evaluate candidates. 

Investment banks, consumer marketing companies, and others use the case interview structure in their interview process.

Because case interviews show how a candidate would problem solve in real time. 

Solving complex, ambiguous problems is at the heart at what consultants do every day.

This type of interview question mimics the analytic process a consultant might go through in a 3-month project, but it does it in 30 minutes, the time allowed in a typical interview. 

The interviewer can probe whether a candidate’s approach is well-structured, creative, and displays good business sense.

How Do Consulting Recruiters Evaluate Candidates?

The main thing that recruiters are looking for in case study interviews is whether or not they’d feel comfortable putting a candidate in front of a client. To assess that, they ask themselves these questions:

• Is this person able to do the job? Do they have the analytic skills to solve tough business problems?
• Is this person client-ready? Are they knowledgeable, professional, and confident enough to work effectively with client staff and leaders?
• Is this someone I’d want to work with? This interview question is sometimes referred to as the airport test. It comes down to, “Would I want to be stuck in an airport with this person if the weather was bad and our flight was delayed?” It assesses whether an individual is smart, fun and passionate about the projects they take on.
• Is this person coachable? No one expects a recruit to know the answer to every thorny business issue right out of undergrad, or even right out of business school, but they do want someone who is willing and able to take suggestions and improve their analysis. Show you are coachable by listening for feedback as you answer a case study interview question and using suggestions to steer you toward the right solution.

Nail the case & fit interview with strategies from former MBB Interviewers that have helped 89.6% of our clients pass the case interview.

Consulting Case Prep Takes Time – So Start Early

If you walk into your first consulting interview without having practiced case study interviews beforehand, you’re in for a painful experience. Case questions can cover any industry and multiple different types of business problems, so you’re unlikely to get lucky and know the answer.

We suggest your start your consulting case prep a few weeks before your interview. Starting with more lead time is even better. This will allow you to watch/read through a few consulting cases to get a sense for what to expect (continue to our case videos below for one example!) It will also give you time to find a couple friends or classmates who are also applying to consulting firms. You can give each other mock case interviews and be even more prepared.

Learn How to Case Quickly by Mastering Each of the 4 Parts of the Case

When you’re starting your consulting interview prep, it’s important to remember that the “right answer” is not simply a conclusion, but the methodical, the well-structured process used to reach the conclusion. 

To answer a case question correctly, you must:

Step 1: Understand the question you are being asked.

After your interviewer describes the client this case interview will involve and the problem they face, you should repeat this information back to them in your own words. 

This can feel awkward when you practice your first case, but it will help you in the long run.

If you don’t have the client and their problem straight, you could spend a lot of time answering the wrong question. If that happens you will not be moving forward to second round interviews no matter how elegant your analysis is.

Example: Our client is a fast-food retailer that has seen decreasing sales revenue over the past couple of years. They want your help in understanding what they can do to improve sales.

Step 2: Take time to think through all the key aspects of the problem.

Ask for a moment to consider your approach to solving the client’s problem. During this time, write down what you want to learn about the client’s situation before you answer the interview question.

Your approach can lean on business frameworks you’re familiar with during your case interview preparation. 

For instance, in the example of a fast-food chain with declining sales, you should break sales down into price and unit volume to understand whether the client is not selling enough units of their products or whether prices have fallen (or both!)

But you don’t need to use familiar frameworks. In fact, it’s best to develop your own structure for breaking down the problem as it shows you can solve a case without forcing a standard framework on the problem.

For more information on business frameworks, you might want to become familiar with during your case study preparation, see  Case Interview Frameworks .

Step 3: Ask pertinent questions and use information from the interviewer to form hypotheses about the problem and explore potential options.

After you brainstorm key aspects of the case problem and structure your approach to solving it, share your approach with your interviewer.

If the interviewer suggests a place to start your analysis, follow their lead.

Otherwise, suggest the best place to start digging into the case.

Make sure the questions you ask the interviewer touch on all the key aspects of the problem you identified including the client’s internal organization, the market for their product, and their competition.

Step 4: Summarize your case interview conclusion in a persuasive manner. 

Once you’re confident you have enough information to understand the case and what needs to be done to solve the client’s business problem, you’ll conclude the interview with a logical summary outlining the problem, key conclusions you’ve reached, and providing a persuasive recommendation on how you’d help the client resolve it.

Below, we’ll go into more depth on how to address each of these 4 points in a case.

Questions You Should Ask Yourself Before Diving Deeper into Case Interview Preparation

Right now, you may be thinking to yourself that consulting interviews sound impossibly difficult. Or you may think that they sound like interesting business problems that you’d enjoy solving. 

Perhaps you’re not sure.

If you think that answering case interviews is not something that would come naturally to you, don’t worry, you’re not alone! 

Getting good at consulting interviews requires a lot of preparation.

Before you commit to putting in the time required to prepare for the management consulting interview process, you should ask yourself if a career in management consulting is right for you.

Key Questions to Ask Yourself Before Pursuing a Career in Consulting

• Do you enjoy solving the types of business problems asked in case interviews?
• Do you have a background in business principles or are you willing to invest the time it will take to develop one?
• Are you passionate about pursuing consulting as a career?

Management consulting jobs might pay well and provide the opportunity to pursue attractive careers, but if you don’t like solving business problems, you probably won’t like the work you’ll do as a consultant. If you don’t enjoy analyzing business cases, save yourself a lot of preparation time and frustration. 

Focus on career options that better meet your interests.

Or, perhaps solving business problems with smart, driven professionals sounds like it’s your dream job. 

If so, move onto the deeper dive into case interview prep below! 

Case Interview Prep – Diving Deeper

If you’re here, we’re assuming you’re serious about investing time in preparing for a career in management consulting. 

The best way to get smarter about  answering case interview questions is to master this four-part approach.

How to Answer a Consulting Case Interview –  a 4 Part Approach to Practice During Interview Prep

The 4 parts to answering a consulting case interview are:

• Opening  – This is where you make sure you understand the client’s problem.
• Structure  – This is where you brainstorm all factors relevant to the problem and organize them to ensure you address them in a complete and logical manner.
• Analysis  – This is where you gather data to identify which of the factors related to the business case are the most important. You’ll use this data to create a recommendation for your client.
• Conclusion  – Here, you present your recommendation to “the client” (your interviewer), in a well-structured and persuasive manner.

Case Interview Prep Part 1: The Opening

As we saw in the video above, the opening of a case question is a description of a client and the problem they’re facing. Davis repeated back to the interviewer the type of business the client was in and and their business problem.

Remember, this clarification is an important step in the process.

If you did not remember that the client was a top-three beverage producer and answered the question as if the client was a start-up, your answer would ignore the manufacturing and distribution infrastructure the company already had in place to launch its new product.

That would make your answer completely wrong.

During this portion of the interview, you can ask any clarifying questions you need to. If something is not clear—the client’s product or industry, or the problem they want to solve —ask !

Nailing the opening is probably the easiest part of case interview preparation. Get this right, and you’ll start each case off strong.

Case Interview Prep Part 2: Structure

Once Davis clarified the problem, he asked for a moment to prepare her response. In the structure phase of the case interview, there’s silence for several moments.

As with clarifying the question, this can feel awkward.

But asking for this time will show the interviewer that you’re carefully structuring your problem-solving approach.

It will also ensure that you are not quickly addressing a couple of aspects of the business problem but ignoring others, potentially ones that are critical to solving the client’s problem.

Some quick brainstorming is useful here, but also take a step back to maker sure you consider all aspects of the client’s business, its customer demand, and the competition. 

Organize your questions into a comprehensive approach to address all key aspects of the problem.

Mastering the structure phase of the interview is not as easy as the opening, but it’s critical to ensure you have the structured problem-solving approach that will lead you to the right answer to the case.

Focus on this aspect of case interview preparation until you can structure almost every case right.

Case Interview Prep Part 3: Analysis

In the third part of the case study interview, you’ll dig in and analyze the problem.

After Davis outlined his problem-solving approach, the interviewer told him that the client wanted to understand the beverage market and customer preferences to assess the potential success of the product launch.

The interviewer then provided a chart with helpful data.

This part of the interview is important because gives you the data that will help you close down aspects of the case that aren’t at the heart of the problem you need to solve and to better understand key drivers that will point to the solution.

But you’ll also need to do some consulting math .

You should also refer back to the problem-solving structure you laid-out earlier in the interview to make sure your analysis is comprehensive. You don’t want to get lost down one rabbit hole and ignore other important aspects of the problem.

During this portion of the interview, you’ll be assessed on whether you asked relevant questions, have well-reasoned insights into the client problem, and whether you could lead a case like this if you were hired by the firm.

Many consulting candidates find that the analysis phase of the interview is the toughest of the 4 parts.

You need to balance doing consulting math calculations with interpreting data and make sure you cover all aspects of the problem you identified in the structure phase of the case. 

Stick with this aspect of case interview preparation until you’re an expert at it–it will pay off in your interviews. 

Case Interview Prep Part 4: Conclusion

Davis concluded the case with a direct answer to the case study interview question as it was initially asked.

This answer should be both persuasive and logical based on all the information gathered over the course of the interview. Your answer should also include the next steps your client should undertake.

During the conclusion, you’ll be assessed on whether you present a well thought-out solution based on the relevant facts of the case.

Like the opening, mastering the conclusion is not difficult. Take you time to nail this aspect of case interview preparation anyway as leaving your interviewer with a strong impression of your casing capabilities is important.

The Bottom Line for Effective Case Interview Prep

The case study interview is not as complex as it seems if you break it into 4 parts.

Practicing each part of the case on its own will make your consulting interview preparation both more efficient and more effective.

Now that you’re familiar with the 4-part approach to a case interview, the next thing to learn is the 4 different formats case interviews can take.

4 Formats for Case Interviews

There are four formats a consulting case interview can take:

• Candidate-led – This is the most typical case study interview format. A candidate is given an open-ended business problem to solve by an interviewer. The candidate will break down the question into key parts and decide which part to probe first. The interviewer is looking to see that you know how to drive the analysis of a problem. This case format is typically used at firms like Bain, BCG and Oliver Wyman.
• Interviewer-led – In this case interview format, a candidate will still be expected to identify and structure the key elements of  a thorny business issue, and then present them to the interviewer. But after they do, the interviewer will direct them to first address a particular aspect of the case. This interview format is typically used in McKinsey cases.
• Written interview – This is not a common interview format but can be common for particular companies and offices. You will be given a packet of PowerPoint slides and time to review them. During this time, you’ll prepare a presentation using the slides you choose from the ones provided as well as others you create, and you’ll then present it to a panel of interviewers. Written interviews are frequently used by boutique consulting firms and regional offices of larger firms such as Bain’s China offices. For more information, see this article on written case interview.
• Group interview – Multiple candidates are brought in to discuss a case together and then present their solution to an interviewer. The group case is also not a frequently used interview format. For more information, see this article on group case interview.

While the candidate-led consulting interview is the most frequently used format, you’ll probably see more of the interview-led interview format in McKinsey interviews.

You should also be aware of the written and group interview formats so that if you get one during the interview process, you’re not caught by surprise. But don’t spend a lot of time on preparation for that type of interview unless you’re informed you’ll have one.

Congratulations! 

You’ve made it to the end of our crash course on case interview prep. By reading this article, you now have a strong understanding of:

• What a consulting case interview is,
• How to answer case studies using the 4-part approach, and
• What the 4 different formats for case interviews are.

You are well on your way toward preparing for your first case interview and entering the exciting field of management consulting. 

Still have questions?

If you still have questions on case interview prep, leave them in the comments below. We’ll ask our My Consulting Offer coaches and get back to you with answers.

Also, we have tons of other resources to ensure you get an offer from a top management consulting firm. Check out these topics:

• Case Interview Workshop Video,
• Case Interview Examples , and
• Case Interview Practice .

Help with Case Prep

Thanks for turning to My Consulting Offer for advice on case interview prep. My Consulting Offer has helped almost 89.6% of the people we’ve worked with get a job in management consulting. For example, here is how Brenda was able to get a BCG offer when she only had 1 week to prepare…

8 thoughts on “A Comprehensive Guide to Case Interview Prep [updated 2024]”

In the math calculations of the analysis portion, why was it that there were 8 cans per gallon? Where did that number come from?

Hey, Tonia! Thanks for your question.

In the case, we’re given that the size of the market for US sports drinks is 8 billion gallons. Electrolyte drinks are 5% of this total or .4 billion gallons which equals 400 million gallons.

We’re also given that the product size for drinks in this market are 16 ounces. And in our breakeven analysis, we find out we need to sell 400 million bottles (or cans) to break even. We need to do a conversion to compare our breakeven point of 400 million bottles to the 400 million gallon market size to see what market share we would have to achieve to break even.

Conversion: 1 US gallon = 128 ounces. 128 ounces/ gallon divided by 16 ounces/ bottle = 8. We can fill 8 bottles for each gallon of electrolyte drink we produce. So 1 gallon is 8 bottles (or cans) manufactured by our client.

We divide the 400 million bottle (or can) breakeven point by 8 to get to 50 million gallons. We compare the 50 million gallon breakeven point to the 400 million gallon market size to see that we need to capture 12.5% market share.

Note: In answering this question, I noticed that a UK gallon = 160 ounces, so if you are using UK gallons you will get a different answer!

I hope that helps! Sorry about the confusion between US ounces/gallon and UK ounces/gallon!

Hi, what resources are you typically allowed to use during (virtual) case interviews? Such as a pen, paper, calculator etc.

You’re typically allowed a pen and paper in a virtual case interview but NOT a calculator. Part of what your interviewer is testing for is your quantitative skills, so they want to see that you can do calculations in your head or on paper. See our article on virtual case interviews , for more info. Also, we have an article on practicing your case interview math .

Best of luck!

Can you please explain the ROI formula? I do not understand why (2m-8m)/8m = 25%. That calculation gets a result of -75%

Shouldn’t the formula just be (net profit)/(cost of investment)?

George, thanks for pointing this out! The formula was incorrect, and should be Profit/cost of investment. The correct answer is 25%.

All the best, MCO

thanks for information

great information

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Case interview prep: The definitive guide

This is the complete guide to boosting your case interview prep in 2023.

In this in-depth guide, you’ll learn:

• How to effectively prepare for case interviews
• How to turn your case interviews into job offers
• How to avoid the mistakes that lead to rejection
• And lots more

So, if you want to secure offers at McKinsey, BCG, or Bain & Company, this guide is for you.

Let’s dive right in.

Table of Contents

Case interview fundamentals.

In this section, you’ll get a handle on the fundamentals.

Whether you are new to case interviews or want to ensure you are on the right track, you’ll love this section.

Then, in later sections, we’ll cover advanced tips, techniques, and strategies to ace your management consulting interviews.

But first, let’s cover the basics of case interview prep.

What is a case interview?

A case interview is a job interview technique.

A case interview – or case study – is a job interview technique to assess a candidate’s potential to become a successful consultant.

To do so, management consulting firms ask candidates to solve real-life problems their clients face .

Hence, this perfectly simulates the job you must do as a Consultant.

For instance, here are two sample case questions from Bain & Company’s website .

And here are more examples from the McKinsey & Company website .

A case interview is a problem-solving test

To solve these real-life problems, you must go through a certain number of steps, such as identifying the key drivers of the problem, asking the right questions to walk your way through the case, analyzing data, and presenting a solution to the problem.

But don’t worry: I’ll detail these steps later in this guide.

The problems you have to solve in a case interview are diverse both in terms of industry (Hospitality, Transportation, Chemical, Banking, Oil & Gas, Private Equity, etc.) and business situation (improving sales or profits, decreasing costs, rethinking an organization, acquiring a company, etc.)

And they are usually taken from real-life projects done by the interviewers .

Another important rule in a case interview:

There is no right answer (but plenty of wrong answers).

Hence, what’s important for your interviews is your reasoning.

And this means they are more interested in your thinking process than a solution for the problem.

Here is an example from Bain’s website:

What is NOT a case interview?

I’ve been coaching candidates for over a decade.

And I’ve seen this misunderstanding too many times:

A case interview is NOT an exam .

Case interviewers are NOT testing your KNOWLEDGE or your memory.

They are testing your COGNITIVE SKILLS .

Which means:

Your ability to effectively use and adapt your knowledge to solve complex problems.

That’s why memorizing frameworks or formulas is useless… and often counterproductive.

There is no shortcut to ace a case interview.

Instead, you must develop your problem-solving and communication skills.

Remember this:

A case interview should be a conversation between 2 consultants solving a business problem.

This is far from being a student answering exam questions on a piece of paper alone.

Who uses case interviews and why?

All top management consulting firms use case interviews to assess a candidate’s problem-solving skills.

So, why do consulting firms use case interviews in their interview process?

You must understand this:

Management Consultants consider themselves professional problem solvers.

And during the case interview process, they want to see if you are one of them .

They want to see if you think and speak like them.

Here is a non-exhaustive list of consulting firms using case interviews in their interview process:

McKinsey & Company

Boston Consulting Group

Bain & Company

Oliver Wyman

Roland Berger

Strategy&

Monitor Deloitte

Note: This list is by no means exhaustive. Lots – if not all – boutique consulting firms use case interviews as well as part of their interview process.

The formats of case interviews differ from one firm to another.

And that’s what we are going to discuss in the next paragraph.

What are the different types of case interview formats?

Now, it’s time to discuss the two formats of case interviews:

Candidate-led case interviews

Interviewer-led case interviews

More specifically, you’ll learn what are the differences between a candidate-led and an interviewer-led case interview.

Also, you’ll learn what are the implications of these formats for your case interview preparation.

The first case interview format: Candidate-led case interviews

Most firms use a candidate-led format.

What does candidate-led mean?

In candidate-led interviews, the candidate is expected to drive the case from start to finish.

This means they are responsible for structuring the problem, asking the right questions, and leading the discussion towards a solution.

In other words, the candidate is in the driver’s seat.

They must proactively identify issues, prioritize them, and decide on the next steps.

Therefore, there’s often more room for creativity and exploration.

If the candidate decides to explore a particular area of the case in-depth, they have the freedom to do so.

The second case interview format: Interviewer-led case interviews

McKinsey uses interviewer-led interviews (so do – sometimes – Oliver Wyman and Strategy&).

In interviewer-led cases, the interviewers are more active in guiding the discussion.

After the candidates present the key topics to be analyzed to solve the business problem, the interviewers lead the direction on where to start diving into the analysis. 

While the candidate must still showcase their problem-solving skills, the interviewer largely determines the case’s direction.

The interviewer might direct the candidate to specific areas they want to test, making the case feel more structured and segmented.

The implications of the case interview format for your case interview prep

For Candidate-led Interviews, you need to be comfortable with taking the lead.

This means you should practice deciding which areas to probe further and which to deprioritize.

And I’ve created a free consulting case interview preparation course to show you how to do it:

Get 4 Complete Case Interview Courses For Free

You need 4 skills to be successful in all case interviews: Case Structuring, Case Leadership, Case Analytics, and Communication. Join this free training and learn how to ace ANY case questions.

For Interviewer-led Interviews, you must be quick, adapt to new information, and change your approach as needed.

Therefore, active listening is crucial to ensure that you’re addressing the issues raised.

However, while there are distinct differences between candidate-led and interviewer-led case interviews, the core skills being tested are consistent across both formats .

What to expect in case interviews?

Most candidates hear “case interviews” for the first time when they decide to apply for consulting jobs.

And for most candidates, this is the biggest obstacle between them and their dream job.

So, in this section, we will go through the 5 steps of a case interview.

All interviewers from McKinsey, BCG, Bain, or other top consulting firms expect you to follow these 5 steps.

Note : The techniques and strategies to ace these steps will be discussed in the section “How to ace your case interviews.” later in this guide.

Open the case

A case interview starts with the interviewer sharing the case prompt with you.

In the case prompt?

The interviewer shares a client’s situation and the problem they are trying to solve.

While the interviewer speaks, you must take notes.

You must write down all the critical information and keywords of the case prompt on a piece of paper.

Don’t worry:

This guide will address how to recognize the “critical information and keywords” of a case prompt.

And after the interviewer finishes sharing the case question, it’s your turn to speak…

Clarify the problem

You can assume that all the case prompts will be ambiguous.

Some critical information will be missing.

Or some keywords will be ambiguous.

And it’s your first job to remove any ambiguity.

An example?

Imagine this case prompt:

Your client manufactures cars. They have been experiencing declining sales and are asking for your help .

In the above case prompt, you should clarify what types of cars they manufacture.

A mass-market model like a Toyota Corolla?

or a luxury model like a Ferrari Spider 488?

The case’s direction will be very different whether we discuss one model or another.

Consequently:

You must ask clarifying questions to understand precisely the situation and goal.

Also, if you don’t understand a word, ask your interviewer to define it.

Develop a tailored framework

For most candidates, this is the scariest part.

During this step?

You must develop a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive (known by its acronym: MECE ) issue tree.

An issue tree can also be called a case interview framework (or case interview structure ).

Now, let’s address the following questions:

What is a case interview framework?

Why is this important?

What are the characteristics of a good case interview framework?

First, let’s define what a case interview framework is.

A case interview framework is your plan to solve the problem.

In other words:

This is your roadmap to move from the problem to the solution.

And during the case, you’ll walk your interviewer through this roadmap.

This roadmap must include all the factors that influence the behavior of the problem.

For instance: volume and price influence the behavior of sales.

And these factors must be organized by following certain principles (the infamous MECE principle ).

All these factors must be organized in a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive way to ensure that there is no gap (no important factor is missing) and no overlap (no factor is counted twice).

Now, what makes a great case interview framework?

Watch this video detailing the three characteristics of a superior case interview framework:

MECE (mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive)

Logic-driven

Solve the problem

After you’ve presented your roadmap, you must ask relevant and insightful questions to the interviewer.

Get data and information to solve the case.

Your interviewer can provide you with data in three forms:

Then your job is to interpret these data.

You must turn these data into business insights.

Note: an insight is the meaning of the data in the context of the problem (more detail on that later).

This is called the “so-what” in top consulting firms.

At this stage, your interviewers mainly test your analytical skills and business judgment.

For instance, they ask themselves:

Can you connect the dots between different sets of data?

And can you derive conclusions from these sets of data?

Besides, interviewers also test your quantitative skills.

They might ask you to perform quick mental calculations (also known as case interview math).

And when you have formed many conclusions from the data analysis, you can derive a recommendation.

Now, it’s time to move to the next step.

Close the case with a solid recommendation

The final step consists of delivering your recommendation to your client.

This is when you tell your client what to do, why they should do it, and why it’s important.

This is when you shift from an “analysis mode” to a “presentation mode.”

You are now talking to your client’s CEO.

To deliver your recommendation, you must follow the top-down communication principles popularized by Barbara Minto in her book “ The Pyramid Principle ” (a must-read if you want to have a successful business career).

Hence, you must:

Start with your recommendation (or your answer to the client’s question).

Provide supporting arguments, usually taken from the analyses you performed during the case.

Discuss the next steps your client must take.

At this stage, your interviewers mainly test your communication skills.

But they also test your business judgment.

For instance, by asking themselves if your recommendation is actionable or not.

And… that’s it!

You are now done with your case interview.

Or at least you have an overview of the different steps of a case interview.

Now, you can watch this video where I present the 5 steps in detail:

What do case interviewers look for?

In this section, you will understand how you’ll be evaluated .

There is no secret: You must understand the rules of the game to have a chance to win.

And most consultancies – if not all – use the same criteria to assess a candidate’s case interview performance.

But let’s be clear:

In a competitive sector like Consulting, you must be in the top 1% of candidates across all these criteria to land an offer .

So, if you’ve ever wondered what it takes to be in the top 1%, you’ll learn a lot from this section.

Hard skills: the 4Cs and business acumen

During the screening phase, HR professionals check your resume and cover letter to establish if you have the potential to be a good candidate.

And during the case interview process, Consultants test this potential to establish if you’ll become a best-in-class consultant.

Consultants want to see if you have the skill set to become this best-in-class consultant.

Case structuring

Interviewers assess your ability to identify all the relevant components of a problem, to organize these components in a MECE way , and to explain clearly how each of these components helps solve the overall problem.

Case leadership

Interviewers assess your ability to prioritize the issues to analyze. You must demonstrate your 80/20 thinking (your ability to identify the 20% of issues that will solve 80% of the problem).

Case analytics

Interviewers assess your ability to transform data into insights. If data is the “what,” then the insight should be the “so what.” In other words, your ability to say what the implications of data are.

Communication skills

Interviewers assess your ability to communicate your ideas clearly and keep the interviewer engaged and aligned with your thinking process during the entire case discussion.

Also, clear and concise communication shows your interviewers that you are client-ready.

Business acumen

Business acumen – or business sense skills- is the top 1% factor.

This is how:

An issue tree is more tailored to the problem to solve

Only the most impactful issues are addressed

The interpretations of data are more insightful

In short, this is your ability to understand what moves the needle in problem solving.

Soft skills: personal characteristics

Besides the above hard skills, consulting firms check if you have the personal characteristics demonstrated by the best-in-class consultants.

Coachability

Feedback is a significant part of the culture in consulting.

Consultants receive formal feedback every 3 months (after each project) and informal feedback throughout the project.

So, interviewers check how you react to feedback.

Do you listen well, understand, and implement feedback?

Or do you defend your opinion at all costs?

And be careful: lack of coachability is a red flag for many interviewers.

Are you excited about working on a new project (in a new industry) every 3 months?

If the answer is yes, consulting can be a good career option for you.

A curious mind (or “growth mindset”) is an important characteristic of being a successful consultant.

Therefore, your answers in fit interviews or your attitude during case interviews should showcase your burning desire to learn new things.

Comfort with ambiguity

In management consulting, you’ll have to solve tough business problems while having incomplete information.

So, your case interviewers test how you deal with ambiguity.

And a consulting case interview is full of ambiguities!

Check this article to learn how to clarify a case prompt .

Confidence & maturity

Consulting is a client-facing job.

And top consulting firm clients – corporations or public organizations – pay tons of money for their services.

So, interviewers ask themselves, “Do I feel comfortable putting this person in front of my client?”.

Important note : Since I sometimes get the question, you’ll have your chance regardless of your personality (introvert or extrovert).

Case interview examples from different consulting firms

I will share two in-depth case interview examples with you in this chapter.

That way, you can see the strategies and techniques from this guide in action.

Specifically, we will discuss the two types of case interviews used by top consulting firms:

Business cases

Market sizing questions

And for each type of case interview, I’ll share examples with you.

Note: per my experience, top consulting firms do not use brainteaser questions .

Therefore, this guide will not discuss this type of question.

However, I encourage you to check if your target company uses such questions (other consulting firms might still use brainteasers in their hiring process).

Business problem examples

Business cases are the most common questions you can have in a case interview.

You are asked to solve a business problem for a fictional client.

Similar to real consulting engagements, business cases are typically organized by industry and functional category.

The industries you might encounter in a case interview are:

Agriculture,

Automotive & Mobility,

Consumer Goods,

Electronics,

Energy (Oil, Gas, Power),

Financial Services,

Healthcare & Life Science,

Industrial,

Infrastructure,

Metals and Mining,

Paper and Packaging,

Pharmaceuticals,

Private Equity,

Public and Social Sector,

Real Estate,

Semiconductors,

Technology & Telecommunication,

Transportation,

Travel and Tourism

Utilities & renewables.

The functions you might encounter in a case interview are:

Corporate Finance,

Digital & Technology,

Manufacturing,

Mergers and Acquisitions,

Operations,

People and Organizational Performance,

Recovery and Transformation,

Risk and Resilience,

Sales & Marketing,

ESG & Sustainability.

The following topics, which are not MECE , could be covered in case interviews depending on the function and the industry:

Growth strategies

Market entry

Cost optimization

Organization optimization

Product launch

Profitability case interview

Here is a first McKinsey case interview example:

Source: https://www.mckinsey.com/careers/interviewing/diconsa

Another example?

Here is another McKinsey case interview example:

Source: https://www.mckinsey.com/careers/interviewing/talbot-trucks

And here is a BCG case interview example:

Source: https://careers.bcg.com/case-interview-preparation .

Finally, over 250 case interview examples (with answers) are found on this page .

Sample market sizing questions

A market sizing question is a case interview where you have to estimate the size of something with no (or little) data available .

Market sizing questions can be embedded in business cases or can be asked as standalone questions.

For instance, here are some sample market sizing questions:

How many coffee cups does Starbucks sell in a year?

What volumes of beer are sold during an LA Lakers basketball game?

How many iPhones are currently being used in China?

What is the monthly profit of an average hair salon in the UK?

Market sizing questions are a very popular type of case interview at top consulting firms.

So let me be clear:

You can NOT land an offer at McKinsey, BCG, or Bain if you don’t know how to solve market sizing questions.

That’s why I’ve written a comprehensive step-by-step guide on market sizing questions here .

In this guide, you’ll learn my best strategies to solve the 3 types of market sizing questions .

Also, you’ll find plenty of examples to see how these strategies work.

Old vs. New cases (2021 - present)

For the past few years, case interviews have changed.

Until a few years ago, case questions looked like this:

Declining sales

Declining profits

In short, the types of questions you can find in books like “ case in point” or “ case interview secrets.”

Less than 40% of case interviews are questions from the above list.

The other 60%?

Non-traditional case questions.

For instance, McKinsey recently asked this question:

Your client is a fictional country. They want to develop a plan to fight climate change. How would you help them with this question?

So, why have consulting firms decided to use this new type of question?

Because the goal of case interviews is to understand how you think.

And more precisely:

How you think outside your comfort zone.

Have you learned all the well-known business frameworks?

👉 They test your ability to solve business problems where these frameworks are irrelevant.

Do you have an Engineering degree?

👉 They will give you a case involving lots of business concepts.

Don’t have quantitative experience?

👉 They will give you a case with lots of math, charts, and numbers.

And it makes a lot of sense.

Because it mimics the day-to-day job of a consultant:

Consultants are constantly outside their comfort zone.

And they are constantly exposed to new topics.

Now, the implications for you are very important.

You can’t only rely on well-known frameworks.

Instead: you must learn how to build your own tailored frameworks.

You must learn how to think with First Principles and top-down logic.

You must learn how to organize your ideas in a MECE way .

Even for non-traditional case questions.

And I’ve created 4 free consulting case courses to learn just that:

How to ace your case interviews

In this section, I’ll show you how to turn your case interviews into offers.

In fact, the strategies in this section have helped over 350 candidates land job offers at McKinsey, BCG, Bain, or any boutique consulting firms.

And the strategies I share here can be used in all types of cases: market entry, profitability case interview, M&A, etc.

Let’s start with how to open a case like a pro!

Acing the opening: remove ambiguities

There is a lot of misleading information online about how to open a case:

Paraphrase the case prompt (aka repeat information your interviewers already know).

Ask a maximum of 3 clarifying questions.

End by asking if there is any other objective you should know.

But there is a better way to open a case:

Add business colors.

Take the lead.

Ask clarifying questions (as much as necessary).

Do a smart recap.

Here’s the truth:

How you open a case sets the tone for the entire case.

Start poorly, and your interviewer won’t guide you much during the case.

On the other hand:

Give a strong first impression, and your interviewer will see you as one of them from the first seconds of the case.

And that can be a game changer in your performance and chances to land an offer.

Therefore, this must-read guide will show you how to start your case interview correctly.

Acing the case structuring: create the perfect issue trees

We discussed this before:

An issue tree is the strategic framework that guides your analyses and helps you answer the client’s question effectively.

Before we dive into the nitty-gritty, let’s revisit the three essential characteristics of a robust case structure:

1. MECE (Mutually Exclusive, Collectively Exhaustive): Your structure should cover all possible areas without any overlaps.

2. Logic-Driven: The structure should follow a logical flow, making the logical connection between the different areas and the problem clear.

3. Tailored: Your framework should be customized to the specific problem at hand, not a one-size-fits-all template.

It shows that you can think strategically, organize your thoughts, and approach problems methodically—all essential skills in consulting.

Take Your Case Structuring Skills to the Next Level

Ready to master the art of case structuring?

Sign up for our free 4-hour video case interview training course .

This comprehensive course will walk you through the intricacies of developing a winning case structure, complete with real-world examples and actionable tips.

Acing quantitative questions: conquering numbers!

The mere mention of case interview math questions can send shivers down the spines of candidates with weaker quantitative backgrounds.

But hold on!

These questions aren’t just about doing quick mental calculations.

In fact, interviewers are looking for three crucial elements:

Structured Approach : Can you systematically break down the problem?

Numerical Comfort : Are you at ease with numbers and capable of swift mental calculations?

Business Sense : Can you interpret the results in a way that makes business sense for the client?

In the realm of case interviews, math questions often serve to calculate data that fills in the gaps in a given problem.

For example, you might be tasked with:

Market Sizing : For instance, estimating the potential size of a market.

Financial Metrics : For instance, calculating performance indicators like Payback Period or ROI.

Solution Impact : For instance, assessing the potential cost savings or productivity gains from a particular initiative.

The Truth About Mental Math

The world of mental calculations in case interviews is fraught with myths.

Let’s debunk some:

Reality : Calculators are a no-go. You’re on your own.

Reality : A significant math mistake is often a one-way ticket to rejection.

Reality : While some may tell you it’s okay to round numbers, most interviewers would disagree.

The rules can vary depending on who’s sitting across the table from you, so always be prepared for the strictest guidelines.

Follow This 4-Step Approach to Ace Quantitative Questions

Step 1: Define an Arithmetic Equation

The first step is to translate the business problem into an arithmetic equation.

This is where your structured approach comes into play.

Step 2: Do the Math

The data needed to solve the equation are usually provided by the interviewer.

If not, don’t hesitate to ask.

Occasionally, you’ll need to make educated estimates.

When calculating, remember: accuracy trumps speed.

Step 2bis: Do a Sanity Check

Before you share your answer, do a quick sanity check.

Does the result make sense in the context of the problem?

If something feels off, revisit your calculations.

Step 3: Share Your Insights

This is where your business sense shines.

Interpret the numbers and discuss their implications for the client’s situation.

Step 4: Lead the Case

Based on your calculations and insights, guide the conversation toward actionable recommendations.

Here is an example:

Interviewer : “How many units does a car manufacturer need to sell to break even?”

Candidate : “To find the breakeven volume, we can use the equation: Fixed Costs / (Selling Price – Variable Costs). Given that the fixed costs are $10 million, the selling price per unit is $20,000, and the variable costs are $15,000, the breakeven volume would be 1,000 units.”

How to Practice Math Questions

To sharpen Your Skills:

Mock GMAT Tests : These tests are excellent for practicing a wide range of quantitative problems.

Case Interviews : Simulate the real experience by going through case interviews that include math questions.

But don’t limit yourself to traditional methods.

Various online platforms and apps are designed to help you practice mental calculations and case-specific math problems.

By mastering case interview math, you’re not just showcasing your ability to crunch numbers.

You’re proving that you can think critically, make data-driven decisions, and lead a case to its logical conclusion.

Acing chart interpretation questions

Knowing how to interpret charts should be part of your consulting toolbox.

And to crack the case, you’ll have to analyze data presented in the form of charts or data tables.

While it looks straightforward, the challenges are numerous:

The quantity of data presented can be huge, and your time to analyze these data is limited. And some firms – like BCG – like to present charts with lots of irrelevant data…

Charts can come in many forms: bar charts, line charts, pie charts, scatter plots, etc. You must know how to decode each type of chart.

The game you’re playing here is not to read the data correctly but to turn these data into insights (the “so-what”). Your business judgment will make the difference here.

You sometimes need to use data presented 5 minutes ago in another chart to complete the actual analysis.

Understand the different types of charts

A chart is an immensely powerful way of presenting numerical data. All the information is summarised in one go in a way that the eye can readily absorb.

Trends, proportions, and other relationships are revealed at a glance.

If you are unfamiliar with the different types of charts, I recommend reading the book: “Say It with Charts” by Gene Zelazny.

This book is a masterpiece when it comes to explaining why a type of chart is used to convey a certain type of message.

But if you don’t have time to read these books, remember just this:

Each chart has one (and one only) objective.

The main objective a chart can have is:

Identifying a trend (line charts or column charts)

Showing the relative contribution of different categories to a whole (pie charts)

Comparing different items against a metric (bar charts)

Identifying the correlation between 2 data sets (scatter plots)

So, the next time you see a chart, ask yourself:

What’s the chart type (pie chart, line chart, etc.)

What’s the objective of this chart (showing a trend, comparing items, etc.)

What do data say?

Let’s discuss how to master the exhibit reading.

Follow this 5-step approach to ace chart interpretation questions

Here is a 5-step approach to ensure you’ll never miss any insightful information from a chart:

Step 1: Understand the data represented.

Take the time to read the information about the chart (titles, labels, X-axis, Y-axis, units, footnotes, etc.)

And clarify any word or information that is not clear. Asking questions is part of the consultant’s job!

Per my experience, 80% of the chart interpretation mistakes come from misunderstanding the data represented.

Step 2: Ask for time to structure your thoughts.

It’s okay to ask for 30 seconds to 1 minute to structure your thoughts.

Don’t be afraid of the silence… your interviewer prefers to have a structured and insightful conversation rather than rambling.

Step 3: Define your goal (top-down vs. bottom-up approach)

This is the biggest mistake I see:

Candidates use a bottom-up approach instead of a top-down approach.

The difference?

With a bottom-up approach, candidates jump into the data and hope to find something insightful.

In other words, they start their analysis without a plan.

Candidates with a top-down approach start with a plan before jumping into the data presented in the chart.

Their plan?

They start with the issue they were analyzing.

And list the data they need to solve this issue.

Finally, search for these data in the chart presented.

With this top-down approach, you will be able to sort the relevant data from the irrelevant information easily.

Step 4: Communicate your key insights and implications.

During this step, you tell your interviewer what the data means regarding the client’s problem.

Do NOT say obvious observations!

“This data is going down…”

“The value of <any metric> has been stable for the past 2 years…”

These are not insights… but obvious observations.

Your job is to interpret the data.

Here are some questions to ask yourself:

What do these data mean for the client? 👉 Insights

What does the client should do? 👉 Implications

  Step 5: Lead the case.

Regardless of the format of the case interview (interviewer-led or interviewee-led), I recommend proactively saying what the next steps are.

Discuss, based on your findings, what you want to discuss next.

How to practice chart interpretation questions?

First, you can practice with GMAT tests.

Here are some examples .

Besides, visit websites full of charts like The Economist, The Wall Street Journal, etc.

Find charts, draw conclusions from these charts, and read the article to check if your conclusions make sense.

Also, practice with the case examples you can find in these case books .

Acing market sizing questions

Do you struggle with market sizing questions?

This can include: How to start the case? Which clarifying questions to ask? How to organize my thoughts and build an issue tree? Which assumptions to make? Do I have to check if my estimate makes sense? If yes, how?

Answering a market sizing question can be very SIMPLE.

Actually, it is very simple: there is a PROVEN FORMULA for solving market sizing questions.

This PROVEN FORMULA is like a comprehensive guide: if you follow each step, you’ll QUICKLY answer ANY market sizing questions SUCCESSFULLY.

In this guide, I’ll reveal my PROVEN FORMULA to answer market sizing questions and show how to use it with two full examples (with answers).

You can find this comprehensive guide here .

Acing the closing: The Art of giving a Winning Recommendation to the CEO

You’ve analyzed the data, solved complex problems, and navigated through the case interview.

Now, it’s time to wrap it up with a compelling recommendation for the client’s CEO.

Your closing remarks can make or break your chances of landing that coveted consulting role.

Here’s how to avoid common mistakes and structure an impactful recommendation.

Mistake #1 When Closing the Case: Repeating the Analyses You've Done

You’re now speaking to the CEO, not a fellow analyst.

The CEO doesn’t care about the number of Excel models you’ve built or interviews you’ve conducted.

They want a clear, actionable solution to their problem.

So, skip the methodology and get straight to the point.

Mistake #2 When Closing the Case: Not Being Assertive

This is not the time for ambiguity or hedging.

CEOs seek decisive, confident recommendations.

If you’re not assertive in your closing, you risk losing the CEO’s trust and, consequently, the case.

Mistake #3 When Closing the Case: Not Having a Clear Recommendation

If the CEO is left wondering, “Okay, but what should I do?” after your presentation, that’s a red flag.

Your recommendation must be crystal clear, leaving no room for interpretation or doubt.

How to Close the Case: The Structure of an Amazing Recommendation

To craft a recommendation that hits the mark, follow this structure:

Step 1: Initial Question Asked

Begin with a one-sentence summary of the question you’re answering.

For example, “You asked us to determine whether you should launch this new shampoo?”

Step 2: Your Recommendation

Provide a straightforward answer to the initial question.

For instance, “You should launch this new shampoo.”

Step 3: The Supporting Arguments

List all the logical reasons that back your recommendation.

For example, “This new shampoo will add $10 million in profits and doesn’t require significant investment in R&D or new production equipment.”

Step 4 (Optional): The Next Steps

If applicable, outline the immediate actions the CEO should take to implement your recommendation.

The Role of Risk in Your Recommendation

While some coaches advise discussing risks separately, I believe risks should be integrated into your supporting arguments.

If you can’t mitigate the risks, your recommendation loses its value.

The Timeframe for Impact

Lastly, ensure your recommendation can deliver impact within the CEO’s tenure—typically less than five years.

A great recommendation is not just insightful but also timely.

Where to start: A comprehensive case interview preparation plan

Are you feeling overwhelmed by the thought of case interviews?

You’re not alone.

With all the resources available online, knowing what’s relevant and how to separate the wheat from the chaff is difficult.

But with the right preparation plan, you can make it!

This 3-step plan takes you from discovery to mastery, ensuring you’re well-prepared for your case interviews:

Step #1: Discovery

Step #2: Practice

Step #3: Mastery

Bonus step: Mastery+

Step 1: Discovery

The first step is all about understanding the landscape. You need to know what you’re up against before conquering it.

Key Activities

Research different types of case interviews and consulting firms.

Identify the skills commonly tested.

Conduct informational interviews with current consultants (this can also be an opportunity to validate whether consulting is a good fit for you).

Major Pitfalls to Avoid

Don’t assume all case interviews are the same.

Avoid neglecting the importance of networking early on.

Don’t underestimate the emotional job; build your confidence from the start.

Step 2: Practice

You’ve done your homework; now it’s time to get your hands dirty. Practicing case interviews is where you turn knowledge into skill.

Work on mock case interviews with peers or mentors.

Use case interview prep books and online resources to practice cases.

Track your performance to identify areas for improvement.

Don’t practice going through the motions; make each session count.

Avoid practicing only with friends who might not give honest feedback.

Don’t ignore your weaknesses; confront them head-on.

Step 3: Mastery

This is the final stretch. Mastery is where you develop and fine-tune your skills to become a top 1% candidate.

Think using first principles .

Seek feedback from industry professionals.

Develop your business acumen:: while you are not expected to have an in-depth knowledge of an industry, a high-level understanding will help to generate better ideas and insights.

Practice with a diverse set of cases (different situations and industries).

Practice with recent cases (read the section Old vs. New cases).

Conduct mock interviews under timed conditions.

Do you know the Dunning-Kruger effect?

If not, read this article because it can be what you need to land offers in consulting.- Don’t get complacent; always look for ways to improve.

Therefore, avoid the trap of overconfidence; humility can be your greatest asset.

Step 3bis: Mastery+

Think you’re ready?

Mastery+ is your chance to test your skills in a lower-stakes environment by practicing with Plan-B firms.

Yes, you read me well: practice case interviews with Plan-B firms.

Apply to consulting firms that are not your first choice.

Go through their interview process as if they were your top choice.

Use the experience to identify any remaining gaps in your preparation.

Don’t treat these interviews as mere practice; give them your all.

Avoid burning bridges; you never know when a Plan B could become a Plan A.

Don’t ignore feedback; even a rejection can be a valuable learning experience.

From Discovery to Mastery+, each step is a building block towards your ultimate goal: acing that case interview and landing your dream consulting job.

Many candidates without business or consulting experience did it, and so can you.

So, are you ready to embark on this transformative journey?

Start by learning how to solve case interviews and get tips to help you navigate this exciting path.

Finally, watch this video about how to prepare for case study interviews on the BCG website :

Frequently Asked Questions

How much time is needed to prepare for case interviews.

This is a tricky question.

Because it depends on factors such as:

Your strengths and weaknesses

The time you can dedicate to your preparation

Your learning pace

However, there is an important rule:

Start as soon as you can.

It takes time to be ready.

A case interview is NOT an exam: you can’t cram your consulting interview preparation in a week or two.

What are the most common case interview mistakes?

Check this article to find out what are the 16 case interview mistakes to avoid at all costs.

What are the differences between Round 1 (R1) and Round 2 (R2) cases?

Here are the main differences between first round interview and second round interview:

The seniority of your interviewers : R2 case interviewers are often Directors or Partners, while R1 case interviewers are Senior Consultants or Managers

Stress : Second-round interviews are usually more stressful. The reasons are numerous: the offer is getting closer and closer, interviewing with a Partner from a prestigious firm, etc.

Competitiveness : R2 candidates are competing with other R2 candidates. This tautology means that all the candidates who have made it so far are good, and the selection will be made on details.

The weight on assessment criteria : R2 assessment criteria are the same as R1 criteria (see the section “What do case interviewers look for?”). However, the importance of these criteria differs. Partners tend to value more criteria such as communication, confidence, leadership, and maturity.

Focus on your weaknesses : after an R1 case interview, the consulting firm lists your strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, an R2 case interview includes questions to validate (or invalidate) any doubt about your capacity to be a world-class consultant. For instance, if your quantitative performance was not positive, you can expect an R2 case interview with many quantitative questions.

However, I believe these differences should NOT influence your interview prep.

And, as discussed in this article, your goal is to be in the top 1% across the 4 main performance assessment criteria.

Finally, since we are talking about R2 interviews:

I can not stress enough the importance of fit interviews.

Your answers to questions such as “ Why consulting? ” or “ Why McKinsey? ” greatly influence the final decision.

Will my case interview be in person or via Zoom?

Check with your HR contact to validate this point.

Besides, you can read this McKinsey guide about virtual interviews.

Do you recommend practicing with a coach?

Being a coach myself, I’m obviously biased.

But I tried to give you a fair answer to help you decide what’s best for you.

First, let’s define what a good coach is.

A coach is someone with an extensive experience in consulting and in helping others land offers.

For instance, your friend who just got an offer at McKinsey is NOT a coach.

Receiving an offer and explaining to others how to receive offers are two different things.

Therefore, the first criterion to decide if a coach can help you is to look at how much time they spend in:

Consulting,

Supporting candidates.

That being said, I recommend using coaching services if you can afford it.

Because this is the best way to get qualitative feedback.

You’ll know PRECISELY:

What is the distance between your performance and the performance of the top 1% of candidates.

How to quickly reduce this distance and become a top 1% candidate yourself.

At careerinconsulting.com, we have a unique coaching model:

We coach and support our clients until they receive an offer.

Interested?

If yes, check this page .

What are the basic business concepts to know?

I’ve written an article discussing some basic business concepts that might be helpful in acing your case interviews.

Any final tips?

Check these 16 case interview tips to move your skills to the next level.

For instance, you’ll learn the mistakes to avoid when developing an issue tree.

Also, check these case interview examples by clicking here .

How to get a case interview?

You get it:

Acing case interviews require a ton of hard work.

And you don’t want to put all this hard work into the trash by not being invited for interviews .

Unfortunately, the odds are against you: less than 30% of applicants are invited for interviews.

And don’t fool yourself:

Your prestigious college name and high GPA are insufficient.

Consulting firms look at a combination of factors to select the applicants invited for interviews.

So, how to pass the screening phase and be invited for interviews ?

But don’t worry, I’ve written comprehensive guides that tell you how to do it.

Write a consulting resume

How to make your resume stand out?

By writing EPIC bullet points!

So, check this step-by-step guide to turn your resume into an outstanding resume.

In this comprehensive guide, you’ll learn:

What matters the most to recruiters in consulting

How to stand out from the hordes of other applicants

What are the most common mistakes that lead to rejection (and how to avoid them)

Also, you can download templates for McKinsey, BCG, and Bain & Company.

And here is the best part:

You’ll get an exhaustive checklist to assess the readiness of your CV.

Write a consulting cover letter

At the beginning of the interview process, recruiters from top consulting firms want to know you better.

They want to know who the person is beyond the amazing achievements on your CV.

So, if you wonder how to express your motivation to join a firm, this step-by-step guide is for you.

Also, you can download winning cover letter examples that passed the screening phase at top consulting firms.

See you there !

Beyond case interview prep: Fit interview questions

Your case interview performance counts for 50% of the interviewer’s decision.

The other 50%?

Your fit interview (aka personal experience interview) performance.

So, you can’t overlook your personal experience interview preparation.

Are you in one of the following situations?

I’ve just been accepted at [fancy MBA program]. So, I know how to present myself.

I’ve just been accepted at [fancy non-consulting company]. So, I know how to present myself.

I’ve had lots of job interviews in the past. This is not new to me. Instead, I prefer to spend my time on case interview preparation because case interview is new to me.

Your preparation must be aligned with the specific requirements of consulting firms.

In other words, even if some questions are typical job interview questions (e.g., “Tell me about yourself”), their expectations are different.

For instance, consulting firms assess your strategic thinking skills even in fit interviews.

Besides, they want to understand why you are genuinely interested in pursuing a career in consulting.

Thus, here is a series of articles to help stand out during your fit interviews:

How to answer the “ Tell me about yourself ” question

How to answer the “ Why consulting ” question

How to answer the “ Why Mckinsey or BCG or Bain ” question

How to answer behavioral interview questions using the STAR framework

Read these articles, and you’ll be covered for the main personal experience interview questions.

Case interviews mimic what consultants do: solving business problems.

And often, there is no right answer.

What’s important is to show how you think.

So, I hope this guide will help ace your consulting interviews and start your career in management consulting at Boston Consulting Group or any top consulting firm.

I’d love to hear from you: What’s your biggest challenge in case interview prep?

Let me know by leaving a quick comment below right now.

-Want to know all the secrets of the consulting interview process?

👉 Check this article about the McKinsey recruitment process .

👉 Also, check this article about the Boston Consulting Group recruitment process .

Want more case interview examples? Or start to practice cases?

👉 Check this page: https://careerinconsulting.com/case-interview-examples/

You’ll find plenty of Bain case interview examples, for instance.

Finally, want to ace personal experience interview questions?

👉 Check this page: https://careerinconsulting.com/mckinsey-pei/

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Hi Sebastien, thank you for your informative article. I do struggle to assign 7 McKinsey cases into the above-provided groups, they seem to get a bit more creative every year! Do you mind commenting or advising on those?

Case/Type: 1) Case: Beautify, Potential Type: Take a strategic decision 2) Case: Diconsa, Potential Type: Take a strategic decision 3) Case: Eletro-Light, Potential Type: Take a strategic decision) 4) Case: National Education System, Potential Type: ? 5) Case: Talbot Trucks, Potential Type: Take a strategic decision 6) Case: Shops Corporation, Potential Type: ? 7) Case: Conservation Forever, Potential Type: ?

Hi. thank you for your message. Where can I find the above cases?

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You need 4 skills to be successful in all case interviews: Case Structuring, Case Leadership, Case Analytics, and Communication. Enroll in our 4 free courses and discover the proven systems +300 candidates used to learn these 4 skills and land offers in consulting.

Case Interview 2024 – Guide for Your Consulting Case Interview

A case interview is a type of job interview in which the candidate must analyze and solve a problematic business scenario (“ case study ”). It is used to simulate the situation on-the-job and to find out if the respective candidate meets the necessary analytical and communications skills required for the profession. Case interviews are commonly and globally used during the selection processes at  management consulting firms such as McKinsey , Boston Consulting Group (BCG), or Bain & Company . It is the most relevant part of the process for consulting jobs, and they are usually based on projects that the hiring firm has delivered for a client. It is an exercise that requires a logical approach to finding the problem and an appropriate solution.

• 1. Case Interview Questions and Answers
• 1.1 What Is a Case Interview?
• 1.2 Who Uses Case Interviews and Why?
• 1.3 What Are the Skills Required in a Case Interview?
• 1.4 What Are the Differences Between …?
• 2. Case Interview Examples from Top Consulting Firms
• 3. Case Interview Frameworks
• 3.1 The Best Frameworks for Solving Cases
• 3.2 How to Develop Your Own Framework in 4 Steps
• 4. Case Interview Preparation: 9 Tips for Successful Case Preparation
• 5. How to Solve a Case Study in 10 Steps
• 6. Case Interview Secrets: 13 Final Tips for Your Actual Case Interview 
• 7. PrepLounge: The Key to Your Success 
• 8. Get Started Right Away and Practice Your First Cases

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A  case interview  is part of the job interview process in which you as the candidate have to analyze and solve a problematic business scenario while interacting with the interviewer. The case study is often based on a problem the interviewer has worked on in real life. This part of the interview is intended to be more of a dialogue. You will need to be proactive and ask questions when attempting to close in on the correct conclusion. Oftentimes, the consultant will attempt to guide you in the correct direction by asking questions himself.

An example question might be :​ The CEO of Deutsche Bank has become increasingly concerned about their declining profitability over the last 36 months and has asked you to determine the factors causing the decline as well as recommend a strategy to reverse this trend.

During the entire application process, you will partake in  up to six case interviews  in two rounds or more. This is dependent on the position you are applying for. Most case interviews have the same underlying structure. An individual case interview may take up to an hour and usually consists of four parts:

Case interviews have always been a part of management consulting interviews. Nowadays, also marketing, strategy, operations, or retail positions tend to use similar formats because they are a great tool to probe the quantitative and qualitative skills of an applicant . It allows interviewers to get a deeper insight into how you present yourself as a candidate and apply the limited amount of information given to you.

The reason for the prevalence of the case interview format in management consulting is that the topics and themes handled in most cases reflect conditions close to the reality of the day-to-day activities of a consultancy. It requires the applicant to  ask the right questions , apply  structured frameworks,  and think outside the box . As a consultant, you will spend a lot of time client-facing, and so soft skills are just as important as hard skills to the interviewer. The case interview allows hiring companies to ask the question "Would I be happy to put this candidate in front of a client?".​

Due to the scenario set up in a case interview, it is also a test of general business acumen. Many consultant projects will be in industries where the consultants aren't experts, especially junior consultants. This is normal, but to be effective as a consultant business acumen is an important foundation for consultants to maintain effective strategy recommendations. Companies pay consultants for their minds rather than their industry expertise.

A case interview has no “correct” or “standard” answer. There are often many solutions to a single case and in the end, what counts is your train of thought and how you got to your solution. The interviewer will evaluate you across five main areas:

1)  Problem-Solving Skills 

The interviewer will analyze your ability to identify problems , isolate causes, and prioritize issues. During a case interview, you will be presented with a wide range of relevant and irrelevant data pieces. You must know how to use this data to make your recommendations and you have to prove that you are able to construct a logical argumentation without rushing to conclusions based on insufficient evidence.

2)  Creativity and Business Sense Skills 

As a consulting candidate, you should know the basic business concepts as well as show a certain amount of business sense and creativity. If the interviewer asks you to find innovative ideas to increase the profitability of a hotel chain, you will have to come up with a range of ideas that make business sense. You are not expected to have deep knowledge of the hospitality industry, but to be able to ask relevant and insightful questions on the aspects important for you to solve the client’s issue at hand.

3)  Structure 

Maintaining a structure means that you solve the question with a clear step-by-step approach that you communicate actively with your interviewer. A good structure is the most important part of a case interview, as it is the underlying base of your whole approach and argumentation. It is also the main reason why candidates fail their case interviews. A common mistake that candidates make is that they try to apply standardized frameworks to any case they are given. Instead, you should solve each case by creating a framework specifically tailored to its needs – as you would do as a consultant on the job. Practice your structure with our Structuring Drills .

4)  Math Skills 

As a consultant, part of your job is number-crunching and interpreting data. Therefore, it is important that you have a good feeling for numbers and have great mental math skills. You should be able to perform simple calculations in your sleep. You can practice your math skills with our Mental Math Tool .

5)  Communication Skills 

In times of digitalization, soft skills become more and more important for management consultants. On the job, you will be in contact with high-level CEOs, clients, partners, and colleagues. Strong communication is crucial for you to get your work done efficiently. Thus, your interviewer will pay close attention to the way you communicate and present yourself during your conversation. Always be professional, answer concisely, and communicate the key message first (see Pyramid Principle ).

First and Second-Round Interviews 

While the format of the first and second-round interviews stays the same, the seniority level of the interviewer differs . The person interviewing you in the first round is usually more junior, having up to four years of consulting experience (Associates or Engagement Managers). The second round is led by Partners who have more than ten years of experience and tend to drill you to understand how you cope with challenges. Therefore, second rounds are perceived as more difficult by candidates. Since partners have a stronger voice when discussing an applicant, your performance during the second round of case interviews carries also more weight. For more information on the different positions, please read McKinsey Hierarchy: The Different Position Levels .

Candidate- and Interviewer-Led Case Interviews

In candidate-led cases, the interviewer expects the candidate to lead him/her through the case. As a candidate, you can do so by asking relevant questions, and by developing and testing your hypotheses. Candidate-led cases are the most common  types of cases . You will encounter them at the majority of the big consulting firms such as BCG, Bain, and occasionally at McKinsey.

Interviewer-led cases are most frequently used at McKinsey. As the title suggests, the interviewer’s guidance through the case interview is firmer.

You can find more information on the two different interview styles in our BootCamp article: Interviewer-Led vs. Candidate-Led .

In the following, you can find some examples of initial case interview questions :

Bain Case: Old Winery You inherit an old winery, the Old Winery, from your grandfather. Since you have little knowledge about wine cultivation, you don't want to run the winery operationally, but you find the idea of owning a winery exciting. However, your plan is to breathe new life into the winery. Read the entire case .

Deloitte Case: Footloose Duraflex is a German shoe manufacturer with an annual turnover of approximately €1 billion. Your largest sales market has always been the boot market. In this market, you compete with three other main competitors. Management is asking you for advice. Read the entire case .

Roland Berger Case: Onlinestar Onlinestar, an online retailer specializing in furniture and garden products (core business), has experienced significant growth in recent years due to an expansion of its product portfolio. The board of Onlinestar is asking you for an analysis of the reasons for the negative results, as well as recommendations derived from it. Read the entire case .

Practice More Cases Now!

You can find more than 160 case studies, including cases from real companies and our consulting coaches, in our Case Library !

Land your dream job!

Join the world’s leading case interview community today and get everything you need to prepare for your upcoming case interviews!

Case interview frameworks are the perfect tool to structure your thoughts during the interview. They help you break down a problem into its components so that you can systematically and methodically navigate through the case and the business problem. This approach will convince your interviewer that you can apply your skills from the case interview to the job as well.

A framework can help you solve a business problem in a case interview in a structured and organized manner. To determine which framework is most suitable for the given case, you should be familiar with the most common case types. Our coaches Guennael and Vlad explain their approaches:

What does a framework really need to accomplish? Essentially, three things:

First , it must be MECE (Mutually Exclusive, Collectively Exhaustive); second , it must help you systematically and methodically approach the case so that you not only find the best answer; third , it must convince your interlocutor that your success is repeatable and that you will solve this case and the next and the one after that.

When preparing for my BCG interview, I ultimately relied on just two framework concepts, which I then adapted to the respective case: First, a version of the profitability case (Profit = Revenue - Costs and Revenue = Price x Quantity) ; second, a basic version of: Product, Price, Customer, Competition, Company).

Are these two framework models optimal in every case? No, they are not. Did they serve their purpose? I used them in more than 10 practice cases with former BCG employees as well as in my 5 BCG cases... and I succeeded, that's for sure :) I would even argue that every case can be solved using one or both of these methods . Learn them, keep them in your pocket, and be ready to use them. If you find something better, great! But I'd prefer you start with an "okay" framework and focus on solving the problem , rather than spending the first 30 seconds of the case trying to find the "perfect" framework, failing, and feeling forced to think on the fly at the beginning of the solution process.

There is no universally applicable structure . You should have some patterns in mind for specific types of cases, but you should adjust them depending on the case:

Additional details of the case

Below you'll find a list of the most common case types and some general recommendations for structuring :

Market Sizing - Structuring from the supply or demand side. Structuring based on a formula or a issue tree .

Profitability - Basic profitability framework. Consider different revenue streams and the product mix.

Market Context (market entry, new product, acquisition, etc.). Always start with the big picture "market". Conclude with a specific strategy to achieve the case objective (e.g., "market entry strategy" - for market entry. "Exit strategy" for the PE case. "Go-to-market strategy" for a new product). Structure it as if you were defining the workflows for the real project.

Operational Mathematical Problem (e.g., Should we increase the speed of an elevator or simply buy a second one? How should we reduce queues? Etc.) - Structuring as a process/value chain, with inputs, processes, and outputs.

Cost Reduction - here are some recommendations for structuring:

Structuring:

How do the costs break down and what are the largest costs?

Benchmarking the largest costs to identify improvement potential

Process improvements to achieve the benchmarks

Costs and benefits of the proposed initiatives

The key concepts you must learn:

Internal/external benchmarking

Core processes (usually optimized) and supporting processes (usually trimmed)

Mathematical structures (frequency of operations * time per operation)

Other useful structures (e.g., People - Process - Technology)

Evaluation - Pure financial structure with cash flows, growth rate, WACC / Hurdle Rate, etc.

Synergies - Revenue synergies (price, quantity, mix) and cost synergies (value chain).

Social/economic cases (e.g., How can the quality of life in the city be improved? How can museum revenue be increased?) - significant variability.

Practice 3-5 social cases before the interview. Additionally, there are s everal useful framework concepts that you can apply in the middle of the case to find the cause of a problem. For example:

People - Processes - Technologies

Capacity - Utilization - Production rate

Product - Distribution - Marketing - Price

Value-based pricing - competition-based pricing - cost-based pricing

You will learn these frameworks while solving cases. It is useful to have a set of them in mind to quickly identify the root cause .

To be able to address specific questions in case interviews, it is important to develop your own frameworks . Our expert Benjamin has valuable tips on this.

(Almost) Never use a standard framework from the books . In strategy consulting, the goal is to assist clients facing unique problems with a customized solution. It's unlikely that you can force your approach into a standard framework.

Put yourself in your client's shoes and show empathy for the issues. This way, it becomes much easier for you to understand what the key issues are that you need to consider when formulating a recommendation, and you can ensure that you don't forget anything. I always ask myself, "What would I do if this were my company and my own problem? What do I need to know/understand to make a decision?"

Ensure that every topic you want to address is relevant to the final recommendation. A simple check is to ask yourself, "If I spend time on this specific topic and get some answers to my questions (e.g., market size, competition, etc.), will this provide useful elements for the final recommendation given my client's issues ?" If the answer is no, then you should skip this subtopic.

Practice a lot! The above tips come from my own experience with building MECE structures , but keep in mind that it takes a lot of practice to achieve satisfactory performance here.

1. Learn the Theory By reading this article, you've already taken the first step to understanding what case interviews are all about. Well done! You can now take it a step further by learning the theory you need to solve the cases. In general, you should learn how to :

Identify your case type (e.g., market sizing , market entry , profitability , growth )

Structure your thoughts (e.g., issue tree , MECE , pyramid principle )

Use business analysis tools (e.g., ABC analysis , break-even analysis , benchmarking )

Define common business terms (e.g., NPV , CAGR , fixed and variable costs )

In our Case Interview Basics, you'll find all the necessary fundamentals.

2. Develop Your Business Intuition Step by Step

Since you need to have a good business sense to successfully complete your case interview, you should invest some time beforehand to gradually build up your business intuition. The earlier you start, the easier it will become. Make it a habit to regularly read business publications and magazines. You can read new releases from McKinsey, Bain, and BCG, or find other sources that appeal to you. Try to acquire a basic understanding of economics, strategy, and industries, such as retail, airlines, telecommunications, banking, natural resources, and technology.

3. Update Your Math Skills

For all case interviews, you must calculate without a calculator. Therefore, refreshing your mental math skills should be a regular part of your daily preparation plan. Practice until you feel one hundred percent comfortable with the basic skills of addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, and growth rate calculations in your head. Read our article on Fast Math and use our mental math tool to train your performance. When confronted with a math problem in your case interview, this will significantly reduce the pressure.

Knowing shortcuts for a variety of calculations can simplify mathematical problems. For example, break down complex mathematical problems into several small operations:

97 x 53 = (100 - 3) x (50 + 3) = 5000 + 300 - 150 - 9 = 5141

4. Practice Makes Perfect

Take a look at our extensive case library , which prepares you for all possible case types. Our case library includes cases that have been used in past case interviews. Solving cases on your own can give you a first sense of what to expect in the case interview. However, the only way to improve your skills to successfully pass the interview is to put yourself in a case interview situation. Find candidates to practice with and practice regularly. The more feedback you can get, the better. This will help you improve.

PrepLounge offers the world's largest case interview community. Simply schedule or accept a practice interview with other candidates on our meeting board .

Here's how it works:

Schedule: Once you and your case partner confirm the practice interview on the meeting board, the meeting is set and will be visible on your dashboard.

Communication: We recommend contacting your case partner directly to discuss communication methods and case preferences during the interview.

Interview: During the back-to-back meeting, you and your case partner take turns playing the roles of both interviewer and interviewee. Don't neglect the part of the session where you play the role of the interviewer. This allows you to identify important points and adjust your approach accordingly.

Case: By default, two PrepLounge cases are randomly selected. However, you can exchange them and choose one of our over 180 cases or use your own case.

Feedback: This is the most important part of your practice interview as it helps improve your case performance. Please provide your interview partner with constructive feedback, just as you would expect from them.

5. Seek Support from Experts

To make your case interview preparation as effective as possible, we also recommend investing in coaching sessions with experienced top consultants. Our experience shows that this investment pays off, as it significantly increases your chances of receiving an offer for your dream job (by four times, to be exact). Our experts know exactly what interviewers want and can work with you on every aspect of your case performance, whether it's structuring, personal suitability, confidence, or communication. Furthermore, they can provide you with valuable networking tips and help you get a referral.

We provide you with a transparent list of all case interview coaches, including their professional and educational background, top skills, individual approaches, ratings, and recommendation rates. This way, you can individually select the perfect expert for your coaching sessions . Additionally, you can benefit from CoachingPlus , which includes a premium membership and a generous discount (compared to individual coaching sessions).

6. Learn and Track Your Progress

You can do as many cases as you want. If you don't learn from them, you won't improve your case performance. That's why you should do the following: At the end of each case you complete, whether on your own, with a case partner, or with an expert, write down in your own words what mistakes you made and what you learned. Repeat the case after a few days and apply what you've learned to ensure you're making progress. Tracking your progress motivates you and ensures you don't repeat the same mistakes.

7. Don't Forget the Personal Fit

No matter how well you master the case, if you don't personally fit into the company, you won't get the job offer. Ultimately, consulting is a "people's business" that involves teamwork and a lot of time with your colleagues. To master the part of the interview that focuses on personal suitability, it's important to understand what an interviewer is looking for in a candidate to decide if they fit into the company personally. Typically, the interviewer has three primary questions in mind.

Next, you should learn how to convey to your interviewer that you fit what they're looking for. Practice your answers to the personal fit with other candidates or experts:

Why consulting?

Why company X?

Why should we hire you?

Tell me about yourself!

Give me an example of when you led a group to achieve a difficult goal!

Find more frequently asked questions in stress question mode.

8. Train Confidence

The more you practice, the more confident you will feel. However, feeling confident isn't the same as appearing confident. Sometimes you can come across as insecure without realizing it. This can be due to small habits in your communication style. Therefore, ask your PrepLounge case partner or expert to consider your verbal and non-verbal communication and provide feedback on your confidence or insecurity . Focus on the following aspects during practice:

• The tone of your voice. A monotone voice or speaking too quickly gives an impression of insecurity and poor communication style. To avoid this, it's helpful to listen to podcasts of great speakers for 30-60 minutes a day. After a few days, you'll start speaking in a similar manner as you adopt their communication style.
• Smile. A smile can be a powerful way to show that you're enjoying the conversation and not afraid. You can also force a smile (naturally, not too much) if you get feedback that you appear too serious.
• Eye contact. You don't need to continuously stare into the interviewer's eyes during the conversation, but you shouldn't look away when they ask you something.
• Ability to break the ice. Confident people aren't afraid to engage in small talk with interviewers. Silence creates less connection and can be seen as a sign of lack of confidence.
• Posture. You should try to sit upright most of the time on your chair. Leaning too much towards your interviewer can be interpreted as lack of confidence.

9. Take Breaks

Overall, based on our experience with other case partners, you should prepare for an average of 50 hours over a period of up to 6 weeks and practice daily. This can be exhausting, and we know that many candidates struggle with motivation and concentration, especially after an intense case preparation period. This is usually because they forget to incorporate regular breaks into their preparation plan. Professional athletes, for example, always take time to rest and allow their muscles to regenerate. You should treat your brain muscles the same way. A good strategy is to develop an evening and morning routine that allows you to relax and increase your energy level for the preparation period during the day. Here are some examples of what you can do:

15-20 minutes of exercise in the evening or morning

A cold shower in the morning

Meditation or journal writing

Define three important things for the next day and allocate time for all activities, prioritizing the most important ones first

No social media for an hour after waking up and before going to bed

Get enough sleep (at least 7 hours)

Take breaks between each case or intensive case practice and do something completely different (e.g., workout, play video games)

Step 1: Listen actively and take notes. Write down every piece of information, especially numerical data .

Step 2: Restate the question. Pause, paraphrase, and make sure you understand the problem statement by confirming with the interviewer.

Step 3: Clarify the objectives and identify the problem. Ask specific questions and double-check on objectives. Make sure you completely understand the problem.

Step 4: Write out your structure. Ask your interviewer for a minute to prepare your structure and organize your notes. Identify your case type and use an issue tree to customize your structure. The branches of your issue tree should be MECE .

Step 5: State your hypothesis. Now that you have set up the issue tree, your task is to test each branch to see if it is the root cause of the problem. Where to begin? A hypothesis based on an educated guess helps here.  (e.g. "Since you have mentioned that revenues are more or less flat, my hypothesis is that the problem is mostly driven by the cost side of the business. If it is okay with you, I will start by […]")

Step 6: Think out loud. Sharing your thoughts allows the interviewer to interact. Refine or rebuild your hypothesis as you find out more.

Step 7: Gather more data in order to test your hypothesis. Proactively ask for relevant data and always segment it (e.g. using the ABC analysis ). Try to evaluate whether trends have been company-specific or industry-wide.

Step 8: Dig deeper while staying structured ( MECE !) throughout the case. Always refer to the structure you have set up at the beginning of the case, but be flexible as the case evolves. If you conclude that your hypothesis is false, eliminate that branch and go to the next one. Summarize findings when switching major branches. If your test confirms your hypothesis, go deeper into that branch, and drill down to the lower levels until you identify all proven root-causes.

Step 9: Choose a recommendation and use the Pyramid Principle to structure your conclusion. Ask for a minute to gather your thoughts and then state your recommendation. You need to deliver a one minute, top-down, concise, structured, clear, and fact-based summary of your findings.

Step 10: Stand by your conclusion. Your interviewer will likely challenge your recommendation (either to see if you can handle pressure or to assess if you really believe in what you are saying).

1. Focus on the task at hand 

Don’t think too much about the approach your interviewer is taking. It should not matter much if the conversation is interviewer- or candidate-led. If you go into your interview with a profound understanding of how to handle even a difficult case, the format of the interview should not be an issue. Keep a cool head and structure your thoughts.

2. Ask the right questions 

At the beginning of the case, your interviewer will present you with the situation of the client. Don’t rush into the analysis without developing a deep understanding of the problem first. Ask your interviewer questions to clarify the case. This is expected behavior that also takes place later with the client. Make sure you understand what the  business model  and your  objective  in the respective case are (regarding both money and the timeline). If there are any other possible limitations you are unsure about, ask your interviewer in a concise way. Asking unnecessary questions will raise doubts about your ability to work efficiently under pressure.

3. Buy time with repetitions 

A common trick consultants use is the  repeating of facts or overall goals . By doing this, you are showing a fundamental comprehension of the case and are emitting an aura of control, gradually heading towards a solution. This technique can give you more time to think. Articulating the facts of the case can also be a source of clarity and allow you to form solutions more quickly.

4. Only form a hypothesis with sufficient information 

Do not state a hypothesis at the beginning, a stage in which you may still have incomplete information. Get a good sense of the case’s environment and ask sensible follow-up questions . Only then frame a structure and formulate a hypothesis.

5. Utilize data for your analysis 

Taking wild guesses is a death sentence for your case interview. Make sure your claims are backed up by the facts, and remain calm when presented with new information. Consultancies will closely observe how you  make use of new data and incorporate it into your hypothesis .

6. Take clear notes 

Taking  structured notes  is a highly underrated skill when dealing with a case. Making sure your notes are coherent and clear will make your thoughts easy to navigate and ensure you do not lose your footing during the interview.

• Place your sheet horizontally to maximize your space, and jot down the case’s  key question on the left side of the page. This way you will never lose sight of the main objective . The remaining portion will be dedicated to the issue tree, with your hypothesis included above the issue tree.
• Make sure that you highlight key pieces of information that add substance to your hypothesis.
• When it comes to calculations , use a separate page, but practice having it organized in case you need to go back through your assumptions or calculations.
• Try to limit the number of pages you use to a  maximum of three sheets . Otherwise, you will stress yourself out while trying to find what you are looking for.

7. Structure is key 

The most important aspect of a case interview is having a good structure. You can structure your case by following these four steps:

• Craft an issue tree as the overall foundation for your structure. This is a customizable framework used to analyze the root causes of problems in a case. It helps you to break a complex problem down into its components.
• Make sure that your issue tree is MECE to avoid inefficient dependencies between branches that will slow down your analysis. MECE is a way of segmenting information into sub-elements that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. 
• Prioritize and concentrate on high impact issues of your issue tree that will create value for your client. Always make sure you explain the reasons behind your choices to the interviewer.
• Use the Pyramid Principle to structure your conclusion , a three-step structure to present your synthesis in an effective and convincing manner. First, state the recommendation (What?). Second, provide three reasons supported by data (Why?). Third, provide information on how to implement the recommendation (How?). 

To practice your structure, you can use our Structuring Drills.

8. Don't force-fit frameworks

Standard frameworks can be a source of inspiration, but should never be force-fitted to a case. They are very stiff and do not allow room for customization . If you use pre-defined frameworks, you run the risk of missing important elements of the specific problem you are trying to solve. A consultant would not just force-fit frameworks to their specific client’s problem, so you should not do this in your case interview, either. Each case is unique and requires an individually customized framework that is MECE as well as adapted to the problem you are trying to solve, the company, and the industry.

9. Don’t panic if you get stuck 

If you ever get stuck, don’t freak out – it happens. What counts is how you deal with the situation. Here is what you can do:

• Take a deep breath  or a sip of water if you have a glass of water nearby.
• Take a moment to grasp the big picture , to recap what you have learned so far and what you still need to find out to address the main question at hand.
• Outline how these sub-questions can be answered , and what kind of data or information you will need to do that.
• Double-check whether data or information provided by the interviewer at an earlier stage is now getting new relevance.
• Think out loud and take the interviewer along with your thinking process. If you are puzzled by some obvious contradiction, actively discuss this with your interviewer. Oftentimes, an interviewer will wait for you to explicitly verbalize your confusion before gently guiding you.

10. Sometimes there is no clear answer 

Oftentimes, a case interview has no “correct” or “standard” answer. The case may encompass you  exploring the issues and walking down several paths . There are often many solutions to a single case that may differ from the interviewer’s expectations. In the end, what counts is your  train of thought and how you got to your solution . You are not expected to know everything about business, but demonstrate a logical judgment and a good approach to solve problems.

Nevertheless, you should always give a clear recommendation at the end of the interview, when the interviewer will ask for your conclusion. The trick is to use supporting arguments based on what you have learned during the analysis, to point out limitations, and to also highlight additional areas to explore to confirm that your current understanding is the right one.

11. Engage the interviewer 

The interview should be a dialogue, so make sure to engage the interviewer and demonstrate not only your business judgment, but also your communication and people skills . This gives the first insight into how you might interact with future clients and colleagues. How can you do that?

• Explain. Share your thought process with the interviewer, and always let them know what your next steps are.
• Listen. During your case interview, the interviewer will usually give you hints and steer you in a direction. Notice that! If they ask a specific question, e.g. “Name three points about…”, answering in two or five points will mean that you didn’t pay attention.
• Ask questions. Create a discussion, initiate small talk, and use your chance to make a positive connection with the interviewer, especially at the end of every interview when you get to ask final questions. Find a point in common and try to stand out. Here is a list of the best questions to ask at the end of an interview .  

12. Be confident 

You don’t necessarily need to be extroverted to be a top management consultant, but you need to be confident. Consulting is a people job as much as it is an analytical job. It is important for the client to feel that you know what you are doing. Thus, this is something the interviewer will take into consideration. Here are five things you can do during the interview to come across as more confident:

• Try to enjoy the interview by focusing on the challenge, the satisfaction it brings you when you solve the case, and the joy of sharing your life experiences with someone else. If you have fun, chances are high that the interviewer has fun, as well.
• Find your own style and don’t try to pretend to be someone that you are not. It is fine if you are not the most outgoing person. Just be genuine!
• Sit up straight , but don’t be too stiff. Push your back against the back of the seat and don’t just sit on the edge of the chair.
• Make eye contact , but don’t stare, either.
• Speak in a clear , calm, and unrushed manner. Don't mumble or whisper, but equally don't shout. Think before you speak!

13. When in doubt, reschedule 

If you’re not feeling confident about your chances, don’t hesitate to reschedule. If you take this course of action, take a few things into consideration. Make sure to suggest an alternative day and avoid rescheduling multiple times at all costs. The consultancy will be grateful for you to suggest an immediate alternative. Try to be transparent as to why you are rescheduling without going too deeply into details. However, rescheduling should only be used as a last resort.

To become the best, you must learn from the best. That is exactly what PrepLounge can offer you. The vast  PrepLounge community  makes it easy to  find case partners with the same ambitions and goals as you. Whether you are looking for a  professional case coach  or other aspiring consultants, you will have no problem finding case partners in the build-up to your interview. Our PrepLounge coaches – from Bain to McKinsey – are uniquely qualified to provide you with insights into the mastery of a case interview.

Apart from case partners from every imaginable background, PrepLounge provides a colossal collection of online resources to give you the best preparation leading up to your case interview. We will provide you with questions and answers to the most important consulting case types and share in-depth knowledge for the best possible case interview preparation. You will be able to find case partners to practice online and always be on top of the latest insights and news regarding consulting jobs and top consulting firms.

As a PrepLounge member, you will receive access to all these perks. PrepLounge will accompany you all the way from your application through to your contract negotiation. You strongly diminish your chance of success without sufficient preparation. Invest in your future and give yourself the best chance at acing your case interview! Exchange your experience with peers from all around the world in our  Consulting Q&A . Join our case interview community today and embark on your journey into consulting!

Oliver Wyman Case: Full Electrons Ahead

Simon-Kucher Case: GST Cruise Company

Deloitte Case: Footloose

Oliver wyman case: setting up a wine cellar.

zeb case: Quo vadis, customer?

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The Most Common Pitfalls in Case Interview Preparation

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Consulting Interview Questions

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McKinsey PEI (Personal Experience Interview)

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• Case Interview Examples 2020 - MyConsultingCoach

Practice makes perfect , and a successful case interview preparation will largely be a matter of practice! Case interview examples are a great resource to build your skills and improve performance. Initially, just reading through (or watching - see below!) example cases will help you understand what you are up against. As your interview preparation progresses, you can start solving these cases yourself and then working with others, using example case studies to simulate full consulting interviews.

To kickstart your preparation,  this article collects a whole host of free case interview examples. We start with what MyConsultingCoach has to offer before going on to look at other useful sources.

Fundamentals: Learning to solve case studies

Of course, before you can get stuck into cases, your first point of action is to get to grips with what exactly case interviews are, what you are up against and how to prepare for them. Our main Guide to Case Interviews is a perfect start here. In particular, we strongly recommend you avoid the old-fashioned case interview frameworks ( Case in Point and Case Interview Secrets are two well known examples), which are still hanging around and trading on name recognition, despite being thoroughly outmoded (we have an article here on why you should avoid Case in Point ).

Prep the right way

Down to Business: Case Practice

Now, once you are up to speed with what you need to know and have learnt how to crack cases in principle, there is no substitute for simply putting in the hours and getting through as many practice cases as you can . Eventually, case cracking should become second nature and you will be ready for whatever your interviewers throw at you!

Case Interview Examples from MCC

Of course, before we go any further, MyConsultingCoach provides a whole suite of case interview examples for you to draw upon. Rather than the standalone "paper" cases we list from outher sources below, our case studies can be used interactively within our meeting board for a significantly enhance

• Free Case Library  - A comprehensive and frequently updated bank of cases covering all styles and subject industries. This is the single best place to practice – whether solo or with a case partner from our meeting board...
• Free Meeting Board - When you practice cases with a partner on our meeting board, our system generates objective, quantified feedback across the key aspects of your case performance - simulating how your interviewer will assess you in real life. On your (free) dashboard on our site, feedback will also be displayed in aggregate over all the cases you have practised. The resulting performance tracker lets you see exactly where you are consistently letting yourself down and our system advises the right next steps to address your weaknesses:

• Video Case Examples : Our Case Academy course has example cases interspersed throughout video lessons, as well as specific lessons running through example entire case studies. Included is the McKinsey style interview-led case which you can watch below:

Case Examples from Elsewhere

Now, whilst we make it our job at MCC to provide everything you need for your case interview prep from A-Z, that's not to say there aren't other example cases out there which might be useful in helping you prepare for your consulting interview. We have collated all the other free case interview resources you may wish to check out. These might be useful, for instance, if you are applying to a specific firm and want to have looked at every available case for them. In total, there are over 2000 free cases here; so plenty to keep you busy!

Where can you find example cases?

There are two main sources of good quality case interview examples. The first is the consulting firms themselves. McKinsey, Bain,  BCG and other major firms want to see candidates at their best and so publish various example case studies on their sites to help familiarise applicants with the interview style and help them prepare. The other major source is business schools/universities and/or the student-run consulting clubs at those institutions. These often produce large numbers of cases to help students prepare to land management consulting jobs after graduation. Here, we collate the best examples from top institutions.

Formats: Casebooks, Interactive Cases and Case Interview Videos

Some cases are published as individual PDFs. However, the numerical bulk of publically available example cases can be found in casebooks. These can be put together both by consulting firms and by university consulting clubs.  As well as a number of example cases, they will often include advice on how to answer case questions in general. In some instances, the cases published by the firms themselves will be interactive for a much more immersive experience. Firms and business schools have also produced some videos either running through case studies or acting out entire case interviews in a realistic setting. These are especially useful to watch at the start of your preparation to get a clear idea of what a case interview is like and what you are preparing for.

Consulting Firm Video Case Examples

These are a great way to get a real feel for what interview day will be like.

Bain, in particular, have a couple of excellent videos showing what case interviews look like and how they are assessed:

LEK also produce some excellent case study videos:

It is worth mentioning that, beyond these example cases, consulting firms often put out a great deal of other useful video content, covering other aspects of the selection process as well as like in the firm and explaining consulting projects they have been engaged on. As such, consultancies' YouTube and similar content can be well worth a look for applicants. Certainly, the video format can help to give you a better "feel" for the companies and the subjects they are talking about beyond simply reading cold, hard text.

Individual Cases from Consultancies

Now, on to more typical sample cases. We’ll start with individual cases. Some of these are simply PDF downloads, but several are more immersive, interactive experiences.

• A T Kearney Promotion Planning Case Question
• BCG Genco Case Question
• BCG Foods Inc Case Question
• Deloitte Finance Strategy Case Question
• Deloitte Retail Strategy Case Question
• McKinsey National Education Case Question
• McKinsey GlobaPharm Case Question
• McKinsey Electro-Light Case Question
• McKinsey Diconsa Case Question
• OC&C Leisure Club Case Question
• OC&C Imported Spirits Case Question
• Oliver Wyman Aqualine Case Question
• Oliver Wyman Wumbleworld Case Question

Everything you need in one place

Firm Casebooks and Case Interview Guides

 Some of these casebooks are also interactive and generally should be required reading if you are applying to one of these firms.

• AT Kearney Consulting Casebook
• Accenture Casebook
• BCG Interactive Case Library
• Bain Interview Guide and Case Library
• Bain Written Case Guide
• Capital One Case Study Guide
• PWC Strategy& University Presentation (including case questions)

University Casebooks

Where business schools and their consulting clubs excel is in generating very large numbers of cases. These migth not be interactive, but provide plenty of material for those taking a "brute force" approach of crunching through as many case studies as possible.

• UC Berkeley Consulting Casebook 2006
• Columbia Business School Consulting Casebook
• Darden School of Business Consulting Casebook
• Duke University
• 2011 Duke Consulting Casebook
• 2014 Duke Consulting Casebook
• ESADE Consulting Casebook
• Goizueta Business School Consulting Casebook
• University of Illinois Consulting Casebook
• London Business School Consulting Casebook
• MIT Consulting Casebook
• University of Notre Dame Consulting Casebook
• Ross School of Business Consulting Casebook
• Wharton Consulting Casebook

University Case Videos

A few business schools and consulting clubs have created genuinely useful case interview videos. A couple of the better examples are shown below. Production standards can be slightly lower than their corporate equivalents, but the content remains excellent.

Kenan-Flagler

This is the first in a series of videos from the Kenan-Flagler Consulting Club, which you can view in full here .

Prepping the right way

Mastering case cracking is a lot like learning a language. The more you practice, the better - however, that practice will be no good if you don't have the basics in place first . Someone who doesn't speak a word of Russian could listen to Russian radio all day every day for a year and learn nothing. However, if they already had the basics of vocabulary and grammar in place, listening to Russian radio would be a great way to cement and build their understanding of that language.

Precisely the same is true of case studies - you need to understand how to solve them properly before practice will be really useful.

The best place to get all the business background (your consulting "vocabulary") and reasoning skills (your consulting "grammar") is with our MCC Academy case interview course. There we take you from finance and accounting basics, right through advanced reasoning skills, consulting math and our Problem Driven Structure case method . Far from the old-fashioned, unreliable frameworks many unsuccessful candidates prep with, our method has been devised as a streamlined, four-step version of the seven-step roadmap used by McKinsey consultants on real engagements.

You can learn more about MCC Academy here , as well as in the video below:

Practice with the best

Practising with a partner - perhaps one from o ur meeting board - beats practising solo. However, with the best will in the world, there is only so much you and another candidate with no actual consulting experience are going to be able to give one another in terms of feedback.

If you have invested the time to learn how to crack cases properly, it makes sense to then practice properly as well. The very best way to simulate a real consulting interview and to receive the kind of detailed feedback to really get up to the required level is to practice with a real consultant . Nobody else will be able to give you better feedback or help you progress so rapidly. Indeed, we find that receiving professional case coaching is the single largest difference-maker in terms of candidates landing job offers .

MyConsultingCoach offers the best quality coaching experience on the market . Instead of some shady directory of unvetted freelancers, we select all our coaches to have at least two year's consulting experience with either McKinsey, Bain or BCG, as well as existing coaching expertise. Our coaching experience is then designed to sync with the MCC Academy and other resources, providing a seamless learning experience.

Our feedback is provided via our advanced Performance Radar tool. This combines your coach's qualitative feedback with a statistical, quantitative assessment of your progress across key areas - just like we showed for our meeting board above, but assessed directly by a real, MBB consultant. This ensures you know exactly which skill areas to target, with MCC learning resources ready to help you do so.

Learn more about our coaching here.

Mentoring: Maximal Efficiency and Complete Peace of Mind

For those of you are taking your prep truly seriously, MyConsultingCoach also offers comprehensive mentoring programmes. Here, an experienced MBB consultant takes personal charge of planning and overseeing your whole preparation; editing your resume and cover letter if required, guiding you through our course material and planning when you should be having coaching sessions.

Not only does this offer the best possible chance of successfully landing a job, but it is also the most efficient way to use the time you have to prepare. This is especially important for time-poor professionals aiming to transition to management consulting from other high-workload jobs - or for busy students trying to balance interview prep with studying for finals. Where your time is scarce, you need to make sure that every hour you can spend on prep is used optimally.

Looking for an all-inclusive, peace of mind program?

Candidates who sign up to our free services are 3 times more likely to land a job in one of their target firms . How?

• We teach how to solve cases like consultants , not through frameworks
• Our Meeting Board lets you practice with peers on 100+ realistic, interactive cases.
• Our AI mentor creates a personalised study roadmap to give you direction.
• All the advice you need on resume, cover letter and networking.

We believe in fostering talent, that’s why all of the above is free .

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Case Interview Preparation

Perform at your best during your case interview., bcgers share their case study interview tips., follow these dos and don ’ ts to ace your case prep:, test your case interview skills with these interactive quizzes..

• The 1%: Conquer Your Consulting Case Interview
• Consulting Career Secrets
• Cover Letter & Resume
• McKinsey Solve Game (Imbellus)
• BCG Online Case (+ Pymetrics, Spark Hire)
• Bain Aptitude Tests (SOVA, Pymetrics, HireVue)
• Kearney Recruitment Test
• All-in-One Case Interview Preparation
• Industry Cheat Sheets
• Structuring & Brainstorming
• Data & Chart Interpretation
• Case Math Mastery
• McKinsey Interview Academy
• Brainteasers

Case Interview Examples (2024): A Collection from McKinsey and Others

Last Updated on January 11, 2024

Whenever you prepare for case interviews, you have to practice as realistically as possible and mimic the real case study interview at McKinsey , BCG , Bain , and others. One way to do this and make your preparation more effective is to practice real cases provided by the firms you apply to.

It will help you to understand what the differences are across firms, how they structure and approach their cases, what dimensions are important to them, and what solutions they consider to be strong.

Below is a steadily expanding selection of real case interview examples provided by different management consulting firms.

Before wasting your money on case interview collection books that use generic cases, use original cases first. Additionally, use professional case coaches, who interviewed for the top firms , to mimic the real interview experience and get real, actionable feedback to improve.

Please be aware that cases are just one part of a typical consulting interview. It is equally important to prepare for behavioral and fit interview questions .

McKinsey Case Interview Examples

• Loravia – Transforming a national education system
• SuperSoda – Electro-light product launch
• GlobaPharm – Pharma R&D
• Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation – Diconsa financial services offering
• Beautify – Customer approach
• Shops – DEI strategy
• Talbot Trucks – Electric truck development
• Conservation Forever – Nature conservation

We have written a detailed article on the McKinsey application process, the McKinsey interview timeline, the typical McKinsey case interview, and the McKinsey Personal Experience interview here . You can expect similar cases regardless of your position (e.g. in a McKinsey phone case interview or interviewing for a McKinsey internship as well as a full-time BA, Associate, or Engagement Manager role).

Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Case interview Examples

• Consumer Goods – Climate strategy
• Banking – Client satisfaction
• Consumer Goods – IT strategy
• Chateau Boomerang – Written case

Bain and Company case interview examples

• NextGen Tech
• FashionCo .

Ace the case interview with our dedicated preparation packages.

Deloitte Case Interview Examples

• Federal Agency – Engagement strategy
• Federal Benefits Provider – Strategic vision
• Apparel – Declining market share
• Federal Finance Agency – Architecture strategy
• MedX – Smart pill bottle
• Federal Healthy Agency – Finance strategy
• LeadAuto – Market expansion
• Federal Bureau – Talent management

Strategy& Case Interview Examples

• Strategy& tips and examples  (case examples included )

Accenture Case Interview Examples

• Accenture interview tips and examples (case examples included )

Kearney Case Interview Examples

• Promotional planning

Roland Berger Case Interview Examples

• Transit-oriented development Part 1
• Transit-oriented development Part 2
• 3D printed hip implants Part 1
• 3D printed hip implants Part 2

Oliver Wyman Case Interview Examples

• Wumbleworld – theme park
• Aqualine – boats

LEK Case Interview Examples

• Video case interview example (currently unavailable)
• Market sizing video example
• Brainteaser (scroll to the bottom of the page)

Simon Kucher Case Interview Examples

• Smart phone pricing

OC&C Case Interview Examples

• Imported whiskey in an emerging market – business strategy
• Leisure clubs – data interpretation

Capital One Case Interview Examples

• How to crack case interviews with Capital One (includes case examples)

Bridgespan Case Interview Examples

• Robinson Philanthropy – Strategy
• Reach for the Stars – Student success
• Home Nurses for New Families – Expansion strategy
• Venture Philanthropy – Charity

Consulting Clubs Case Interview Books

Contact us at [email protected] for a collection of consulting club case interview books (from Harvard, ESADE, LBS, Columbia, etc.).

How We Help You Ace Your Case Interviews

We have specialized in placing people from all walks of life with different backgrounds into top consulting firms both as generalist hires as well as specialized hires and experts. As former McKinsey consultants and interview experts, we help you by

• tailoring your resume and cover letter to meet consulting firms’ highest standards
• showing you how to pass the different online assessments and tests for McKinsey , BCG , and Bain
• showing you how to ace McKinsey interviews and the PEI with our video academy
• coaching you in our 1-on-1 sessions to become an excellent case solver and impress with your fit answers (90% success rate after 5 sessions)
• preparing your math to be bulletproof for every case interview
• helping you structure creative and complex case interviews
• teaching you how to interpret charts and exhibits like a consultant
• providing you with cheat sheets and overviews for 27 industries .

Reach out to us if you have any questions! We are happy to help and offer a tailored program to help you break into consulting.

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Florian spent 5 years with McKinsey as a senior consultant. He is an experienced consulting interviewer and problem-solving coach, having interviewed 100s of candidates in real and mock interviews. He started StrategyCase.com to make top-tier consulting firms more accessible for top talent, using tailored and up-to-date know-how about their recruiting. He ranks as the most successful consulting case and fit interview coach, generating more than 500 offers with MBB, tier-2 firms, Big 4 consulting divisions, in-house consultancies, and boutique firms through direct coaching of his clients over the last 3.5 years. His books “The 1%: Conquer Your Consulting Case Interview” and “Consulting Career Secrets” are available via Amazon.

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Case Interview Prep (7 steps to an offer at McKinsey, BCG, etc.)

Today we're going to explain how to prepare for case interviews, step-by-step.

We've helped thousands of candidates ace their consulting interviews and get jobs at top firms. Below we've summarised the seven most important preparation steps you'll need to take to succeed in your case interviews.

And here's one of the first things you'll want to know:

Memorising pre-made frameworks will NOT impress your interviewers. You need to learn to create custom frameworks that are tailored to the details of each individual case. We'll cover this in more detail in  section 2.2 below. 

Here's an overview of your seven preparation steps:

• Learn what to expect in a consulting case interview
• Learn an answer method for each case component
• Solve practice cases (33 free example cases)
• Improve your case interview technique
• Prepare answers to fit and PEI questions
• Practise answering questions out loud
• Do 30+ mock interviews

You can use this guide as a launchpad for all your case interview prep. When you need to go deeper into a topic (such as using frameworks, case examples, specific firms, even what to wear, etc.), just click on the relevant link.

Click here to practise with MBB ex-interviewers

How we wrote this article

We talked to six expert consultants from top firms: Bain, Oliver Wyman, EY, and Accenture. Our particular thanks to John, Garvit , Adrian , and Kai for their input.

We've updated the article numerous times over the last few years to make sure it's up-to-date with current case interview practices and to try and make it as easily digestible and useful for you as possible.

Step 1. Learn what to expect in a consulting case interview

1.1 what is a case interview.

Case interviews (sometimes called case study interviews) are used by consulting firms to test candidates on their problem-solving, maths, communication, and business sense skills. They usually last ~1 hour and they are the core of the consulting interview process.

1.2 What is the format of a case interview?

In a case interview, you are presented with a case study about an imaginary company facing a problem or challenge. You'll need to review the information, ask questions to get more information, and then provide recommendations on what actions the company should take.

Most case interviews are made up of the following six components:

• Framework development
• Framework exploration
• Quantitative question
• Brainstorming
• Recommendation

Depending on what firm you're interviewing for, the interviewer may control the case interview by asking you a list of questions, or you may be expected to take the initiative in the discussion.

Some firms, such as Bain and BCG, also use case presentations. In these, you are given a couple of hours to analyse a pack of documents and create a presentation (you can learn how to prepare for that in our guide to written case interviews ).

1.3 Why do consulting firms use case interviews?

Case interviews aim to simulate, as accurately as possible, the day-to-day of a management consultant. If a candidate does well, the interviewer can be fairly confident that they've got what it takes to succeed in the role.

"Case interviews are the best way for a consulting company to simulate what a day in the life of a consultant looks like. Right from giving questions that they have encountered working with their clients to testing the skills that are needed to succeed in this role. Case interviews help consulting firms understand if the candidate is someone they can put in front of their client and is fit to represent the brand that the company carries." Garvit (manager at EY )

Let's take another look at those six components of case interviews. Garvit explained to us that at each stage, you're being tested on a different set of skills as you work your way toward satisfactorily solving the problem.

• Prompt (ability to filter information and focus on a relevant topic)
• Framework development (problem-solving skills)
• Framework exploration (problem-solving skills)
• Quantitative question (quantitative and analytical ability)
• Brainstorming (creative thinking skills)
• Recommendation (business sense)

1.4 Are case interviews the same across all consulting firms?

There are generally two styles of case interviews used across all main consulting firms: candidate-led and interviewer-led.

Candidate-led (used by Bain, BCG, Oliver Wyman, and almost all other firms): In this format, interviewers give you more control over the pace of the interview. You're expected to take the initiative and lead the way to solving the problem.

Interviewer-led (used by McKinsey): In this format, interviewers tend to control the pace of the interview much more. They will have a list of questions about the case they want to go through with you, and will take you from one question to the next. If they feel you spend too much time on one question, they might interrupt you and ask the next question.

Some consultants say that candidate-led interviews are harder because you have to take charge.

    " You're responsible for not only solving the case but also for guiding the discussion, asking the right questions, and managing the flow of information. This format demands a high level of organization, critical thinking, and the ability to prioritize information effectively. It's challenging because you must identify what's important without much guidance, decide on the direction of your analysis, and keep the conversation focused on relevant areas. This autonomy in structuring your response tests your analytical skills and business intuition more deeply, as you have to navigate the case with minimal cues from the interviewer. " Adrian (ex-BCG interviewer )

  Another difference between firms is that Bain tends to use a lot more charts in its case interviews compared to McKinsey, BCG, and others. John (ex-Bain interviewer) tells us that " at Bain, you could easily see three to six charts in one case, or even more. "

For more information on interviews at specific firms, see our bespoke interview guides:

• McKinsey case interview guide
• Bain case interview guide
• BCG case interview guide
• Oliver Wyman case interview guide
• Deloitte case interview guide
• EY case interview guide
• Accenture case interview guide
• PWC Strategy& case interview guide

1.5 What's the difference between first- and second-round case interviews?

Kai (ex-interviewer at EY and Accenture) explained that there are, in  fact, significant differences between first- and second-round case interviews:

• Structure: Second-round interviews can often be more unstructured, without any graphs or exhibits, more focused on the brainstorming and creativity part, and on testing your business judgment.
• Complexity: Second-round case interviews may involve more complex cases or scenarios compared to the first round. This is because candidates have already demonstrated basic problem-solving abilities in the initial round.
• Depth of analysis: Second-round interviews may require candidates to delve deeper into their analysis and recommendations, exploring various aspects of the problem in greater detail.
• Behavioural questions: While first-round interviews often focus solely on case studies, second-round interviews may include a behavioural component, such as discussing past experiences or fit with the company culture.

There is also a difference regarding who will be interviewing you.  You can expect a first-round case interview to be run by an Associate (2+ years of experience) or an Engagement Manager (4+ years of experience). In contrast, in the second round, you'll be interviewed by Partners (+10 years of experience) who are more likely to ask you tougher questions.

In theory, the firm takes into account your performance at both first- and second-round interviews when making final offer decisions. However, in practice, your performance during the second round carries more weight.

This is simply because Partners will have a stronger voice when the recruiting group discusses your application. It is therefore particularly important that you do well at your second-round interviews.

Ste p 2. Learn an answer method for each case interview component

We have analysed hundreds of case interviews over the past few years. And the vast majority of them are structured using the six components that we already mentioned.

The key to success is therefore clear:

If you learn how to consistently crack each component individually, then you will be able to crack case interviews as a whole.

Let's get into the first one.

2.1 Case prompt

The objective of a case interview is for you to solve a business problem. So, during the first few minutes of the interview, your interviewers will lay out the situation of the company you're trying to help. This is called the prompt.

Case prompt example

Your client is a car manufacturer whose profits have been going down. The CEO hired you to help turn the situation around. 

You should always begin this part of the interview by summarising the situation back to your interviewers to ensure you’ve properly understood the most important details.

Then you can begin asking follow-up questions. 

In this example, you might want to ask follow-up questions like these:  

• How much have profits been declining?
• When did the decline begin? 
• What is the nature of the decline? Have they been declining at 1% per year for the past 5 years, or is it a recent and sudden 20% drop? 
• What’s the CEO’s objective? For example, are they aiming to just stop the profit decline or do they want to reverse the trend?

The answer to these questions will significantly influence how you solve the case. This part of the case interview aims to test your listening skills and whether you are taking the time to make sure you understand a problem before trying to solve it.

Now here is a summary of the steps you should take in reaction to the case prompt to set yourself up for a successful answer:

Case prompt - IGotAnOffer method

• Confirm your understanding
• Emphasise key elements
• In scope vs out of scope

2.2     Framework development

Once the situation has been established from the case prompt, the second step is to develop a framework.   

Framework development question example

What are the different areas you would look at to identify the cause of declining profits and turn the situation around?

In the car manufacturer example, your framework could have one branch on revenues and one branch on costs. By definition, profits will have gone down because of declining revenues, increasing costs, or both. And you need to look at both sides of the equation for your analysis to be comprehensive.

During a case interview, it often helps to literally draw your framework out on a piece of paper. This will help you organise your thoughts, and it will also help you explain your thinking to the interviewer because you can simply show them the paper and walk them through the details. 

A common mistake a lot of candidates make is to memorise   specific frameworks   and reuse them as-is in their interviews. Interviewers immediately spot and penalise candidates who do this because the objective of the framework question is to test your creativity and business acumen – not your ability to memorise frameworks!

As a result, you should focus your energy on learning to develop customised frameworks that address the information you gather in each case interview.

This might sound a little bit intimidating at first, but it becomes easy with practice.

Here’s an overview of the process you can use to solve any framework development question you encounter in your interviews:

Framework development - IGotAnOffer method

• Step 1: Ask for time to gather your thoughts
• Extract the main elements from the case question
• Break down the main elements into components
• Spin your paper around
• Begin with an overview
• Highlight 3-5 considerations for each branch
• Summarise your points
• Prioritise next steps

2.3 Framework exploration

Once you’ve set up your framework, your interviewer will sometimes ask you to identify the root cause of the issue faced by your client. This is what we call the framework exploration component.

It’s worth mentioning that McKinsey usually doesn’t ask you to do this, but other firms such as BCG, Bain, etc. might do.

Framework exploration example

Can you explore your framework to find the root cause of the profits issue faced by the company?

The best method for identifying the root cause within a case is to explore your framework using a hypothesis-led approach.

For example, you might start by saying: “My initial hypothesis is that the profits issue faced by the company is driven by revenues.” You would then investigate the revenue side of your framework to identify if that’s where the root cause of the issue is. If revenues have been stable and are not the cause of the issue, you would then update your hypothesis and move on to the cost side.

For an example of this hypothesis-led approach, check out the BCG & Bain case extract we recorded previously:  

Since this method is focused on identifying the root cause, you can't get framework exploration questions in cases without an underlying issue. For example, it won’t come up in market entry or new product launch cases. 

To summarise, here’s the repeatable process you can use for solving framework exploration questions:

Framework exploration - IGotAnOffer method

• Pick a framework branch
• Hypothesise that the branch is the root cause of the problem
• If hypothesis is invalid: cross out the branch and update your hypothesis
• If hypothesis is valid: continue digging down

2.4 Quantitative questions

In each case interview, you will likely have to solve quantitative questions. The aim of these questions is to assess how comfortable you are solving problems with data. Broadly speaking, there are two types of quantitative questions:

2.4.1 Quantitative question with data provided

The first is quant questions where you will be provided with data. This data usually comes in the form of graphs and tables or can also be provided by your interviewer orally.

Quantitative question with data provided example

Data provided: table with volume and price for top cars sold by the company.

What do you think is happening with revenues based on the data available in this table?

This is the stage of case interviews where it becomes essential for you to be quick and accurate with mental maths. 

Almost every candidate will need a mathematics refresher prior to their interviews. Plus, there are some handy shortcuts you can learn to help you make calculations more easily. Check out our free   case interview maths guide   to learn more.  

Here are the 4 steps that we recommend you take for each quantitative question you encounter:

Quantitative questions - IGotAnOffer method

• Step 1: Map out your calculations in advance
• Make data assumptions (only if necessary)
• Step 3: Sense check your results (optional)
• Step 4: Relate back to the initial question and suggest next steps

2.4.2 Quantitative question with no data provided

The second type of quantitative question is where you are not provided with any data.   

Quantitative question with no data provided example

Could you estimate the market size for cars in the US by making assumptions?

This is the other type of question that isn’t typically used by McKinsey (this one and framework exploration), but other firms like BCG and Bain do ask this type of question.

The process for solving a quant question without any data is exactly the same as solving a quant question with data, except now you’ll be using the sub-step under step 2 below: 

If you’re not sure where to start with making data estimations, then we’d encourage you to study the process described in our   market sizing question guide . 

2.5 Creativity questions

At some point during your interview, you will also be tested on your creativity. This type of question is very open-ended. There are no right or wrong answers. 

Creativity question example

Now that we know that the profit decline is driven by a decrease in number of SUVs sold, what are some of the ideas you have to turn the situation around?

Creativity questions aim to test your ability to generate new ideas and solutions in a pressured environment, but you need to do this in a structured way, rather than just throwing some ideas around.

Here’s the basic process for answering a creativity question systematically:

Creativity questions - IGotAnOffer method

• Step 2: Brainstorm within a mini-framework
• Step 3: Prioritise your ideas and highlight potential risks

2.6 Recommendation

The last component of every case interview is the recommendation. As the name suggests, this is the part of the interview where you’ll be asked to summarise your findings and explain what the client should do.

Recommendation example

The CEO of the car manufacturer gives you a call and asks you for your final recommendation.

What would you say?

For instance, you might recommend that your client solves their profit issue by launching new products that can increase revenues. 

Regardless of what you recommend, there is a particular structure that you should use to deliver a thoughtful recommendation. Here it is: 

Recommendation - IGotAnOffer method

• Step 2: Give your recommendation first
• Step 3: Then provide 3-5 supporting arguments
• Step 4: Outline next steps and potential risks

Step 3. Solve practice cases (33 free example cases)

The best way to master the case interview process we've outlined above is to practise with realistic example cases. 

Below are several example cases for leading consultancies to get you started.

3.1 McKinsey case interview examples

• Beautify case interview   (McKinsey website)
• Diconsa case interview   (McKinsey website)
• Talbot Trucks case interview   (McKinsey website)
• Shops Corporation case interview   (McKinsey website)
• Conservation Forever case interview   (McKinsey website)
• Loravia Education case (McKinsey website)
• Electro-Light case (McKinsey website)
• McKinsey case interview guide   (by IGotAnOffer)
• McKinsey live case interview extract (by IGotAnOffer)
• McKinsey case example  (by CaseCoach) - see below

3.2 BCG case interview examples

• Climate case (BCG website)
• Digital strategy (BCG website)
• IT architecture strategy (BCG website)
• Chateau Boomerang written case interview  (BCG website)
• BCG case interview guide   (by IGotAnOffer)
• Written cases guide   (by IGotAnOffer)
• BCG live case interview with notes (by IGotAnOffer)
• BCG mock case interview with ex-BCG consultant: Revenue problem case (by IGotAnOffer) - see below

3.3 Bain case interview examples

• CoffeeCo practice case   (Bain website)
• FashionCo practice case   (Bain website)
• Associate Consultant mock interview video   (Bain website)
• Case interview tips   (Bain website)
• Bain case interview guide   (by IGotAnOffer)
• Bain live case interview extract (by IGotAnOffer)
• Consultant mock interview video   (Bain website)
• Revenue case with ex-Bain manager (by IGotAnOffer) - see below

3.4 Deloitte case interview examples

• Engagement Strategy practice case (Deloitte website)
• Recreation Unlimited practice case (Deloitte website)
• Strategic Vision practice case (Deloitte website)

3.5 Other case interview examples

• Yale SOM consulting club - Playworks case (YouTube)
• Yale SOM consulting club - Airlines case (YouTube)
• Fully interactive mock case (by CaseBinge) - see below

If your target firm isn't included above, or if you want even more practice cases, check out our list of   47 case interview examples . This list includes free cases for other firms like Accenture, Oliver Wyman, PWC, Roland Berger, etc. There are several more McKinsey cases there as well.

Step 4. Improve your case interview technique

Interviewing is a skill in itself, and that applies even more so when you're in a case interview. So once you've practised using the methods we outlined above, take the time to polish your interview technique and make sure you're following these best practices:

Tip #1: Listen carefully and ask clarification questions

At the beginning of the case, your interviewer will lay out the situation of the company you are trying to help (e.g.: Coca-Cola's profits have decreased by 10% over the past 12 months). Your job in that part of the interview is to make sure that you understand the situation correctly by asking the right clarification questions (e.g.: In which countries have profits declined? And for which products?).

This is what partners at McKinsey and other firms do with clients. They sit down with them, listen carefully to the problem they have, and ask clarification questions before trying to solve the problem. They do this because it's impossible to solve a business problem you don't understand in detail. And you should therefore follow a similar approach in your cases.

Tip #2: Structure, structure, structure

Once you understand the situation in detail, your interviewer will expect you to put together a framework that you will use to solve the problem your client is facing. For instance, if your client is facing a profits issue, your interviewer will expect you to look into 1) potential revenue issues and 2) potential cost issues because profits issues can be due to one or both of these factors.

Consultants use frameworks to structure their thinking all the time because it's client-friendly. If you don't solve the problem in a structured way, your client will probably lose track of what you are doing and be unhappy. If you solve it in a structured way, they will know what you are working on at all times and feel that you have things under control. Interviews are the same. If you structure your approach and communicate in a structured way, you'll have a happy interviewer!

Tip #3: Don't reuse frameworks

We mentioned this in section 2 but it's worth repeating because so many candidates fall into this trap: don't reuse generic frameworks. As we explain in our case frameworks guide , interviewers will immediately notice if you do this and you will get penalised. Each case is unique, and you should therefore create a custom framework for every case you do. This might sound difficult, but it actually isn't if you take the right approach.

Tip #4: Think before speaking

Consultants sell advice. Once you have said something, it's hard to take it back. One of the things you learn as a junior consultant is to think first, decide how you are going to say what you want to say, and then finally say it. If you can do that well in your interviews, it will truly set you apart. In practice, it means that you should take some time to organise your thoughts before speaking and that you should avoid jumping to conclusions.

Tip #5: Try to convey confidence

We know this one is hard, but conveying confidence can make a big difference in your interviews. We all have doubts, and we are all stressed when we interview. It's perfectly normal. But you should try to keep these doubts and stress to yourself. You should try to look your interviewer in the eye and speak as confidently as possible. Conveying confidence is a core consulting skill and if you can do it in your interviews, it will take you a long way!

Tip #6: Brush up your maths

Virtually all case interviews involve doing maths computations without a calculator. Having rusty maths at the beginning of your preparation is normal. But in our experience, successful candidates take some time to brush up their maths when they start practicing. You should take the time to refresh your memory and be 100% comfortable doing basic additions, subtractions, divisions, multiplications, and growth rate calculations mentally. We really encourage you to take the time to do this. Trust us, it's worth it!

Tip #7: Don't calculate silently

When you're on the numerical part of the case, it can be tempting to go quiet as you do calculations in your head. This is a mistake. " It's much better if you can keep your interviewer engaged in your thought process and speak your calculations out loud ", says Garvit (ex-interviewer at EY) .

Tip #8: Draw conclusions

As we mentioned above, consultants get paid for their advice. One of the things clients hate is to pay a large sum of money and not get a clear answer about their problem. Even if they are halfway through the project, consultants avoid telling their clients: "We don't know yet." What they say instead is: "Based on what we have seen so far, our current hypothesis is that the profit decline you are experiencing is mainly driven by the Chinese market. We think this is the case for 3 reasons. Reason #1 is etc."

You need to do the same thing in your cases. At the end of the interview, your interviewer will ask for your conclusion. You can't dodge the question. You've got to give a clear answer with supporting arguments based on what you have learned doing the analysis. The trick is to caveat your answer with a sentence such as "Based on this initial analysis, etc." And to also highlight additional areas to explore to confirm that your current understanding is the right one.

Tip #9: Catch the hints

99% of interviewers have good intentions. They're here to help you perform at your best. During your interviews, they will give you hints about whether you are doing well or not. If they try to steer you in a direction, follow them - they're trying to help you. This might sound obvious, but candidates sometimes get so stressed out that they don't pick up on the hints interviewers give them.

Tip #10: Read up on business events

To pass a case interview, you don't necessarily need to be up to date on the latest business deals, but you can sometimes impress the interviewer if you bring in real-world knowledge. " I recommend to candidates that they try and know a bit about everything. Understanding current business and economic trends can help ," says Adrian (ex-BCG interviewer) .

Demonstrating interest and an ability to discuss business topics can also help answer fit or PEI questions, which we'll cover below.

Tip #11: Do targeted drills as well as mocks

You'll want to do plenty of mock interviews as part of your preparation, but don't think that you should only practise full-length interviews. John (ex-Bain manager) recommends doing targeted drills to ensure you are improving on your blind spots. He says, " For example, if you are consistently strong at chart clearing and brainstorming, but you tend to omit key points in your framework and often make one or two math mistakes, you need to focus on specific exercises targeting framework improvement and math accuracy. " 

Step 5. Prepare answers to fit and PEI questions

During case interviews, you'll typically be asked a few behavioural   questions in addition to the case-related questions we covered above. So, in order for your overall case interview to be successful, you'll need to be prepared to answer behavioural questions. 

Behavioural interview questions can be categorised into two buckets:

• Fit questions . These are generic questions such as “Why consulting?” or “Why McKinsey / BCG / Bain?”
• Personal experience interview (PEI) questions . These are questions such as “Tell me about a time when you led a team through a difficult situation,” or “Tell me about a time when you had to manage a team conflict” 

All firms ask a mix of these two types of questions, but some are more focused on one type than others. For instance,   McKinsey almost exclusively asks personal experience interview questions . But Bain tends to put much more focus on typical fit questions such as “ Why Bain? ”

While case questions are used to assess your problem-solving skills, fit and PEI questions are more focused on the three other attributes consulting firms look for: leadership abilities, entrepreneurial drive, and personal impact.

So what specific questions do you need to prepare for? We have analysed hundreds of interview questions on Glassdoor.com for McKinsey, BCG, and Bain and have summarised the most common questions below. 

5.1 Top 5 fit questions (and how to answer them)

Let’s walk through the top 5 fit questions you will come across in your interviews and briefly discuss each of them.

Please note that the percentages listed below are of total fit questions. For instance, for 100 fit questions, 26 will be “Why firm X?” As mentioned above, the balance between fit questions and PEI questions varies from firm to firm.

#1 Why firm X? (26% of fit questions)

If you've applied to BCG (for example), they'll want to know why you prefer their firm, and not McKinsey, Bain, or another company (even though you may have applied to them also!).

It's important to prepare an answer to this question that is totally unique to your target firm. This can be challenging if you don't think through it carefully because many consultancies (especially MBB) have a lot in common. 

For this reason, it's really useful to   talk to consultants you've met   about their firms, or to look at specific projects that your target firm has done. That will help you get more unique information that's not going to be the same across multiple firms. To learn more about preparing an answer for this type of question, visit our guides on the  Why McKinsey  / Why Bain / Why BCG  questions.

#2 Why consulting? (24% of fit questions)

Consulting is an intense job. Consulting firms will therefore want to check that you have actually done your homework and that you have thought about why you want to be a consultant.

There are   many great reasons to go into consulting . But here are our three favourite ones:

• You will work for senior execs early in your career.   This opportunity is unique. In most industry jobs, you have to wait for many years to have the same level of exposure to CEOs / CFOs.
• You will learn a lot - very quickly.   Changing industry and project every 3-6 months is one of the things that make the job challenging. But it also means your rate of learning will be much higher than in other industry jobs.
• You will work with bright people.   Getting into consulting is hard and as a result, your teammates will be extremely intelligent people. Consulting is one of the most stimulating environments you can be in.

#3 Introduce yourself / Walk me through your resume (14% of fit questions)

This question is a great opportunity to summarise what you have done in the past in a way that illustrates how you would make a great consultant. For instance, you could say something like:

“I’m   Chris, I’m currently doing a master’s degree in economics at Cambridge. I think I’ve done three things in my studies/career so far that are relevant to consulting and motivated me to apply for this job. First, etc. ”

You could then summarise   the three most relevant points on your consulting resume .

Read our detailed guide on how best to answer this question: 4 ways to answer "Walk me through your resume"

#4 Tell me something that’s not on your resume (6% of fit questions)

This question is particularly popular at Bain, and it helps your interviewers get to know you on a more personal level. They are trying to find out what kind of fun stuff you do outside of work. It could literally be anything: playing sports, being part of a band, writing a book, etc.

Exactly WHAT you do outside of work doesn't matter as much as   HOW you do it. Your interviewer will be looking for signs that you are pursuing that activity with passion, drive, and intensity.

For instance, imagine you say that you love basketball and you've set up a team with your friends, with matches and training every week. This shows passion, commitment, and organization skills, and suggests good social skills.

By contrast, imagine that you say you play basketball once or twice a month. Okay, it shows you're not a complete couch potato. But it doesn't really give the interviewer much else to go on and doesn't show passion or drive.

#5 Tell me about your greatest accomplishment (4% of fit questions)

Unless your interviewer specifies that it’s ok to talk about an accomplishment outside of work/university, you should stick to these two areas.

A great answer will focus on a recent achievement that’s relevant to the skills you need to be a good management consultant.

The best thing to do for this question is to reuse one of the stories you will be preparing for Personal Experience Interview questions, which we will cover   later in this guide.

#6 Other (26% of fit questions)

Finally, there is a long list of other fit questions that consulting firms ask, but they're not as common as the ones we've covered above.

If you have time towards the end of your preparation, after you've prepared thoroughly for case questions and the most common fit/PEI questions, we suggest coming back to the following additional fit questions:

• What are your strengths/weaknesses? (3% of fit questions)
• Where do you see yourself in 5 years? (3% of fit questions)
• What do consultants do, in your opinion? (2% of fit questions)
• Why do you want to work for this specific office? (2% of fit questions)

5.2 Top 5 PEI questions

Personal experience interview questions are different from fit questions because they are less generic. They aim at testing the SPECIFIC skills you need to be a good management consultant.

Here are the main five themes that you're likely to encounter in these personal experience interview questions:

#1 Leading others (23% of PEI questions)

E.g.: Tell me about a time you led a team through a difficult challenge

To answer questions about leadership, you'll want to be ready with examples of specific steps you took to solve a problem. It's good to emphasise teamwork and collaboration, but you need to be sure to outline your role as a leader and demonstrate that you're capable of making difficult decisions.

Don't feel you have to use an example where you were a designated leader. It can be just as effective to use an example where you took the lead even though it wasn't explicitly your responsibility to do so.

At the end of your answer, reflect on what this experience taught you about leadership and how it made you a better leader.

#2 Managing a team conflict/situation (22% of PEI questions)

E.g.: Tell me about a time you worked in a team and had to manage a conflict

Here you'll want to emphasise your approach of active listening, open communication, and impartiality. If you have experience working as a manager, demonstrate that you had processes in place for conflict resolution.

Showcase how you fostered teamwork and collaboration to find a mutually beneficial resolution.

#3 Managing a personal conflict (21% of PEI questions)

E.g.: Tell me about a time you had a disagreement with a colleague / your boss

Consulting firms are high-pressure environments, and professional disagreements are inevitable. The interviewer wants to see that you're honest enough to say so when you disagree with something, but that you also know when to give way when necessary.

It's probably easier to use a work-based disagreement in your example rather than talking about a clash of personalities, as the latter may end up giving the impression that you are difficult to deal with.

Demonstrate that you are a good listener and empathetic even when you disagree. Talk about specific steps you took to resolve the conflict and the lessons you learned.

#4 Influencing others (17% of PEI questions)

E.g.: Tell me about a time you changed the mind of a group of people/an individual

Persuasion is a key skill for a consultant. You'll need to persuade clients to adopt your recommendations, and you'll need to persuade team members that your strategies are the right ones.

Your interviewer will know that persuasion starts not with talking, but with listening. So a good answer might talk about how you took steps to properly understand why person X was convinced of Y, and then by addressing each of their concerns, you were able to convince them of Z.

#5 Overcoming challenges (11% of PEI questions)

E.g.: Tell me about a challenge you had to push yourself hard to overcome

Consulting firms want to hire people who will go the extra mile to get the job done well, and who rise to the challenge rather than feel out of their depth.

Choose an example of when you stepped out of your comfort zone. Describe how you sought additional resources, thought outside the box, invested extra time and effort, or even asked for help, in order to overcome the challenge.

If you're short on relevant work experience, feel free to use an example from university, sports, or any other personal project. The important thing here is to show that you're a resourceful problem-solver and are mentally strong in the face of setbacks.

#6 Other (7%)

See examples of what the "other" questions might be in our consulting interview questions guide .

5.3 How to prepare PEI stories

People remember stories. On the day of your interview, your interviewer will see six to eight other candidates, so you need to build memorable stories that will make you stand out.

There are multiple ways to tell a story, but we like to keep things relatively simple with the framework below:

• Situation : start by giving the necessary context
• Problem : outline the problem you / your team faced
• Solution: explain the solution you came up with to solve the problem
• Impact : if possible, quantify the impact you had in solving the problem
• Lessons : conclude with any lessons you learned in the process

Using this framework as a guide, we recommend preparing five specific stories that you can use to answer PEI questions during your interviews. 

By using this story-driven approach, you can typically use your stories for different types of questions, which will help you be ready regardless of the specific PEI questions you encounter. 

If you are preparing for McKinsey, we would also encourage you to read our article on   McKinsey PEI questions . The same five themes we covered above are used by McKinsey, but in slightly different proportions. And we also share common mistakes to avoid in that article.

Step 6. Practise answering questions out loud

Your answers to behavioural and case questions are important, but your interviewers will also be evaluating how you COMMUNICATE your answers. It's important to speak in a structured way and to avoid drifting off-topic or spending too much time on each question. 

We recommend that you practise by interviewing yourself out loud . Play the role of both the candidate and the interviewer, asking the questions and answering them, just like you would in an interview. 

This may sound strange, but it will help  you master the rhythm of case interviews. It will also help you to memorise the key details of your answers to behavioural questions, without any crutches (like notes, glancing at your resume, etc.). 

Do your best to replicate the conditions of a real case interview as much as you can. It might help to look in a mirror while you're giving your answers. You may even find it helpful to practise in the same clothes you intend to wear to your interview . 

As you go through this process, if you'd like a broader list of questions to practise with, you can check out our   consulting interview questions article .

Step 7. Do 30+ mock interviews

Practising by yourself is critical, but we all have gaps that we won't be able to identify without a partner that can see our performance more objectively. 

As a result, we recommend that you do as many mock interviews as possible before your interviews. We've found that most successful consulting candidates do 30+ mock interviews to prepare.

This probably sounds like a lot, and it is, but case interviews are a skill that is developed with experience.

7.1 Do mock interviews with friends and family

First, you can practise case interviews with friends, colleagues, or family. 

These are great ways to catch communication mistakes, but at some point, you'll probably notice that the feedback you are getting isn't helping that much anymore. 

Once you reach that stage, we recommend practising with ex-interviewers from top consultancies.

7.2 Do mock interviews with ex-interviewers

If you know a consultant who has experience running interviews at a top consulting firm, that's fantastic. Practise with them as much as you can!

But for most of us, it's tough to find the right connections to make this happen. And it might also be difficult to practise multiple hours with that person unless you know them really well.

Here's the good news. We've already made the connections for you. We’ve created a coaching service where you can practise 1-on-1 with ex-interviewers from leading consulting firms like McKinsey, BCG, Bain, etc. Book your consulting mock interview in a few clicks.

Deloitte Case Interview Guide 2024: Criteria, Technique & Tips

Deloitte is one of the “ Big Four ” – the world's four largest accounting and consulting firms. Competitive recruitment processes aside, successful candidates must pass through challenging consulting interviews called “ Case Interviews ”.

In this article, you will be guided through the building blocks of Deloitte’s Case Interviews, with special tips, techniques, examples, and more!

Overview of Deloitte case interview

Deloitte case interviews are often candidate-led . The candidate will be leading or taking control of every step ahead to solve the case. This includes structuring the problem, drawing frameworks, asking for data, synthesizing findings, and proposing solutions. 

The Deloitte case interview occurs in the last stages of Deloitte’s recruitment process. Candidates will encounter two Deloitte case interview types: individual case interview and group case interview.

What does Deloitte look for in candidates?

During the Deloitte case interviews, candidates are expected to demonstrate three crucial traits of a consultant: problem-solving skills, analytical ability, and strategic and logical thinking. 

Problem-solving skills: The point of hiring consultants is that they can break down business problems better than anyone else. The entire consulting industry rests on consultants' unique analytical problem-solving abilities.

Analytical ability: Strong analytical ability enables consultants to analyze complex business problems and generate meaningful insights. They can apply these skills to break down problems by identifying patterns, trends, and root causes, making them more manageable and easier to tackle. 

Strategic and logical thinking: Strategic and logical thinking enables consultants to make informed decisions, anticipate future change, and navigate complex business landscapes to deliver optimal solutions for their clients.

Deloitte case interviews occur in the last stage of the recruitment process

Deloitte recruitment process consists of three main stages: (1) online application, (2) online tests, and (3) interviews .

The whole process can take up to 2-3 months, for a job starting 6-12 months after application. Newer offices can speed up the process to meet the demands.

Online Application: The most important thing in this first stage is to prepare an outstanding consulting-style resume. Our free consulting resume templates helped thousands of candidates reach their consultant dream.

Online Tests: As part of the online application, you will have to sit through five tests. These include: Cognitive Test, Verbal Reasoning Ability Test , Numerical Reasoning Ability Test , Logical Reasoning Ability Test , and Psychometric Questionnaire.

Interviews: The candidate will go through two interview rounds. The first round will generally be a phone screen/face-to-face initial interview with a Talent Acquisition team member. The second round will be individual and group case interviews. The number of interviews depends on the service line and position candidates apply for.

In Deloitte case interviews, candidates usually have to go through one or two 30-60 minute individual case interviews and one 1-hour group case interview.

Deloitte individual and group case interview

Deloitte individual case interview is the standard type of case interview. Candidates will receive the case from the interviewer, which they need to define the issue and give solutions. Usually, there will be two cases for a 45-60 minutes session.

Deloitte group case interview is similar to other group case interviews at BCG, Bain, and three other Big Four firms. A group case interview will usually go through five stages:

Stage 1: You will be assigned to a group of 3–6 applicants.

Stage 2: The group will be given a case and relevant information to solve.

Stage 3: You will be given 10 minutes to examine the case and prepare alone or in collaboration with another team member.

Stage 4: The group will discuss case questions for 20 minutes while the interviewers observe and take notes.

Stage 5: The interviewers will ask questions about the cases in the next 20 minutes.

Deloitte case interview format is candidate-led

The Deloitte case interview is often a candidate-led case interview . The interviewer will present the issue and require the applicant to lead and control every stage to solve the case: structure the problem, develop frameworks, request data, synthesize results, and provide solutions.

Candidate-led cases focus on one big problem

In candidate-led cases, you have to figure out how to solve a big case . This is opposed to interviewer-led cases , where the interviewer presents smaller questions about the case to the candidate.

You should take a top-down approach - break the problem into small parts of the issue tree and tackle each one at a time. 

Candidate-led cases are flexible

In a candidate-led interview, the candidate can choose their own suitable approach.

The interviewer usually forms a “universe” of data on the client and their problems for you to explore. If your issue trees and solutions seem to go beyond the given information (in a good direction), the interviewer can “make up” new information on the spot to help you solve the case in your way.

Candidate-led cases focus less on being right

In a candidate-led interview, you put less emphasis on giving a definite “correct” answer and focus more on creating a structured, reasonable approach .

An “acceptable” margin of error is allowed in the candidate-led interview since you must break down the problems by yourself without much assistance from the interviewer.

Fundamental framework to solve Deloitte case interview

To solve the Deloitte case interview, you need to develop an issue tree to break down your case. To create a suitable issue tree, you can use common frameworks for case interviews: Profitability framework, Business situation framework, McKinsey M&A framework, 4P/7P marketing mix, and Porter’s five forces model. 

To further enhance your case interview performance, you can apply five effective tools (or mini-frameworks): External vs. Internal, Quantitative vs. Qualitative, Costs vs. Benefits, 2x2 Matrix, and SWOT analysis. 

Five common frameworks for case interview

Profitability framework is mostly used to mathematically break down problems before switching to the qualitative framework for solutions. To use the profitability framework, candidates will split profits into revenues and costs.

Business situation framework is used to analyze a company situation in four areas - Company, Competitor, Customer, and Products (3C-1P). This 3C-1P framework is flexible for many purposes; however, it may be too generic and need customization depending on the situation. 

McKinsey M&A framework is used to assess a proposed merger and/or acquisition on three aspects: standalone values of each involved company, their synergy, and other factors. This framework is MECE and promotes customizations, and is one of the best M&A frameworks. 

4P/7P marketing mix in marketing for tangible work analyzes the 4P - Product, Price, Place, and Promotion; while in service marketing, three other Ps will be added in - People, Process, and Physical evidence. This framework focuses on the marketing aspect, hence unsuitable for multi-function strategies. 

Porter’s five forces model analyzes the industry surrounding a business in five aspects - Suppliers, Customers, Competitors, New entrants, and Substitutes. This framework is used to get an industry overview and understand the client’s context.

Five effective tools for case interview

External vs. Internal method is quick and easy to segment information about a particular entity. The internal branch concerns what is inside or intrinsic to the entity, and the external branch concerns outside factors. 

Qualitative vs. Quantitative mini-framework is used for evaluations. Dividing items into two MECE groups reduces confusion and minimizes the risk of missing an essential item. 

Cost vs. Benefit in the decision-making process is very straightforward - if the benefits of an option outweigh its costs, that option can be chosen.

2x2 Matrix is a decision-making tool where options are examined using two criteria, each forming an axis of the matrix. 

SWOT analysis mini-framework is seldom used in case interviews for being too generic. However, it can be used to evaluate a company’s positioning within the industry context quickly. 

You can check our free article on Case Interview Framework to understand the common framework used in the case interview.

How to Prepare for Deloitte Case Interviews

Step 1: Familiarize with interviewer-led case examples

Deloitte has several sample cases on its website with guides and tips. You can also examine examples of similar candidate-led case interviews from BCG and Bain to familiarize yourself with the case flow and how to interact with the interviewer.

Step 2: Practice consulting math

Consultants work with quantitative data dozens of times a day. Pulling out a calculator every time they need to calculate something takes too long, and doing so in negotiations looks terrible.

This is why interviewers place such high emphasis on the mental math skills of prospective consultants.

In the beginning, consulting math can be difficult for some; nonetheless, I have a few tips for you to ease the process and still practice effectively:

Use Your Head: Do all your daily calculations mentally unless an EXACT answer is required.

Flatten the Learning Curve: At the start, scratch paper and a 5% margin of error help; once you are confident, discard the paper and narrow down the margin.

Establish a routine: Allocate some time for daily practice. This may seem hard at first, but you can feel the improvement once you’ve overcome the inertia.

Step 3: Develop Business Intuition

Having business intuition significantly sharpens your performance in case interviews.

Working on intuition is a gradual process that takes practice every day. You can improve your business intuition in two ways:

Written Sources: I suggest reading business papers daily; you can also visit McKinsey, Bain, and BCG websites for their excellent articles. Beware though – it’s not the pages you read that count, but the insights you draw from them.

First-hand Experience and Observations: Don’t just come to your workplace to work; examine what senior managers are doing – what’s the rationale for their decision, and how has it impacted the organization?

Step 4: Learn the fundamentals and frameworks

Practice using hypotheses and issue trees , the MECE principle , and the frameworks until you are comfortable using them– they are the backbone of candidate-led case interviews.

It might be tempting at first to go straight for the frameworks – if you make this common mistake, prepare for some unpleasant surprises in the interview. Frameworks need a lot of customizations to fit with real cases, and to customize effectively, you need that fundamental knowledge.

Of course, don’t draw an issue tree for all your daily problems – that’s just overkill, but remember to take a structured approach and picture an issue tree in your head while searching for your keys.

Step 5: Perform mock interviews

The best way to get good at something is to do it.

Best to find yourself a former consultant to help you practice; they’ve been through countless case interviews, both real and mock, and they know what’s required of a candidate, so they’re the best people to run your simulations with.

Study your cases down to the smallest details. Replay them repeatedly, take notes of the interviewer’s feedback, and look for other areas you can improve.

Want to learn more about interviewer-led cases and other secrets to smash through any case interview? Check out our Case Interview E2E Secret Program – Intuition, math, tips, and techniques for consulting case interviews, all in one comprehensive package! Book a coach who will show you how to improve your performance for more personalized practice.

Tips for the perfect Deloitte case interview

Nine tips for the perfect deloitte individual case interview.

Tip #1: Understand the procedure of a candidate-led case interview

There is a five-step procedure to approach the PwC candidate-led case interview. 

Taking the case: You need to take notes on all information regarding the clients and the case situation. Keep your notes organized to refer back to them easier.

Clarifying: You will have time to gain more information and/or clarify the points you haven’t fully understood about the cases.

Structuring: You will need to break down the case business problem into smaller components to create the issue tree , allowing you to solve it in an effective and cohesive manner.

Hypothesizing: You must develop the hypothesis based on evidence and available data about the problems and find the root cause. If the initial hypothesis in a branch of the issue tree no longer makes sense, go to the next branch. If the hypothesis matches, stick to it to find the root causes and solutions.

Pitching: The pitch is your case interview's final product, where you summarize all findings and recommendations to solve the case. You need to deliver the pitch in a structured, top-down manner.

Tip #2: Have a perfect case opening

There are four reasons to make a good case opening while you deliver your case interview:

First, it shows you have complete control of the upcoming problem-solving process, which is critical in candidate-led cases.

Second, you can demonstrate your whole leadership and relationships with proactiveness - aligning yourself with PwC's five qualities mentioned above.

Third, a good case opening creates a great first impression. Consultants are expected to perfect everything from the beginning to the end, so this could make a good head start for a 30-minute interview.

Finally, this is an opportunity to align during the interview. After the interviewer has outlined the case details, explain the case to the interviewer in your own words to ensure you grasp the issue and align with the interviewer.

Watch more: How to open a case perfectly?

Tip #3: Map your next moves

Pause occasionally to summarize where you are and where you’re going next. It gives you a sense of direction and authority; additionally, you get plus points in the interview for an organized approach. 

This also gives your interviewer a chance to help you with your mistake. If your interviewer gives you advice, take it – assume it’s intended to be helpful.

Tip #4: Be consistent with your intended hypotheses

Always speak with the current hypothesis in mind, and that hypothesis must be in the issue tree. The sole purpose of the hypothesis-driven approach is to have your efforts and problem-solving steps guided and structured. 

Therefore, to avoid being overwhelmed by piles of data in your case interview, do a sanity check by returning to your issue tree. If your action does not correspond to your present place on it, go back immediately!

Tip #5: Deliver your pitch in one structured manner

This is the most important tip because you need to show that you own the consultant qualities - being structured and straight to the point. Present your analyses in a perfect, insightful, top-down, concise, and captivating final pitch.

Find a way to structure the problem; this will guide your discussion with the interviewer. Briefly explain the framework you plan to use, allowing the interviewer to comment. In general, the simpler the framework, the better. Once the interviewer endorses your framework, stick to it.

To structure your speech:

Begin with a summary line that states the key takeaway/intention.

Separate what you want to say into distinct sections. As much as possible, avoid jumping back and forth between items.

Number your items so you and your interviewer can keep track of them. It's even better to specify how many things you'll be discussing beforehand.

Make your recommendation based on the conclusions you reached from your discussion, even if you are unsure with so little data and time to discuss all the issues.

Tip #6: Make a personalized script

Make a script of what you will say and rehearse it a hundred times. Practice all of the formulaic phrases, such as the opening or data request. With enough practice, those lines will become second nature to you.

The secret to seeming professional in a case interview is to talk in a systematic and formal manner. Using scripts also saves brainpower, which you will undoubtedly want in case interviews.

Tip #7: Keep your notes organized

Neat note-taking greatly assists with your train of thought, making storing and organizing information easier. You're also demonstrating to the interviewer that you're well-organized and meticulous.

Divide your notes into three categories to make them easier to read and interpret: data, presentation, and scratch paper. When the interview begins, take three pieces of paper and name them appropriately. Here is the content that should be on each type of note:

Datasheet: note down and process any data the interviewer gives you and your calculations.

Presentation sheets: draft things you’ll say to the interviewer.

Scratch paper: anything else you need to write, such as brainstorming ideas.

Tip #8: Avoid long pauses

Take a minute to think; don't be afraid of the silence. If you need silence to think, ask for a timeout or announce think-out-loud mode.

However, taking it too long will backfire, especially if you can’t come up with something worthy of the long wait. Use the pause prudently, and always try to think as fast as possible while still being “correct”. 

Tip #9: Find and ask for more insights

Try your best to be in-depth and comprehensive with your analysis. Always ask yourself, “Am I overlooking something?” and “Can I drill down further?”. 

This is also helpful when you are stuck in your analysis. You can try asking for insights from the interviewer (remember to state your purpose clearly) like this:

If you have a piece of data and don’t know what to make of it, ask for benchmarks to put the data into perspective.

If you are unsure which framework to employ, consider "segmentation" - look at how the customer or the industry often segments that item. If you need to know how they do it, ask the interviewer.

When you cannot see the problems in the case (probably resulting from the “MECE” of your issue tree), ask the interviewer nicely for a way out.

However, remember to manage your time well. If you take too long, the interviewer might force you to move on, and you will lose the time to solve the case holistically.

Four tips for the perfect Deloitte group case interview

You are being evaluated with many other candidates in group case interviews. So, how can you make yourself stand out? Here are six helpful recommendations to ace a group case interview.

Tip #1: Manage your ideas

Take your time processing the question and developing an orderly and structured response. If you allow yourself time to analyze, your answer will be more robust.

Ask the interviewer for a few minutes to organize your thoughts, but avoid excessive silence when necessary.

Try not to intervene forcefully while others are speaking in group interviews. If you have a brilliant idea, write it down. That way, the flash of brightness won't fade from your memory.

Tip #2: Decide whether your role is a leader or team member.

This is the decision that needs to be made on the spot - other candidates are going for the “leadership role” of the discussion. If you want to lead, go right at it. However, you can still demonstrate desirable consultant qualities even as a team member.

If you decide to be the team leader, emphasize your facilitator role.

It’s a good idea to be proactive in proposing what topics to discuss, in what order they should be addressed, and how much time should be allocated to each issue. You can bring the group’s focus back together if the group gets off track.

By the end of the group discussion, make a point to compile people's different points. This puts you in a position to bring everyone together and ensure all candidates are on the same page.

If you decide to be a team member, speak to add value.

Candidates will take turns presenting answers to the interviewer. Before it’s your turn, listen carefully to other people’s answers and the interviewer’s feedback.

This way, you can add valuable and helpful insights to the discussion. Remember, good points go to the quality of what you say, not the number of times you speak up.

Tip #3: Ask good questions

Asking outstanding questions will set you apart. It demonstrates that you are attentive and willing to learn more. Great questions often target one or more objectives: explaining an unfamiliar term, clarifying the issue's purpose, or expanding the team's understanding of the setting or business.

Tip #4: View others as teammates

Seeing people as colleagues puts you in a collaborative attitude, which allows you to work successfully with others. You look to be both a helpful leader and a team player in this manner.

You can be the first to answer your interviewer's question to avoid seeming timid. You can encourage co-interviewees by emphasizing their excellent ideas, adding what you believe is lacking, and explaining your reasoning.

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The scoring mechanism in the McKinsey Digital Assessment

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Case interview examples that your consulting firm can use

It might surprise you to learn that top-rated, established consulting firms invest in case studies. Browse around the websites of the biggest names in the game, like McKinsey, and you'll find a wealth of resources available for free.

Case studies are also useful when firms want to hire new consultants. The interviewer uses a previous case study they worked on to test the applicant's knowledge and problem-solving ability they learned in business school.

Applicants can study case interview examples to prepare for, and interview and consulting firms use them to qualify new consultants.

In this post, we'll look at the specifics of consulting case study examples and case interviews. We'll also unpack how implementing them in your firm can help you in the hiring process.

What is a case study?

Why do management consulting firms run case studies? It's an expensive exercise, so why go to the hassle?

The reality is that sample case studies are a beneficial tool for any consultancy firm. Case studies show how your skillset helped overcome organizational challenges for your clients. For consultants, case studies are the best kind of testimonial.

When reading the study, clients or other consultants get a verified, in-depth look at how the consultancy firm added value to the client.

As a result, they act as a marketing tool for the firm, providing social proof of consultancy services' quality. Case studies also serve as an educational resource for your website. They assist clients, students, and other consultants with finding out what worked during the process.

With a case study, you get a valuable marketing tool and a means of increasing your credibility and reputation. In this post, we'll look at consulting case study examples your firm can use.

The definition of a consulting case study varies from firm to firm, with the management and consultants playing a role in developing a unique style to the way the organization compiles and processes a case study.

Case studies are like fingerprints, and no two are the same. The content, length, format, and research models can vary widely, depending on which firm conducts the process. However, all case studies involve four principles, with a single intent.

The intent being that the case study is to note and explain the success of the processes initiated in previous client engagements. This strategy demonstrates the consultancy firm's competency and ability in resolving client problems.

The four components of a case study are the following.

• A comprehensive summary of the business problem facing the client
• Identification of the root causes of key issues facing the client
• A full analysis of the client situation and available solutions
• Implementation and execution of the client solution

A case study typically comes in a published report, with average lengths between two to three pages, depending on the extent of work involved with the case book.

What Is a case interview?

A case interview is part of the hiring process for new consultants. When a firm needs to test its candidates for a consulting job, they issue them with interactive case studies to test their skill set and problem-solving abilities.

During the interview, the applicant must analyze a previous client's problem and solve it in the shortest time possible, with an accurate solution.

During the process, the applicant has a suitable time to resolve the problem, and they need to present their findings as they go. The applicant can ask the interviewer questions during the process to receive the information they need to resolve the situation.

The interview is more of a dialogue, where the applicant requires a proactive approach to finding the solution. In many cases, the interviewer attempts to guide you towards finding the right answer.

However, it's important to note that the interview process is either candidate-led or interviewer-led, and these roles can change during the interview.

The interviewer uses the session to test the qualitative and quantitative skills of the candidate. The way the applicant handles the scenario with the information they receive shows the aspiring consultant's critical qualities.

For the candidate to experience a successful outcome in the interactive case interview process, they need to apply structured frameworks, ask the right questions, and think outside-of-the-box. There's no "Official answer" to the case study, and the consultant can neither be right or wrong.

There could be various solutions to the problem, and the candidate might come up with a viable unique solution. The interviewer looks at the process you took to get to the outcome, measuring it against the following five criteria.

#1 Creativity and business acumen

All candidates require a basic understanding of business concepts, meeting the firm's benchmark for creativity and business sense.

If the interviewer asks you to come up with ideas on rescuing an airline from bankruptcy, they don't expect you to have a deep understanding of the industry.

However, they're looking to qualify your general business sense and your ability to communicate. The interviewer expects you to ask penetrating questions, helping you get to the root cause of the problem and the actions that can resolve the scenario.

#2 Problem-solving skills

The interviewer will ask the candidate to identify key problems and isolate the cause of these issues. The interviewer presents the candidate with a range of data sets; some are informative, and others are irrelevant.

It's the candidate's task to wade through the data and utilize the correct data during their analysis.

The interviewer wants to see the candidate explain why they selected specific data to help them with their analysis and how they got to their conclusions using the information on hand.

#3 Structure and frameworks

During the interview process, the interviewer checks how the candidate forms a framework around their analysis and recommendations.

In other words, they're looking for the method the applicant uses to frame the problem and come up with a solution.

A good structure and framework can apply to any scenario, providing a systematic approach to problem-solving.

#4 Communication skills

Part of the case interview process involves the interviewer assessing the candidate's "soft-skills." Soft skills involve the applicant's communication and flexibility to adapt to new environments and work with new people. Consultants need to deal with high-level executives, CEOs, as well as colleagues and administrators on the job.

Therefore, the interviewer wants to see the candidate's ability to communicate under pressure, and with people, they meet for the first time – i.e., the interviewer.

Part of a consultant's job description involved dealing with figures and crunching numbers. You'll need to display competency in basic math without the need for a calculator. Interviewers are also testing your logic through your decision-making process.

What is the process of the case study interview?

Interviewers will typically choose a case study they previously worked on during the interview process. This approach gives the interviewer total control over the process, guiding the candidate in the right direction.

In this section, we'll walk you through the candidate and interviewer's responsibilities during the process.

#1 Opening your case interview

The opening of the case interview is the calm before the storm. During this phase, the candidate can get away with asking any question they want, even if the interviewer might deem it irrelevant.

It's a chance for the applicant to "feel-out" the scenario and get comfortable with the interviewer. The interviewer won't expect the candidate to know anything about the industry or client, and they expect them to start from a perspective of knowing nothing about the scenario.

The interviewer gently guides the candidate in asking the right questions, and there's no incentive for the interviewer to try and trick the applicant.

Applicants should ask questions to get as much clarity around the practice cases and business scenarios as possible. The key is to ask questions about the business model to help you find solutions. The interviewer is looking at the quality of the questions you ask and your train of thought.

After identifying the client's problem and general parameters of their business, the consultant inquires about key metrics for improvement. For instance, are they trying to increase profits by 10% or reduce operational expenses by 5%?

The client's problem should have as much detail as possible.

#2 Structuring case interviews

Many consultants make the mistake of thinking that the best method of preparing for a case interview – is studying as many case interviews as they can. However, this strategy is a mistake.

Spending too much time in research gives the candidate no experience in active problem-solving. Instead, they rely on cookie-cutter approaches to problem-solving that lack creativity and on-the-spot thinking, and decision-making.

Candidates need to analyze fresh problems to start their analytical minds. The framework is the most important part of the process, and if the candidate has a good structure to their problem-solving, they can work around any industry scenario.

Some of the important case interview tips candidates can add to their framework include the following.

• How does the candidate structure analysis of the client problem?
• What questions will you ask the interviewer?
• How do you set up math problems during the case interview?
• What recommendations are you going to make for the client?
• Compare your conclusion to the original case outcome.
• What recommendations did you get right, and what did you miss?

#3 Analyzing case interviews

During the analysis phase, the interviewer is looking to test the applicant's problem-solving ability. They ask the candidate to question them about anything they feel is relevant to understanding and resolving the client's problem.

The quality of the applicant's questions gives the interviewer an idea of the candidate's thought process. As mentioned, if the candidate provides an unconventional answer, that's okay. The interviewer might even see this as an advantage for the applicant.

Your questions should surround the four key areas of business analysis common in consulting interviews. These four areas include.

• Market Sizing
• Brainstorming and Logic
• Quantitative Reasoning or Math Skills
• Reading and interpreting exhibits

Regardless of what kind of analysis the interviewer brings up, the candidate can use a four-step process for asking good questions.

• Ask the interviewer for as much data as possible
• Spend time interpreting and analyzing the data
• Provide the interviewer with insights you discover
• Outline a process for taking steps to a solution

The data the candidate receives depends on the case interview.

For example, if the problem involves the client's pricing and profitability, request the company's financials to assess revenues and costs.

After receiving the correct data, you'll need tools to help you interpret it. If you discover the client's revenues are flatlining while costs are rising, you know the problem has something to do with its cost structure, leading you to examine the company's costs with a fin-tooth comb to find the answer.

As you progress through the problem-solving process, you'll start to find reasons why the client is adding costs and why it's outstripping revenues.

After identifying the problem, you progress intuitively to the next stage, helping the client find solutions to get costs under control and grow revenues.

You might have to run through the process several times until you uncover the root cause of the client's problem. After finishing your analysis, your next task is presenting findings to the interviewer, with a client recommendation on the issue.

#4 Concluding the case interview

After the consultant presents their findings, the interviewer covers their final recommendations, and they close the interview.

Top case interviews for consultants

Check out these free resources for an archive of the best examples of consultancy case interviews.

• A T Kearney Promotion Planning Case Study
• BCG Genco Case Study
• BCG Foods Inc Case Study
• Deloitte Finance Strategy Case Study
• Deloitte Retail Strategy Case Study
• McKinsey National Education Case Study
• McKinsey GlobaPharm Case Study
• McKinsey Electro-Light Case Study
• McKinsey Diconsa Case Study
• OC&C Leisure Club Case Study
• OC&C Imported Spirits Case Study
• Oliver Wyman Aqualine Case Study
• Oliver Wyman Wumbleworld Case Question

Other resources worth looking into include the following.

• Bain case interview examples
• BCG case interview examples
• Deloitte case interview examples
• Kearney case interview examples

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Hacking the Case Interview

If you’re interviewing for a life sciences consulting firm, expect to be given several case interviews, or case study interviews, during your interview process.

A case interview is a special type of interview that nearly every single consulting firm uses, including life sciences consulting firms. Firms that use case interviews include: Clearview Healthcare Partners , Putnam Associates , IQVIA , ZS , Simon-Kucher , Health Advances , and Huron Consulting .

Case interviews simulate the consulting job by placing you in a hypothetical business situation in which you are asked to solve a challenging problem. These interviews typically last between 30 to 45 minutes and you’ll be working closely with your interviewer towards developing a recommendation or answer to the business problem.

Case study interviews are so widely used by life sciences consulting firms because they assess many of the qualities needed to become successful consultants. With just a 30- to 45-minute exercise, an interviewer can gauge your analytical capabilities, business acumen, communication skills, and cultural fit with the firm.

If you have an upcoming case interview at a life sciences consulting firm, we have you covered. In this article, we’ll cover in detail:  

• Essential life sciences industry knowledge you should know
• The 6 steps to solve any life sciences case interview
• Life sciences consulting case interview examples
• Life sciences consulting case interview tips
• Recommended life sciences case interview resources

If you’re looking for a step-by-step shortcut to learn case interviews quickly, enroll in our case interview course . These insider strategies from a former Bain interviewer helped 30,000+ land consulting offers while saving hundreds of hours of prep time.

Essential Life Sciences Industry Knowledge You Should Know

The life sciences industry covers all of the businesses, organizations, and research institutions that are dedicated to protecting and improving human and animal life. There are various types of companies included in life sciences:

• Pharmaceuticals : Roche, Pfizer, Merck, Novartis, Eli Lily
• Biotechnology : Novo Nordisk, Regeneron, Alexion, United Therapeutics
• Medical equipment : Stryker, Medtronic, Thermo Fisher, Siemens
• Cosmeceuticals : Johnson & Johnson, Proctor and Gamble, Unilever
• Healthcare facilities : Lab Corp, HCA Healthcare
• Managed healthcare : UnitedHealth, Anthem, Aetna, Cigna, Humana

The life sciences industry is exciting in that it constantly sees significant changes and technological advancements every few years. Below are a few trends that you should be familiar with:

Artificial intelligence in biopharma : AI-driven tools is now leveraged at all phases of drug research and development. AI-driven software can assist in planning possible synthesis pathways in chemicals to obtain compounds of interest. AI is also leveraged in research areas such as phenotypic drug discovery programs to analyze data through advanced screening approaches.

Revolutionizing supply chains : There has been extensive remodeling of supply chains for strategic products, such as drug, medical equipment, diagnostics, food, and chemicals led by the national regulatory activities in response to the COVID-19 crisis.

Automation and modernization : The majority of big pharma companies have been established through different mergers and acquisitions and have adopted portfolios of IT applications in different phases of modernization. Top companies are standardizing business processes, measuring manufacturing, focusing on visibility, and leveraging the right software. They are using industrial automation to overlook processes and drive business value.

Big data : Digitalization in the life sciences industry has resulted in the generation of huge volumes of data, which have to be stored and analyzed accurately to realize their full potential. Many big data techniques can transform unused data into valuable insights.

Blockchain and wearables : Wearable technology is altering the world and has paved the way for many people to monitor health, including sleeping patterns and overall fitness. Blockchain has helped wearable devices and mobile applications connect to a patient hub with all health records, allowing doctors to access a new level of visibility in real-time.

Outsourcing : Pharmaceutical companies are starting to outsource research programs to academic and private contract research organizations (CROs) to stay ahead of the competition in the world of rapidly growing knowledge and advanced technologies. Companies are choosing to outsource certain research and development activities such as clinical trials, efficacy tests in animal models, and assay development.

Telemedicine : Progress in telemedicine is one of the biggest sources of substantial change in the healthcare ecosystem. It is improving the quality of diagnosis and treatment by allowing patients to get proper access to healthcare professionals.

The 6 Steps to Solve Any Life Sciences Case Interview

There are typically six steps to solving life sciences consulting case interviews.

1. Understand the case

Your life sciences case interview will begin with the interviewer giving you the case background information. While the interviewer is speaking, make sure that you are taking meticulous notes on the most important pieces of information. Focus on understanding the context of the situation and the objective of the case.

Don’t be afraid to ask clarifying questions if you do not understand something. You may want to summarize the case background information back to the interviewer to confirm your understanding of the case.

The most important part of this step is to verify the objective of the case. Not answering the right business question is the quickest way to fail a case interview.

2. Structure the problem

The next step is to develop a framework to help you solve the case. A framework is a tool that helps you structure and break down complex problems into smaller, more manageable components. Another way to think about frameworks is brainstorming different ideas and organizing them into different categories.

Before you start developing your framework, it is completely acceptable to ask the interviewer for a few minutes so that you can collect your thoughts and think about the problem.

Once you have identified the major issues or areas that you need to explore, walk the interviewer through your framework. They may ask a few questions or provide some feedback.

3. Kick off the case

Once you have finished presenting your framework, you’ll start diving into different areas of your framework to begin solving the case. How this process will start depends on whether the case interview is candidate-led or interviewer-led.

If the case interview is a candidate-led case, you’ll be expected to propose what area of your framework to start investigating. So, propose an area and provide a reason for why you want to start with that area. There is generally no right or wrong area of your framework to pick first.

If the case interview is interviewer-led, the interviewer will tell you what area of the framework to start in or directly give you a question to answer.

4. Solve quantitative problems

Life sciences case interviews may have some quantitative aspect to them. For example, you may be asked to calculate a certain profitability or financial metric. You could also be asked to estimate the size of a particular market or to estimate a particular figure.

The key to solving quantitative problems is to lay out a structure or approach upfront with the interviewer before doing any math calculations. If you lay out and present your structure to solve the quantitative problem and the interviewer approves of it, the rest of the problem is just simple execution of math.

5. Answer qualitative questions

Life sciences case interviews may also have qualitative aspects to them. You may be asked to brainstorm a list of potential ideas. You could also be asked to provide your opinion on a business issue or situation.

The key to answering qualitative questions is to structure your answer. When brainstorming a list of ideas, develop a structure to help you neatly categorize all of your ideas. When giving your opinion on a business issue or situation, provide a summary of your stance or position and then enumerate the reasons that support it.

6. Deliver a recommendation

In the last step of a life sciences case interview, you’ll present your recommendation and provide the major reasons that support it. You do not need to recap everything that you have done in the case, so focus on only summarizing the facts that are most important.

It is also good practice to include potential next steps that you would take if you had more time or data. These can be areas of your framework that you did not have time to explore or lingering questions that you do not have great answers for.

Life Sciences Consulting Case Interview Examples

Below are eight life sciences consulting case studies that you can use to practice your case interview skills. We highly recommend working through at least a few of these before your actual interviews.

• McKinsey pharmaceutical case : This is an acquisition case focused on whether a large pharmaceutical company should acquire a smaller startup
• BCG drug pricing case  (see video below): This is a pricing case focused on helping a pharmaceutical company determine the optimal price for a new drug
• Clearview pharmaceutical case : This is a market sizing case focused on helping a pharmaceutical company determine whether it can achieve its revenue target for an inhaled insulin product for the diabetes market
• Clearview biotechnology case : This is a quantitative case focused on helping a biotechnology firm assess its novel therapies for acute myeloid leukemia
• LEK medical consumables case : This is a market sizing case that estimates the market size for medical consumables by general practitioners in the United Kingdom
• Health Advances biotechnology case : This is a market entry case focused on helping a biotechnology company understand the market opportunity for developing a novel drug that prevents ear infections

Below, we have step-by-step videos showcasing how we would solve the McKinsey pharmaceutical case and the BCG drug pricing case listed above. The McKinsey case is an interviewer-led case while the BCG case is a candidate-led case. Together, these videos will give you an idea of what to expect in both styles of case interview formats.

We strongly recommend watching these two videos.

Life Sciences Consulting Case Interview Tips

Tip #1: Start preparing early

Mastering case interviews takes time. Many of the skills and techniques needed to solve case interviews can’t be learned in just a day or in a week. Ideally, start preparing for your case interviews at least a month or two in advance to give yourself enough time to learn and practice.

Tip #2: Practice with a case partner

Practicing case interviews with a partner is the best way to simulate a real case interview. There are many aspects of case interviews that you won’t be able to work on if you are doing mock cases by yourself. Casing with a partner lets you practice your communication, presentation, and collaboration skills.

Tip #3: Keep a list of feedback from each case

You should keep a journal or log of all of the different pieces of feedback you get from your case interview partner during practice. This way, you’ll be able to identify trends and prioritize what improvement areas to focus on. For example, if you consistently receive feedback in each practice case that you need to structure your answers, that should be your top area to focus on.

Tip #4: Focus on improving one thing at a time

After doing some practice case interviews, you’ll likely have a long list of feedback and improvement areas. Try to focus on improving one thing at a time. Before each practice case, decide on the one thing that you really want to focus on and nail. This will be much more effective than trying to improve everything at once.

Tip #5: Use a hypothesis-driven approach

During the case interview, you should have a hypothesis of what the answer to the case is. A hypothesis is simply an educated guess based on the knowledge that you have. As you analyze data and gather more information, make sure to be constantly changing and refining your hypothesis.

There are two benefits to using a hypothesis to drive the direction of the case. One, it ensures that you are focusing on relevant areas that will help you solve or answer the case. Two, by the time the interviewer asks you for a recommendation, you will already have a refined hypothesis on what the answer or solution to the case should be.

Tip #6: Be 80/20

You have limited time during a case interview to solve the case. Therefore, you won’t be able to cover all of the different areas in your framework and get answers to every single question that you have. Therefore, focus on the most important issues and use the 80/20 principle.

The 80/20 principle states that 80% of the outcome comes from 20% of your effort. During a case interview, focus on the most important questions or areas that will have the biggest impact or effect on developing your answer or recommendation.

Recommended Life Sciences Case Interview Resources

Here are the resources we recommend to learn the most robust, effective case interview strategies in the least time-consuming way:

• Comprehensive Case Interview Course (our #1 recommendation): The only resource you need. Whether you have no business background, rusty math skills, or are short on time, this step-by-step course will transform you into a top 1% caser that lands multiple consulting offers.
• Hacking the Case Interview Book   (available on Amazon): Perfect for beginners that are short on time. Transform yourself from a stressed-out case interview newbie to a confident intermediate in under a week. Some readers finish this book in a day and can already tackle tough cases.
• The Ultimate Case Interview Workbook (available on Amazon): Perfect for intermediates struggling with frameworks, case math, or generating business insights. No need to find a case partner – these drills, practice problems, and full-length cases can all be done by yourself.
• Case Interview Coaching : Personalized, one-on-one coaching with former consulting interviewers
• Behavioral & Fit Interview Course : Be prepared for 98% of behavioral and fit questions in just a few hours. We'll teach you exactly how to draft answers that will impress your interviewer
• Resume Review & Editing : Transform your resume into one that will get you multiple interviews

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Learn About Consulting Case Interviews

If you are interested in pursuing consulting opportunities, take advantage of these workshops and resources to learn about and prepare for the case interview.

Upcoming Events: 

• Bain & Company 2024 Harvard Case Prep Workshop Thurs, April 4, 7pm-8pm @ Emerson 210
• Liberty Mutual Internal Consulting Case Workshop Thurs, April 18, 5pm-6pm @ MCS
• Case in Point Workshop with Marc Cosentino Mon, April 29, 3pm-5pm Virtual

Initial Case Interview Prep Resources:  

• Case Questions Interactive  (free through MCS) – Marc Cosentino, author of  Case in Point ,  has compiled resources and practice cases for students to access online.   
• Utilize   MCS Firsthand Advisors  to request a mock interview from an alum with consulting or related experience, and to access the  Vault Guide to Case Interviews .
• Management Consulted Free Case Interview Prep Course   – “This course will give you insight into what you need to know to ace the case interview, and it will give you a solid foundation on which to build the rest of your preparation.”
• Fast Math Resources   – Access free tools like a Quantitative Assessment Quiz and Mental Math Exercises put together by Matthew Tambiah  
• Case Questions Exchange Platform   – “Exchange was developed for students from around the world to practice cases with their peers from other schools.   When you register , your personal information will be protected.   Members will be able to sign up to give or receive cases with students from other schools.   You can request to be removed from the list at any time.”
• Consulting Case Practice Sign-Up Sheet   – Add your contact information to the sign-up sheet and reach out to others to start practicing.