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šŸ¤” What is a CSE Citation Generator?

A CSE citation generator is an online tool that creates citations in the Council of Science Editors (CSE) citation style. It does this automatically by taking in an identifier for a document, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal DOI, and then formatting the citation correctly using the remaining details.

šŸ¤“ What is the CSE citation style?

The CSE citation style is a citation style created by the Council of Science Editors, a non-profit organization. They publish the CSE style guidelines in the CSE Scientific Style and Format Manual , now on the 8th edition.

There are three ways to correctly cite sources in the CSE style. They should not be mixed together (format all citations the same way).

  • Name-Year (N-Y): Also known as author-date, the author name and publication year are surrounded with parenthesis and placed next to the cited text as an in-text citation. The reference list at the end of the article is ordered alphabetically by the author's last name.
  • Citation-Name (C-N): Superscripted numbers (example: Ā¹) are placed next to cited text as an in-text citation. The reference list is still sorted alphabetically by the author's last name, but the corresponding in-text citation number is prepended to each reference to connect both of them together.
  • Citation-Sequence (C-S): Similar to Citation-Name, superscripted numbers are used next to cited text and are also prepended to the author's name in the reference list, but the reference list is sorted by the citation number in ascending order instead of the author's last name.

šŸ‘©ā€šŸŽ“ Who uses a CSE Citation Generator?

The CSE style is used broadly across the sciences--especially biology, where it originated. If you are studying the sciences, or you are writing to be published in an CSE publication (such as Science Editor ), then you will likely need to cite your sources using the CSE style.

šŸ™Œ Why should I use a CSE Citation Generator?

Every academic field, not just the sciences, will recommend using a tool to record references to others' work in your writing. A citation generator like MyBib can record this data, and can also automatically create an accurate bibliography from it, with the necessary in-text citations too.

āš™ļø How do I use MyBib's CSE Citation Generator?

MyBib's CSE citation generator was designed to be accurate and easy to use (also it's FREE!). Follow these steps:

  • Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page.
  • Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work.
  • Make sure the details are all correct, and correct any that aren't. Then click Generate!

The generator will produce a formatted CSE citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall reference list (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for CSE style:

Image of daniel-elias

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Link to Library Homepage

CSE Citation Guide: Home

Introduction to cse citation style.

The CSE citation style is commonly used by biologists. To help you use the CSE style when citing sources, this library guide provides sample citations for books, articles, and other scientific works.

The Council of Science Editors (CSE), formerly known as Council of Biology Editors (CBE) , published the 8th edition of the CSE style manual in 2014. A print copy of the CSE Manual is available in the Mundt Library:

[C S E] Council of Science Editors. 2014 . Scientific style and format: The C S E manual for authors, editors, and publishers, 8 th ed.  Chicago : Council of Science Editors and University of Chicago Press .     Location in Library: Reference T 11 .S386 2014

Chapter 29 (8th edition, pp. 547 -649 ) of the CSE Manual describes two aspects of citation : 1) how to cite within the text of the document and 2) how to create a bibliography of citations.   The first aspect, often referred to as “in-text citation” is covered in section 29-2 . Principles for formatting the list of references (i.e., bibliography or end references) are in section 29-3 of the CSE Manual .

Continue below to find two sections:

Examples of citing within the text

  • Examples of citing in the bibliography

The CSE Manual describes three (3) different systems for citing within the text of the document:

  • citation-sequence
  • name-year, and
  • citation-name.

See the Manual for a description each system.

The examples below show only the name-year system.

  • BEWARE! The Manual favors the citation-name system, so examples in the book usually follow it and will need to be translated into the name-year style by using the rules in the book section 29.2.1.2 .
  • In the name-year system, in-text references use the author's surname and the publication year.
  • In the examples below, you will first see an example of an in-text citation. It is followed by the citation that would appear in the bibliography (end references).

In-text reference:

Learning to use scientific databases is key to finding the literature of biology (McMillan 2006).

End reference:

McMillan VE. 2006. Writing Papers in the Biological Sciences. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.

Human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody has been shown to be effective in treating psoriasis. (Krueger et al. 2007).

Krueger GG, Langley RG, Leonardi C, Yeilding N, Guzzo C, Wang Y, Dooley LT, Lebwohl PH, Lebwohl M. 2007. A human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 356:580-592.

       Knothe (2006) uses a unique approach to citation analysis.   

        Knothe G. 2006. Comparative citation analysis of duplicate or highly related publications. JASIST. 57:1830-1839.

These additional examples of in-text references show how to treat special circumstances.

  • If the in-text citation is citing two works by the same author:

    (Olson 1992, 1998)

  • Citing two works by the same author in the same year:

    (Bradford 2001a, 2001b)

  • Citing two works published in the same year by different authors with the same last name:

    (Rhodes D 2000; Rhodes E 2000)

  • Citing a work with two authors:

    (McStay and Gordon 2007)

  • Citing a work with three or more authors:

    (Brown et al. 1999)

  • Citing authors that are corporations or organizations:

    (NIH 1988)       or     (National Institutes of Health 1988)

  • Citing a work with no author (use the first few words of the title and an ellipsis):

    (The spinal ...1975)

  • Citing an undated work:

    (Grassey [date unknown])

End references and Examples

End references & examples

  • Below are examples for formatting different kinds of materials as end references.
  • The numbers in each heading, such as 29.3.7, refer to sections within the CSE Manual, so, for additional explanation, go to the designated section of the Manual.

 Journal Articles

  •  Journal article -- print: 29.3.7.1

   with persons as authors

    Tripp S, London T, Spend DT. 2005. Greeting the protein. J Growth. 10(9):2022-2030.

    with organization as author

    [NIH] National Institutes of Health (US), Task Force on Trauma. 1996. Ending confusion. Trauma Care. 202(2):123-134.

    with more than 10 authors [include first 10 authors, followed by “et al.”]

    Malarta G, Tubbs K, Brighton E, Ballard D, Kali J, Franks BB, Ziegler B, Creighton V, Jenks Q, Peters D, et al. 2007. Investigating Pain. N Eng J Med. 45(1):62-78.  

  • Journal article on the internet: 29.3.7.13  

    Add the following elements to the journal citation:             ... the Internet designation [Internet],             ... revision dates of the content [updated 2007 Jan 12],             ... when the item was accessed [cited 2007 Feb 20], and             ... where the item can be found [Available from: ....].

     If a direct URL to the item is not available, give instructions to the item from the URL as in the Malarta citation below.

    examples:

    Tripp S, London T, Spend DT. 2005. Greeting the protein. J Growth [Internet]. [revised 2006 Dec 1; cited 2007 Feb 20]; 10(9):2022-2030. Available from: http://www.growth.com/2005109/tripp.htm     [NIH] National Institutes of Health (US), Task Force on Trauma. 1996. Ending confusion. Trauma Care [Internet]. [cited 2007 Feb 20]; 202(2):123-134. Available from: http://www.traumacare.com/reprints/1996/201/2/nihtft.htm     Malarta G, Tubbs K, Brighton E, Ballard D, Kali J, Franks BB, Ziegler B, Creighton V, Jenks Q, Peters D, et al. 2007. Investigating Pain. N Eng J Med [Internet]. [cited 2007 Feb 20]; 45(1):62-78. Available from: http://nejm.com/pubs/ after clicking on the Year link.  

  • Journal article in a library database: see NLM Internet Formats, p. 62 for additional information

  ...If a URL will lead directly to the article, use the URL in “Available from.”  When there is no direct URL to the item, use the database’s URL such as http://www.proquest.com or http://www.ebsco.com ...Add the document ID or document accession number after the “Available from” URL. ...For more information, see the National Library of Medicine Internet Formats Supplement: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/formats/internet.pdf

with authors

    Tripp S, London T, Spend DT. 2005. Greeting the protein. J Growth. 10(9):2022-2030. In: EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier [Internet]. Birmingham (AL): EBSCO Industries; [cited 2007 Feb 20].  Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=23886517&site=ehost-live; Accession No.: 23886517.     [NIH] National Institutes of Health (US), Task Force on Trauma. 1996. Ending confusion. Trauma Care. 202(2):123-134. In: PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [cited 2001 Apr 9]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed; PMID: 11286953.     Malarta G, Tubbs K, Brighton E, Ballard D, Kali J, Franks BB, Ziegler B, Creighton V, Jenks Q, Peters D, et al. 2007. Investigating Pain. N Eng J Med. 45(1):62-78. In: Proquest Research Library [Internet]. Ann Arbor (MI): Proquest-CSA; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1174260951&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18865     &RQT=309&VName=PQD; Document ID: 1174260951.

with no author

    Are you poisoning your kid? A new study shows high levels of pesticides in children who don’t eat organic. 2003. Natural Health. 33(5):26. In:  Infotrac/Expanded Academic ASAP [Internet]. [place unknown]: The Gale Group, Inc.; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://web1.infotrac.galegroup.com; Article No.: A104079955.  

Books  

  • Book -- print: 29.3.7.2

                  examples:

    Bennett G. 1962. Management of artificial lakes and ponds. New York (NY): Reinhold Publishing Corporation.     Dobie J, Moyle JB. 1962. Methods used for investigating productivity of fish-rearing ponds in Minnesota. [St Paul (MN)]: [publisher unknown].  

  • Book on the internet [See CSE Manual section 29.3.7.13 for e-books]
  • Book in a research database [Construct citation by locating information to cite it as if it were a print book; then add to it the additional information needed for Internet items found in section 29.3.7.13]
  • Parts of Books & Contributions to Books [See CSE Manual section 29.3.7.2.10 for parts of books. If item is online or in a research database, add the additional information needed for Internet items as found in section 29.3.7.13]

Definitions:

... When written or composed by the author or one of the authors of a book, the chapter, section, table, chart, graph, etc. is considered part of a book ... When written by someone other than the author or one of the authors, chapters, sections, tables, etc. are considered contributions to the book  

Parts of or contributions to books -- print

part of a book

    Cross TU, Rollins Q, Barnes G, editors. 2000. Dictionary of biological terms. 5th ed. Boston (MA): Dolin Publications. Antacid; p. 9.     Twindler M. 2002. Drawing conclusions. New York (NY): Brown Pubs. Chapter 12, Logical connections; p. 199-224.    

contribution to a book

Britt KA. 2006. Hormones. In: Kline E, Frick P, Camp D, editors. Encyclopedia of Science. Boston (MA: Dexter Pub. p. 198-200.  

Parts of or contributions to books -- Internet

   

Parts of or contributions to books -- in research database

  contribution examples

    O’Connor D. 2002 Aug 16. Stream pollution. In: Access science: the online encyclopedia of science & technology [Internet]. [place unknown]: McGraw-Hill; c2007; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.accessscience.com    Hartley AM. 2002 Jan 8. Buffers (chemistry). In: Access science: the online encyclopedia of science & technology [Internet]. [place unknown]: McGraw-Hill; c2007; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.accessscience.com; DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.098625.     Uretsky S. 2006. Antacids. In: Gale encyclopedia of medicine [Internet]. 3rd ed. Detroit (MI): Gale; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. p 231-233. Available from Gale Virtual Reference Library; http://find.galegroup.com/gvrl/start.do?prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=sdln_dsu; Document No.: CX3451600106.

  part example

    Access science: the online encyclopedia of science & technology [Internet]. c2007. [place unknown]: McGraw-Hill; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Buffer; [about 1 paragraph]. Available from: http://www.accessscience.com  

Technical Reports

  •     example:

    Reilly MH. 1979. Equations of powered rocket ascent and orbit trajectory. Washington (DC): Naval Research Laboratory (US). Report No: 8237.

Homepages and Websites

    MedlinePLUS: Drugs and Supplements [Internet]. 2007. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US) and National Institutes of Health (US); [last updated 2007 Jan 31; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html     PDRHealth [Internet]. c2006. [place unknown]: Thomson Healthcare; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.pdrhealth.com/     Johnson Matthey Co -- calcium carbonate, 12365 -- 6810-00N084326. 1996 Mar 22. In: SIRI/MSDS Index [Internet]. [place unknown]: Vermont Safety Information Resources; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://hazard.com/msds/f2/cgs/cgsrs.html  

  • Parts of or Contributions to Websites

   Definitions:

... When written or composed by the author or organization providing the website, it is considered a part ... When written by someone other than the author or organization providing the website, it is considered a contribution

  parts examples

    MedlinePLUS: Drugs and Supplements [Internet]. c2006. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US) and National Institutes of Health (US). Antacids (Oral); revised 1996 Jul 18 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202047.html     PDRHealth [Internet]. c2006. [place unknown]: Thomson Healthcare. Rolaids; [date unknown] [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/otcdrugprofiles/drugs/fgotc216.shtml

  • Last Updated: Oct 2, 2023 4:17 PM
  • URL: https://library.dsu.edu/cse

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Popular CSE Style Citation Examples

How to cite a book in cse style.

Use the following template to cite a book using the CSE citation style.

Reference List

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

How to cite a Journal in CSE style

Use the following template to cite a journal using the CSE citation style.

How to cite Film or Movie in CSE style

Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the CSE citation style.

How to cite an Online image or video in CSE style

Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the CSE citation style.

How to cite a Website in CSE style

Use the following template to cite a website using the CSE citation style.

Additional CSE Style Citation Examples

How to cite a blog in cse style.

Use the following template to cite a blog using the CSE citation style.

How to cite a Court case in CSE style

Use the following template to cite a court case using the CSE citation style.

How to cite a Dictionary entry in CSE style

Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the CSE citation style.

How to cite an E-book or PDF in CSE style

Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the CSE citation style.

How to cite an Edited book in CSE style

Use the following template to cite an edited book using the CSE citation style.

How to cite an Email in CSE style

Use the following template to cite an email using the CSE citation style.

How to cite an Encyclopedia article in CSE style

Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the CSE citation style.

How to cite an Interview in CSE style

Use the following template to cite an interview using the CSE citation style.

How to cite a Magazine in CSE style

Use the following template to cite a magazine using the CSE citation style.

How to cite a Newspaper in CSE style

Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the CSE citation style.

How to cite a Podcast in CSE style

Use the following template to cite a podcast using the CSE citation style.

How to cite a Song in CSE style

Use the following template to cite a song using the CSE citation style.

How to cite The Bible in CSE style

Use the following template to cite The Bible using the CSE citation style.

How to cite a TV Show in CSE style

Use the following template to cite a TV Show using the CSE citation style.

CSE Quick Citation Guide

Cse citation style.

  • Format In-Text and End References
  • Format End References
  • In-Text Citations
  • Formatting End References

Scientific Style and Format presents three systems for referring to references (also known as citations) within the text of a journal article, book, or other scientific publication:

  • citation–sequence
  • name–year
  • citation–name 

These abbreviated references are called in-text references. They refer to a list of references at the end of the document.

  • Next: Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name >>
  • Last Updated: Mar 9, 2023 9:54 AM
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BibGuru CSE Citation Generator

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In-text citations in CSE

Cse reference list - name-year system, citation examples - name-year system, cse reference list - citation-sequence and citation-name system, citation examples - citation-sequence and citation-name system.

  • Helpful resources

The ultimate guide to citing in CSE

CSE style was developed by the Council of Science Editors (CSE), a US-based nonprofit organization that supports editorial practice among scientific writers. The CSE publishes a style guide for scientific papers: The CSE Manual . CSE style originated in the 1960s and is currently used in many fields of study in both the life sciences and physical sciences.

If you are not sure which citation style to use in your paper, ask your instructor. There are many different citation styles and using the style your instructor or institution has established correctly can have a positive impact on your grade.

The CSE Manual, 8th edition, is the basis of this guide. This guide focuses on crediting sources and aims at answering all of your questions about citing in CSE. But you donā€™t have to worry about getting your citations right with the BibGuru citation generator. We have created BibGuru to help you focus on the content of your work instead of worrying about how to get your reference list done correctly.

APA book cover

I want to cite a ...

The CSE style has three systems to cite sources in-text:

  • Name-Year (N-Y) system: The authorā€™s surname and year of the publication are placed in parentheses in the text e.g. (Rode 2012). The reference list is ordered alphabetically by author name.
  • Citation-Name (C-N) system: Superscript numbers are used to identify in-text citations. In the alphabetized reference list, each numeral corresponds with a unique reference.
  • Citation-Sequence (C-S) system: Superscript numbers are used to identify in-text citations. In the reference list, sources are numbered sequentially by the order in which they appear in the text (this differs from the C-N system because they might not be in alphabetical order by author).

These abbreviated references are called in-text references. They refer to a list of full references at the end of the document.

Which of the three citation systems above you use will determine the order of references at the end of your document. These end references essentially have the same format in all three systems. One exception is the placement of the date of publication in the name-year system. Ask your instructor which of the three systems to use in case you are unsure.

See below the format and examples for the most popular reference types in the name-year system:

CSE Name-Year explainer image

  • Dissertations and Theses

For the end reference, list authors in the order in which they appear in the original text, followed by the year of publication. Journal titles are generally abbreviated. Each element is separated by a period, and the location (usually the page range for the article) is preceded by a colon.

FORMAT Reference list entry format

Author(s). Date. Article title. Journal title. Volume(issue):location.

FORMAT Reference list entry format for an online journal article

Author(s) of article. Date of publication. Title of article. Title of journal (edition). [date updated; date accessed];Volume(issue):location. Notes.

EXAMPLE Journal article with a DOI

(Christopher 2022)

Reference list:

Christopher MM. 2022. Comprehensive analysis of retracted journal articles in the field of veterinary medicine and animal health. BMC Vet Res. 18(1):73. doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03167-x.

For articles with 2 authors, names are separated by a comma in the end reference but by ā€œandā€ in the in-text reference.

EXAMPLE Journal article with two authors

(McCauley and Christiansen 2019)
McCauley SM, Christiansen MH. 2019. Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child language development. Psychol Rev. 126(1):1ā€“51. doi:10.1037/rev0000126.

For articles with 3 to 10 authors, list all authors in the end reference; in the in-text reference, list only the first, followed by ā€œet al.ā€ When there are more than 10 authors, list the first 10 in the end reference, followed by ā€œet al.ā€

EXAMPLE Journal article with four authors

(Warren et al. 2018)
Warren R, Price J, Graham E, Forstenhaeusler N, VanDerWal J. 2018. The projected effect on insects, vertebrates, and plants of limiting global warming to 1.5Ā°C rather than 2Ā°C. Science. 360(6390):791ā€“795. doi:10.1126/science.aar3646.

The basic format for books is as follows:

FORMAT Book

Author(s). Date. Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher. Extent. Notes.

Extent can include information about pagination or number of volumes and is considered optional. Notes can include information of interest to the reader, such as the language of publications other than English, and is also considered optional.

For books with 2 authors, names are separated by a comma in the end reference and by ā€œandā€ in the in-text reference.

EXAMPLE Book with two authors

(Auerbach and Kotlikoff 1998)
Auerbach AJ, Kotlikoff LJ. 1998. Macroeconomics: An integrated approach. 2nd ed. London, England: MIT Press.

For books with 3 to 10 authors, list all authors in the end reference. In the in-text reference, list only the first, followed by ā€œet al.ā€ For books with more than 10 authors, list the first 10 in the end reference, followed by ā€œet al.ā€

EXAMPLE Book with 6 authors

(Clayton et al. 2021)
Clayton D, Jackson TD, Stone N, Thomas A, Woodfolk A, Yoon N. 2021. Blackout. UK: HarperCollins.

EXAMPLE Book with an editor and multiple authors

(Raab et al. 2015)
Raab M, Lobinger B, Hoffmann SO, Pizzera A, Laborde S, editors. 2015. Performance psychology: Perception, action, cognition, and emotion. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

EXAMPLE Doctoral thesis

(Pradhan 2021)
Pradhan S. 2021. Impacts of road construction on landsliding in Nepal [doctoral thesis]. Durham University. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/14069/.

Website references follow the same general principles as printed references. In addition, a date of update/revision (if available), access date, and URL need to be provided. The format for a website reference looks like this:

FORMAT Website

Title of Homepage. Date of publication. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; [date updated; date accessed]. Notes.

For the in-text reference, include only the first word or two of the title (enough to distinguish it from other titles in the reference list), followed by an ellipsis.

EXAMPLE Website

WWF - endangered species conservation. 2022. World Wildlife Fund. [accessed 2022 May 27]. https://www.worldwildlife.org/.

The format for a blog article is as follows:

FORMAT Blog post

Authorā€™s name. Date of publication. Title of post [descriptive word]. Title of blog. [accessed date]. URL.

EXAMPLE Blog post

(Liegl 2021)
Liegl J. 2021. Communicating with humanity. Several people are typing. [accessed 2022 Feb 22]. https://slack.com/blog/collaboration/communicating-with-humanity.

An example of an CSE Name-Year reference page made with BibGuru's CSE citation generator:

cse page example image

How to use Bibguru for CSE citations

video cover

The citation-sequence and citation-name systems are identical except for the order of references. In both systems, numbers in the text refer to references in the reference list.

In the citation-sequence system , the end references are listed in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a reference is numbered, the same number is used for all following in-text citations in the same document, e.g. if Meyer is the first mentioned in-text, their work will be number 1 in the end references and also in all following in-text references.

In the citation-name system , references in the reference list are listed alphabetically by author. Multiple works by one author are listed alphabetically by title. The end references are numbered in alphabetical order and the number assigned to an author in the reference list is then used for the in-text citations, regardless of the order in which they appear in the text. So, if a work by Meyer is number 43 in the reference list, each in-text reference to Meyer will also be number 43.

See below for the format and examples of the most popular reference types in the citation-sequence and citation-name systems:

CSE Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name explainer image

Authors are listed in the order in which they appear in the original text, followed by a period. Journal titles are generally abbreviated.

Author(s). Article title. Journal title. Date;volume(issue):location.
Author(s) of article. Title of article. Title of journal (edition). Date of publication [date updated; date accessed];volume(issue):location. Notes.
2. Christopher MM. Comprehensive analysis of retracted journal articles in the field of veterinary medicine and animal health. BMC veterinary research. 2022;18(1):73. doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03167-x

For articles with more than 1 author, names are separated by a comma.

3. McCauley SM, Christiansen MH. Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child language development. Psychological review. 2019;126(1):1ā€“51. doi:10.1037/rev0000126

For articles with more than 10 authors, the first 10 are listed, followed by ā€œet al.ā€

4. Warren R, Price J, Graham E, Forstenhaeusler N, VanDerWal J. The projected effect on insects, vertebrates, and plants of limiting global warming to 1.5Ā°C rather than 2Ā°C. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2018;360(6390):791ā€“795. doi:10.1126/science.aar3646

This is the standard format for a book citation:

Author(s). Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date. Extent. Notes.

For books with more than 1 author, names are separated by a comma.

5. Auerbach AJ, Kotlikoff LJ. Macroeconomics: An integrated approach. 2nd ed. London, England: MIT Press; 1998.

When there are more than 10 authors, list the first 10 followed by ā€œet al.ā€

6. Raab M, Lobinger B, Hoffmann SO, Pizzera A, Laborde S, editors. Performance psychology: Perception, action, cognition, and emotion. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2015.
7. Pradhan S. Impacts of road construction on landsliding in Nepal [doctoral thesis]. Durham University; 2021. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/14069/.

Website references follow the same general principles as for printed references. In addition, a date of update/revision (if available), access date, and URL need to be provided. The format for a website reference looks like this:

Title of Homepage. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date of publication [date updated; date accessed]. Notes.
8. WWF - endangered species conservation. World Wildlife Fund. 2022 [accessed 2022 May 27]. https://www.worldwildlife.org/
Authorā€™s name. Title of post [descriptive word]. Title of blog. Date of publication. [accessed date]. URL.
8. Liegl J. Communicating with humanity. Several people are typing. 2021 Jul 2. [accessed 2022 Feb 22]. https://slack.com/blog/collaboration/communicating-with-humanity.

An example of an CSE Citation-Name reference page made with BibGuru's CSE citation generator:

cse page example image

While all the specific rules and variations of CSE citation style might sound very complicated, you don't need to worry about getting them wrong with BibGuru. Use our CSE citation maker to create the fastest and most accurate CSE citations possible.

Ditch the frustrations for stress-free citations

Helpful resources, from our blog.

How many sentences are in a paragraph

CSE stands for Council of Science Editors, formerly known as Council of Biology Editors, CBE. It is a US-based non-profit organization supporting editorial practice among scientific writers. The CSE was established in 1957 by the National Science Foundation and the American Institute of Biological Sciences. The CSE publishes a style guide for scientific papers, the CSE Manual.

The Council of Science Editors (CSE), a US-based non-profit organization supporting editorial practice among scientific writers publishes a style guide for scientific papers: The CSE Manual. The style is used in many fields of study including the life sciences and physical sciences.

The CSE style has three systems to cite sources. The Name-Year system uses in-text citations. In the Citation-Name system and the Citation-Sequence system, superscript numbers are used in-text to identify citations, corresponding with references in the reference list. Those are similar to footnotes but different in that they are not listed separately but integrated into the text.

Interviews and other forms of unpublished personal communications (for example emails) are not included in the reference list in the CSE style. Instead, they should be cited in parentheses within the text of your paper.

The reference list (or bibliography) at the end of your CSE paper can be titled "References" or "Cited References". The arrangement of those references depends on which of the three style systems you picked for the citations of your paper.

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Citing Sources: CSE Style

What is cse style.

CSE (Council of Science Editors) Style is widely used in scientific disciplines, particularly in the natural and physical sciences. The CSE manual describes three systems of documentation. All three systems use a reference list at the end of the paper with complete source information. The Name-Year system uses parenthetical citations consisting of the author's last name and year of publication; the Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name systems both use numbered references in the text to refer to the reference list at the end. In Citation-Sequence, the reference list is presented and numbered in the order the sources appear in the text, while in Citation-Name, the reference list is numbered alphabetically by author's last name.

Official Guidance from the CSE

  • Quick Guide to Scientific Style and Format From University of Chicago Press, the publishers of the CSE Manual.

Online CSE Name-Year Style Guides

  • Citation Guide: CSE Name-Year System Guide to using parenthetical references in CSE Style, from the Writing Across the Curriculum Clearinghouse
  • Cite Your Sources: CSE Name-Year From the University of Guelph -- see also their several videos on the guide
  • The Writer's Handbook: CSE Documention Style Quick guide to both Name-Year and Citation-Sequence/Citation-Name systems, from the Writing Center at University of Wisconsin

Online CSE Citation-Name/Citation-Sequence Style Guides

  • Citation Guide: CSE Citation-Sequence System Guide to using numbered references in CSE Style, from the Writing Across the Curriculum Clearinghouse
  • Cite Your Sources: CSE CItation-Name From the University of Guelph; see also their several videos on the guide.
  • The Writer's Handbook: CSE Documentation Style Quick guide to both Name-Year and Citation-Sequence/Citation-Name systems, from the Writing Center at University of Wisconsin

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Scientific Style and Format: the CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers

Scientific Style and Format Style Manual Committee, Council of Science Editors. 8th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2014 Location: Science & Engineering Library T11.S386 2014 

See Chapter 30:  Citations and References pages 617-676  Citing electronic sources pages 665-669

the Citation-Sequence system (see page 619-622) the Name-Year system (see pages 619-620)

The following examples use the Name-Year system.

The in-text citation includes the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication of the document enclosed in parentheses.in-text citation: (Sawin 2004)

The reference list is included at the end of the document. Reference list entries are arranged in alphabetical order by the last name of the author, editor, or other individual or entity.Names are formatted as Last, Initials.reference list entry: Sawin, JL. 2004. Mainstreaming renewable energy in the 21st century. Washington, DC. Worldwatch Institute. 76 p.

General format: Author/editor. Year. Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher. #pages. Example: Sorensen, B. 2004. Renewable energy : its physics, engineering, use, environmental impacts, economy, and planning aspects. 3rd ed. Boston : Elsevier Academic Press. 928 p.

Chapter or other part of a book

General format: Author of selection. Year. Title of selection. In: Author/editor of book. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: publisher. Pages of selection. Example: Singleton P, Sainsbury D. 2001. Dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology. 3rd ed. New York: J Wiley. Plasmid; p 593-4.

Conference proceedings

General format: Editor. Year. Title of publication or conference. Name of conference; dates of conference; place of conference. Place of publication: publisher. Total number of pages. Example: Dubois DM, editor. 2004. Computing anticipatory systems. CASYS 2003 – Sixth International Conference; 2003 August 11-16; Liege, Belgium. Melville, NY: American Institute of Physics. 602 p.

Conference papers

General format: Author of the paper. Date of publication. Title of the paper. Connective phrase [In]: editor of the proceedings. Title of the publication, or name of conference, or both; dates of the conference; place of the conference. Place of publication: publisher. Paper pages. Example: Rossler OE. 2004. Nonlinear dynamics, artificial cognition and galactic export. In: Dubois DM, editor. Computing anticipatory systems. CASYS 2003 – Sixth International Conference; 2003 August 11-16; Liege, Belgium. Melville, NY: American Institute of Physics. p 47-67.

Journal article

General format: Author. Year (or Date). Title of article. Title of journal. Volume and issue number. Page numbers. URL in angle brackets. Date accessed. Example:  Bisagni C, Mirandola, C. 2005. Experimental and numer ical investigation of crash behavior of composite helicopter cruciform elements. Journal of the American Helicopter Society 50(1): 107-116. Example: Cavalcanti A. 2003. Assembly automation with evolutionary nanorobots and sensor-based control applied to nanomedicine. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.  2(2): 82 – 87.  {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1204819} Accessed April 7, 2020

General format:  Author. Title [medium]. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication [Date of update/Date of citation]. Availability. Example:  Animal Welfare Information Center [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library (US); [updated April 14, 2005; cited April 7, 2020]. Available from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/.

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Books on CSE Citation

cse citation dictionary

The CSE style originated in the 1960s, when it was known as the Council of Biology Editors (CBE) style. It was intended to provide style and format guidelines for editors of peer-reviewed biology journals. Over the decades, its scope grew to include many fields of scientific research in both the life sciences and physical sciences. In 2000, the organization became known as the Council of Science Editors (CSE). The style then became known as the CSE style. 

In a reference list prepared in CSE style:

  • journal titles are abbreviated, but no periods are used in the abbreviation. (eg. J Exp Biol)
  • author initials (without periods) are used instead of the author’s given names
  • The last author name within a reference is connected to the others by a comma instead of using the word “and” or an ampersand (“&”).
  • references are formatted using a “hanging” indent.

CSE style allows you to select from one of three systems to cite sources:

  • Citation-Name: Uses superscript numerals to identify in-text citations. In the alphabetized reference list, each numeral corresponds with a unique reference.
  • Citation-Sequence: Uses superscript numerals to identify in-text citations. In the reference list, sources are numbered sequentially by the order in which they appear in the text (so they may not be in alphabetical order by author).
  • Name-Year: Uses parenthetical in-text citations that include author name and the year of publication. The reference list is ordered alphabetically by author name. 

In-text Citation with CSE

The Name-Year system is recommended by many professors in the Dalhousie Department of Biology, but if you're not sure which system to use, be sure to check.

Author's Last Name, Publication Year

(McToad  2010)

All of these pieces must match the corresponding reference list entry exactly!

Example in-text citations, from fictional authors and sources:

Research has shown that the demographic of the fly is a key determining factor in the robustness of its flavour (Frog 1998) .

You could also place part of the citation in the text as follows:

As mentioned in Frog's seminal article (1998) , the demographic of the fly is a key determining factor in the robustness of its flavour.

In this example, the author's name is mentioned in the text itself; therefore the name need not be repeated in the bracketed citation.

Each in-text citation must be associated with an item in a comprehensive list of references at the end of your paper.  Pay attention to your formatting when constructing your reference list. While CSE is not as particular as other citation styles, losing points on an assignment for poorly formatted citations is easily avoided. 

The References Page:

Documents using the CSE style of citation must contain a "References" page at the end of the text. The following are some examples of how to cite commonly used references:

Frog RA. 1998. Expert's guide to artisanal fly cuisine. 2nd ed. Halifax (NS): Imaginary Publishing Inc.

Book, journal and website titles are in sentence case!

Journal Article

Frog RA. 1997. The biology of delicious fly cuisine: enzymes and their mechanisms of actions. Eur J Biochem. 130:(4)435-445.

Journal names are abbreviated!

Ribbit TF. 1998. The life and legacy of Ribbit Frog: a culinary biography. New London (CT): Frog and Toad's Center for Special Collections and Archives; [accessed 2015 Aug 18] . http://www.frogtoadsc.org/Biography.aspx#.UE8foVF76So.

Make sure to include the date accessed!

  • Dalhousie CSE Citation Style Quickguide Downloadable PDF document containing more in-depth information on CSE citations and a variety of information resources.
  • CSE Citation Video Tutorial More in-depth exploration of how to cite a document using CSE Citation Style.
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Cse style guide.

CSE style is the citation style recommended by the Council of Science Editors for use in biology and other sciences.

The current 8th edition of Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers is available:

  • In print at the Biddeford Campus Library

There are three different methods of CSE Style:

  • citation-sequence
  • citation-name

In-text citations and the order of end references are formatted differently with each method.

General Formatting 

  • Capitalize the titles of journals as they appear in the publication. Books, chapters and articles, use sentence case.
  • Do not list the authorā€™s full first name, only their initial(s). No commas separate the authorā€™s last name and first initial(s) 
  • The references page can be titled ā€œReferencesā€, ā€œCited Referencesā€, ā€œLiterature Citedā€, or ā€œBibliographyā€ 
  • When creating a citation for a source with 1-10 authors, list all authors. For a source with 11+ authors, list the first 10 followed by ā€œet al.ā€  

In-Text Citations

In the name-year system, parenthetical in-text citations will consist of the authorā€™s last name and year of publication. In the case of two authors, place both names in the parenthesis separated by and. If a source has three or more authors, list only the first authorā€™s name followed by et al.

Based on the literature, when designing an effective kinase hinge binder, ā€œone to three H-bonds are required to gain sufficient potency at a given kinaseā€ (Sharma and Gupta 2022).

Appears in references section as:

Sharma, V, Gupta, M. 2022. Designing of kinase hinge binders: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Chem Biol Drug Des. 100(6):968-980.

Citation-Sequence

In the Citation-Sequence system, use superscript numbers within the text. In your references cited page number your citations in order that they appear in your paper.

Data suggests that female patients being treated following in-hospital cardiac arrest show slightly higher rates of survival than men 1 .

1. DiLibero, J, Misto, K. Outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest: A review of the evidence. Crit. Care Nurs Clin. North Am. 2021 Sep;33(3): 343-356.

Citation-Name

In the Citation-Name system, complete the list of end references for your paper before adding the superscript numbers in your text. For instance: if the first source cited in your paper is a work by Zimmerman and there are 43 sources cited in your paper, Zimmerman will be number 43.

Hypoxia tumor cells are highly resistant to cancer therapies 67 , however research has found success with a multimodal therapy approach12.

Appears in References section as:

12. Graham, K, Unger, E. Overcoming tumor hypoxia as a barrier to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy in cancer treatment. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2918 Oct;13:6049-6058.

67. Wang, J-J, Lei, K-F, Han, F. Tumor microenvironment: recent advances in various cancer treatments. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018 Jun;22(12):3855-3864

Cited References

List the references to sources that you have cited within the text alphabetically by author under the heading ā€œReferencesā€, ā€œCited Referencesā€, ā€œLiterature Citedā€, or ā€œBibliographyā€. You can list references that you consulted but did not cite for additional reading or other purposes under a separate heading such as ā€œAdditional Referencesā€ or ā€œSupplemental Referencesā€.

Print Journal Article

See section 29.3.7.1 of the CSE Manual.

Meise CJ, Johnson DL, Stehlik LL, Manderson J, Shaheen P. 2003. Growth rates of juvenile Winter Flounder under varying environmental conditions. Trans Am Fish Soc. 132(2):225-345.

Online Journal Article

See section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

SetƤlƤ H, Sun ZJ, Zheng JQ, Lu C, Cui MM, Han SJ. 2023. Loss of soil carbon and nitrogen indicates climate change-induced alterations in a temperate forest ecosystem. Ecological Indicators. [accessed 2023 July 20]:148. https://www-sciencedirect-com.une.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S1470160X23001978?via%3Dihub. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110055

Online Encyclopedia Article

Wagner S, Johanna T. 2016. Pregnancy. In: Gale encyclopedia of medicine [database on the Internet]. 5th ed. Vol. 2. Farmington Hills (MI): Gale. [accessed 2023 Jul 13]. (Gale Virtual Reference Library). p. 260-792. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL.

See section 29.3.7.2 of the CSE Manual.

McCormac JS, Kennedy G. 2004. Birds of Ohio. 2nd ed. Auburn (WA): Lone Pine.

Rollin, BE. 1998. The unheeded cry: animal consciousness, animal pain, and science [Internet]. 3rd ed. Ames (IA): The Iowa State University Press. [accessed 2021 August 27]. http://www.netlibrary.com.

Book Chapter

See section 29.3.7.2.10 of the CSE Manual.

McDaniel TK, Valdivia RH. 2005. Cellular microbiology. 2nd ed. Washington (DC): ASM Press. Chapter 2, New tools for virulence gene discovery; p. 473-488.

It can often be difficult to locate all the required elements of a citation on a webpage. Work with the information provided; if an author or other element is not listed, leave that element out and do not create placeholders.

Include citation elements in this order:

Title of Homepage. Date of publication. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; [date updated; date accessed]. Notes.

Whale Shark. 2023. Washington (DC): Oceana; [accessed 2023 July 27]. https://oceana.org/marine-life/whale-shark/.

Conference Paper

See section 29.3.7.3 of the CSE Manual.

Lee DJ, Bates D, Dromey C, Xu X, Antani S. c2003. An imaging system correlating lip shapes with tongue contact patterns for speech pathology research. In: Krol M, Mitra S, Lee DJ, editors. CBMS 2003. Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems; New York. Los Alamitos (CA): IEEE Computer Society. p. 307ā€“313.

Dissertation or Thesis

See section 29.3.7.5 of the CSE Manual.

Brann, C. 2018. Drosophila glypicans Dally and dally-Like control injury induced allodynia [thesis]. [Biddeford (ME)]: University of New England. [Accessed 2023 July 20]. https://dune.une.edu/theses/164/

Technical Report

See section 29.3.7.4 of the CSE Manual.

Gimble JM. 2009. Circadian biology and sleep: Missing links in obesity and metabolism. Baton Rogue (LA): Louisiana State University System. Report No.: W81XWH-09-1-0289. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA.

Figures & Images

See section 30.2 of the CSE Manual

Talbot P . 2011. Mesocricetus auratus, blood cell, oocyte, cumulus cell [recorded image]. La Jolla (CA): Cell Image Library. http://www.cellimagelibrary.org/images/18042. Ā 

Citation-Sequence & Citation-Name

See Section 29.3.7.1 of the CSE Manual.

Justen H, Delmore KE. The genetics of bird migration. Current Biology. 22 Oct;32(20): R1144-R1149.

See Section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

Xiaojie W, Jinling X, Yixin Y. Response of fish to ocean warming and acidification. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 2022 Jan [accessed 2023 July 24];42(2):433-441. https://www.ecologica.cn/stxb/article/abstract/stxb202006081486. doi: 10.5846/stxb202006081486

Angell B. Behavioral therapy. In: Franklin C, editor. Oxford research encyclopedia of social work. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2013 [accessed 2023 July 24]. https://doi-org.une.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.30

See Section 29.3.7.2 of the CSE Manual.

Lemons DS. A studentā€™s guide to entropy. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press; 2013.

Chambers JA. Field guide to global health & disaster medicine. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier; 2022 [accessed 2023 July 24]. https://www-clinicalkey-com.une.idm.oclc.org/#!/browse/book/3-s2.0-C20200000599.

See Section 29.3.7.2.10 of the CSE Manual.

Voight ML, Tippett SR. Plyometric exercise in rehabilitation. In: Prentice WE, editor. Rehabilitation techniques for sports medicine and athletic training. Thorofare (NJ): SLACK Incorporated; 2015. 285-310.

Title of Homepage. Edition. Place of Publication: publisher; date of publication; date updated]. Notes.

Example: ECOS letter on U.S. DOJ SEP policy. 2022. Washington (DC): Enviormental Council of the States; [accessed 2023 July 24]. https://www.ecos.org/documents/ecos-letter-on-u-s-doj-sep-policy/.

See Section 29.3.7.3 of the CSE Manual.

Mahdavi K, Culshaw R, Boucher J, editors. Current developments in mathematical biology. Conference on Mathematical Biology and Dynamical Systems; Tyler, TX. University of Texas at Tyler.

See Section 29.3.7.5 of the CSE Manual.

Sullivan SM. Identifying complex adaptive systems using quantitative approaches at a midsized biotechnology firm [dissertation]. Biddeford (ME): University of New England; 2022.

See Section 29.3.7.4 of the CSE Manual.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. Atlanta (GA): Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 2019. Report No.2019-133.

Winslow T. Spine anatomy [illustration]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute. [Accessed 2023 Aug 4]. https://visualsonline.cancer.go v/details.cfm?imageid=12201 . Ā  Ā 

Questions & Help

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Citation Styles

Cse overview.

CSE style is commonly used in the sciences. The first edition of the style manual was published in 1960 by the Council of Biology Editors (renamed the Council of Science Editors in 2000).

CSE style offers three options for in text documentation:

1. ( Author-Year) parenthetical citations within a paper to indicate paraphased, summarized or quoted material.

2. Citation-Sequence with superscript numbers to designate paraphrased, summarized, or quoted material, which correspond to numbered (nonalphabetized) entries in the references list at the end of a paper.

3. Citation-Author is based on alphabetized, numbered references at the end of a paper. The corresponding in text citations are designated by superscript numbers.

The organization of the References list at the end of the paper varies, depending on which in text documentation method the writer follows.

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CSE Citation-Sequence and CSE Citation-Name

In both CSE citation systems described here, numbers in a sentence refer to sources listed at the end of the document. These two systems differ only in how sources are numbered in the reference list: sequentially (citation-sequence) or alphabetically by author’s name (citation-name).

In-text references

Format in-text references.

The style advocated by CSE suggests that numbers appear in superscript, and appear before punctuation marks (commas or periods).

Example from The CSE Manual:

Traumatic life events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are endemic among American civilians 1.

However, many scientific journals format these numbers differently, using square brackets or parentheses, or putting superscript numbers after the period.

Example from Communicative & Integrative Biology (2011) :

The most fundamental specialization of the eusocial insects is the division of colony members into two castes, workers (functionally sterile individuals) and reproductives.1

Example from Current Opinion in Cell Biology (2012):

The classical cadherin system connects cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton via b-catenin and a-catenin to maintain tissue integrity in metazoans [1].

Example from mBio (2012) :

Although xylem is considered a nutrient-limiting, low-oxygen environment (1), R. solanacearum is well adapted to it, growing to cell densities of 108 to 109 CFU/g stem while still remaining limited to xylem (2).

For consistency, the examples that follow have been reformatted to match CSE’s preferred style (superscripted numerals before punctuation).

Number in-text references

  • In the citation-sequence system, sources are numbered by order of reference so that the first reference cited in the paper is 1, the second 2, and so on.
  • In citation-name, the sources are numbered alphabetically so that 1 refers to the first source in an alphabetical list, 2 refers to the second source in that list, and so on.

When possible, put numbers immediately after the relevant word or phrase rather than at the end of a sentence.

Cite multiple sources in one sentence

If the numbers are not in a continuous sequence, use commas (with no spaces) between numbers. If you have more than two numbers in a continuous sequence, use the first and last number of the sequence joined by a hyphen.

Example from A new model for caste development in social wasps by UW-Madison Professor Robert Jeanne (Entomology) and postdoc Sainath Suryanarayanan (Community and Environmental Sociology):

For the non-dimorphic polistines such as Polistes, Ropalidia and others, the long-standing view is that differences in the quantity of nourishment received during the larval stage act as a “nutritional switch” to bias development toward one caste or the other 7,8,11-14.

Example from Cadherin complexity: recent insights into cadherin superfamily function in C. elegans by UW-Madison graduate student Timothy Loveless (Cellular and Molecular Biology) and Professor Jeff Hardin (Zoology):

Basolateral foci of HMP-1 and DLG-1 accumulate despite unperturbed localization of LET-413/Scribble 19, which normally excludes AJ components from basolateral surfaces 23,24.

Cite one source in multiple sentences

Once you have assigned a source a number, use that same number every time you cite it.

Example from Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Synthesized with Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization by UW-Madison Biochemistry postdoc Matthew J. Allen and Professors Ronald J. Raines and Laura L. Kiessling:

Moreover, the use of ROMP is advantageous because it can yield polymers of well-defined length 6. To synthesize the target polymers 8a and 8b we employed the ruthenium initiator (H2IMes)(3-Br-py)2(Cl)2RudCHPh. Its rate of initiation relative to propagation affords polymers of well-defined average lengths 6,8.

Example from The Role of Secretion Systems and Small Molecules in Soft-Rot Enterobacteriaceae Pathogenicity by UW-Madison Professor Amy Charkowski (Plant Pathology) et al.

Once associated with an insect, some isolates of Pectobacterium carotovorum can infect and persist in D. melanogaster and activate an immune response 8,9. The protein Evf (Erwinia virulence factor), present only in insect-associated strains, promotes the persistence of bacteria in the insect midgut. Evf synthesis is regulated by SlyA (Hor), which also regulates plant virulence genes 1,9.

Cite sources in tables and figures

Avoid using superscripted numerals in figures where they might be misconstrued as exponents. Instead, use superscripted letters like a,b for tables and figures. List them sequentially after all the text citations.

Quote or excerpt a source

Although CSE provides rules for how to quote or excerpt sources, in practice almost no scientists publishing in journals that use CSE documentation choose to quote sources. Instead, these authors paraphrase or simply cite authors.

When you quote or excerpt a source, include an in-text reference to help your reader see what source you are quoting from. The seventh edition of the CSE Manual does not provide specific rules for identifying the page number or other location information for that source.

Cite a work cited by your source (secondary citation)

Secondary citations refer to material that you have not seen in its original form but rather have obtained from another document that cited the original source. In the 2006 edition of the CSE Manual, secondary citations are not listed as a valid form of citation. Instead, find and cite the original source.

End references and the reference list

The goal of your reference list is to help your reader identify each numbered source quickly and clearly. CSE has standardized the information to be provided for ease and predictability of reading.

What to call your reference list

“Reference list” is CSE’s generic term for the list of sources at the end of your document. Your list should be given a more formal title: References or Cited References . If you used some documents as sources but did not cite them in your paper, list them alphabetically by author under the heading Additional References.

Format your end references

Otegui MS, Kiessling LL, Batzli J.
The fat-soluble vitamins: handbook of lipid research 2.
In vitro and in vivo reconstitution of the cadherin-catenin-actin complex from Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2010 Aug 17;107(33):14591-6.
Livestock Prod Sci. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. J Dairy Sci.
Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2012;50:425-49. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2011 Jul;24(7):773-86.

Examples of end references

References for books follow the order Author(s). Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date. Extent.

1 Allen C, Prior P, Hayward AC. Bacterial wilt: the disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. St. Paul (MN): APS Press; 2005. 508 p.

[A book’s extent in number of pages (“508 p.” in the example above) is optional but provides useful information.]

Book chapter

References for chapters or other parts of a book follow the order Author(s). Chapter title. In: Editor(s). Book title. Place of publication: publisher; year. Page numbers for that chapter.

2 Otegui MS. Endosperm: development and molecular biology. In: Olson OA, editor. Endosperm cell walls: formation, composition, and functions. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer-Verlag; 2007. p. 159-178. 3 Allen, C. Bacteria, bioterrorism, and the geranium ladies of Guatemala. In: Cabezas AL, Reese E, Waller M, editors. Wages of empire: neoliberal policies, repression, and women’s poverty. Boulder (CO): Paradigm Press; 2007. p. 169-177.

Journal article

References for journal articles follow the order Author(s). Article title. Abbreviated journal title. Date;volume(issue):pages.

To save space, CSE suggests that writers abbreviate the titles of journals in according to the ISO 4 standard, which you can read about at ISSN . You can also search ISSN’s List of Title Word Abbreviations.

4 Wang Y, Zhu J, DeLuca HF. Where is the vitamin D receptor? Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012 Jul 1;523(1):123-33. 5 Powell JM, Wattiaux MA, Broderick GA. Evaluation of milk urea nitrogen as a management tool to reduce ammonia emissions from dairy farms. J Dairy Sci. 2011;94(9):4690-4694 6 Flores-Cruz Z, Allen C. Necessity of OxyR for the hydrogen peroxide stress response and full virulence in Ralstonia solanacearum. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77(18):6426-6432.

Reference list information for articles found online adds a medium designatorā€”[Internet], including the bracketsā€”at the end of the title of the journal, as well as a citation date and a URL. The CSE Manual does not explicitly require this information if the online content is identical to the print content.

7 Werling BP, Lowenstein DM, Straub CS, Gratton C. Multi-predator effects produced by functionally distinct species vary with prey density. J Insect Sci [Internet]. 2012 [cited 12 Sep 2013]; 12(30). Available from: insectscience.org/12.30 8 Bennett AB, Gratton C. Floral diversity increases beneficial arthropod richness and decreases variability in arthropod community composition. Ecol Appl [Internet]. 2013 [cited 12 Sep 2013];23(1):86-95. Available from: http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2013/03/Ecological-Applications.pdf

Internet resource

9 Williamson RC. Deciduous tree galls [Internet]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2004 Apr 25 [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/pddc/files/Fact_Sheets/FC_PDF/Deciduous_Tree_Galls.pdf 10 ASAP: systematic annotation package for community analysis of genomes [Internet]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Madison; c2013 [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from http://www.genome.wisc.edu/tools/asap.htm 11 Stem Cell Research Oversight Committee. University of Wisconsin-Madison policy for multisite research studies using human pluripotent stem cells [Internet]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2009 [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from http://www.grad.wisc.edu/admin/committees/scro/documents/MultisiteresearchpolicyFinal.pdf

Government document

12 Working Group on Diversity in the Biomedical Research Workforce (US). Draft report diversity in the biomedical research workforce [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2012 Jun 13 [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from http://acd.od.nih.gov/Diversity%20in%20the%20Biomedical%20Research%20Workforce%20Report.pdf

Dissertation

13 Oliver SS. Context dependent protein interpretation of the histone language [dissertation]. University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2012. 238 p.

Conference presentation or lecture

If a conference paper is subsequently published, either in the proceedings of the conference or in a journal, cite as a chapter in a book or as an article in a journal. Otherwise, cite as follows.

14 Vierstra R. Atomic perspectives on phytochrome photoactivation and signaling. Paper presented at: Steenbock 35. Proceedings of the 35th Steenbock Symposium on Advances in Biomolecular NMR; 2011 June 26-28; Madison, WI.

References for this page

Formatted in Citation-Name style. All examples on this page are taken from publications by UW-Madison professors, postdocs, and graduate students. Note that CSE doesn’t call for hyperlinks.

1 Allen C, Bent A, Charkowski AO. Underexplored niches in research on plant pathogenic bacteria . Plant Physiol [Internet]. [Cited 20 June 2013.] 2009;150(4):1631-1637. Available from http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/150/4/1631.full 2 Bennett AB, Gratton C. Measuring natural pest suppression at different spatial scales affects the importance of local variables . Environ Entomol. 2012;41(5):1077-85. 3 Bennett AB, Gratton C. Floral diversity increases beneficial arthropod richness and decreases variability in arthropod community composition. Ecol Appl. 2013;23(1):86-95. 4 Charkowski A, Blanco C, Condemine G, Expert D, Franza T, Hayes C, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Lopez Solanilla E, Low D, Moleleki L, et al. The role of secretion systems and small molecules in soft-rot enterobacteriaceae pathogenicity . Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2012;50:425-49. 5 Dreyer J, Hoekman D, Gratton C. Lake-derived midges increase abundance of shoreline terrestrial arthropods via multiple trophic pathways. Oikos [Internet]. [Cited 20 June 2013.] 2012;121:252-258. Available from http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2012/04/Dreyer-et-al.-2012-Lake%E2%80%90derived-midges-increase-abundance-of-shorelin.pdf 6 Gratton C, Vander Zanden MJ. Flux of aquatic insect productivity to land: comparison of lentic and lotic ecosystems . Ecology 2009;90(10):2689-2699. 7 Lyon A, Bell MM, Croll NS, Jackson R, Gratton C. Maculate conceptions: power, process, and creativity in participatory research . Rural Sociology [Internet]. 2010 [cited 20 Jun 2013];75(4):538-559. Available from http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2012/01/Lyons-et-al-2010-Rural-Soc-Maculate-conceptions.pdf 8 Lyon A, Bell MM, Gratton C, Jackson R. Farming without a recipe: Wisconsin graziers and new directions for agricultural science. J Rural St [Internet]. 2011 [cited 20 June 2013];27:384-393. Available from http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2012/01/Lyon_Farmingworecipe2011.pdf 9 Mattupalli C, Genger RK, Charkowski AO. Evaluating incidence of Helminthosporium solani and Colletotrichum coccodes on asymptomatic organic potatoes and screening potato lines for resistance to silver scurf . Am J Potato Res [Internet]. 2013 [cited 20 June 2013]. Available from http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs12230-013-9314-3.pdf 10 Thomas DL. Utilization and potential of estimates of genetic value from an industry perspective. Sheep & Goat [Internet]. 2012;27:13-15. Available from http://www.sheepusa.org/user_files/file_1014.pdf 11 Wang Y, DeLuca HF. Is the vitamin d receptor found in muscle? Endocrinology. 2011;152(2):354-63. 12 Wang Y, Borchert ML, Deluca HF. Identification of the vitamin D receptor in various cells of the mouse kidney . Kidney Int. 2012;81(10):993-1001. 13 Wang Y, Marling SJ, Zhu JG, Severson KS, DeLuca HF. Development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice requires vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 May 29;109(22):8501-4. 14 Wang Y, Zhu J, DeLuca HF. Where is the vitamin D receptor? Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012;523(1):123-33.

cse citation dictionary

Council of Science Editors Documentation

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CSE Table of Contents

Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name

Link to Clark Family Library

Citation Styles: APA, MLA, Chicago, & Beyond!: CSE

  • APA 7th Edition
  • MLA 8th Edition
  • Chicago 17th/Turabian 8th
  • Citation Management Tools
  • Citing ChatGPT & AI-generated content

Books on CSE

How to cite in cse style.

What is CSE Style?

CSE stands for Council of Science Editors and is commonly used when writing scientifically. CSE style includes three major systems for organizing your references: citation-sequence, citation-name, and name-year. These systems indicate how your in-text citations look and how your reference list is organized. The system most commonly used in Environmental Studies classes at W&J is name-year.

In the Name-Year system, in-text citations share the authors name and the date of publication and the cited reference list is organized alphabetically. 

CSE uses abbreviated journal titles which can be overwhelming for first-time users. We encourage you to ask a librarian for help.

Examples of CSE Style

In CSE style, keep in mind these general rules:

  • When listing authors, spell out the last name but use initials for first and middle names. Do not use a comma between the last name and initials.
  • List out up to 10 authors. At 11 or more, use the first ten names followed by et al. 
  • For titles, capitalize only the first word and proper nouns. 
  • Any Journal Title longer than one word should be abbreviated. 
  • Anytime you are citing an online source you must add the [accessed date] and URL.

Online CSE Citation Style Resources

  • Scientific Style & Format Quick Guide This is the official CSE site.
  • CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Use this complimentary tool to quickly identify or confirm journal titles and abbreviations for publications indexed by CAS since 1907, including serial and non-serial scientific and technical publications.
  • Science and Engineering Journal Abbreviation Search Tool
  • National Library of Medicine Journal Search Tool
  • Web of Science Journal Search Tool Click on the starting letter of your publication to navigate to the correct page than use Ctrl + F (PC) or Cmmd +F (Mac) to search for the publication.
  • << Previous: Chicago 17th/Turabian 8th
  • Next: Citation Management Tools >>
  • Last Updated: Sep 7, 2023 8:43 AM
  • URL: https://libguides.washjeff.edu/citationstyles

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Complete Discipline Listing

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Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This handout provides an exhaustive list of style guide information for documenting sources in different disciplines. The handout is organized by discipline and includes both a link to the main organizational website and also a link for an online guide to using that style.

Anthropology

The American Anthropological Association uses the  Chicago Manual of Style  and  Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary .

  • Official AAA Website
  • Purdue OWL CMS Resources
  • Official Chicago Style Website

Council of Science Editors.  Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers . 8th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2014.

  • Official Website
  • Explanatory Website  from the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Writing Center
  • Scientific Style and Format Online  (digital guide)

Chicago Style (used in many disciplines)

The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017.

  • Explanatory Website  from the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Writing Center 

Coghill, Anne and Garson, Lorrin, eds.  The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information . 3rd ed. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 2006.

  • Official ACS Website 
  • ACS Style Quick Guide
  • Explanatory Website  from ACS books.

English (and some disciplines in the humanities)

Modern Language Association.  MLA Handbook . 8th ed. New York: 
The Modern Language Association, 2016.

  • Official MLA Website
  • MLA Style Center
  • Purdue OWL MLA Resources

Engineering

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.  IEEE Editorial Style Manual . Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE Periodicals, 2017.

For usage issues not addressed in IEEE manual:  The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017.

  • Official IEEE Website
  • IEEE Editorial Style Manual and Author Tools

Bates, Robert L., Rex Buchanan, and Marla Adkins-Heljeson, eds.  Geowriting: A Guide to Writing, Editing, and Printing in Earth Science . 5th ed. Alexandria: Amer. Geological Inst., 1995.

United States Geological Survey.  Suggestions to Authors of the Reports of the United States Geological Survey . 7th ed. Washington: GPO, 1991.

  • Official USGS Website

Gapner, Diane L., and Diane H. Smith.  The Complete Guide to Citing Government Information Resources: A Manual for Writers and Librarians . Rev. ed. Bethesda: Congressional Information Service, 1993.

  • Explanatory Website  from West Texas A&M University
  • Explanatory Website  from University of North Texas

Gray, Wood.  Historian's Handbook: A Key to the Study and Writing of History . 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991.

Most historians use either Chicago style or Turabian style.

Information Sciences and Computer Science

American National Standard for Information Sciences.  Scientific and Technical Reports: Organization, Preparation, and Production . New York: ANSI, 1987.

The IEEE Computer society prefers the Chicago Manual of Style.

The Associated Press Stylebook . New York. NY: Basic Books, 2018.

  • Official AP Website
  • Purdue OWL AP Resources

Law and Legal Studies

The Bluebook: A uniform System of Citation . 20 th ed. Cambridge: Harvard Law Review Association, 2015.

  • Official Bluebook Website
  • Explanatory Website  from Cornell University

Linguistics

Linguistic Society of America.  LSA Bulletin , December issue (annually).

Linguistics publications generally follow the APA (American Psychological Association) format.

  • Official LSA Website

Mathematics

American Mathematical Society.  A Manual for Authors of Mathematical Papers . 8th ed. Providence: American Mathematical Society, 1990.

  • Official AMS Website

The AMA Handbook of Business Writing . New York: AMACOM, 2010.

  • Official AMA Website

American Medical Association.  AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors.  10th ed. Oxford: Oxford U P, 2007.

American Institute of Physics.  Style Manual for Guidelines in the Preparation of Papers . 4th ed. New York: American Institute of Physics, 1990.

  • Official AIP Website  (download the manual free of charge!)

Psychology (and other social sciences)

American Psychological Association.  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . 6th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2009.

  • Official APA Website
  • APA Style FAQ
  • Purdue OWL APA Resources

Political Science

American Political Science Association Committee on Publications.  APSA Style Manual for Political Science . 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association, 2006.

This guide asks writers to use certain elements of the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed. (see above).

  • Official APSA Website
  • APSA Style Manual  (pdf)

American Sociological Association.  ASA Style Guide . 5 th ed. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association, 2014.

  • Official ASA Website
  • ASA Quick Tips  (pdf)

cse citation dictionary

Citation Guide: Council of Science Editors (Name-Year System)

The Council of Science Editors scientific style of documentation is used primarily in the physical sciences, life sciences, and mathematics. CSE offers two systems for documenting sources: 1) a Citation-Sequence system, 2) a name-year system. This guide explains the CSE Name-Year system, which his very similar to the Author-Date system used by the APA (refer to APA guide for more information and specific formatting examples).

Inserted at the point of reference, an in-text parenthetical citation containing the author's name and the date of publication interacts with the end documentation by pointing to a specific entry in the References List .

This guide is based on Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (8th ed.) 2014 , a publication of the Council of Science Editors. Formatting examples are also based upon the National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation Supplement: Internet Formats . 2 nd Ed. 2007. [Updated Aug 2015].

[Guide Updated Jul 2017]

Citing Sources within the Body of Your Document

The CSE Name-Year in-text citation system follows a parenthetical format rather than the superscripted numbers found in the CSE Citation-Sequence system. It emphasizes authors' names and dates of publication, both of which are important benchmarks denoting relevancy and validity in the social and the hard sciences.

In some cases, chapters, paragraphs and page numbers are required. Regardless of contents, the parenthetic citation should immediately follow the cited material within a sentence and before the period if it is at the end of the sentence. In the case of quoted material, the citation is placed between the final quotation mark and the period at the end of the sentence.

CSE Name-Year In-Text Formatting Rules

CSE Name-Year in-text formatting rules are as follows:

  • One space should separate the author's name and the year of publication.
  • Page numbers are included only when part of a source or a direct quotation is cited. The abbreviation (p), without a period should precede the page number(s).
  • Place a comma and one space after the year of publication when including a page number.

Specific rules depend on whether part or all of a source is being cited as well as whether or not the author's name is mentioned in the sentence where the citation occurs.

Examples of Name-Year In-Text Formatting Rules

1. Citing an Entire Source

When citing an entire work, document the last name of the author and the year of publication. No page numbers are necessary. The citation format will vary according to whether the author's name is mentioned in the sentence being cited.

  • Author Name Not Included in Preceding Sentence

Format : Cite both the last name of the author and the publication date. The citation is placed in parentheses directly following the information being cited. When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (the Period). One space separates the author's name and the date.

In one such study (Anderson 1997)...

  • Author Name Included in Preceding Sentence

Format : When the author's name is mentioned in the sentence, you may omit this name from the parentheses to avoid redundancy, using only the date. The date (in parentheses) should follow directly after mention of the author's name.

Anderson (1997) determined that...

When you cite a specific part of a source, document the last name of the author, the year of publication, AND the page numbers (or chapter, section, line numbers) where the cited material may be found. The citation format varies according to whether the author's name is mentioned in the sentence being cited.

Format : Cite all three elements (author name, date, and page numbers or chapter) in parentheses, directly following the information being cited. When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (the period). One space separates the author's name and the date, and one comma separates the date and the page number (or chapter, etc.). The abbreviation "p" or "pp" precedes the page number(s).

In one such study (Anderson 1997, p 27)...

Format : Place the year of publication within parenthetical note directly after the author's name. In the case of a quote, paraphrase or specific piece of information, follow the date with a comma and page number(s). When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (the period).

Anderson (1997, p 312) determined that...

Examples of Variations to Name-Year In-Text Formatting Rules

1. Citing Anonymous Sources

Format : The word "Anonymous" replaces an author's name in the parenthetic citation of a work authored by an anonymous source rather than the abbreviated title. The reference list entry begins the same way.

Critics occasionally mention the difficulty of interpreting findings like these (Anonymous 1995).

Format : Include first name initials of all in-text cited authors when other authors in your References List have the same last name.

K.K. Sullivan (1962) and D. Sullivan (1996) came to similar conclusions about the effects of this treatment method.

Format: Sources with Two Authors Mention all names in the parenthesis. Do not use an ampersand (&) for "and" between names.

One study (Zoerner and Stephens 1994) is particularly notable.

Format: Sources with Three or More Authors : Name only the first author followed by the words "and others". When two references with multiple authors shorten to the same "and others" form include as many names, separated by commas, as necessary to distinguish between the two references.

Example 1 :

One study (Pelech and others) found that...

Example 2 :

One study (Edmands, Wardrop, Thomas, and others (1993) found...

Another study (Edmands, Wardrop, Reid, and others (1993) argue that...

Note: The References entries for the above citations would be as follows:

Edmonds, Wardrop, Thomas, Nesbitt, Keifer, and Palmquist (1993)Edmonds, Wardrop, Reid, Thomas, LeCourt, and Russell (1993)

Format : The names of group authors may be mentioned in full in texts with few citations, or they may be shortened in all citations subsequent to the first when there are many; however they must unequivocally point to the correct entry in the References list.

Where the References List entry looks like:

Bas Bleu Theatre Company. 1998. 1998 NEA Grant Application for…

The first in-text citation will look like:

The grant proposal (Bas Bleu Theatre Company [BBTC] 1998) was an important effort to support the arts in the community.

And a subsequent in-text citation will look like:

The proposal requested new and increased salaries for theatre staff (BBTC 1998).

Format: Two or More Sources by Same Author When you are citing two or more works by the same author in one parenthetical note, list the name of the author only once, followed by the publication dates of the various works in order of year of publication.

Psychologists have arrived at this conclusion in the past (Tripp 1987, 1994, 1995).

Format: Two or More Sources Published by Same Author in Same Year When, in one parenthetical note, you are citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, be sure to distinguish between the two by assigning them letter suffixes ("a," "b," etc.). These designations will be consistent with those you have given the works in the reference list.

Past research (Johnson 1983a, 1983b) has revealed interesting patterns.

Format: Two or More Sources by Different Authors When you refer to works by different authors within the same parenthetical note, separate them by using semicolons and arrange them according to their publication dates. Arrange alphabetically when publication years are identical.

Several studies (Evens 1992; Dorer 1994; Bundy 1996) have contributed to our current understanding of this phenomenon.

Note: Include the phrase "cited in" when citing a "second-hand" source (i.e., by way of another source) and include an entry for both in the References list.

This process (Perina 1912, cited in Huges 1935) was instrumental in arriving at certain of the conclusions presented after the experiment.

Citing Sources at the End of Your Document

The end documentation in the CSE Citation-Sequence system is called the References list. It is located at the end of a document or book and contains all the bibliographic information needed to find out more about each cited source within the text.

This page is a selective bibliography and does not include a full accounting of sources related to or consulted before you began writing your document, but only those actually cited. You may want to include sources that directly informed your thinking but aren't explicitly cited in the text on a separate page entitled Additional References . Further reading suggestions or a fuller bibliography should be placed on yet another page entitled Additional Reading or Bibliography .

Proper CSE documentation depends on the References page. Without it the in-text numbers would make little sense as they would no longer be pointing at any corresponding entries in the end documentation.

CSE References Formatting Rules

CSE References formatting rules call for the end documentation to begin on the last page of your document, not on a separate one. If your document is 6½ pages long, the References list should begin on page 7, directly below the concluding text of your document.

The References list formatting rules are as follows:

  • References is the most common title, however Cited References or Literature Cited are acceptable titles as well.
  • The title should be placed flush-left on the page and may appear Bold , Underlined , or capped in UPPERCASE letters.
  • Double space between title and first entry; single-space all other entries.
  • Set font-size one or two point (type) sizes smaller than the document text.
  • The first line of each entry is flush-left. Indent each subsequent line five spaces from the left margin (the normal tab-button default space).
  • Arrange entries alphabetically.

CSE Bibliography formatting rules differ slightly from the References rules:

  • The title-- Bibliography --replaces the word References at the top of a separate page.
  • Entries are arranged alphabetically, last name first.
  • Optional elements such as author affiliations, original language, notes, etc., may be included here. More information on their placement is available online in National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation , (pdf file).

Note: For consistency, book entries should be formatted with the initials of authors and editors first names when the References list includes journal article entries [for which the rule calls for using initials rather than the first names of authors and editors] as well.

1. Book with One or More Authors

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [Followed by Last Name and Initial(s) of Other Authors, if Any]. Year of Publication. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher. Number of Pages.

Bates B. 1992. Bargaining for life: a social history of tuberculosis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 435 p.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, [Followed by Last Names and Initials of Other Editors, if any], editors. Year of Publication. Title of book. Information about Edition (if applicable). Place of Publication: Publisher. Number of Pages.

Coovadia HM, Benatar SR, editors. 1991. A century of tuberculosis: South African perspectives. Cape Town: Oxford University Press; 319 p.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author. Year of Publication. Title of book. Last Name and Initial(s) of Translator, translator; Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, editor. New York: Publisher. Number of Pages. Note.

Ferrand J. 1990. A treatise on lovesickness. Beecher A, Ciavolella M, translators and editors. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. 709 p. Translation of the 1623 edition.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by Last Names and Initials of Other Authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of book [type of microtext]. Place of Publication: Microform Publisher. Number of reels. Type of Film.

Fortney S. 1986. Bedrest in healthy women [microfiche]. Springfield (VA): National Technical Information Service. 2 microfiches: negative.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last name and initial(s) of other authors]. Year of Publication. Title of volume. Volume Number, Title of multivolume work. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Howard J, Strauss A. 1975. Humanizing health care. Volume 1, Health, medicine, and society. New York: Wiley.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of book. Place of Publication: Publisher. Part or chapter title; inclusive pages.

Lamartine de Assis J. 1900. Miastenia grave. Sao Paulo: Sarvier. Historia da miastenia grave; p 19-20.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author of Chapter or Part, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of chapter or part. In: Last Name and Initial(s) of Author or Editor of Book [followed by last names and initials of other authors or editors, if any], editor(s). Title of book. Edition information. Place of Publication: Publisher. Inclusive Page Numbers.

Hansen B. 1991. New York City epidemics and history for the public. In: Harden VA, Risse GB, editors. Aids and the historian. Bethesda: National Institute of Health. p 21-8.

Periodicals

Note: When there are between two and ten authors, list all authors in the entry. When there are more than ten, list only the first ten.

1. General Format for Journal Articles

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any 7 ]. Year Month and Day of Publication. Article title. Journal title [abbreviated according to the National Information Standards Organization] Volume Number (Issue Number): Inclusive Page Numbers.

Wilton P. 1992 May 15. The Toronto Free Hospital for Consumptive Poor. Can Med Assoc J 146 (10): 1812-14.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. New dangers in our field [type of article]. Title of Journal Volume: Inclusive Page Numbers.

Besho F, Kobayashi N. 1993. A historical sketch of pediatric hematology and oncology in Japan [editorial]. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 10(2): v-viii.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of article. Title of Journal Volume (Issue): Inclusive Page Numbers.

Besho F, Kobayashi N. 1993. A historical sketch of pediatric hematology and oncology in Japan Pediatr Hematol Oncol 10(2): v-viii.

Format : Last Name and Initials of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of article. Title of Journal Volume Number: First Set of Inclusive Pages, Second Set, etc.

Weisse AB. 1992. A plague in Philadelphia. The story of Legionnaires' disease. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 27(6): 151-4, 157, 161-8.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of article. Title of Journal Volume (Issue Supplement Number): Inclusive Page Numbers.

Feindel W. 1991. Development of surgical therapy of epilepsy at the Montreal Neurological Institute. Can J Neurol Sci 18(4 Suppl): 549-53.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of article. Title of Journal Volume and Supplement Number: Inclusive Page Numbers.

Rahe RH. 1990. Psychosocial stressors and adjustment disorder: van Gogh's life chart illustrates stress and disease. J Clin Psychiatry 51 Suppl: 13-9.

Newspaper and Magazine Articles

1. Signed Newspaper Articles

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year Month Day of Publication. Title of article. Title of Newspaper; Section Information: Page Number (and Column Designation).

Condon G. 1996 Aug 4. Don't take those pills on an empty spirit. Dallas Morning News; Sect 5: 7.

Format : [Anonymous]. Year Month Day of Publication. Title of article. Title of Newspaper; Section Designation: Page Number.

[Anonymous]. 1998 Jul 3. Dr. Paul O. Hagemann physician and professor. St. Louis Post-Dispatch;Sect B: 5.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year and Month of Publication. Title of article. Title of magazine: Inclusive Page Numbers.

Darson D, Milano MG, Barry C. 1996 Feb. Religion: the forgotten factor in health care. The World & I: 292.

Conference Proceedings, Papers and Abstracts

Formats for conference proceedings vary according to whether their titles are the same as the conference or not; formats for papers and abstracts presented at a conference vary according to whether they are published in the proceedings with an individual title or with the same title as the conference.

1. Proceeding Titles that Share Conference Titles

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, [followed by last names and initials of other editors, if any], editor(s). Year of Publication. Description of proceedings and Title of Conference; Year Month Days of Conference; Location of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher. Number of Pages.

Powers JD, Powers TE, editors. 1984. Proceedings of the 10th annual food animal medicine conference: the use of drugs in food animal medicine; 1984 Sep 25-26; Columbus, Ohio. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press. 310 p.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, [followed by last names and initials of other editors, if any], editor(s). Year of Publication. Title of proceedings. Title of Conference; Year Month Days of Conference; Place of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher. Number of Pages.

Irvin AD, Cunningham MP, Young AS, editors. 1981. Advances in the control of Theileriosis. International Conference held at the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases; 1981 Feb 9-13; Nairobi. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 427 p.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of paper. In: Description of proceedings and Title of Conference; Year Month and Days of Conference; Location of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher. Page Numbers.

Gingerich DA. 1984. Pharmacokinetics of drugs used for therapy of the mammary gland. In: Kalter RJ. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Food Animal Medicine Conference; 1984 Sep 25-26; Columbus, OH. Columbus: The Ohio State University. p 117-35.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of paper. In: Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, [followed by last names and initials of other editors, if any], editor(s). Title of proceedings. Title of Conference; Year Month and Days of Conference; Conference Location. Place of Publication: Publisher. Page Numbers. (Series Information, if applicable.)

Walker AR, McKellar SB. 1981. Preliminary observations on the density of sporozoites of Theileria Annulata. In: Irvin AD, Cunningham MP, Young AS, editors. Advances in the control of Theileriosis. Proceedings of an International Conference held at the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases; 1981 Feb 9-13; Nairobi. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p 125-26.

Format : Last Name and Initials of Author [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of abstract [abstract]. In: Title of proceedings/conference; Year Month and Days of Conference; Location of Conference. Place of Publications: Publisher. Page Numbers. Abstract Number [if available].

Willoughby E. 1995. A neglected treatise on headache [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the International Conference of the Auckland Medical Historical Society; 1994 Aug; Auckland, New Zealand. Auckland: Pyramid Press. p 419.

Scientific and Technical Reports

Formats for scientific and technical reports vary according to the organization responsible for the report.

1. U.S. Government Report Authored by a Government Agency or Dept.

Format : Name of Performing Organization (US) [Abbreviation of Name of Performing Organization]. Year and Month of Publication. Title and description of report. Place of Publication: Publisher. Number of Pages or Volumes. Availability Statement.

Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety and Health (US) [DOE]. 1993 Aug. Office of Occupational Medicine. Annual report. Washington, DC: DOE. 14 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DE-93018387.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any] (Name of Performing Organization). Year of Publication. Title and description of report. Place of Publication: Publisher or Sponsoring Organization. Report Number. Contract Number. Number of Pages. Availability Information.

Lenz TG, Vaughan JD, Cooper LN (Colorado State University). 1993. Study of improved methods for predicting chemical equilibria. Final Report 1 Jan 90-31 Mar 93. Washington: Department of Energy. Report nr DOE/ER/13582-T3. Contract nr FG02-86ER13582. 33 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfied, VA; DE-94001647.

Format : Name of Performing Organization [abbreviation of performing organization]. Year and Month of Publication. Title and description of report. Place of Publication: Publisher. Report Number. Number of Pages.

Gas Research Inst. [GRI], Institute of Gas Technology. 1992 Feb. Computerized operations management. Final report Feb 1992. Chicago (IL): Transport and Storage Research Dept. Report nr PB94-12203, PB94-122041. 1009 p. in 2 v.

Dissertations, Theses and Patents

1. Dissertation or Thesis

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author. Date of Degree. Title of dissertation or thesis [dissertation or thesis]. Place of Degree-Granting Institution: Degree-Granting Institution. Number of pages. Availability Information. Identifying Information.

Mangie ED. 1991. A comparative study of the perceptions of illness in New Kingdom Egypt and Mesopotamia of the early first millenium [dissertation]. Akron (OH): University of Akron. 160 p. Available from: University Microfilms, Ann Arbor MI; AAG9203425.

Umezawa H, Suzuki S, Ohkuma T, inventors; Zaidan Hojin Biseibutsu Kagaka, assignee. 1989 Oct 24. Medical composition for injection containing a spergualin as active ingredient and process for preparing the same notag [stabilizers of dextrans, cyclodextrins, and chodroitin sulfate; anticarcinogenic agents, immunomodulators]. US patent 4,876,244.

Legal Materials

Note: The NLM ( National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation ) does not offer its own guidelines for documenting legal references. The CSE instead defers to A Uniform System of Citation (HLRA 1992) and offers the formats below, based on their recommendations.

1. Court Cases

Format : Title of Case , Volume Source Page Numbers (Court and Date)

Meyer v. State of Nebraska ., 262 U.S. 390 (S.Ct. 625 1923)

Format : Title of Statute, Volume Number Source Section Number § (Year of Publication)

Farm Credit Act. 42 U.S.C.A. § 410 (1959

Note: This example was taken from CSE's Scientific Style and Format (p 663).

Format : Senate Bill Number, Number of Congress, Number of Session Section Number § (Year).

S. 2830, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. § 8 (1980).

Format : Resolution Number, Legislation Number, Session Number, Year Collection of Laws

H.R.J. Res 1, 40th Leg., 2d Spec. Sess., 1974 Utah Laws 7

Format : Title of Hearing , Number of Congress, Session Number (Year)

U.S. Policy in the Persian Gulf: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , 101st Cong., 2nd Sess. (1990)

Media Sources

1. Film or Video Recording

List the director and producer (if available), the date of release, the title, the medium in square brackets (“Motion picture,” “DVD,” or “Blu-Ray disc”), the country where the film was made, and the studio or distributor.

Example(s) :

Nichols, J. (Director). (2016). Loving [Motion picture]. United States: Focus Features.

2. Sound Recording

List the author of the song; the date; the song title, followed by “On” and the recording title in italics; the medium in square brackets; and the production data. If the song was recorded by an artist other than the author, add “Recorded by” plus the artist’s name in square brackets after the song title and the recording year in parentheses after the production data.

Clapton, E. (2016). Catch the blues. On I still do [CD]. Encinitas, CA: Bushbranch/Surfdog Records.

3. Television or Radio Program

List the director, writer, producer, host, or reporter (if available); the broadcast date; the title, followed by “Television” or “Radio” and “broadcast” or “series episode” in square brackets; the name of the series; and the city and name of the broadcaster.

Bee, S. (Host). 2016, February 15). Episode 2 [Television series episode]. In Full Frontal with Samantha Bee . Atlanta, GA TBS.

Digital Sources

Note: CSE lists formats for a variety of digital sources. For more specific formatting examples, visit the Council of Science Editors website.

1. Online Journal Articles

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors]. Year of Publication. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Title [medium]; Volume (Issue): Inclusive Page Numbers [if available]. Availability Information. Date of Access.

Loker WM. 1996. "Campesinos" and the crisis of modernization in Latin America. Jour of Pol Ecol [serial online]; 3(1). Available: http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_3/ascii-lokeriso.txt via the INTERNET. Accessed 1996 Aug 11.

Format : [Abbreviated Name of Corporate Author, if appropriate] Name of Corporate Author. Year of Publication. TITLE OF MONOGRAPH [monograph online]. Place of Publication: Publisher; [Update Information, if appropriate]. Availability Information. Date of Access.

University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Services. 1998. RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE PERIMENOPAUSAL PATIENT IN CLINICAL PRACTICE [monograph online]. Available from: Femhealth, http: //peri-menopause.com. Accessed 1999 May 20.

This example was taken from CSE's Scientific Style and Format (p 669).

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. NAME OF PROGRAM [medium]. Version. Place of Publication: Publisher. Physical Description. System Requirements.

Rosenberg V, Ghalambor C, Rycus P, Thomas R. 1988. PRO-CITE [computer program]. Version 1.4. Ann Arbor (MI): Personal Bibliographic Software. 3 computer disks: color, 5 1/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual. System requirements: IBM PC, XT, AT, PS/2 or any 100% compatible computer; 320K RAM; DOS 2.0 or higher.

Note: This example was taken from CSE's Scientific Style and Format (p 668).

Format : [Abbreviated Name of Corporate Author] Corporate Author. Year of Publication. NAME OF PROGRAM [medium]. Version. Place of Publication: Publisher. Physical Description. Accompanying material. System requirements.

[NLM] National Library of Medicine. 1990. GRATEFUL MED [computer program]. Version 5.0. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine. 5 computer disks: 5 1/4 in.; or 2 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 user's guide; 1 troubleshooting guide. System requirements: IBM PC family or fully compatible computer; DOS 2.0 or higher; Hayes Smartmodem or fully compatible modem; 384K RAM required, 512K RAM recommended; 1 or more floppy drives; hard disk with a minimum of 2 MB of free space strongly recommended.

Note: This example was taken from the National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation Supplement: Internet Formats . (p 49).

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of Database. Version. Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of Publication [Date of Update/Revision; Date of Citation].

Prevention News Update Database [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Prevention Information Network. 1988 Jun - [cited 2001 Apr 12]. Available from: http://www.cdcnpin.org/db/public/dnmain.htm

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author ; Title of Webpage [Internet]. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication [Date of Update/Revision; Date of Citation]. Available from: (Insert URL)

British Medical Journal [Internet]. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ; 2004 July 10; Available from: http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/

Format : Author of Message. Title of Message. Message to: Message Recipient. Date of Publication [Date of Citation].

Harris JP. RE: determining rH factor [Internet]. Message to: Adam Zacharias. 1998 Feb 23, 12:08 pm [cited 1998 Feb 28].

Format : Author of Message. Title of Message. In: Title of List. [Place of Publication: Publisher]; Date of Publication; Date of [Citation date]. Numeration of Message. Available from: Insert URL

Kennedy J. AMA Physician Characteristics. In: Medlib. [NY: Univ of Buffalo]; 2001 December week 3, [Cited 2004 July 10]. 1. Available from: http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A1=ind0112c&L=medlib-l

9. Web Document

Format : For a stand-alone Web source such as a report, or a section within a larger website, cite as much of the following information as possible: author, publication date, document title, and URL. If the content is likely to be changed or updated, include your retrieval date.

Matz, M. (2016, March 24). Five reasons to protect the Cherokee National Forest. Retrieved from http://www.pewtrusts.org/.

10. Blog Post or Comment

Format : To cite an entry on a blog, give the author (or screen name, if available), the date the material was posted, and the title of the entry. Include the description “Blog post” or “Blog comment” in square brackets and provide the URL.

Wade, L. (2016, March 10). Does your vote affect public policy? [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2016/03/10/does-your-vote-affect-public-policy/.

11. Facebook Post

Format : Start with the author’s name exactly as it appears and the date of the post. Give the first few words of the post in place of the title, and include the label “Facebook post” in square brackets. Include the retrieval date and the URL. If the Facebook page is private and will not be accessible to readers, cite it as you would cite personal communication within the body of your text, not in the reference list.

Macmillan Learning. (2016, April 28). College readiness and remediation go hand in hand [Facebook post]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/MacmillanLearn/

12. Twitter Post

Format : Use the author’s real name, if possible, followed by the screen name in brackets. Include the entire tweet in place of the title, followed by the label “Tweet” in square brackets. End with the URL.

Applebaum, Y. (2016, March 29). I can say as a historian, with a fair amount of confidence, that scholars will certainly mine social media in the future – they already are [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/YApplebaum/status/714822912172285952

13. Podcast

Format : Give the name of the producer, the date of the podcast, and the title. Include a description in square brackets and the URL.

Blumberg, A. (Host). (2015, November 15). The Secret Formula. StartUp [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://gimletmedia.com/episode/16-the-secret-formula/

14. Online Video

Format : Give the name of the creator, the date it was posted, and the title. Include a description in square brackets and the URL.

Neistat, C. (2012, November 3). Staten Island hurricane destruction [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Wr9594oKZNQ#

15. Computer Software or Game

Format : Sometimes a person is named as having rights to the software or game: in that case, list that person as the author, followed by the date in parentheses. Identify the source in square brackets as “Computer software” or “Computer game.” End with the place of publication and the publisher, or list the URL if the software is available online. If the creator is unknown, begin with the name of the software or game, followed by the label in square brackets and the date in parentheses. End with the locatin and publisher or URL. If you are referring to a specific version that isn’t included in the name, put this information last.

Rosetta Stone Spanish (Latin America) Level 1 [Computer software]. (2010) Arlington, VA: Rosetta Stone.

Unpublished Work

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Letter Author(s). [Description and Date of Letter]. Located at: Repository and Location of Repository.

Bacon F. [Letters to various Tudor notables, ca. 1630]. Located at: The James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection, Yale University Beineke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New Haven, Connecticut.

Format : Title of Document. [Description and Date of Document]. Located at: Repository and Location of Repository.

Box account book. [Accounts of wholesale druggist Henry Box, 1629-42]. Located at: The James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection, Yale University Beineke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New Haven, Connecticut.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of Forthcoming Document. Abbreviated Title of Journal and Year of Forthcoming Publication (if known). Forthcoming.

Pohl PS, Winstein C. Practice effects on the less-affected upper extremity after stroke. J Am Cong Rehab Med. Forthcoming.

Additional Resources

Printed Resources:

Council of Science Editors. Scientific style and format: The CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers. 8th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press; 2014. 825 p.

National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation Supplement: Internet Formats. 2 nd Ed. 2007. [Updated Aug 2015].

Electronic Resources:

The official Council of Science Editors web site, updated regularly, is the comprehensive guide to all things CSE: the organization, its journals, products and services.

The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center, CSE Documentation

Allen, Will, Ellen Palmquist, Peter Connor, Heidi Scott, & Laurel Nesbitt. (2017). Citation Guide: Council of Science Editors (Name-Year System). Writing@CSU . Colorado State University. https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm?guideid=13

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Citation Styles Guide | Examples for All Major Styles

Published on June 24, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on November 7, 2022.

A citation style is a set of guidelines on how to cite sources in your academic writing . You always need a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize a source to avoid plagiarism . How you present these citations depends on the style you follow. Scribbr’s citation generator can help!

Different styles are set by different universities, academic associations, and publishers, often published in an official handbook with in-depth instructions and examples.

There are many different citation styles, but they typically use one of three basic approaches: parenthetical citations , numerical citations, or note citations.

Parenthetical citations

  • Chicago (Turabian) author-date

CSE name-year

Numerical citations

CSE citation-name or citation-sequence

Note citations

  • Chicago (Turabian) notes and bibliography

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Table of contents

Types of citation: parenthetical, note, numerical, which citation style should i use, parenthetical citation styles, numerical citation styles, note citation styles, frequently asked questions about citation styles.

The clearest identifying characteristic of any citation style is how the citations in the text are presented. There are three main approaches:

  • Parenthetical citations: You include identifying details of the source in parentheses in the textā€”usually the authorā€™s last name and the publication date, plus a page number if relevant ( author-date ). Sometimes the publication date is omitted ( author-page ).
  • Numerical citations: You include a number in brackets or in superscript, which corresponds to an entry in your numbered reference list.
  • Note citations: You include a full citation in a footnote or endnote, which is indicated in the text with a superscript number or symbol.

Citation styles also differ in terms of how you format the reference list or bibliography entries themselves (e.g., capitalization, order of information, use of italics). And many style guides also provide guidance on more general issues like text formatting, punctuation, and numbers.

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In most cases, your university, department, or instructor will tell you which citation style you need to follow in your writing. If youā€™re not sure, itā€™s best to consult your institutionā€™s guidelines or ask someone. If youā€™re submitting to a journal, they will usually require a specific style.

Sometimes, the choice of citation style may be left up to you. In those cases, you can base your decision on which citation styles are commonly used in your field. Try reading other articles from your discipline to see how they cite their sources, or consult the table below.

The American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommends citing your sources using Chicago author-date style . AAA style doesnā€™t have its own separate rules. This style is used in the field of anthropology.

APA Style is defined by the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . It was designed for use in psychology, but today itā€™s widely used across various disciplines, especially in the social sciences.

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The citation style of the American Political Science Association (APSA) is used mainly in the field of political science.

The citation style of the American Sociological Association (ASA) is used primarily in the discipline of sociology.

Chicago author-date

Chicago author-date style is one of the two citation styles presented in the Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition). Itā€™s used mainly in the sciences and social sciences.

The citation style of the Council of Science Editors (CSE) is used in various scientific disciplines. It includes multiple options for citing your sources, including the name-year system.

Harvard style is often used in the field of economics. It is also very widely used across disciplines in UK universities. There are various versions of Harvard style defined by different universitiesā€”itā€™s not a style with one definitive style guide.

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MLA style is the official style of the Modern Language Association, defined in the MLA Handbook (9th edition). Itā€™s widely used across various humanities disciplines. Unlike most parenthetical citation styles, itā€™s author-page rather than author-date.

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The American Chemical Society (ACS) provides guidelines for a citation style using numbers in superscript or italics in the text, corresponding to entries in a numbered reference list at the end. It is used in chemistry.

The American Medical Association ( AMA ) provides guidelines for a numerical citation style using superscript numbers in the text, which correspond to entries in a numbered reference list. It is used in the field of medicine.

CSE style includes multiple options for citing your sources, including the citation-name and citation-sequence systems. Your references are listed alphabetically in the citation-name system; in the citation-sequence system, they appear in the order in which you cited them.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) provides guidelines for citing your sources with IEEE in-text citations that consist of numbers enclosed in brackets, corresponding to entries in a numbered reference list. This style is used in various engineering and IT disciplines.

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) citation style is defined in Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (2nd edition).

Vancouver style is also used in various medical disciplines. As with Harvard style, a lot of institutions and publications have their own versions of Vancouverā€”it doesnā€™t have one fixed style guide.

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cse citation dictionary

The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation is the main style guide for legal citations in the US. Itā€™s widely used in law, and also when legal materials need to be cited in other disciplines.

Chicago notes and bibliography

Chicago notes and bibliography is one of the two citation styles presented in the Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition). Itā€™s used mainly in the humanities.

The Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities ( OSCOLA ) is the main legal citation style in the UK (similar to Bluebook for the US).

There are many different citation styles used across different academic disciplines, but they fall into three basic approaches to citation:

  • Parenthetical citations : Including identifying details of the source in parentheses ā€”usually the authorā€™s last name and the publication date, plus a page number if available ( author-date ). The publication date is occasionally omitted ( author-page ).
  • Numerical citations: Including a number in brackets or superscript, corresponding to an entry in your numbered reference list.
  • Note citations: Including a full citation in a footnote or endnote , which is indicated in the text with a superscript number or symbol.

Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.

  • APA Style is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.
  • MLA style is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.
  • Chicago notes and bibliography style is also popular in the humanities, especially history.
  • Chicago author-date style tends to be used in the sciences.

Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.

The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.

A scientific citation style is a system of source citation that is used in scientific disciplines. Some commonly used scientific citation styles are:

  • Chicago author-date , CSE , and Harvard , used across various sciences
  • ACS , used in chemistry
  • AMA , NLM , and Vancouver , used in medicine and related disciplines
  • AAA , APA , and ASA , commonly used in the social sciences

APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.

Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.

MLA Style Ā is the second most used citation style (after APA ). It is mainly used by students and researchers in humanities fields such as literature, languages, and philosophy.

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Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Citation Styles Guide | Examples for All Major Styles. Scribbr. Retrieved February 12, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/citation-styles/

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CSE Citation Style Guide

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Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

  • Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
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  • Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
  • Book: What have reviews said about it?
  • What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
  • Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
  • Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
  • Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
  • Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
  • Are there ads?
  • When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
  • Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
  • Does the source even have a date?
  • Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
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MLA Format: Everything You Need to Know and More

Filled with a wide variety of examples and visuals, our Citation MachineĀ® MLA guide will help you master the citation process. Learn how to cite websites, books, journal articles, magazines, newspapers, films, social media, and more!

MLA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Comprehensive Guide to APA Format

Our Citation MachineĀ® APA guide is a one-stop shop for learning how to cite in APA format. Read up on what APA is, or use our citing tools and APA examples to create citations for websites, books, journals, and more!

APA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

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Citing the Dictionary and Other Online Sources

A citation of any online dictionary or thesaurus should include the following information:

  • headword of the entry cited (in quotes)
  • title of the source (in italics)
  • date the dictionary or thesaurus was published, posted, or revised (Use the copyright date noted at the bottom of this and every page of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.)
  • full URL of the site (up to and including the file name)
  • date you accessed the dictionary (in parentheses)

Here are three ways you might cite the entry for hacker in the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, if you accessed it on May 8, 2011.

"hacker." Merriam-Webster.com . 2011. https://www.merriam-webster.com (8 May 2011). MLA Style: "hacker." Merriam-Webster.com . Merriam-Webster, 2011. Web. 8 May 2011. APA Style: hacker. 2011. In Merriam-Webster.com . Retrieved May 8, 2011, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hacker

Citing Other Online Sources

There is no universally accepted standard for citing online sources, but it is generally adequate to indicate the document's Web address, or URL (uniform resource locator), somewhere in the citation, usually following the date on which the electronic document was published, posted, or last revised (if known).

Thus a typical citation of an online source would show the author's name, the title of the document, the title of the complete work (such as the name of a periodical) in italics, the date, and the full URL. A URL is composed of the protocol used (such as http for Web pages; other less common protocols include gopher , ftp , and telnet ), the server's identification, the directory path, and the file's name.

Here are a five sample citations of online sources:

Agmon, Eytan. "Beethoven's Op. 81a and the Psychology of Loss." Music Theory Online 2, 4 (1996). http://boethius.music.ucsb.edu/mto/ issues/mto.96.2.4/mto.2.4.agmon.html Davies, Al. 1997. Mitral Valvular Prolapse Syndrome. Medical Reporter 2, 11 (Feb.). http://www.dash.com/netro/nwx/tmr/tmr0297/valvular0297.html Thursby, Ray. "Hopping into hybrids." Salon.com . Aug. 2000. http://www.salon.com/business/feature/2000/08/15/hybrid/index.html

In many cases it is necessary or desirable to include the date of access as well. Note that the date of access will often be the only date shown, since many online documents do not include dates.

Walker, John. "Resources for Learning French." http://www.fourmilab.ch/francais/1french.html (12 Aug. 2007).

Periodicals published on paper that happen to be accessed online may be cited just like normal periodicals, with no acknowledgment of their online status, if it is clear that the text has not been altered for the online version.

References to mailing lists or newsgroup postings should begin with the author's name, include the subject line (or a made-up descriptive subject line), and provide the name and electronic address of the mailing-list server or newsgroup and the date posted. A personal e-mail message can be called "Personal communication" with no mention of its electronic medium.

Marchand, Jim. "L'humour de Berceo." (1 Oct. 1997). Medieval Texts Discussion List. [email protected] Massey, Neil. "Year 2000 and Sendmail 8.86." (1 Oct. 1997). comp.mail.sendmail

Many mailing-list discussions are archived after messages are posted. Archives are usually maintained on the mailing list's server and may also be available through a Web page. An archived message is cited in its original form unless the message was accessed through a Web server rather than the list server or newsgroup.

McCarty, Willard. "The Fate of Universities." 13 June 1997. Humanist Discussion Group. http://www.iath.virginia.edu/lists_archive/ Humanist/v11/0097.html

Note: Since many online sources are highly subject to change or deletion, any online text likely to be cited — including personal e-mail messages — should always be either downloaded onto a disk or printed out and stored on paper (with a notation of the date accessed) as a permanent record.

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CSE citation generator online

Create a spot-on reference in CSE

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What is CSE Style?

CSE Style is an internationally used citation style developed by the American organisation Council of Science Editors. The latest edition of CSE Style to date is the 8th edition.

The CSE Style manual provides instructions on how to compile bibliographic references and in-text citations for various types of sources.

What are the specifics of CSE Style?

CSE Style is based largely on the rules of Vancouver Style developed by the US National Library of Medicine and stipulated in the manual Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers .

Just as in Vancouver (NLM Style), three reference systems exist in CSE Style (8th ed.). These are the following:

  • citation-sequence : within this system, the bibliographic references are numbered and ordered sequentially by chronology of citation, the in-text citations are represented by the corresponding numbers;
  • citation-name : this method requires the bibliographic references to be numbered but ordered alphabetically;
  • name-year : this is the classical author-date approach, with the in-text citations represented by the name of the author and the year of publication of the work.

As CSE Style derives from NLM Style, the two standardsā€™ specifics are very common. However, CSE Style has a number of different traits compared to Vancouver, namely in terms of punctuation, the approach to citing Internet sources, and so on.

What is the purpose of the CSE citation generator by Grafiati?

Just as with all our other reference generators, the CSE citation generator by Grafiati aims at delivering top-quality bibliographic references and in-text citations in accordance with the requirements of the Council of Science Editors.

We support the latest ā€“ 8th ā€“ edition of CSE Style, including all the three referencing systems of CSE: citation-sequence, citation-name, and name-year . Thanks to this, you can get the most accurate and up-to-date CSE references on the web spending minimum time. Moreover, thanks to our bibliography ordering engine, you get the correctly ordered list of references in any of the CSE citation systems which you can later simply paste into your paper.

Our CSE referencing generator allows you easily convert any of your CSE references into either Vancouver (NLM Style) or any other citation style in just one click.

How to start using the CSE reference generator by Grafiati?

Go to our homepage and select either of the CSE Style systems you would like to use. Next, search for a source in our catalogue, click on the button, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference and the in-text citation for you. Follow our interface to do all your bibliographic work.

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Computer Science > Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition

Title: an svd-free approach to nonlinear dictionary learning based on rvfl.

Abstract: This paper presents a novel nonlinear dictionary learning algorithm leveraging the theory of a feed-forward neural network called Random Vector Functional Link (RVFL). The proposed RVFL-based nonlinear Dictionary Learning (RVFLDL) learns a dictionary as a sparse-to-dense feature map from nonlinear sparse coefficients to the dense input features. Kernel-based nonlinear dictionary learning methods operate in a feature space obtained by an implicit feature map, and they are not independent of computationally expensive operations like Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). Training the RVFL-based dictionary is free from SVD computation as RVFL generates weights from the input to the output layer analytically. Sparsity-inducing Horse-shoe prior is assumed on the coefficients to generate a sparse coefficient matrix w.r.t an initial random dictionary. Higher-order dependencies between the input sparse coefficients and the dictionary atoms are incorporated into the training process by nonlinearly transforming the sparse coefficients and adding them as enhanced features. Thus the method projects sparse coefficients to a higher dimensional space while inducing nonlinearities into the dictionary. For classification using RVFL-net, a classifier matrix is learned as a transform that maps nonlinear sparse coefficients to the labels. The performance of the method illustrated in image classification and reconstruction applications is comparable to that of other nonlinear dictionary learning methods. Experiments show that RVFLDL is scalable and provides a solution better than those obtained using other nonlinear dictionary learning methods.

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COMMENTS

  1. Free CSE Citation Generator [Updated for 2024]

    A CSE citation generator is an online tool that creates citations in the Council of Science Editors (CSE) citation style. It does this automatically by taking in an identifier for a document, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal DOI, and then formatting the citation correctly using the remaining details. šŸ¤“ What is the CSE citation style?

  2. CSE Citation Guide: Home

    [C S E] Council of Science Editors. 2014. Scientific style and format: The C S E manual for authors, editors, and publishers, 8 th ed. Chicago: Council of Science Editors and University of Chicago Press. Location in Library: Reference T 11 .S386 2014

  3. PDF CSE Citation Style Quick Guide 7th Edition

    7th Edition This guide outlines how to cite some of the more common information sources in the Council of Science Editor's (CSE) Style Name-Year system. For a comprehensive listing, please consult: Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 7th edition Call number: T 11 .S386 2006 Reference at: KAM

  4. PDF CSE Name-Year Citation Style Guide

    The Council of Science Editors (CSE) style is a standard citation style used across many disciplines in the physical and life sciences. The CSE style encompasses three distinct systems: Name-Year: In-text citations appear in brackets, and consist of the author(s) last name, as well as the document's year of publication (e.g. Smith 2008).

  5. Council of Science Editors Citation Generator

    1. Author Surname Author Initial. Title. City: Publisher; Year Published p. Pages Used. Example: 1. Poynor R. No more rules. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 2003 p. 71. In-text citation Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment. Template: 1 Example:

  6. CSE Quick Citation Guide

    Name-Year In-Text Citations Formatting End References CSE Citation Style Scientific Style and Format presents three systems for referring to references (also known as citations) within the text of a journal article, book, or other scientific publication: citation-sequence name-year citation-name

  7. Free CSE citation generator [2024 Update]

    Citation-Sequence (C-S) system: Superscript numbers are used to identify in-text citations. In the reference list, sources are numbered sequentially by the order in which they appear in the text (this differs from the C-N system because they might not be in alphabetical order by author). These abbreviated references are called in-text references.

  8. Citing Sources: CSE Style

    CSE (Council of Science Editors) Style is widely used in scientific disciplines, particularly in the natural and physical sciences. The CSE manual describes three systems of documentation. All three systems use a reference list at the end of the paper with complete source information. The Name-Year system uses parenthetical citations consisting of the author's last name and year of publication ...

  9. Citing Your Sources: CSE (Council of Science Editors) Style

    The following examples use the Name-Year system. CSE citation style has two parts: in-text citation and a reference list. The in-text citation includes the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication of the document enclosed in parentheses.in-text citation: (Sawin 2004). The reference list is included at the end of the document. Reference list entries are arranged in alphabetical ...

  10. LibGuides: Citation Style Guide: CSE 8th Edition

    CSE Citation Style. The CSE style originated in the 1960s, when it was known as the Council of Biology Editors (CBE) style. It was intended to provide style and format guidelines for editors of peer-reviewed biology journals. Over the decades, its scope grew to include many fields of scientific research in both the life sciences and physical ...

  11. CSE Style Guide

    CSE Style Guide. CSE style is the citation style recommended by the Council of Science Editors for use in biology and other sciences. The current 8th edition of Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers is available: In print at the Biddeford Campus Library.

  12. PDF Last Revised: 2022 Nov 18 CSE Citation Style

    10.1007/978--387-45972-1 General Rules of the CSE Style Titles for journals: When citing a journal, use the official abbreviation of its title. (See page 3 for finding standard abbreviations.) Use only one period at the end of the journal abbreviation. e.g., Can J Fish Aquat Sci. Mol Cell Biol. Forest Ecol Manag.

  13. CSE

    CSE style offers three options for in text documentation: 1. (Author-Year) parenthetical citations within a paper to indicate paraphased, summarized or quoted material.2. Citation-Sequence with superscript numbers to designate paraphrased, summarized, or quoted material, which correspond to numbered (nonalphabetized) entries in the references list at the end of a paper.

  14. CSE Citation-Sequence and CSE Citation-Name

    CSE Citation-Sequence and CSE Citation-Name CSE Citation-Sequence and CSE Citation-Name In both CSE citation systems described here, numbers in a sentence refer to sources listed at the end of the document.

  15. Citation Styles: APA, MLA, Chicago, & Beyond!: CSE

    CSE stands for Council of Science Editors and is commonly used when writing scientifically. CSE style includes three major systems for organizing your references: citation-sequence, citation-name, and name-year. These systems indicate how your in-text citations look and how your reference list is organized.

  16. Complete Discipline Listing

    Council of Science Editors. Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers. 8th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2014. Official Website; Explanatory Website from the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Writing Center; Scientific Style and Format Online (digital guide) Chicago Style (used in many disciplines)

  17. CSE Citation Style (General)

    CSE uses three different formats: citation-sequence, citation-name, and name-year -- you will want to check with your professor to see which format they prefer. Citation-sequence: Citations are included in a numbered list at the end of the paper, in the order in which they appear in the text. Within the text of your paper, use superscript ...

  18. Citation Guide: Council of Science Editors (Name-Year System)

    The Council of Science Editors scientific style of documentation is used primarily in the physical sciences, life sciences, and mathematics. CSE offers two systems for documenting sources: 1) a Citation-Sequence system, 2) a name-year system. This guide explains the CSE Name-Year system, which his very similar to the Author-Date system used by the APA (refer to APA guide for more information ...

  19. Citation Styles Guide

    A scientific citation style is a system of source citation that is used in scientific disciplines. Some commonly used scientific citation styles are: Chicago author-date, CSE, and Harvard, used across various sciences. ACS, used in chemistry. AMA, NLM, and Vancouver, used in medicine and related disciplines.

  20. Research Guides: CSE Citation Style Guide: e. No Author

    CSE Citation Style Guide. e. No Author. For books with no identifiable author or editor, substitute the title for the author. Begin the in-text reference with the first few words of the title, followed by "...". Use only as many words as are necessary to distinguish the book from the other titles you are listing. General Format. In-Text Citation:

  21. COUNCIL-OF-SCIENCE-EDITORS Citation Generator

    Stay up to date! Get research tips and citation information or just enjoy some fun posts from our student blog. Citation MachineĀ® helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use. Cite sources in APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, and Harvard for free.

  22. Citing the Dictionary and Other Online Sources

    There is no universally accepted standard for citing online sources, but it is generally adequate to indicate the document's Web address, or URL (uniform resource locator), somewhere in the citation, usually following the date on which the electronic document was published, posted, or last revised (if known).

  23. CSE citation generator

    Go to our homepage and select either of the CSE Style systems you would like to use. Next, search for a source in our catalogue, click on the button, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference and the in-text citation for you. Follow our interface to do all your bibliographic work. Free online CSE reference generator ...

  24. [2402.03833] An SVD-free Approach to Nonlinear Dictionary Learning

    An SVD-free Approach to Nonlinear Dictionary Learning based on RVFL. G.Madhuri, Atul Negi. This paper presents a novel nonlinear dictionary learning algorithm leveraging the theory of a feed-forward neural network called Random Vector Functional Link (RVFL). The proposed RVFL-based nonlinear Dictionary Learning (RVFLDL) learns a dictionary as a ...