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COUNCIL-OF-SCIENCE-EDITORS Citation Generator

Keep all of your citations in one safe place

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Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper

Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?

MLA Format: Everything You Need to Know and More

Filled with a wide variety of examples and visuals, our Citation Machine® MLA guide will help you master the citation process. Learn how to cite websites, books, journal articles, magazines, newspapers, films, social media, and more!

MLA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Comprehensive Guide to APA Format

Our Citation Machine® APA guide is a one-stop shop for learning how to cite in APA format. Read up on what APA is, or use our citing tools and APA examples to create citations for websites, books, journals, and more!

APA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Everything You Need to Know About Chicago Style

Creating citations in Chicago style has never been easier thanks to our extensive Citation Machine® Chicago style guide and tools. Learn about footnotes, endnotes, and everything in between, or easily create citations for websites, books, journal articles, and more!

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BibGuru CSE Citation Generator

Cite websites, books, articles, ...

In-text citations in CSE

Cse reference list - name-year system, citation examples - name-year system, cse reference list - citation-sequence and citation-name system, citation examples - citation-sequence and citation-name system.

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The ultimate guide to citing in CSE

CSE style was developed by the Council of Science Editors (CSE), a US-based nonprofit organization that supports editorial practice among scientific writers. The CSE publishes a style guide for scientific papers: The CSE Manual . CSE style originated in the 1960s and is currently used in many fields of study in both the life sciences and physical sciences.

If you are not sure which citation style to use in your paper, ask your instructor. There are many different citation styles and using the style your instructor or institution has established correctly can have a positive impact on your grade.

The CSE Manual, 8th edition, is the basis of this guide. This guide focuses on crediting sources and aims at answering all of your questions about citing in CSE. But you don’t have to worry about getting your citations right with the BibGuru citation generator. We have created BibGuru to help you focus on the content of your work instead of worrying about how to get your reference list done correctly.

I want to cite a ...

The CSE style has three systems to cite sources in-text:

• Name-Year (N-Y) system: The author’s surname and year of the publication are placed in parentheses in the text e.g. (Rode 2012). The reference list is ordered alphabetically by author name.
• Citation-Name (C-N) system: Superscript numbers are used to identify in-text citations. In the alphabetized reference list, each numeral corresponds with a unique reference.
• Citation-Sequence (C-S) system: Superscript numbers are used to identify in-text citations. In the reference list, sources are numbered sequentially by the order in which they appear in the text (this differs from the C-N system because they might not be in alphabetical order by author).

These abbreviated references are called in-text references. They refer to a list of full references at the end of the document.

Which of the three citation systems above you use will determine the order of references at the end of your document. These end references essentially have the same format in all three systems. One exception is the placement of the date of publication in the name-year system. Ask your instructor which of the three systems to use in case you are unsure.

See below the format and examples for the most popular reference types in the name-year system:

• Dissertations and Theses

For the end reference, list authors in the order in which they appear in the original text, followed by the year of publication. Journal titles are generally abbreviated. Each element is separated by a period, and the location (usually the page range for the article) is preceded by a colon.

FORMAT Reference list entry format

Author(s). Date. Article title. Journal title. Volume(issue):location.

FORMAT Reference list entry format for an online journal article

Author(s) of article. Date of publication. Title of article. Title of journal (edition). [date updated; date accessed];Volume(issue):location. Notes.

EXAMPLE Journal article with a DOI

(Christopher 2022)

Reference list:

Christopher MM. 2022. Comprehensive analysis of retracted journal articles in the field of veterinary medicine and animal health. BMC Vet Res. 18(1):73. doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03167-x.

For articles with 2 authors, names are separated by a comma in the end reference but by “and” in the in-text reference.

EXAMPLE Journal article with two authors

(McCauley and Christiansen 2019)

McCauley SM, Christiansen MH. 2019. Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child language development. Psychol Rev. 126(1):1–51. doi:10.1037/rev0000126.

For articles with 3 to 10 authors, list all authors in the end reference; in the in-text reference, list only the first, followed by “et al.” When there are more than 10 authors, list the first 10 in the end reference, followed by “et al.”

EXAMPLE Journal article with four authors

(Warren et al. 2018)

Warren R, Price J, Graham E, Forstenhaeusler N, VanDerWal J. 2018. The projected effect on insects, vertebrates, and plants of limiting global warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C. Science. 360(6390):791–795. doi:10.1126/science.aar3646.

The basic format for books is as follows:

FORMAT Book

Author(s). Date. Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher. Extent. Notes.

Extent can include information about pagination or number of volumes and is considered optional. Notes can include information of interest to the reader, such as the language of publications other than English, and is also considered optional.

For books with 2 authors, names are separated by a comma in the end reference and by “and” in the in-text reference.

EXAMPLE Book with two authors

(Auerbach and Kotlikoff 1998)

Auerbach AJ, Kotlikoff LJ. 1998. Macroeconomics: An integrated approach. 2nd ed. London, England: MIT Press.

For books with 3 to 10 authors, list all authors in the end reference. In the in-text reference, list only the first, followed by “et al.” For books with more than 10 authors, list the first 10 in the end reference, followed by “et al.”

EXAMPLE Book with 6 authors

(Clayton et al. 2021)

Clayton D, Jackson TD, Stone N, Thomas A, Woodfolk A, Yoon N. 2021. Blackout. UK: HarperCollins.

EXAMPLE Book with an editor and multiple authors

(Raab et al. 2015)

Raab M, Lobinger B, Hoffmann SO, Pizzera A, Laborde S, editors. 2015. Performance psychology: Perception, action, cognition, and emotion. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

EXAMPLE Doctoral thesis

(Pradhan 2021)

Pradhan S. 2021. Impacts of road construction on landsliding in Nepal [doctoral thesis]. Durham University. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/14069/.

Website references follow the same general principles as printed references. In addition, a date of update/revision (if available), access date, and URL need to be provided. The format for a website reference looks like this:

FORMAT Website

Title of Homepage. Date of publication. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; [date updated; date accessed]. Notes.

For the in-text reference, include only the first word or two of the title (enough to distinguish it from other titles in the reference list), followed by an ellipsis.

EXAMPLE Website

WWF - endangered species conservation. 2022. World Wildlife Fund. [accessed 2022 May 27]. https://www.worldwildlife.org/.

The format for a blog article is as follows:

FORMAT Blog post

Author’s name. Date of publication. Title of post [descriptive word]. Title of blog. [accessed date]. URL.

EXAMPLE Blog post

(Liegl 2021)

Liegl J. 2021. Communicating with humanity. Several people are typing. [accessed 2022 Feb 22]. https://slack.com/blog/collaboration/communicating-with-humanity.

An example of an CSE Name-Year reference page made with BibGuru's CSE citation generator:

How to use Bibguru for CSE citations

The citation-sequence and citation-name systems are identical except for the order of references. In both systems, numbers in the text refer to references in the reference list.

In the citation-sequence system , the end references are listed in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a reference is numbered, the same number is used for all following in-text citations in the same document, e.g. if Meyer is the first mentioned in-text, their work will be number 1 in the end references and also in all following in-text references.

In the citation-name system , references in the reference list are listed alphabetically by author. Multiple works by one author are listed alphabetically by title. The end references are numbered in alphabetical order and the number assigned to an author in the reference list is then used for the in-text citations, regardless of the order in which they appear in the text. So, if a work by Meyer is number 43 in the reference list, each in-text reference to Meyer will also be number 43.

See below for the format and examples of the most popular reference types in the citation-sequence and citation-name systems:

Authors are listed in the order in which they appear in the original text, followed by a period. Journal titles are generally abbreviated.

Author(s). Article title. Journal title. Date;volume(issue):location.

Author(s) of article. Title of article. Title of journal (edition). Date of publication [date updated; date accessed];volume(issue):location. Notes.

2. Christopher MM. Comprehensive analysis of retracted journal articles in the field of veterinary medicine and animal health. BMC veterinary research. 2022;18(1):73. doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03167-x

For articles with more than 1 author, names are separated by a comma.

3. McCauley SM, Christiansen MH. Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child language development. Psychological review. 2019;126(1):1–51. doi:10.1037/rev0000126

For articles with more than 10 authors, the first 10 are listed, followed by “et al.”

4. Warren R, Price J, Graham E, Forstenhaeusler N, VanDerWal J. The projected effect on insects, vertebrates, and plants of limiting global warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2018;360(6390):791–795. doi:10.1126/science.aar3646

This is the standard format for a book citation:

Author(s). Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date. Extent. Notes.

For books with more than 1 author, names are separated by a comma.

5. Auerbach AJ, Kotlikoff LJ. Macroeconomics: An integrated approach. 2nd ed. London, England: MIT Press; 1998.

When there are more than 10 authors, list the first 10 followed by “et al.”

6. Raab M, Lobinger B, Hoffmann SO, Pizzera A, Laborde S, editors. Performance psychology: Perception, action, cognition, and emotion. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2015.

7. Pradhan S. Impacts of road construction on landsliding in Nepal [doctoral thesis]. Durham University; 2021. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/14069/.

Website references follow the same general principles as for printed references. In addition, a date of update/revision (if available), access date, and URL need to be provided. The format for a website reference looks like this:

Title of Homepage. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date of publication [date updated; date accessed]. Notes.

8. WWF - endangered species conservation. World Wildlife Fund. 2022 [accessed 2022 May 27]. https://www.worldwildlife.org/

Author’s name. Title of post [descriptive word]. Title of blog. Date of publication. [accessed date]. URL.

8. Liegl J. Communicating with humanity. Several people are typing. 2021 Jul 2. [accessed 2022 Feb 22]. https://slack.com/blog/collaboration/communicating-with-humanity.

An example of an CSE Citation-Name reference page made with BibGuru's CSE citation generator:

While all the specific rules and variations of CSE citation style might sound very complicated, you don't need to worry about getting them wrong with BibGuru. Use our CSE citation maker to create the fastest and most accurate CSE citations possible.

Ditch the frustrations for stress-free citations

Helpful resources, from our blog.

CSE stands for Council of Science Editors, formerly known as Council of Biology Editors, CBE. It is a US-based non-profit organization supporting editorial practice among scientific writers. The CSE was established in 1957 by the National Science Foundation and the American Institute of Biological Sciences. The CSE publishes a style guide for scientific papers, the CSE Manual.

The Council of Science Editors (CSE), a US-based non-profit organization supporting editorial practice among scientific writers publishes a style guide for scientific papers: The CSE Manual. The style is used in many fields of study including the life sciences and physical sciences.

The CSE style has three systems to cite sources. The Name-Year system uses in-text citations. In the Citation-Name system and the Citation-Sequence system, superscript numbers are used in-text to identify citations, corresponding with references in the reference list. Those are similar to footnotes but different in that they are not listed separately but integrated into the text.

Interviews and other forms of unpublished personal communications (for example emails) are not included in the reference list in the CSE style. Instead, they should be cited in parentheses within the text of your paper.

The reference list (or bibliography) at the end of your CSE paper can be titled "References" or "Cited References". The arrangement of those references depends on which of the three style systems you picked for the citations of your paper.

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Create a spot-on reference in CSE

What is cse style.

CSE Style is an internationally used citation style developed by the American organisation Council of Science Editors. The latest edition of CSE Style to date is the 8th edition.

The CSE Style manual provides instructions on how to compile bibliographic references and in-text citations for various types of sources.

What are the specifics of CSE Style?

CSE Style is based largely on the rules of Vancouver Style developed by the US National Library of Medicine and stipulated in the manual Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers .

Just as in Vancouver (NLM Style), three reference systems exist in CSE Style (8th ed.). These are the following:

• citation-sequence : within this system, the bibliographic references are numbered and ordered sequentially by chronology of citation, the in-text citations are represented by the corresponding numbers;
• citation-name : this method requires the bibliographic references to be numbered but ordered alphabetically;
• name-year : this is the classical author-date approach, with the in-text citations represented by the name of the author and the year of publication of the work.

As CSE Style derives from NLM Style, the two standards’ specifics are very common. However, CSE Style has a number of different traits compared to Vancouver, namely in terms of punctuation, the approach to citing Internet sources, and so on.

What is the purpose of the CSE citation generator by Grafiati?

Just as with all our other reference generators, the CSE citation generator by Grafiati aims at delivering top-quality bibliographic references and in-text citations in accordance with the requirements of the Council of Science Editors.

We support the latest – 8th – edition of CSE Style, including all the three referencing systems of CSE: citation-sequence, citation-name, and name-year . Thanks to this, you can get the most accurate and up-to-date CSE references on the web spending minimum time. Moreover, thanks to our bibliography ordering engine, you get the correctly ordered list of references in any of the CSE citation systems which you can later simply paste into your paper.

Our CSE referencing generator allows you easily convert any of your CSE references into either Vancouver (NLM Style) or any other citation style in just one click.

How to start using the CSE reference generator by Grafiati?

Go to our homepage and select either of the CSE Style systems you would like to use. Next, search for a source in our catalogue, click on the button, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference and the in-text citation for you. Follow our interface to do all your bibliographic work.

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Type of Source

CSE Documentation (formerly CBE) -- Citation-Sequence System

Download printable version

When you use the words or original ideas of another person in your writing, you need to document, or give credit to, the sources of those words or ideas. If exact words from the original are used, quotation marks are necessary. If you paraphrase or restate the idea in your own words, quotation marks are not required, but documentation of the source is still required.

There are several different formats for documentation. This page explains the CSE (Council of Science Editors) format. In this format, you briefly identify your sources in the text of your paper, then give the full information in the list of references at the end of the paper.

• the Citation-Sequence system (used for the chemistry lab/library assignment)
• the Name-Year system (used by many biology classes)

Your instructor can tell you which method or system to use.

Identify Sources in the Text -- Citation-Sequence system

According to CSE style, you identify in the text of your paper the sources of information (references) you have used. This serves the same purpose as "footnotes," but is integrated smoothly into the text of your paper, rather than listed separately. The CSE style offers several systems of citing your references. This handout illustrates the Citation-Sequence system.

As each source is mentioned in the text, it is numbered in sequence. Page numbers are not added.

Ozone plays an important role in photochemical smog and in the production of acid rain. 1

If a source is used again later, the original number is reused.

"The American Lung Association (ALA) reports that lung disease is now the third leading cause of death in the country and the fastest growing among the top five causes and that ozone pollution contributes to this deadly trend." 8 On the other hand, atmospheric ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths between 240 and 320 nanometers which is lethal to simple unicellular organisms and the surface cells of higher plants and animals. 1

The complete references are listed at the end of the paper in the order they were numbered in your paper.

Listing Your References

The list of references (or bibliography) at the end of your paper should be a list of all the sources that contributed ideas and information to your paper. It can be titled "References" or "Cited References."

The arrangement of references in your list depends upon how you have cited them in your text. In the Citation-Sequence system, each reference appears in the order that it is first mentioned in your paper.

It is based on Citing Medicine, 2nd edition: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers which is the NLM Style: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7256/ . CSE's link for citing sources accessed via the Internet is very detailed and based on NLM style, so librarian assistance is recommended in using it: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7277/

Reference List Examples by Type of Reference

Online (web) sources indicated with double plus sign ++

Note: Write down the URL and date accessed for citations when downloading. They may not appear on printouts.

Specialized Reference Works

Other works.

Return to Top

Example - accessed References

Note: This is an example of an integrated list of all references.

    1. Prinn RG. Atmospheric ozone. In McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and technology. 7th ed. Vol. 2. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1992. p. 229-232.

    2. Uretsky S, Davidson T. Antacids. In: Gale encyclopedia of medicine [database on the Internet]. 5th ed. Vol. 1. Farmington Hills (MI): Gale; 2015. [accessed 2019 Mar 13]. (Gale Virtual Reference Library). p 274-276. https://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL.

    3. Uretsky S, Davidson AMT, Longe JL. Antacids. In: Gale encyclopedia of medicine [database on the Internet]. 3rd ed. Detroit (MI): Thomson Gale; 2006. [accessed 2009 Oct 22]. (Health Reference Center Academic). [about 2 p.]. http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/start.do?prodId=HRCA.

    4. National Research Council. Ozone-forming potential of reformulated gasoline. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1999. 212 p.

    5. McCuen GE, editor. Our endangered atmosphere: global warming and the ozone layer. Hudson (WI): Gary E. McCuen Publications; 1987. 133 p.

    6. Rigos G, Nengas I, Alexis M, Troisi GM. Potential drug (oxytetracycline and oxolinic acid) pollution from Mediterranean sparid fish farms [abstract]. Aquatic Toxicology. 2004 Aug 25;69(3):281-8. In: PubMed [database on the Internet]. Washington (DC): NLM [accessed 2019 Mar 13]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/.

    7. William P. The ozone below. Audubon. 1994 Sep-Oct;96(5):14, 22-23.

    8. Browne MW. Antarctica's ozone layer is threatened by depletion. NY Times. 1994 Oct 8;Sect A:7(col 6).

    9. Brasseur GP, Prinn RG. Stratospheric ozone. In AccessScience @ McGraw-Hill: encyclopedia of science and technology online [database on the Internet]. 2007-19 ed. [New York]: McGraw-Hill; 2018. [accessed 2019 Mar 13]. https://www.accessscience.com/.

    10. Andersen S, Sarma K. Protecting the ozone layer: the United Nations history. London: Earthscan Publications; 2002. 400 p.

    11. Young CT and updated by staff. Nuts. In: Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology [database on the Internet]. 1999-2019 ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2007. [accessed 2019 Mar 13]. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0471238961.

    12. Chiuchiolo AL, Dickhut RM, Cochran MA, Ducklow HW. Persistent organic pollutants at the base of the Antarctic marine food web. Environmental Science & Technology. 2004;38(13):3551-3557. In: Academic Search Complete [database on the Internet]. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO [accessed 2006 Sep 5]. 7 p. http://search.ebscohost.com/.

    13. Chiuchiolo AL, Dickhut RM, Cochran MA, Ducklow HW. Persistent organic pollutants at the base of the Antarctic marine food web. Environmental Science & Technology. 2004;38(13):3551-3557. In: American Chemical Society Publications: Journals and Magazines [database on the Internet]. Washington (DC): ACS; c2000-2019 [accessed 2019 Mar 13]. https://pubs.acs.org/about.html.

    14. Mackenzie D. Anybody want to save the ozone layer? In: Gribbin J, editor. The breathing planet. New York: Basil Blackwell; 1986. p. 185-192.

    15. Bekki S, Law KS, Pyle JA. Effect of ozone depletion on atmospheric CH(4) and CO concentrations. Nature. 1994 Oct 13;371(6498):595-597.

    16. Careers in chemical engineering - what do chemical engineers do? [Internet]. New York (NY): American Institute of Chemical Engineers; [date unknown]. [accessed 2012 Oct 22]. https://www.aiche.org/community/students/career-resources-k-12-students-parents/what-do-chemical-engineers-do.

    17. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). ATSDR Toxicological Profile Information Sheet database [Internet]. U. S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [accessed 2019 Mar 13]. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp.

    18. Can we save the ozone layer? [place unknown]: Concerned Citizen Press; [date unknown].

    19. Pulford I. Environmental chemistry at a glance. Oxford; Malden (MA): Blackwell Pub.; 2006. 132 p.

    20. Brody J. Cutting cholesterol, an uphill battle. The New York Times [Internet]. 2007 Aug 21. [accessed 2007 Sep 27]. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/health/21brod.html?_r=1&oref=slogin.

    21. Travis J. Toxin trumped. Science News. 2002 Aug 17:99. In: Academic Search Complete [database on the Internet]. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO [accessed 2019 Mar 19]. https://search.ebscohost.com/.

    22. Neidle S. Principles of nucleic acid structure [electronic resource] . Amsterdam: Elsevier; Boston: Academic Press; 2008. [accessed 2019 Mar 13]. https://www.ebscohost.com/ebooks/home.

    23. Luster M, Simeonova P, Germolec D. Immunotoxicology. In: Encyclopedia of life sciences [database on the Internet]. 1999-2013 ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2008. [accessed 2013 Feb 20]. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/mrw/advanced/search?doi=10.1002/047001590X.

CSE Citation Wizards

This site will be taken down on april 25, 2024 individual resources and tools may now be purchased for institutional use, please contact managing partner or click here for more information.

CSE Citation guidelines are published by the Council of Science Editors. The tools here follow the guidelines for Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name (abbreviated C-S and C-N) as well as Name-Year (N-Y). Select the format needed for your citation.

Wizards Updated 2018 Sep 26

Webpage: C-S, C-N | N-Y

Online Journal: C-S, C-N | N-Y

eBook: C-S, C-N | N-Y

If you are looking for other CSE formats, Let Us Know

CSE Quick Citation Guide

Cse citation style.

• Format In-Text and End References
• Format End References
• In-Text Citations
• Formatting End References

Scientific Style and Format presents three systems for referring to references (also known as citations) within the text of a journal article, book, or other scientific publication:

• citation–sequence
• name–year
• citation–name 

These abbreviated references are called in-text references. They refer to a list of references at the end of the document.

• Next: Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name >>
• Last Updated: Mar 9, 2023 9:54 AM
• URL: https://libguides.libraries.wsu.edu/csecitation

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Citing Sources: CSE Style

What is cse style.

CSE (Council of Science Editors) Style is widely used in scientific disciplines, particularly in the natural and physical sciences. The CSE manual describes three systems of documentation. All three systems use a reference list at the end of the paper with complete source information. The Name-Year system uses parenthetical citations consisting of the author's last name and year of publication; the Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name systems both use numbered references in the text to refer to the reference list at the end. In Citation-Sequence, the reference list is presented and numbered in the order the sources appear in the text, while in Citation-Name, the reference list is numbered alphabetically by author's last name.

Official Guidance from the CSE

• Quick Guide to Scientific Style and Format From University of Chicago Press, the publishers of the CSE Manual.

Online CSE Name-Year Style Guides

• Citation Guide: CSE Name-Year System Guide to using parenthetical references in CSE Style, from the Writing Across the Curriculum Clearinghouse
• Cite Your Sources: CSE Name-Year From the University of Guelph -- see also their several videos on the guide
• The Writer's Handbook: CSE Documention Style Quick guide to both Name-Year and Citation-Sequence/Citation-Name systems, from the Writing Center at University of Wisconsin

Online CSE Citation-Name/Citation-Sequence Style Guides

• Citation Guide: CSE Citation-Sequence System Guide to using numbered references in CSE Style, from the Writing Across the Curriculum Clearinghouse
• Cite Your Sources: CSE CItation-Name From the University of Guelph; see also their several videos on the guide.
• The Writer's Handbook: CSE Documentation Style Quick guide to both Name-Year and Citation-Sequence/Citation-Name systems, from the Writing Center at University of Wisconsin

Books on CSE Style

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• Last Updated: Oct 24, 2023 3:46 PM
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Citation Styles

Cse overview.

CSE style is commonly used in the sciences. The first edition of the style manual was published in 1960 by the Council of Biology Editors (renamed the Council of Science Editors in 2000).

CSE style offers three options for in text documentation:

1. ( Author-Year) parenthetical citations within a paper to indicate paraphased, summarized or quoted material.

2. Citation-Sequence with superscript numbers to designate paraphrased, summarized, or quoted material, which correspond to numbered (nonalphabetized) entries in the references list at the end of a paper.

3. Citation-Author is based on alphabetized, numbered references at the end of a paper. The corresponding in text citations are designated by superscript numbers.

The organization of the References list at the end of the paper varies, depending on which in text documentation method the writer follows.

CSE Style Manual

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Cse quick citation guide.

• CSE Citation Systems
• In Text References
• N-Y System: Articles
• N-Y System: Books & Websites

C-S and C-N System: Articles

• C-S and C-N System: Books & Websites

Important Elements:

• Author (last name, initials only for first & middle names.  List all names for up to 10 authors, if more than 10 list the first author and then “et al.” or “and others”)
• Title of article (capitalize only the first word of title and subtitle, and proper nouns)
• Title of publication abbreviated (if possible use ISO abbreviations used by PubMed)
• Date of publication of article (year only for scholarly journals; year and month for magazines; year, month and day for daily or newspapers publications)
• Volume and issue number
• Page numbers of article

The basic format would be:

Last Name Initials[period] Article title[period] Abbreviated Journal Title[period] Year[semi-colon] Volume (issue)[colon] 1st page number[hyphen]last page number

Online Material

The basic rules for citing do not differ for internet items from what is required for print.  Simply listing a URL is not sufficient

All the publication information should also be listed as in the examples below Add [accessed  date ] after date of publication Add URL at the end

Online Scholarly Article

Savage E, Ramsay M, White J, Beard S, Lawson H, Hunjan R, Brown D. Mumps outbreaks across England and Wales in 2004: observational study. BMJ. 2005 [accessed 2007 May 31]; 330(7500):1119-1120. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/330/7500/1119 doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7500.119.

Article in a scholarly journal

Cox J, Engstrom RT. Influence of the spatial pattern of conserved lands on the persistence of a large population of red-cockaded woodpeckers. Biol Conserv. 2001; 100(1): 137-150.

Article in Conference Proceedings

Lee DJ, Bates D, Dromey C, Xu X, Antani S. An imaging system correlating lip shapes with tongue contact patterns for speech pathology research. In: Krol M, Mitra S, Lee DJ, editors. CBMS 2003. Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems; 2003 Jun 26027; New York. Los Alamitos (CA): IEEE Computer Society; c2003. P.307-313

Technical Report

Feller BA. Health characteristics of persons with chronic activity limitation, United States, 1979. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics (US); 1981. Report No.: VHS-SER-10/137. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB88-228622.

Article in a magazine (include volume # if given)

Losos JB. Evolution: A lizard's tale. Sci Am. 2001 Mar; 284(3): 64-69.

Article in a daily newspaper

Yoon CK. DNA clues improve outlook for red wolf. New York Times. 2000 Dec 26; Sect. F:10 (col. 1).

• << Previous: N-Y System: Books & Websites
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• Last Updated: Mar 8, 2024 10:40 AM
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CSE Scientific Style and Format: Start Here

• In-text Citation Examples
• Reference List Examples
• 4 Easy Steps to Referencing
• Annotated Bibliography
• Literature Review

CSE Scientific Style and Foremat

This is a guide for citing resources using the Council of Science Editors (CSE) style of citation. CSE is used to cite resources within the fields of the natural sciences. Please refer to your class syllabus or consult your professor to see if this is the correct citation style for your class.

This guide will provide you with examples of the most commonly used resources.  If you do not see a resource represented on these pages, please refer to the Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authros, Editors, and Publishers . This manual can be found in the library, in the citation center bookcase.

• CSE (Council of Science Editors) Style from the University of Chicago Press This guide is based on Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 8th edition.

CSE Citation Basics

Why should i cite my resources.

Why Cite Resources?

• Citations allow readers to locate and further explore the sources you used to develop your thoughts and outcomes expressed in your paper. They are a measure of the depth and scope of your research.
• Citations are the method used to give credit to authors for their ideas and research.
• Citations provide the evidence for your arguments and establish your credibility by documenting that you have searched for and considered a number of resources during researching and writing of your paper.
• Citing enable you to have your own original ideas and outcomes standout from the other's research.
• Citing is standard practice in the world of academia.

What is a citation?

A citation is a way you inform the readers that certain materials in your paper came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find the source. Your citation should include the following elements in both your footnotes and bibliography.

• Title of work
• Place of publication
• Date published
• Page numbers where the material is located.

When do I need to cite?

You need to acknowledge whenever you borrow quotes or ideas. The following are when you need to cite:

• Whenever you use direct quotes.
• Whenever you paraphrase.
• Whenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressed.
• Whenever you make specific reference to the work of another.
• Whenever someone else's work has been critical in developing your own ideas.

Zoter/ZoteroBib

Zotero is an application that collects, manages, and cites research sources. It's easy to use and connects with your web browser to dowload citation information from books, journal articles, web pages, and other sources. Best of all it's free. ZoteroBib is a free, fast citation generator similar that is similar to (but in our experience, more accurate and reliable than) tools such as EasyBib and NoodleTools. Our Zotero LibGuide explains how to use these tools.

• Next: In-text Citation Examples >>
• Last Updated: Sep 18, 2023 10:26 AM
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Citation Style Guide

• CSE 8th Edition
• APA 7th Edition
• MLA 9th Edition
• Chicago 17th Edition
• Vancouver 2nd Edition

CSE Citation Style

Online guides, video tutorials.

• McGill 9th Edition
• Indigenous Citation Styles
• Citing Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Citation management

Books on CSE Citation

The CSE style originated in the 1960s, when it was known as the Council of Biology Editors (CBE) style. It was intended to provide style and format guidelines for editors of peer-reviewed biology journals. Over the decades, its scope grew to include many fields of scientific research in both the life sciences and physical sciences. In 2000, the organization became known as the Council of Science Editors (CSE). The style then became known as the CSE style. 

In a reference list prepared in CSE style:

• journal titles are abbreviated, but no periods are used in the abbreviation. (eg. J Exp Biol)
• author initials (without periods) are used instead of the author’s given names
• The last author name within a reference is connected to the others by a comma instead of using the word “and” or an ampersand (“&”).
• references are formatted using a “hanging” indent.

CSE style allows you to select from one of three systems to cite sources:

• Citation-Name: Uses superscript numerals to identify in-text citations. In the alphabetized reference list, each numeral corresponds with a unique reference.
• Citation-Sequence: Uses superscript numerals to identify in-text citations. In the reference list, sources are numbered sequentially by the order in which they appear in the text (so they may not be in alphabetical order by author).
• Name-Year: Uses parenthetical in-text citations that include author name and the year of publication. The reference list is ordered alphabetically by author name. 

In-text Citation with CSE

The Name-Year system is recommended by many professors in the Dalhousie Department of Biology, but if you're not sure which system to use, be sure to check.

Author's Last Name, Publication Year

(McToad  2010)

All of these pieces must match the corresponding reference list entry exactly!

Example in-text citations, from fictional authors and sources:

Research has shown that the demographic of the fly is a key determining factor in the robustness of its flavour (Frog 1998) .

You could also place part of the citation in the text as follows:

As mentioned in Frog's seminal article (1998) , the demographic of the fly is a key determining factor in the robustness of its flavour.

In this example, the author's name is mentioned in the text itself; therefore the name need not be repeated in the bracketed citation.

Each in-text citation must be associated with an item in a comprehensive list of references at the end of your paper.  Pay attention to your formatting when constructing your reference list. While CSE is not as particular as other citation styles, losing points on an assignment for poorly formatted citations is easily avoided. 

The References Page:

Documents using the CSE style of citation must contain a "References" page at the end of the text. The following are some examples of how to cite commonly used references:

Frog RA. 1998. Expert's guide to artisanal fly cuisine. 2nd ed. Halifax (NS): Imaginary Publishing Inc.

Book, journal and website titles are in sentence case!

Journal Article

Frog RA. 1997. The biology of delicious fly cuisine: enzymes and their mechanisms of actions. Eur J Biochem. 130:(4)435-445.

Journal names are abbreviated!

Ribbit TF. 1998. The life and legacy of Ribbit Frog: a culinary biography. New London (CT): Frog and Toad's Center for Special Collections and Archives; [accessed 2015 Aug 18] . http://www.frogtoadsc.org/Biography.aspx#.UE8foVF76So.

Make sure to include the date accessed!

• Dalhousie CSE Citation Style Quickguide Downloadable PDF document containing more in-depth information on CSE citations and a variety of information resources.
• CSE Citation Video Tutorial More in-depth exploration of how to cite a document using CSE Citation Style.
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• Next: McGill 9th Edition >>
• Last Updated: Jul 27, 2023 9:56 AM
• URL: https://dal.ca.libguides.com/CitationStyleGuide

CSE Science Citation Style Guide: Council of Science Editors (CSE)

• Council of Science Editors (CSE)
• Journal Abbreviations

Introduction

When you use other people’s ideas in your work, you must observe the rules of academic integrity and cite your sources. Citations prevent any confusion over what is original to you and what you are borrowing.

However, many science fields do not use the familiar APA or MLA citation styles.  Instead, t he Council of Science Editors (CSE) developed the  Scientific Style and Format  for the sciences and related fields. This style guide is used in a variety of scientific fields such as physics, chemistry, genetics, biological sciences, astronomy, ecology, and zoology. This Libguide was created to facilitate the use of CSE.

In Text Citations

There are a few ways to cite references in-text. Select one and use it consistently in your paper. In most science journals, in-text citations use the author(s) names and year. Some journals use superscripted citations numbers (¹), while these save space in the paper, they can be tricky to keep track of while writing a paper and are more difficult for the reader to keep track while reading.

1. One Author- Year

Ex. Biologists agree that this is the ideal protocol (Smith 2010).

Note: Cite your source by using the author's last name and year of publication in parenthesis at the point of reference. You will arrange these sources alphabetically on the reference page.

2. Two Authors- Year

• Ex. Biologists agree that this is the ideal protocol (Smith and Jones 2010).

Note: Cite your source by using the first author's last name and year of publication in parenthesis at the point of reference. You will arrange these sources alphabetically on the reference page.

3. More than 2 Authors- Year

• Ex. Biologists agree that this is the ideal protocol (Smith et al. 2010).

4. Citation-Name

Ex. Biologists agree that this is the ideal protocol¹.

Note: While this style uses the same superscript number system, the citations are numbered alphabetically (not by the order of appearance) by the author's last name on the reference page.

5. Citation-Sequence

Ex. Biologists agree that this is the ideal protocol¹.

Note: Use superscripted numbers at the point of reference. The citations are then listed in order on the reference page. You can refer to more than one reference within one sentence by using a superscript sequence of numbers.

CSE Style Guide

The Council of Science Editors (CSE) developed the  Scientific Style and Format  for the sciences and related fields. This style guide is used in a variety of scientific fields such as physics, chemistry, genetics, biological sciences, astronomy, ecology, and zoology, for example. 

Bibliography, Literature Cited, or Reference List

Author(s) or editor(s). Year. Title. Edition if other than first. Place of publication: publisher name; page(s) cited.

Book Chapter

Book chapter, or section with its own author: Author(s) or editor(s) of chapter. Year. Title of chapter. In: continue as you would with regular book citation.

Author(s). Date of publication. Title of book [medium designator]. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; [date updated; date cited]. Notes. 

Print Journal Article

Author(s). Year. Article Title. Journal title using abbreviations. Volume(issue number): inclusive pages, do not use p. 

Online Journal Article

Author(s). Date of publication year month day if available. Title of article. Abbreviated journal title [type of medium]. [date updated; date cited]; volume (issue number): pages cited. Availability statement.

Conference Paper

Author(s). Date of publication. Title of paper. Connective phrase: Editors of proceedings. Title of publication or name of conference, or both; inclusive dates of conference; place of conference. Place of publication: publisher. pages cited.

Note: These are just some examples, please refer to the CSE style guide for more in-depth coverage of citations/references.

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• CSE 8 th ed. Citation Sequence

CSE 8 th edition Citation Sequence

In CSE style, the author's last name is first, followed by initials. No commas are used to offset the author's last name from his or her initials, no space separates the first and middle initial, and periods do not, in general, follow initials.  For sources with  two to ten authors list all authors; s ources with more than ten authors list the first ten followed by et al. When there is no author given, skip the author and start with the title of the source. 

Example :  Losos JB. Evolution: a lizard's tale. Sci Am. 2001 Mar; 284(3): 64-69.

In CSE style, titles of periodicals (newspapers, journals, magazines) are capitalized as they normally are with the important words capitalized; book and article titles have only the first word of the title and proper nouns capitalized. You will not use italics for periodical or book titles, which differs from other citation styles you may be accustomed to. 

Journal titles must be abbreviated in citations in CSE style. Rules for journal abbreviation are complex and the correct abbreviation is not always obvious. The List of Title Word Abbreviations is a searchable database of words commonly found in titles and their correct abbreviations. Additionally, a list of journal titles and their abbreviations may be found at ISI Web of Science .

Citations are presented in the order in which they are introduced in the text (not alphabetically). This means that the work that is cited first in the text (and thus assigned the number "1") appears in the list first, the work assigned the number "2" appears next, and so on.

In-Text Reference: 

No effective treatments are available, apart from hydration, oxygen, and upper airway suctioning if needed. 1 Noninvasive CPAP has been proven to be effective as a respiratory support in moderate to severe bronchiolitis 2 to avoid invasive ventilation by decreasing respiratory muscles upload. 

End Reference:

1. Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, Alverson BK, Baley JE, Gadomski AM, Smith JD, Ferrell WL, Peele JH, Key MK, et al. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 2014;134(5):e1474–e1502. 2. Thia LP, McKenzie SA, Blyth TP, Minasian CC, Kozlowska WJ, Carr SB. Randomised controlled trial of nasal continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) in bronchiolitis. Arch Dis Child 2008; 93(1):45-47.

CSE style does not specify a preferred line spacing in bibliographies. Instead, this decision is left at the publisher's (or your instructor's) discretion.

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CSE N-Y citation generator

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CS&E Colloquium: Co-Designing Algorithms and Hardware for Efficient Machine Learning (ML): Advancing the Democratization of ML

The computer science colloquium takes place on Mondays and Fridays from 11:15 a.m. - 12:15 p.m. This week's speaker,  Caiwen Ding ( University of Connecticut ), will be giving a talk titled, "Co-Designing Algorithms and Hardware for Efficient Machine Learning (ML): Advancing the Democratization of ML". 

The rapid deployment of ML has witnessed various challenges such as prolonged computation and high memory footprint on systems. In this talk, we will present several ML acceleration frameworks through algorithm-hardware co-design on various computing platforms. The first part presents a fine-grained crossbar-based ML accelerator. Instead of attempting to map the trained positive/negative weights afterwards, our key principle is to proactively ensure that all weights in the same column of a crossbar have the same sign, to reduce area. We divide the crossbar into sub-arrays, providing a unique opportunity for input zero-bit skipping. Next, we focus on co-designing Transformer architecture, and introduce on-the-fly attention and attention-aware pruning to significantly reduce runtime latency. Then, we will focus on co-design graph neural network training. To explore training sparsity and assist explainable ML, we propose a hardware friendly MaxK nonlinearity, and tailor a GPU kernel. Our methods outperform the state-of-the-arts on different tasks. Finally, we will discuss today's challenges related to secure edge AI and large language models (LLMs)-aided agile hardware design, and outline our research plans aimed at addressing these issues.

Caiwen Ding is an assistant professor in the School of Computing at the University of Connecticut (UConn). He received his Ph.D. degree from Northeastern University, Boston, in 2019, supervised by Prof. Yanzhi Wang. His research interests mainly include efficient embedded and high-performance systems for machine learning, machine learning for hardware design, and efficient privacy-preserving machine learning. His work has been published in high-impact venues (e.g., DAC, ICCAD, ASPLOS, ISCA, MICRO, HPCA, SC, FPGA, Oakland, NeurIPS, ICCV, IJCAI, AAAI, ACL, EMNLP). He is a recipient of the 2024 NSF CAREER Award, Amazon Research Award, and CISCO Research Award. He received the best paper nomination at 2018 DATE and 2021 DATE, the best paper award at the DL-Hardware Co-Design for AI Acceleration (DCAA) workshop at 2023 AAAI, outstanding student paper award at 2023 HPEC, publicity paper at 2022 DAC, and the 2021 Excellence in Teaching Award from UConn Provost. His team won first place in accuracy and fourth place overall at the 2022 TinyML Design Contest at ICCAD. He was ranked among Stanford’s World’s Top 2% Scientists in 2023. His research has been mainly funded by NSF, DOE, DOT, USDA, SRC, and multiple industrial sponsors.

Keller Hall  3-180

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Title: improving vietnamese-english medical machine translation.

Abstract: Machine translation for Vietnamese-English in the medical domain is still an under-explored research area. In this paper, we introduce MedEV -- a high-quality Vietnamese-English parallel dataset constructed specifically for the medical domain, comprising approximately 360K sentence pairs. We conduct extensive experiments comparing Google Translate, ChatGPT (gpt-3.5-turbo), state-of-the-art Vietnamese-English neural machine translation models and pre-trained bilingual/multilingual sequence-to-sequence models on our new MedEV dataset. Experimental results show that the best performance is achieved by fine-tuning "vinai-translate" for each translation direction. We publicly release our dataset to promote further research.

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