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Creating a Chicago Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Published on September 23, 2019 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 5, 2022.

A Chicago style bibliography lists the sources cited in your text. Each bibliography entry begins with the author’s name and the title of the source, followed by relevant publication details. The bibliography is alphabetized by authors’ last names.

A bibliography is not mandatory, but is strongly recommended for all but very short papers. It gives your reader an overview of all your sources in one place. Check with your instructor if you’re not sure whether you need a bibliography.

Creating a Chicago Style Bibliography

Always make sure to pay attention to punctuation (e.g., commas , quotation marks , parentheses ) in your citations.

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Table of contents

Chicago style bibliography examples, formatting the bibliography page, author names in the bibliography, bibliography vs reference list, frequently asked questions about the chicago bibliography.

Bibliography entries vary in format depending on the type of source . Templates and examples for the most common source types are shown below.

  • Book chapter
  • Journal article
  • The edition is always abbreviated (e.g. 2nd ed. or rev. ed.).
  • Only include the URL for books you consulted online.
  • Use this format to cite a chapter in a multi-authored book. If all the chapters in a book were written by the same person, reference the whole book.
  • Begin the citation with the author of the chapter. The editor who compiled the book is listed later.
  • The page range identifies the location of the article within the journal issue.
  • For articles accessed online, include a DOI (digital object identifier) where available, and a URL if not.
  • If the author is unknown, list the organization or website name as author, and don’t repeat it later in the citation.
  • If no publication date is listed, include an access date instead.
  • The website name is not italicized, unless it is an online version of a newspaper or magazine .

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The bibliography appears at the end of your text. The heading Bibliography is bolded and centred at the top of the page.

Unlike the rest of a Chicago format paper, the bibliography is not double-spaced. However, add a single line space between entries.

If a bibliography entry extends onto more than one line, subsequent lines should be indented ( hanging indent ), as seen in the example below. This helps the reader to see at a glance where each new entry begins.

Example of a Chicago Bibliography

There are further guidelines for formatting a Chicago style annotated bibliography , in which you write a paragraph of summary and source evaluation under each source.

Author names in the bibliography are inverted: The last name comes first, then the first name(s). Sources are alphabetized by author last name.

If a source has no named author, alphabetize by the first word of the title or organization name that starts the entry. Ignore articles (“the,” “a,” and “an”) for the purposes of alphabetization.

Sources with multiple authors

For sources with more than one author, only the first author’s name is inverted; subsequent names are written in the normal order.

For texts with up to 10 authors, all the authors’ names should be listed in the order they appear in the source, separated by commas .

If there are more than 10 authors, list the first seven, followed by “ et al. ”

Multiple sources by the same author

If you include multiple works from the same author, only include the author name in the first entry. In subsequent entries, replace the name with three em dashes , followed by the rest of the citation formatted as normal. List the entries in alphabetical order by title.

A reference list is mandatory in Chicago author-date style , where you cite sources in parentheses in the text. The only differences between a Chicago bibliography and a reference list are the heading and the placement of the date.

The reference list is headed “References.” In reference list entries, the publication date is placed immediately after the author’s name. This allows the reader to easily find a reference on the basis of the corresponding in-text citation.

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In a Chicago style footnote , list up to three authors. If there are more than three, name only the first author, followed by “ et al. “

In the bibliography , list up to 10 authors. If there are more than 10, list the first seven followed by “et al.”

The same rules apply in Chicago author-date style .

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

In a Chicago footnote citation , when the author of a source is unknown (as is often the case with websites ), start the citation with the title in a full note. In short notes and bibliography entries, list the organization that published it as the author.

In Chicago author-date style , treat the organization as author in your in-text citations and reference list.

When an online source does not list a publication date, replace it with an access date in your Chicago footnotes and your bibliography :

If you are using author-date in-text citations , or if the source was not accessed online, replace the date with “n.d.”

  • A reference list is used with Chicago author-date citations .
  • A bibliography is used with Chicago footnote citations .

Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:

  • In a reference list entry, the publication year appears directly after the author’s name.
  • In a bibliography entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).

There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a Chicago annotated bibliography .

In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.

In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style

Chicago/Turabian Style Guide

Need Chicago or Turabian style for a paper you are writing? This guide has everything you need to know about Chicago style according to the latest standards.

This page follows the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) and the 9th edition of the Turabian guide ( A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations ), though this guide is not officially connected with either.

Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:

Here’s what you’ll find on this page:

What is chicago style what is turabian, paper formatting guidelines, citing your sources, notes and bibliography style, author-date style, formatting your bibliography or reference list, other chicago guides.

  • Introduction to the Chicago and Turabian styles
  • Paper formatting guidelines
  • When and what you need to cite when writing a paper
  • Notes and bibliography style
  • Author-date style
  • Bibliography and reference list formatting tips

You may have heard the terms “Chicago” and “Turabian” used interchangeably and wondered what the difference is. Simply put, they are just about the same.

Turabian is a simpler version of Chicago style meant for students who are writing materials that will not be published. Since the CMOS is meant for material that is intended for publication, it’s often used by scholars, publishers, and other professional academics. The Turabian guide is shorter and includes information on formatting rules, the basics of researching and writing academic papers, and citation style. Despite these differences, these two books work in tandem; both are considered to be official Chicago style.

Since Chicago style is typically used for manuscripts that will be published, The Chicago Manual of Style does not offer many guidelines for paper formatting. This is because publishers each have their own house styles and authors must follow these exactly. There are a few areas where guidance is offered.

  • Manuscripts : Generally, manuscripts should be double-spaced (CMOS 2.8). Exceptions are block quotations, table titles, and lists in appendixes, which should be single-spaced, and certain front matter (e.g., table of contents), footnotes or endnotes, and bibliographies and reference lists, which should be single-spaced internally but have a blank line between each separate item (Turabian A.1.3).
  • Spaces at the end of sentences and after colons : Chicago recommends one space (CMOS 2.9; Turabian A.1.3).
  • Margins : Margins should be at least one inch on all four sides (CMOS 2.10). Certain forms of writing like dissertations or theses may require a larger margin on the left side to allow room for binding, but each institution will have different requirements (Turabian A.1.1).
  • Justification : Text should be justified to the left (CMOS 2.10).
  • Font : Turabian recommends using a font that is both readable and readily available to most people such as Times New Roman or Arial. Times New Roman font size should be no smaller than 12-point and Arial no smaller than 10-point. Footnotes and endnotes may require different sizing and you should refer to your instructor’s guidelines (Turabian A.1.2).
  • Pagination : Pagination of the body of the paper and back matter should use arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.). Front matter like the title page and table of contents should use lowercase roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc.). For the placement of page numbers, the general rule is to adhere to local guidelines and be consistent. (Turabian A.1.4)

For more specific formatting guidelines, you can take a look at the appendix “Paper Format and Submission” in the Turabian manual.

Chicago style has two citation styles to let readers know that you used information from somewhere else and to show them where to find it.

  • notes and bibliography style
  • author-date style.

Though different, each style allows you to tell your readers how you found your information. If you’re wondering how these two styles differ from parenthetical citations, this guide on footnotes, end notes, and parentheticals contains more details on each method.

The 2 styles

The first style is the notes and bibliography style . This style uses footnotes or endnotes to point readers to the original source of the information. This style also often provides a bibliography at the end that readers consult, but this is not always necessary if sources are cited in full in your text.

The second style is called author-date style . This style uses parenthetical in-text citation to let readers know to look at the reference list at the end to find the full citation for the information you have used.

Here’s a chart to compare these two citation styles:

Chicago Notes and bib author-date comparison

You must cite your source in any of the following situations:

  • If you quote a source exactly
  • If you reword ideas from a source
  • If you use any material (e.g., statistics, data, methodology) from a source you read while writing

When citing your sources, you usually need a few key pieces of information:

  • Who created the source? This might be an author, editor, translator, or corporate body.
  • How can you identify the source? This information will likely include a title, page numbers, volume or issue numbers, and edition.
  • What is the publication information? This might include the name of the publishing company, the year of publication, and the name of the journal or book the information is in.
  • Where can others find the source? This is important for online sources and singular material like that found in rare book collections or archives. For online material, you’ll want to record a URL or database name if possible. For rare book or archival material, you’ll need the name of the place you found it and the collection name.

Why citing your sources is important Telling your readers where you found your information is a very important part of the writing process. It gives credit to the hard work others have done . It also lets readers know that your information is reliable—they don’t just have to take it from you; they can go see what other researchers have written about the topic.

Citing your sources also helps readers to understand the context of your project . You can show that you understand the work that has already been done and where your own research fits in.

Finally, your readers might want to build on your research. Citing helps them to know where you found your information when readers do their own research. They might even cite you if you formally published your work. You can read more about how to integrate the research of others into your paper in Chapter 7 of the Turabian manual or Chapter 13 in the CMOS.

This style uses superscript numbers at the ends of sentences. These numbers alert readers that the sentence contains information from another source. Each superscript number refers to a note.

The notes are located at the bottom of the page (footnotes) or at the end of the paper, chapter, or book (endnotes).

  • Footnotes make it very easy for readers to find your source, but they can interrupt the document flow.
  • Endnotes tend to reduce distraction on the page, but then the reader must flip pages to find the source you cite.

Unless your instructor has told you otherwise, the choice between footnotes and endnotes is up to you. You just need to be consistent and stick to one style or the other.

Chicago notes and bibliography footnote shortened form

Updates to “Ibid” It’s important to note that previous editions of the CMOS encouraged the use of “ibid” when the same source was cited multiple times in a row. “Ibid” is a Latin word meaning “in the same place.”

The 17th edition of the CMOS, however, overturns this recommendation because the use of “ibid” can be confusing for readers and authors can easily cite to the wrong source if they are not careful.

The current recommendation of the CMOS is to always use the shortened form of the citation. If you refer to the same work multiple times in a row, you may leave out the shortened title and just list the author’s last name and the page number to which you are citing (See CMOS 14.34 for more information.).

Full Bibliography If you are including a full bibliography, you might choose only to use shortened citation forms in your footnotes or endnotes. You may also use the shortened structure that omits the title for sources that you cite several times in a row.

Keep in mind that if you cite a different source, you need to use the full shortened structure the next time you cite from a source you have used before. Here’s an example:

  • Robisheaux, Langenburg , 58
  • Robisheaux, 59.
  • Robisheaux, 70.
  • Cyrus, Scribes , 80.
  • Robisheaux, Langenburg , 95.

Citation Examples Here are a few examples of citation structures in the notes and bibliography style. For more examples and information on this style, check out the EasyBib Chicago footnotes guide.

Journal article:

Chicago Notes Bibliography journal example

Newspaper or magazine article:

Chicago Notes Bibliography newspaper example

This style uses parenthetical in-text citations and a reference list to guide readers to the sources you cite. The in-text citation generally includes the:

  • Author’s last name
  • Year of publication
  • Page numbers referenced

Using the parenthetical citation, the reader can then look at the reference list and find full information for the source.The reference list for this style is usually titled “References” or “Works Cited” and is organized in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. The parenthetical in-text citation always comes at the end of a sentence, and is placed before the final punctuation.

In-text citation example Nicholson’s study reveals a great deal about the general practices of ARL institutions in regard to the technical processing of these personal libraries. About half of the institutions kept the personal libraries shelved together and half used a Library of Congress classification scheme (Nicholson 2010, 114-115).

In the reference list, the citation would appear as follows:

Nicholson, Joseph R. 2010. “Making Personal Libraries More Public: A Study of the Technical Processing of Personal Libraries in ARL Institutions.” RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage 11, no. 2 (Fall): 106-133.

Additional Examples Here are more examples of parenthetical in-text citations and their full citations as they would appear in the reference list. There are even more guides linked at the bottom of this page.

Chicago author-date Book example

Social media:

Chicago author-date social media example

In-text citation examples

When building in-text citations, you might come across more complicated citations. This chart shows some of the most common citation types you will come across and how to build in-text citations for them.

how to do bibliography for chicago style

Bibliographies and reference lists are located at the end of your paper. You should include every source you cite in your bibliography or reference list.

Here are a few guidelines to follow:

  • Center your title (either “Bibliography” or “Reference List”) at the top of the page.
  • Organize entries alphabetically by the last name of the author (or title if no author is known).
  • Each entry should be single-spaced with a blank line between entries.
  • Each entry should also have a half-inch hanging indent.

3-em dashes

While sometimes 3-em dashes are used in bibliographies and reference lists in repeated list entries under the same author, the 17th edition of CMOS actually recommends that authors not do this in citation lists (CMOS 14.67 and 15.17).

Using 3-em dashes can cause a number of problems and it is best to just use the author’s name each time, especially if submitting your work for formal publication.

If your editor or publisher wants to use the 3-em dash, they will insert them where necessary. You can also check with your teacher and see what they want you to do.

For more guidelines for formatting bibliographies and reference lists, see CMOS 14 and 15 and Chapters 16 and 18 in the Turabian guide.

Citation Basics

  • Fundamentals of Chicago Citation
  • How to Cite a Book
  • How to Cite a Chapter
  • How to Cite an E-book
  • How to Cite the Bible

Periodicals

  • How to Cite a Journal
  • How to Cite a Newspaper
  • How to Cite a Magazine

Online Content

  • How to Cite a Blog
  • How to Cite a Website
  • How to Cite a Tweet
  • How to Cite a Video on YouTube

Audio / Video / Photo / Art

  • How to Cite a Film
  • How to Cite a Musical Recording
  • How to Cite a Painting
  • How to Cite a Podcast
  • How to Cite a Photo
  • How to Cite Sheet Music
  • How to Cite a TV/Radio Broadcast

Academic Sources

  • How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation
  • How to Cite a Conference Paper
  • How to Cite a Lecture

Other Source Types

  • How to Cite a Report
  • How to Cite Interview
  • How to Cite a Mobile App

Reference Materials

  • How to Cite an Encyclopedia
  • How to Cite a Dictionary

Bibliography:

The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7208/cmos17.

Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , 9th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.

Published October 31, 2011. Updated April 9, 2020.

Written by Janice Hansen . Janice has a doctorate in literature and a master’s degree in library science. She spends a lot of time with rare books and citations.

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Chicago Style Citation Guide - Notes and Bibliography System

How to cite your sources in chicago style, documentation type: notes and bibliography.

The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017) includes two documentation systems. System preference usually depends on the discipline, ask you instructor for clarification if you are unsure which system to use. The system described in this guide, notes and bibliography, requires numbered footnotes or endnotes (or both) and often, a bibliography. (A guide to the other system, the author-date system, is also available.) For detailed information about  The Chicago Manual of Style , see the complete manual shelved near the reference desk under the call number: Ref Desk Z253 .U69 2017 .

Type and center the word NOTES as a header for endnotes or footnotes.

  • Notes are created each time a source is used.
  • If the bibliography includes all works cited, then the notes do not need to include all citation information (see short form).
  • If there is no bibliography, then the notes should contain all citation information at the first mention of the source (see long form), and all other mentions of this work can use the short form of the citation.

Use SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY, WORKS CITED, or SOURCES CONSULTED as bibliography headers.

  • Arrange bibliography in alphabetical order by author last name, then in chronological order for entries by the same author.
  • Double-space between entries; single-space within entries.

More than 3 Authors

Chapter/essay, multi-volume work, journal article.

Access date is optional.

Descriptive Locator  

If there are no page numbers, a descriptive locator can be added; this is optional.

NEWS/MAGAZINE ARTICLE

If available, cite the page number in teh not, but omit it from the bibliography.

If the article is unsigned, the publisher is listed as the author in the bibliography.

BOOK REVIEW

Include as much of the following information as possible: author of the content, title of the site or page, title or owner of the site, and the UFL. Date of access should be included if no publication or revision date is listed.

Known Author

Corporate author.

Updated by Megan Allison, October 3, 2017

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This section contains information on The Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the seventeenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style , which was issued in 2017.

General Model for Citing Books in the Chicago Notes and Bibliography System

Footnote or endnote (n):, corresponding bibliographical entry (b):, book by one author  , book by multiple authors.

Two or more authors should be listed in the order they appear as authors, and not necessarily alphabetically.

Translated work with one author

Book with author and editor.

In notes, CMOS prefers the abbreviation of “editor(s)” as “ed.” or “eds.,” and translator(s) as “trans.” In bibliographic entries, these abbreviations are not used. Instead, titles are spelled out in full. This information appears in  The Chicago Manual of Style , section 14.103.

Chapter from a single-authored book

CMOS supplies two correct forms for bibliographic entries. Both are noted here.

Or, in some cases, you may want to emphasize the entire collection in the bibliographic entry.

Contributions from an edited collection with various authored chapters

When citing work by a single author that appears in a book with multiple authors, the contributing author’s name is cited first, followed by the title of their contribution, the word 'in' and the title of the book, along with the name(s) of the editors, and other standard information .

Introduction, Preface, or Afterword in a Book

Unlike other citations for books, bibliographic entries of this kind include the page number range for the part cited.  

Anonymous works--Unknown authorship

Sources that have no known author or editor should be cited by title. Follow the basic format for "Footnote or Endnote" and "Corresponding Bibliographical Entry" that are exemplified above, omitting author and/or editor names and beginning respective entries with the title of the source.

Citing indirect sources

Because authors are generally expected to be intimately familiar with the sources they are citing, Chicago discourages the use of a source that was cited within another (secondary) source. In the case that an original source is utterly unavailable, however, Chicago requires the use of "quoted in" for the note:

Self-published or Privately Published Books 

Books published by the author should be cited according to information available on the title page or copyright page. In place of publisher, include language such as “self-published” (abbreviated as “self-pub” in notes, but not a bibliography) or “printed by the author” is usually appropriate. For self-published e-books, add the name of the application or device required to read the book or the name of the file format, or both.

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Citing Your Sources: Chicago: Notes (17th)

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Chicago Notes

About chicago 17th ed.: notes/bibliography.

The Chicago Manual of Style Notes/Bibliography system is used by scholars in history, arts, and humanities. For social sciences and sciences disciplines, see the Author-Date system .

This style consists of two parts:

  • A superscript number in the text and corresponding note
  • A bibliography

See How to Format Notes , How to Format the Bibliography ,  and the examples of types of sources in the left navigation for further details.

How to Format Notes

For more detailed information see Chicago Manual of Style , 14.19 .

A note consist of two parts:

  • A superscripted note number ( 1 ) in the text, placed at the end of a sentence or clause
  • A note containing the citation, placed either at the bottom of the page ( footnote ) or at the end of the paper ( endnote ).

General Formatting of Notes

  • List in order the author, title, and facts of publication
  • Author's names: write in standard order (e.g., Julia Alvarez)
  • Titles: capitalize in headline style (e.g., How the García Girls Lost Their Accents)
  • Books/Journal Titles: italicize (e.g., How the García Girls Lost Their Accents)
  • Article/Chapter Titles: enclose in quotation marks (e.g., "Black Twitter? Racial Hashtags, Networks and Contagion")
  • Separate elements with commas
  • Enclose facts of publication for books in parentheses
  • Abbreviate editor/edited by (ed.), translator/translated by (trans.), volume (vol.), edition (ed.)

1. Julia Alvarez, How the García Girls Lost Their Accents  (Chapel Hill, NC : Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1991), 17.

2. Sanjay Sharma, "Black Twitter? Racial Hashtags, Networks and Contagion," New Formations: A Journal of Culture/Theory/Politics 78 (2013): 51, https://doi.org/10.3898/NEWF.78.02.2013.

For additional examples, see the source types listed in the left navigation.

Citing the Same Source Again

For more detailed information see Chicago Manual of Style , 14.29 - 14.36

1. Julia Alvarez, How the García Girls Lost Their Accents (Chapel Hill, NC : Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1991), 17.

2. Sanjay Sharma, "Black Twitter? Racial Hashtags, Networks and Contagion," New Formations: A Journal of Culture/Theory/Politics 78 (2013): 51. https://doi.org/10.3898/NEWF.78.02.2013.

3. Alvarez, García Girls , 20-21.

4. Sharma, "Black Twitter?," 57-58.

2. Alvarez, 20-21.

How to Format the Bibliography

General formatting of the bibliography entries.

For more detailed information see Chicago Manual of Style , 14.21 ; 14.61 - 14.99

Bibliography entries are formatted similarly to notes, with the following differences:

  • Authors: names are inverted (e.g. Alvarez, Julia)
  • Publication details: not enclosed in parentheses
  • Elements are separated by periods, not commas
  • "Edited by" and "Translated by" are written out, not abbreviated
  • Entries are arranged alphabetically by last name of the author.

Compare the bibliography and note forms for this book:

Bibliography:

Alvarez, Julia. How the García Girls Lost Their Accents . Chapel Hill, NC : Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1991.

Order of the Bibliography Entries

  • Alphabetize the list by last name using the letter-by-letter system (e.g., Fernández would come before Fernán Gómez)
  • Single-authored works precedes multi-authored works beginning with the same name
  • Works by the same author are arranged alphabetically by title

How do I deal with ___?

Missing citation elements.

1. World Bank. Poverty and Social Exclusion in India (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011), 15.

2. "The Titanic Sails To-Day," New York Times , April 10, 1912.

  • Place: Use n.p. if it is unknown. If it can be surmised, put in brackets with a question mark. ( CMOS , 14.132 )
  • Publisher: If not listed on the title page or copyright page, use "self-published" or "printed by author." ( CMOS , 14.137 )
  • Date: When the date of a printed work cannot be determined, use n.d. For web pages, use the access date. ( CMOS , 14.145 ; 14.207 )
  • Page numbers: For unpaginated works, such as online resources, include a descriptive phrase using one of the divisions used in the work (chapter, paragraph number, section heading, etc.) in the notes. If the work is short, such locators may not be necessary. ( CMOS , 14.22 )

More than one author

  • List authors in order they appear on title page
  • In the bibliography, invert the first author's name only and place a comma before and after the first name
  • Use the word "and," not an ampersand (&)
  • For works with 4-10 authors, list all names in the bibliography, but only use the first author's name followed by et al. for the note.
  • For works with more than 10 authors, only include the first 7 authors and et al. in the bibliography ( CMOS ,  14.76 )

1. Gilbert Geis and Ivan Bunn, A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft Prosecution (London: Routledge, 1997), 17.

2. Chih-Hung Ko et al., "The Associations between Aggressive Behaviors and Internet Addiction and Online Activities in Adolescents," Journal of Adolescent Health 44, no. 6 (2009): 600.

Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. A Trial of Witches: a Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft Prosecution . London: Routledge, 1997.

Ko, Chih-Hung, Ju-Yu Yen, Shu-Chun Liu, Chi-Fen Huang, and Cheng-Fang Yen. "The Associations between Aggressive Behaviors and Internet Addiction and Online Activities in Adolescents." Journal of Adolescent Health 44, no. 6 (2009): 598-605. 

Using a source quoted in a secondary source

It is always better to consult the original source, but if it cannot be obtained, cite the original source and the secondary source you used in the notes and the secondary source only in the bibliography ( CMOS , 14.260 ):

1. Theodore Sedgwick, Thoughts on the Proposed Annexation of Texas to the United States (New York: D. Fanshaw, 1844), 31, quoted in Lyon Rathbun, "The Debate over Annexing Texas and the Emergence of Manifest Destiny," Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4, no. 3 (Fall 2001): 479.

Rathbun, Lyon. "The Debate over Annexing Texas and the Emergence of Manifest Destiny." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4, no. 3 (Fall 2001): 459-493.

Examples: Books, Chapters

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.100 - 14.163

1. Author First Name Last Name, Book Title (Place: Publisher, Year), Cited Page(s).

bibliography:

Author Last Name, First Name. Book Title . Place: Publisher, Year.

For e-books, include the provider of the book, the URL, or e-book application/device at the end of the citation. ( CMOS , 14.159 - 14.163 )

1. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited (London: Verso, 1997), 17.

2. Ellen K. Feder, Family Bonds: Genealogies of Race and Gender (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 44, ProQuest ebrary.

3. K. J. Stewart, A Geography for Beginners (Richmond: J. W. Randolph, 1864), 186, http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/stewart/stewart.html.

Feder, Ellen K. Family Bonds: Genealogies of Race and Gender . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. ProQuest ebrary.

Nairn, Tom. Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited . London: Verso, 1997.

Stewart, K. J. A Geography for Beginners . Richmond: J. W. Randolph, 1864. http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/stewart/stewart.html.

Edited Book

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.103

4. Editor First Name Last Name, ed., Book Title (Place: Publisher, Year), Cited Page(s).

Editor Last Name, First Name, ed. Book Title . Place: Publisher, Year.

4. Basil Dmytryshyn, ed., Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917 (New York: Academic International Press, 1999), 35-41.

Dmytryshyn, Basil, ed. Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917 . New York: Academic International Press, 1999.

Chapter or Essay in Book

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.107

5. Author First Name Last Name, "Chapter/Essay Title," in Book Title , ed. Editor First Name Last Name (Place: Publisher, Year), Cited Page(s).

5. Craig H. Roell, "The Piano in the American Home," in The Arts and the American Home, 1980-1930 , ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 194.

Roell, Craig H. "The Piano in the American Home." In The Arts and the American Home, 1890-1930 , edited by Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling, 193-204. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994.

Entry in Reference Source

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.232 , 14.233 , 14.234

6. Reference Source Title , s.v. "Entry Title."

Well-known encyclopedias and dictionaries are usually cited in notes only. For other reference works, cite as a chapter in a book.

For online resources, include last modified or accessed date and the URL.

6. Dictionary of American Biography , s.v. "Hamer, Fannie Lou."

7. Grove Music Online, s.v. "West, Kanye (Omari )," by Alyssa Woods, accessed April 23, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2289702.

Examples: Articles

Journal article.

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.168 - 14.187

1. Author First Name Last Name, "Article Title," Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year): Cited Page(s), URL/DOI.

Author Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year): Page Range of Article. URL/DOI.

For journal articles consulted online, use a URL based on a DOI (begins with https://doi.org/). Otherwise, use the URL provided with the article.

1. Margaret Hunter, "Colorism in the Classroom: How Skin Tone Stratifies African American and Latina/o Students, " Theory into Practice 55, no. 1 (2016): 58, https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2016.1119019.

2. Maxine S. Thompson and Verna M. Keith, "The Blacker the Berry: Gender, Skin Tone, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy," Gender and Society 15, no. 3 (2001): 340, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3081888.

Hunter, Margaret. "Colorism in the Classroom: How Skin Tone Stratifies African American and Latina/o Students." Theory into Practice 55, no. 1 (2016): 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2016.1119019.

Thompson, Maxine S., and Keith Verna M. "The Blacker the Berry: Gender, Skin Tone, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy." Gender and Society 15, no. 3 (2001): 336-57. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3081888.

Magazine Article

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.188 - 14.190

3. Author First Name Last Name, "Article Title," Magazine Title , Date, Cited Page(s).

Author Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Magazine Title , Date.

Inclusive page numbers are not included in the bibliography entry because magazine articles tend to appear on non-consecutive pages. If citing an online magazine, end the citation with the URL, library database, or app.

3. Scott Spencer, "Childhood's End," Harper's , May 1979, 16.

4. Héctor Tobar, "Can Latinos Swing Arizona?," New Yorker , August 1, 2016, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/08/01/promise-arizona-and-the-power-of-the-latino-vote.

4. Héctor Tobar, "Can Latinos Swing Arizona?," New Yorker (iPhone app), August 1, 2016.

Spencer, Scott. "Childhood's End." Harper's , May 1979.

Tobar, Héctor. "Can Latinos Swing Arizona?" New Yorker, August 1, 2016. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/08/01/promise-arizona-and-the-power-of-the-latino-vote.

Tobar, Héctor. "Can Latinos Swing Arizona?" New Yorker (iPhone app), August 1, 2016.

Newspaper Article

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.191 - 14.200

5. Author First Name Last Name, "Article Title," Newspaper Title , Date, sec. Section.

Newspaper articles are cited in the text in the notes, but usually are not included in the bibliography. ( CMOS , 14.199 ) Below is the format, if required by your professor.

Author Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Newspaper Title , Date, sec. Section.

Page numbers are not included because articles can appear on different pages in different editions. For regularly occurring columns, cite with both the column name and headline or just the column name. If citing an online newspaper, include the URL at the end. If citing from a library database, include the database name.

5. Steven Erlanger, "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's Role," New York Times , May 8, 1998, sec. A.

6. John Eligon, "One Slogan, Many Methods: Black Lives Matter Enters Politics," New York Times , November 18, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/19/us/one-slogan-many-methods-black-lives-matter-enters-politics.html.

7. Martin Luther King, Jr., "Negro Faces Dixie Justice," My Dream, Chicago Defender , April 23, 1966, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

Eligon, John. "One Slogan, Many Methods: Black Lives Matter Enters Politics." New York Times , November 18, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/19/us/one-slogan-many-methods-black-lives-matter-enters-politics.html.

Erlanger, Steve. "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's Role." New York Times , May 8, 1998, sec. A.

King, Martin Luther, Jr. "Negro Faces Dixie Justice." My Dream. Chicago Defender , April 23, 1966. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

Examples: Web Pages, Blogs, Social Media

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.207

1. Author First Name Last Name, "Page Title," Website Title or Site Sponsor, last modified Date, URL.

Website content is usually cited in notes or in the text only. (CMOS, 14.207 ) If a bibliography entry is needed, use the format below.

Author Last Name, First Name. "Page Title." Website Title or Site Sponsor. Last modified Date. URL.

If there is no personal author, start with the page title or site sponsor. If there is no last modified date, use the accessed date and change "last modified" to "accessed."

1. Drew DeSilver, "The Real Value of a $15 Minimum Wage Depends on Where You Live," Pew Research Center, last modified October 10, 2018, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/10/the-real-value-of-a-15-minimum-wage-depends-on-where-you-live/.

2. "State Maps of Laws & Policies," Human Rights Campaign, accessed February 7, 2019, http://www.hrc.org/state_maps.

DeSilver, Drew. "The Real Value of a $15 Minimum Wage Depends on Where You Live." Pew Research Center. Last modified October 10, 2018. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/10/the-real-value-of-a-15-minimum-wage-depends-on-where-you-live/.

"State Maps of Laws & Policies." Human Rights Campaign. Accessed February 7, 2019. http://www.hrc.org/state_maps.

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.208

3. Author First Name Last Name, "Post Title," Blog Title (blog), Date, URL.

Blog posts are usually cited in notes only.

If the blog has the word "blog" as part of its name, "(blog)" should not be included in the citation. If the blog is a part of a larger publication, include that title, too.

3. Jenell Stewart, "Natural Hair Creates a More Inclusive Standard," My Natural Hair Journey (blog), Huffington Post , July 12, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jenell-stewart/natural-hair-creates-a-more-inclusive-beauty-standard_b_10949874.html.

Blog Comment

4. Commenter Name, Timestamp of Comment, comment on Blog Post Citation.

Comments are usually cited in notes only.

If the blog post has been cited previously, the blog post citation can be shortened.

4. Silver H., August 16, 2014 (3:17 p.m.), comment on Jack Halberstam, "You Are Triggering Me! The Neo-Liberal Rhetoric of Harm, Danger and Trauma," Bully Bloggers , July 5, 2014, https://bullybloggers.wordpress.com/2014/07/05/you-are-triggering-me-the-neo-liberal-rhetoric-of-harm-danger-and-trauma/#comment-9001/.

Social Media

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.209

Citations for social media content can often be incorporated into the text:

Reacting to the Obergefell v. Hodges decision, Obama tweeted, "Today is a big step in our march toward equality. Gay and lesbian couples now have the right to marry, just like anyone else. #LoveWins" (@POTUS44, June 26, 2015).

If you cite an account frequently or an extensive thread, use the format below.

5. Author's Real First Name Last Name (Screen name), "up to 160 characters of text of post," Social Media Service Name, Month Day, Year, URL.

Use the screen name in the author position if there is no real name. If you have already fully quoted the text of the post, that element is not needed in the note. If relevant, include media type (photo, video, etc.) after the name of the social media service.

5. Barack Obama (@POTUS), "Today is a big step in our march toward equality. Gay and lesbian couples now have the right to marry, just like anyone else. #LoveWins," Twitter, June 26, 2015, http://twitter.com/POTUS/status/614435467120001024.

Examples: Music, Film, TV, Images

Music score.

Published music scores are cited like books and book chapters. For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.255

1. Composer First Name Last Name, "Song Title," Book Title, ed. Editor First Name Last Name, (Place: Publisher, Year), Cited Page(s).

Composer Last Name, First Name. "Song Title." In Book Title , edited by Editor First Name Last Name, Inclusive Pages for Song. Place: Publisher, Year.

1. Charles L. Johnson, "Crazy Bone Rag," in Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems, 1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997), 42.

Johnson, Charles L. "Crazy Bone Rag." In Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems, 1911-21 , edited by David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997.

Music Recording

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.263

2. Performer or Conductor First Name Last Name, "Song Title," by Composer First Name Last Name, recorded Date (if applicable), track # on Album Title , Record Label Catalog Number, Year, Medium or Streaming Service or File Format.

Music recordings are often cited in a separate discography instead of the bibliography.

Performer or Conductor Last Name, First Name. Album Title . Record Label Catalog Number, Year, Medium or Streaming Service or File Format. Originally released in Year.

2. The Beatles, "The Long and Winding Road," by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, track 10 on Let it Be , Capitol 3 82472 2, 2009, compact disc.

3. Beyoncé, "Sorry," by Diana Gordon, Melo-X, and Beyoncé, track 4 on Lemonade , Parkwood Entertainment, 2016. MP3.

The Beatles.  Let it Be . Capitol 3 82472 2, 2009, compact disc. Originally released 1970.

Beyoncé. Lemonade , Parkwood Entertainment, 2016, MP3.

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.265

4. Film Title , directed by Director First Name Last Name (Original Film Release Year; Place: Studio/Distributor, Release Year of Medium Used), Medium.

Director Last Name, First Name, dir. Film Title . Original Film Release Year; Place: Studio/Distributor, Release Year of Medium Used. Medium.

4. Thelma & Louise , directed by Ridley Scott (1991; Santa Monica, CA: MGM Home Entertainment, 2004), DVD.

Scott, Ridley, dir. Thelma & Louise . 1991; Santa Monica, CA: MGM Home Entertainment, 2004. DVD.

Online Video

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 1 4.267

The format of citations depends on the information available. Generally, include details about the original published source (if applicable) and details related to the digitized copy such as source type, length, and where it is posted. See the two examples of format below.

5. Video Creator First Name Last Name, Video Title (Original Production Company, Original Release Year), from Provider of Online Video, Source Type, Running Time, URL.

6. "Video Clip Title," Source Type, Running Time, from Original Performance or Source, posted by Name of Person/Organization, Date Posted, URL.

Video Creator Last Name, First Name. Video Title . Original Production Company, Original Release Year. From Provider of Online Video. Source Type, Running Time. URL.

"Video Clip Title." Source Type, Running Time. From Original Performance or Source. Posted by Name of Person/Organization, Date Posted. URL.

5. U.S. Federal Civil Defense Administration, Duck and Cover (Archer Productions, 1951), from Internet Archive, Prelinger Archives, MPEG video, 9:15, http://archive.org/details/DuckandC1951.

6. "TNC:172 Kennedy-Nixon First Presidential Debate, 1960" YouTube video, 58:34, from televised debate September 26, 1960, posted by John F. Kennedy Library Foundation, September 21, 2010, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbrcRKqLSRw.

"TNC:172 Kennedy-Nixon First Presidential Debate, 1960." YouTube video, 58:34. From televised debate September 26, 1960. Posted by John F. Kennedy Library Foundation, September 21, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbrcRKqLSRw.

U.S. Federal Civil Defense Administration. Duck and Cover . Archer Productions, 1951. From Internet Archive, Prelinger Archives. MPEG video, 9:15. http://archive.org/details/DuckandC1951.

7. TV Show Title, season number, episode number, "Episode Title," directed by Director First Name Last Name, written by Writer First Name Last Name, featuring Performers First Names Last Names, aired Month Day, Year, on Network, Medium or URL for online access.

Director Last Name, First Name, dir. TV Show Title. , Season number, episode number, "Episode Title." Aired Month Day, Year, on Network. Medium or URL for online access.

7. Jane the Virgin, season 1, episode 1, "Chapter One," directed by Brad Silberling, written by Jennie Snyder Urman, featuring Gina Rodriguez, aired October 13, 2014 on The CW, https://www.netflix.com/title/80027158.

Silberling, Brad, dir. Jane the Virgin. Season 1, episode 1, "Chapter One." Aired October 13, 2014, on The CW. https://www.netflix.com/title/80027158.

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.235  and  CMOS Shop Talk

8. Artist/Photographer First Name Last Name, Title of the Work , Year Created, Medium, Size, Institution Where Original Held, URL.

Images are not usually included in a bibliography.

If the image was accessed in a book or library database, replace the URL with book citation or database name. Use the information about the work provided in the source you used.

8. Edgar Degas, The Dance Class , 1874, oil on canvas, 32 7/8 x 30 3/8 in., Metropolitan Museum of Art, http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/438817.

9. Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas, The Dance Class , probably 1874, oil on canvas, 32 3/4 x 30 1/4 in., Metropolitan Museum of Art, ArtStor.

10. Edgar Degas, The Dance Class , 1875-1876, oil on canvas, 33 x 31 3/4 in., Metropolitan Museum of Art, in Anne Dayez, Michel Hoog, and Charles S. Moffett, eds.,  Impressionism: A Centenary Exhibition, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, December 12, 1974-February 10, 1975 (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1974.), 105.

Examples: Legal and Government Documents

The Chicago Manual of Style recommends using The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation to cite legal and public documents. Legal publications rarely include bibliographies. Thus, the examples below are for notes only.

Congressional Hearings

For more information see: The Bluebook , R13.3

1. Hearing Title , Congress Number Cong. Cited Page(s) (Year) (statement of First Name Last Name, Position Title, Organization/Affiliation).

If the hearing was found online, include the database name (in parentheses) or URL at the end of the citation.

1. Facebook, Google and Twitter: Examining the Content Filtering Practices of Social Media Giants: Hearing Before the H. Comm. on the Judiciary,  115th Cong. 5-6 (2018) (statement of Monika Bickert, Head of Global Policy Management, Facebook). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CHRG-115hhrg33418/CHRG-115hhrg33418.

2. Federal Role in Urban Affairs. Part 14: Hearings Before the Subcomm. on Exec. Reorganization of the Sen. Comm. on Gov't Operations . 89th Cong. 2970 (1966) (statement of Dr. Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., President, Southern Christian Leadership Conference). (ProQuest Congressional Publications).

Congressional Debates

For more information see: The Bluebook , R13.5

3. Volume no. Cong. Rec. Cited Page(s) (Year)

If citing the daily edition, replace Year with "daily ed." and full date. If needed, the identity of the speaker may be included in parentheses. For debates in the predecessors of the Congressional Record (before 1873), see The Bluebook , R13.5.

3. 156 Cong. Rec. 4133 (2010)

4. 156 Cong. Rec. H1819 (daily ed. March 21, 2010) (statement of Rep. Wilson).

For more information see: The Bluebook , R12.4

5. Name of Act, Pub. L. No. Public Law Number, Volume Stat. First Page (Year).

5. Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Repeal Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111–321, 124 Stat. 3515 (2010)

6. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-148 § 1501, 124 Stat. 119, 242-49 (2010).

Court Cases

For more information see: The Bluebook , R10

7. First Party v. Second Party, Volume No. Reporter Abbreviation First Page, Cited Page (Date of Decision).

7. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 492 (1965)

Supreme Court cases are reported in United States Reports which is abbreviated U.S.

Examples: Unpublished/Archival

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.211

1. Interviewee First Name Last Name (Brief identifying information, if appropriate), interview by First Name Last Name, Place, Date.

Interviews are usually run in to the text or cited in notes only.

  • If you conducted the interview, indicate "by author" instead of using your name.
  • Published interviews are cited based on the source type in which they appeared. (CMOS, 14.213 )

1. Adam Falk (college president, Williams College), interview by author, Williamstown, MA, May 15, 2016.

Personal Communication

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.214

2. First Name Last Name, type of communication to author, Date.

Personal communications are usually run into the text or cited in notes only.

2. Michelle Obama, Facebook direct message to author, April 11, 2019.

Manuscript/Archival Material

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style , 14.221 - 14.213

3. Item, Date, Collection Name, Repository Name, Place.

Specific items are not included in the bibliography unless only one item from a collection is cited. The bibliographic entry gives details about the collection only.

Collection Name. Repository Name. Place.

If the item was accessed online, include the URL at the end of the citation.

3. Mark Hopkins to Jaime Margalotti, 22 March 1861, Hopkins Family Papers, Williams College Special Collections, Williamstown, MA.

Hopkins Family Papers. Williams College Special Collections. Williamstown, MA.

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how to do bibliography for chicago style

  • Chicago Style Q&A Provides official answers to questions submitted by users of the Chicago Manual of Style .
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What Needs to be Cited?

  • Exact wording taken from any source, including freely available websites
  • Paraphrases of passages
  • Summaries of another person's work
  • Indebtedness to another person for an idea
  • Use of another student's work
  • Use of your own previous work

You do not need to cite common knowledge .

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How to Do a Chicago Bibliography: Simple Formatting Rules & Example

Chicago Bibliography

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Chicago style bibliography is a standardized method of citing sources in academic writing. In Chicago style, the bibliography is typically included at the end of a research paper, thesis, or dissertation. It lists all the sources that were used in the research, both cited and uncited. The bibliography should be arranged alphabetically by the author's last name. Each reference should contain the author's name, title of the work, publication information, and date of publication.

There are also additional rules for citing specific kinds of sources that require extra information, such as including the name of an editor or a URL where the source was retrieved from. And in this blog post we will discuss each case in detail. Keep on reading and discover how to write a bibliography in Chicago style.

What Is Chicago Turabian Bibliography

Chicago/ Turabian bibliography is a special version of Chicago style. It is specifically designed for students and researchers. Main guidelines of Chicago Turabian bibliography are:

  • This style's bibliography section should start from a new page.
  • It should begin with an exact title ‘Bibliography’, centered.
  • The first entry should start after two blank lines.
  • Entries should be single-spaced, each one followed by a blank line.
  • 0.5 in indent should be applied to the whole page. First line of each entry should be flushed left.
  • Full first name of each author is to be provided as well.

Formatting the Chicago Style Bibliography

These are general rules of how to format Chicago style bibliography :

  • Bibliography is the last section of your paper that starts from a new page.
  • This section should be single-spaced, unlike other parts of your paper.
  • A heading saying, ‘Bibliography’ should be placed at the top of the first page, bold and centered.
  • Each reference entry is a separate paragraph, indented 0.5 in. Exception is for the first line that is flushed left. An empty line should be put after each entry.
  • Complete information about a source is provided.

There are also strict guidelines regarding the formatting of various kinds of citations that may appear in your paper. Let us review them in detail.

Chicago Style Citation Bibliography

Let us take a closer look at how each reference entry in Chicago citation bibliography is to be formatted. This style recommends taking a special approach to citing different kinds of sources, such as:

While basic requirement is to provide all important information about the source in your citation, the exact details may vary. We will now fully describe how you should make Chicago-styled reference in each of these cases. Examples will be provided as well. Please note that only author's first name will be used in each of the examples. Special requirements regarding authors in Chicago bibliography style will be covered in our next section.

Chicago Style Bibliography Book

Let us start with formatting a Chicago book bibliography entry. General structure is as follows:

Some additional rules apply here:

  • Always abbreviate an edition name or number.
  • When citing a specific chapter in a book, enclose chapter title into double quotes. Start your citation with author’s name of each chapter.
  • Only include the URL if you’ve retrieved this book online.

An example of a Chicago book bibliography entry:

Chicago book bibliography entry

Looking for Chicago style book citation ? We have one more blog dedicated to this topic.

Bibliography Chicago Style Website

Format is slightly different when you need to make a Chicago bibliography website reference. No publisher information is required, but you must provide the URL of site cited. Typically, your reference also includes title of that page where you have found your material on and an exact date when this page was created. Take a look at this general structure:

You should also know these additional rules:

  • For anonymous pages, put website’s name instead of author’s one. Do not repeat it later in this reference.
  • Specify an exact date when you have accessed this page in case no publication date is provided.

Consider this example:

Bibliography chicago style website

Chicago Style Bibliography Magazine

You need to make a Chicago bibliography magazine citation for every magazine article you have consulted when writing your paper. Name of magazine you are citing should be italicized. Don't provide any page numbers. Magazine articles can get other materials inserted inside them, including ads. Here's how a general structure should look like:

A URL must be also specified in case you have used an online version of a magazine.

An example of a Chicago style bibliography magazine reference:

Chicago style bibliography magazine

Chicago Style Bibliography Journal

In a Chicago bibliography journal citation you need to provide additional details, such as page range where your material was taken from and specific issue which contains this article. The journal’s name must be italicized. The general structure is as follows:

A digital object notificatore (DOI) must be provided for articles accessed online. In case DOI is not available, provide article’s URL instead. Take a look at this example:

Chicago style bibliography journal

Authors in a Chicago Bibliography

Now let us examine what information should be provided in Chicago, author bibliography about your sources’ authors. According to guidelines of this style, rules are as follows:

  • Use full first names. Middle initials (e.g. when name is John A. Doe) should stay abbreviated.
  • Put authors’ names before title of source you are citing.
  • Do not alphabetize multiple names within one reference. The original order of a book’s authors should be kept.
  • At the same time, follow an alphabetization order (A to Z) among all references.

There are several specific cases where some special rules apply. Let us explore them in detail.

Chicago Bibliography Multiple Authors

When composing your Chicago bibliography, you often might come across a book or an article written by multiple authors. When citing such a source, make only the first author’s name inverted . Leave all subsequent names in their usual order. If your source has 10 authors or less, you have to provide all their names in an order they appear in source your are citing. Separate them by commas and put “and” before last one, not ‘&’. If it has more than 10 authors, provide first seven names and put “et al.” in the end. The example is as follows:

Chicago bibliography multiple authors

Chicago Style Bibliography Same Author Multiple Works

Another common case in Chicago bibliography is using multiple works by same author. This might be useful for your research.  The list of such sources should be formatted in following way:

  • Author’s name is provided for the first source only.
  • Other works by the same author are listed beneath it in an alphabetical order. They should be sorted by title. Use an alphabetizer to organize your references quickly.
  • For each of them, replace author’s name with three ‘3-em dashes’ (or long dashes). The other information in each citation should be provided as usual.

Consider the following example:

Chicago style bibliography same author multiple works

Chicago Bibliography No Author

In Chicago bibliography, it also might happen that your source has no author: e.g. when you cite an anonymous website page. In such a case, it is necessary to place an organization that published it as the first element of your reference entry. For a website Chicago format , you should put the name of its owner instead of the name of that organization. And in case its owner is unknown, just start your reference with the website's name. Take a look at this example:

Chicago bibliography no author

Chicago Style Bibliography Example

In order to illustrate the above information, we have composed an example bibliography, Chicago style. This is a brief list of different samples of references. Each of them covers a different type of source for your convenience. Depending on your research topic, this section could be bigger or smaller. It can contain 20 sources or even more. This example includes only the types of sources we have described above in order to keep it short.

Chicago style bibliography example

Bibliography vs Reference List

Let us review the difference: reference list vs bibliography. Actually, it depends upon the substyle you have chosen for your paper. For an author-date system where you have to provide your Chicago style in text citation in parentheses. The section with the complete list of sources is named the Reference list and it is also mandatory.  If you choose the Notes and Bibliography substyle, this section is named Bibliography. Both kinds of reference sections contain the sources with the complete information about them. The only differences between them are the section heading and the placement of the date when the source was published (or when you have consulted it). In a reference list, the date is placed immediately after the author’s name.

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Frequently Asked Questions about Chicago style bibliography

1. how do i cite a source with no date in chicago style.

When writing a bibliography, Chicago-styled, you are allowed to use sources with no publication date provided. Most often, it happens with materials posted online. In this case you are expected to provide the date when you have accessed this specific material or web page. Put the word ‘Accessed’ before the date to make it clear. In footnote citations, you need to provide the same date for this specific source. It should also start with ‘Accessed’.

2. What is the difference between a bibliography and an annotated bibliography?

A bibliography (Chicago style) is a section where all sources you have used when writing your work are listed, with all information about them provided (including author’s, titles, date and publication information). This section must also correspond to all footnote citations in your paper. An annotated bibliography is a special section in a research paper. It examines each source you have picked, evaluates the level of its relationship to the topic and concludes whether it is appropriate for your work.

3. What's the difference between endnotes and a bibliography?

In your Chicago style bibliography, you need to provide complete information about your source. Also, where you can find it. This is necessary to locate a specific version of an article or a book edition. Endnotes in your paper are used to provide more information on where your specific argument or statistic came from. Endnotes are made using an in-text superscript numbering system to make it easier to locate them.

4. Is a Chicago style bibliography double spaced?

There are strict rules about spacing on the Chicago bibliography page. Chicago style in general prefers double spacing across the entire paper. However, a bibliography page must have one-inch margins all around and single spacing for each entry. You need to add a single-spaced line between each entry to make them distinguishable. Besides, your instructor might prefer double-spacing throughout this whole work as well.

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Chicago style annotated biliography

Go to Index

Author-Date: Sample Citations

Go to Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the author-date system. Each example of a reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding in-text citation. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For examples of the same citations using the notes and bibliography system, follow the Notes and Bibliography link above.

Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)

Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. 2015. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life . New York: Simon & Schuster.

Smith, Zadie. 2016. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press.

In-text citations

(Grazer and Fishman 2015, 12)

(Smith 2016, 315–16)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 40 – 45 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In the reference list, include the page range for the chapter or part. In the text, cite specific pages.

Reference list entry

Thoreau, Henry David. 2016. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

In-text citation

(Thoreau 2016, 177–78)

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

D’Agata, John, ed. 2016. The Making of the American Essay . Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

(D’Agata 2016, 177–78)

For more details, see 15.36 and 15.42 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Translated book

Lahiri, Jhumpa. 2016.  In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

(Lahiri 2016, 146)

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text, if any (or simply omit).

Austen, Jane. 2007. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics. Kindle.

Borel, Brooke. 2016. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ProQuest Ebrary.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. 1851. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale . New York: Harper & Brothers. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

(Austen 2007, chap. 3)

(Borel 2016, 92)

(Kurland and Lerner 1987, chap. 10, doc. 19)

(Melville 1851, 627)

Journal article

In the reference list, include the page range for the whole article. In the text, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. 2017. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38 (1): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. 2016. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April): 165–76.

(Keng, Lin, and Orazem 2017, 9–10)

(LaSalle 2017, 95)

(Satterfield 2016, 170)

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al.

Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. 2017. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

(Bay et al. 2017, 465)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 46–49 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. In the reference list, it can be helpful to repeat the year with sources that are cited also by month and day. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

Manjoo, Farhad. 2017. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Mead, Rebecca. 2017. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker , April 17, 2017.

Pai, Tanya. 2017. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox , April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

Pegoraro, Rob. 2007. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

(Manjoo 2017)

(Mead 2017, 43)

(Pegoraro 2007)

Readers’ comments are cited in the text but omitted from a reference list.

(Eduardo B [Los Angeles], March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo 2017)

For more examples, see 15 . 49 (newspapers and magazines) and 1 5 . 51 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Book review

Kakutani, Michiko. 2016. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith. New York Times , November 7, 2016.

(Kakutani 2016)

Stamper, Kory. 2017. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

(Stamper 2017)

Thesis or dissertation

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. 2013. “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.

(Rutz 2013, 99–100)

Website content

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, use n.d. (for “no date”) in place of the year and include an access date.

Bouman, Katie. 2016. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

Google. 2017. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

(Bouman 2016)

(Google 2017)

(Yale University, n.d.)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 50–52 in The Chicago Manual of Style . For multimedia, including live performances, see 1 5 . 57 .

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). If a more formal citation is needed, a reference list entry may be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

Chicago Manual of Style. 2015. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Souza, Pete (@petesouza). 2016. “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016. https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

(Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

(Souza 2016)

(Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.

(Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017)

  • Free Tools for Students
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😕 What is a Chicago Citation Generator?

A Chicago Citation Generator is a software tool that automatically generates citations and bibliographies in the Chicago citation style.

Citations can be created by entering an identifying piece of information about a source, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal article DOI to the generator. The generator will then create a fully formatted citation in the Chicago style containing all the required information for the source.

Chicago style citations are used to give credit to the authors of supporting work that has been used to write an academic paper or article.

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The Chicago style is primarily used by college and university students studying business, history, social sciences, the fine arts, amongst others.

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Citing sources is often an afterthought in paper writing because formatting citations correctly is time-consuming and confusing, and staying on top of source management manually can be hard. A citation generator makes this easier by:

  • Decreasing the time you would spend formatting citations correctly
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In short, there is no reason not to use a citation generator in academic writing.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Chicago Citation Generator?

To get started, scroll up back up to the tool at the top of the page and follow these steps:

  • Select the type of source you want to cite
  • If it's a website, enter the URL in the search bar. If it's a book, enter the ISBN or title. If it's a journal article, enter the DOI or title. For all other sources, enter the details of the source into the form
  • Select the search result that most closely represents the source you referred to in your paper
  • Shazam! The generator will automatically format the citation in the Chicago style. Copy it into your paper, or save it to your bibliography to download later
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MyBib supports the following for Chicago style:

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Chicago Style (17th Edition) Citation Guide: How to Cite: Biblical & Catholic Sources

  • Introduction
  • Journal Articles
  • Magazine/Newspaper Articles
  • Books & Ebooks
  • Government & Legal Documents
  • Secondary Sources
  • Videos & DVDs
  • How to Cite: Biblical & Catholic Sources
  • How to Cite: Other
  • Short Form & Ibid.
  • Additional Help

Table of Contents

Bible dictionary, single-volume commentary, multi-volume bible commentary, book-length commentary in a series, ancient christian commentary (secondary source), citing the bible, catechism of the catholic church, code of canon law, papal encyclicals.

Bibliography:

All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

All citations should use first line indent, where the first line of the footnote should be indented by 0.5 inches; all subsequent lines are not indented.

Footnotes should be the same font size and style as the rest of your paper.

See instructions for how to insert footnotes in Microsoft Word.

For bible dictionaries (or other reference books that provide content in alphabetical order), in the footnote, use s.v. (Latin for “ sub verbo ) before the title of the entry that you are citing. (If you are citing more than one title, use the plural form, s.vv. ). Publisher information does not need to be included in the footnote.

Sarna, Nahum M. “Exodus, Book of.” In Anchor Bible Dictionary , edited by David Noel Freedman, vol. 2, 689-700. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

1. Anchor Bible Dictionary , s.v. “Exodus, Book of.”

Browning, W. R. F. “Kingdom of God.” In A Dictionary of the Bible , edited by W. R. F. Browning, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001/acref-9780199543984-e-1069?rskey=cFPKLt&result=1043.

1. A Dictionary of the Bible , s.v. “Kingdom of God,” https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001/acref-9780199543984-e-1069?rskey=cFPKLt&result=1043.

A single-volume commentary is a book that contains chapters covering each of the books of the Bible.

Perkins, Pheme. “The Gospel According to John.” In The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, edited by Raymond E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland E. Murphy, 942-85. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990.

1. Pheme Perkins, “The Gospel According to John,” in The New Jerome Biblical Commentary , eds. Raymond E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland E. Murphy (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990), 945.

Franklin, Eric. “Luke.” In  Oxford Bible Commentary, edited by John Barton and John Muddiman, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. http://www.oxfordbiblicalstudies.com/article/book/obso-9780198755005/obso-9780198755005-chapterFrontMatter-52.

1. Eric Franklin, “Luke,” in  Oxford Bible Commentary , eds. John Barton and John Muddiman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), http://www.oxfordbiblicalstudies.com/article/book/obso-9780198755005/obso-9780198755005-chapterFrontMatter-52.

A multi-volume commentary is a set of multiple books that contains chapters covering each of the books of the Bible.

Coote, Robert B. “The Book of Joshua.” In The New Interpreter’s Bible , edited by Leander E. Keck, vol. 2, 553-719. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994.

1. Robert B. Coote, “The Book of Joshua,” in The New Interpreter’s Bible , ed. Leander E. Keck (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994), 2:602.

A book-length commentary is a book that includes commentary on just one book of the Bible (and sometimes only part of one book of the Bible).

For book-length commentaries in a series, the book title is italicized, and is followed by the series title, which is not italicized.

Witherington, Ben. Matthew. Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary. Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2006.

1. Ben Witherington, Matthew , Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary (Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2006), 60.

Biddle, Mark E.  Deuteronomy . Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary. Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2003. https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1440542&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

1. Mark E. Biddle,  Deuteronomy,  Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary (Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2003), 101, https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1440542&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

Ancient Christian Commentary includes excerpts that were previously published in other sources; your footnote needs to reference both the original source as well as the Ancient Christian Commentary book that you used. In your bibliography, cite only the Ancient Christian Commentary book that you consulted.

Lienhard, Joseph T., editor.  Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy . Ancient Christian Commentary. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2001.

1. Augustine, “Tractate on the Gospel of John 20.2,” in Fathers of the Church: A New Translation (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1947), 79:164, quoted in Joseph T. Lienhard, ed., Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy , Ancient Christian Commentary (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2001), 104.

Citing the Version of the Bible

The first time you paraphrase or quote from the Bible, add a footnote indicating which version of the Bible that you used. You do not need to repeat the version name in subsequent references. You also do not need to cite the Bible in your bibliography, unless you are citing modern content such as an introduction, footnote, or map.

1. The New Revised Standard Version translation will be used throughout this paper.

Citing Biblical Chapters and Verses

When referring to books of the Bible within the body of your paper:

  • Example: Genesis, Luke 4, Revelation 1-3
  • Example: Exod 2:1-3; Matt 13:12

Note: it isn't necessary to add a period after the abbreviated book name. Include a space between the book name and the chapter number, and include a colon between the chapter number and the verse(s).

Introduction to a Chapter in the Bible

Bibliography

Sumney, Jerry L. “The Book of Tobit.” In Saint Mary’s Press College Study Bible , 587-88. Winona, MN: Saint Mary’s Press, 2007.

1. Jerry L. Sumney, “The Book of Tobit,” in Saint Mary’s P ress College Study Bible (Winona, MN: Saint Mary’s Press, 2007), 588.

Footnote in the Bible

If an author is cited for each chapter of the Bible, cite them as the footnote author. Otherwise, cite the Bible’s editor.

Sweeney, Marvin A. “Isaiah.” In The New Oxford Annotated Bible , 965-1056. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

1. Marvin A. Sweeney, Isaiah 8:1-4 footnote, in The New Oxford Annotated Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 979.

Map in the Bible

Wansbrough, Henry, ed. “Map 3: Palestine of the Old Testament.” In The New Jerusalem Bible , Supplements. New York: Doubleday, 1990.

1. Henry Wansbrough, ed., “Map 3: Palestine of the Old Testament” in The New Jerusalem Bible (New York: Doubleday, 1990), Supplements.

John, Paul II. Catechism of the Catholic Church. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: United States Catholic Conference, 2011. https://www.usccb.org/sites/default/files/flipbooks/catechism/.

1. John Paul II,  Catechism of the Catholic Church , 2nd ed., (Washington DC: United States Catholic Conference, 2011), sec. 782, accessed April 21, 2015, https://www.usccb.org/sites/default/files/flipbooks/catechism/.

When citing the Code of Canon Law, the abbreviation c. indicates one canon, cc. indicates two or more canons. The section symbol § indicates two or more sections within a single canon.

Code of Canon Law: Latin-English Edition . Washington, DC: Canon Law Society of America, 1999.

1. Code of Canon Law, c. 279, §1, in The Code of Canon Law: Latin-English Edition (Washington, DC: Canon Law Society of America, 1983), 99.

John Paul II. Evangelium Vitae [Encyclical Letter on the Value and Inviolability of Human Life]. The Holy See. March 25, 1995. https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae.html..

1. John Paul II, Evangelium Vitae [Encyclical Letter on the Value and Inviolability of Human Life], The Holy See, March 25, 2995, sec. 97, https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae.html.

John Paul II. Evangelium Vitae [Encyclical Letter on the Value and Inviolability of Human Life]. In The Encyclicals of John Paul II , edited by J. Michael Miller, 792-894. Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor, 1996.

1. John Paul II, “ Evangelium Vitae [Encyclical Letter on the Value and Inviolability of Human Life],” in The Encyclicals of John Paul II , ed. J. Michael Miller (Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor, 1996), 800.

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Critical Writing Seminar: Craft of Prose : Chicago Manual of Style: Citing Images

  • Getting started
  • News and Opinion Sites
  • Academic Sources
  • Grey Literature
  • Substantive News Sources
  • What to Do When You Are Stuck
  • Understanding a citation
  • Examples of Quotation
  • Examples of Paraphrase
  • Chicago Manual of Style: Citing Images
  • Researching the Op-Ed
  • Researching Prospective Employers
  • Resume Resources
  • Cover Letter Resources

Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual of Style citation style provides guidelines for "Author-Date" or in text citation as well as for using footnotes or endnotes along with the bibliography. Images can be cited using captions or in a bibliography. Check with your instructor for the correct format.

For information on specific guidelines for images visit the online site , and use the table of contents to find: 

Chapter 14: Notes and Bibliography Section: 14.235: Citing paintings, photographs, and sculpture Chapter Contents / Special Types of References / Artwork and Illustrations

The Manual states, "Information about paintings, photographs, sculptures, or other works of art can usually be presented in the text rather than in a note or bibliography. If a note or bibliography entry is needed, list the artist, a title (in italics), and a date of creation or completion, followed by information about the medium and the location of the work. For works consulted online, add a URL." 

https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed17/part3/ch14/psec235.html

Examples of Citing Images

how to do bibliography for chicago style

Footnote/endnote (general) 18 Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night , 1889, oil on canvas, 29 in. x 36 ¼ in., Museum of Modern Art, New York.

Caption (general)*note: captions can be done as figure, fig., illustration, or ill. Fig. 1: Vincent Van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889, oil on canvas, 29 in. x 36 ¼ in., Museum of Modern Art, New York.

Bibliographic entry, online (websites or databases) Duveneck, Frank.Whistling Boy, 1872. Oil on canvas, 28 in. x 21 ½ in. Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati. <http://cincinnatiartmuseum.stores.yahoo.net/frduwhboy.html>, accessed 12 Aug. 2007.

Footnote/endnote, online (websites or databases) 4 Henri Matisse, The Woman with the Hat , 1905, oil on canvas, 81.3 cm x 60.3 cm, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco.

Caption, online (websites or databases) Ill. 1: Frank Duveneck, Whistling Boy , 1872, oil on canvas, 28 in. x 21 ½ in. Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati,<http://cincinnatiartmuseum.stores.yahoo.net/frduwhboy.html>

Credit lines Images with copyright restrictions: Reproduced with permission from Jan Newstrom Thompson, Duveneck: Last Paintings Found (Santa Clara, CA: Triton Museum of Art, 1987), 55, © 1987 by Triton Museum of Art.

Images without copyright restrictions: Man and boy fishing in Ohio River, September 14, 1929. Courtesy of Rosemary Bart

Photograph courtesy of Cincinnati Art Museum

Unknown Artist, Title, or Date

When all or part of an image source is unknown or unknowable, use these points to guide your MLA image caption:

Unknown Artist, Author or Creator List that source by title in your works cited list. The title should be followed by the name of the source in the citation, and the remainder of the citation composed as appropriate for the source type. Alphabetize reference list entries beginning with a title using the primary word of the title (excluding a, an, or the).

An Image without a Title If an image is not titled, create a brief, descriptive title for it. Do not italicize this title or place it in quotes, and capitalize only the first word and any proper nouns.

Undated Sources Use "n.d." (for "no date") in the appropriate place in your citation. When this is used after a period in a citation, capitalize the "n" ("N.d.").

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Q. How do I cite ChatGPT or AI?

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Answered By: Sydney Burke Last Updated: Feb 13, 2024     Views: 2

For the most current information on citing AI, please refer to the ChaGPT and AI Resources for Faculty guide: https://libguides.llu.edu/chatgptai/cite

Here are the most recent resources from January 2024 on citing AI:

Based on the APA Style Guide,  How to cite ChatGPT

Example Citation:

OpenAI. (2023).  ChatGPT  (Mar 14 version) [Large language model].  https://chat.openai.com/chat

  • Parenthetical citation:  (OpenAI, 2023)
  • Narrative citation:  OpenAI (2023)

Each part of APA citation explained:

Author:  The author of the model is OpenAI.

Date:  The date is the year of the version you used. 

Title:  The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.

Version Number:  The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions.

Bracketed Text:  In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets.

Source:  When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL.

Using the MLA Template from  How do I cite generative AI in MLA style?

Works Cited Format: "Description of chat" prompt.  Name of AI tool,  version of AI tool, Company, Date of chat, URL.

“Title of source” prompt.  Name of AI Tool , version, Company, Date content was generated, General web address of tool. 

Each part of MLA citation explained:

Author:  Not recommended to treat the AI tool as an author. 

Title of Source:  Describe what was generated by the AI tool. This may involve including information about the prompt in the Title of Source element if you have not done so in the text. 

Title of Container:  Use the Title of Container element to name the AI tool (e.g.,  ChatGPT ).

Version:  Name the version of the AI tool as specifically as possible, usually including a specific date to the version.

Publisher:  Name the company that made the tool.

Date:  Give the date the content was generated.

Location:  Give the general URL for the tool.

From the Chicago Manual of Style Online  Q&A on citing AI

You must credit ChatGPT when you reproduce its words within your own work, but unless you include a publicly available URL, that information should be put in the text or in a note—not in a bibliography or reference list. 

If the prompt hasn’t been included in the text, it can be included in the note:

1. ChatGPT, response to “Explain how to make pizza dough from common household ingredients,” OpenAI, March 7, 2023.

There is no official guidance on citing AI, but we recommend following the guidelines for personal communication.

The text of your document must include:

  • Type of communication
  • Communicator
  • Date in this format (Day Month Year)

In an online chat with OpenAI's ChatGPT AI language model (2 March 2023)

For more information on Vancouver Style, please refer to the chapter 13,  Letters and Other Personal Communication , in The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition.

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  21. How do I cite ChatGPT or AI?

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