How to write a JavaScript
To write a JavaScript , you need a web browser and either a text editor or an HTML editor .
Once you have the software in place, you can begin writing JavaScript code. To add JavaScript code to an HTML file, create or open an HTML file with your text/HTML editor. A basic HTML file has a docType and some basic HTML tags, such as <html>, <head> and <body>. For example, a basic HTML5 file might look like what's shown below.
When you see JavaScript code on the Web, you will sometimes see some JavaScript code between the <head></head> tags. Or, you may see it in the <body></body> tags (or even in both places). To separate JavaScript code from HTML code, you need to enclose it within a set of <script></script> tags. The opening <script> tag has one required attribute and one optional attribute. The required attribute is the type attribute, while the optional attribute is src (which lets you point to an external script file, covered later in this answer). The value of the type attribute is set to text/javascript , as shown below.
As you can see, your JavaScript code is placed between the opening and closing script tags. For example script, you could write a simple string of text directly on the web page, as shown below (placed between the <body> and </body> tags).
In the example above, the standard JavaScript function displays text between the quotation marks on the page. It would look like the example below.
Another option for including JavaScript on a page is creating the script in an external text file. Save that file with a .js extension, making it a JavaScript file. The .js file is then included in the page using the src attribute of the opening script tag. For example, to use the script above, place the JavaScript code (without script tags) into a new text file, as shown below.
You would then save the file with a .js extension. For instance, you could save it as write.js . Once the file is saved, you can call it from the HTML code via the src attribute of the opening script tag, as shown below for write.js.
The procedure above has the same effect as writing the code between the script tags, but won't clutter the HTML code with JavaScript. Another advantage is that the same script can be included in multiple pages, and editing the script file updates the script in every page that uses the external script file. Editing the script file is helpful as it can be done in one place, rather than editing the code on each page containing the script.
Now knowing how to add JavaScript code to a web page, you can use any number of JavaScript example scripts or follow a JavaScript tutorial or book to learn more about JavaScript coding.
Related information
- See our JavaScript definition for further information and related links.
- HTML and web design help and support.
Popular Tutorials
Popular examples, reference materials, learn python interactively, js introduction.
- Getting Started
- JS Variables & Constants
- JS console.log
- JavaScript Data types
- JavaScript Operators
- JavaScript Comments
- JS Type Conversions
JS Control Flow
- JS Comparison Operators
- JavaScript if else Statement
- JavaScript for loop
- JavaScript while loop
- JavaScript break Statement
- JavaScript continue Statement
- JavaScript switch Statement
JS Functions
- JavaScript Function
- Variable Scope
- JavaScript Hoisting
- JavaScript Recursion
- JavaScript Objects
- JavaScript Methods & this
- JavaScript Constructor
- JavaScript Getter and Setter
- JavaScript Prototype
- JavaScript Array
- JS Multidimensional Array
- JavaScript String
- JavaScript for...in loop
- JavaScript Number
- JavaScript Symbol
Exceptions and Modules
- JavaScript try...catch...finally
- JavaScript throw Statement
- JavaScript Modules
- JavaScript ES6
- JavaScript Arrow Function
- JavaScript Default Parameters
- JavaScript Template Literals
- JavaScript Spread Operator
- JavaScript Map
- JavaScript Set
- Destructuring Assignment
- JavaScript Classes
- JavaScript Inheritance
- JavaScript for...of
- JavaScript Proxies
JavaScript Asynchronous
- JavaScript setTimeout()
- JavaScript CallBack Function
- JavaScript Promise
- Javascript async/await
- JavaScript setInterval()
Miscellaneous
- JavaScript JSON
- JavaScript Date and Time
- JavaScript Closure
- JavaScript this
- JavaScript use strict
- Iterators and Iterables
- JavaScript Generators
- JavaScript Regular Expressions
- JavaScript Browser Debugging
Uses of JavaScript
JavaScript Tutorials
Debugging JavaScript in Browser
JavaScript console.log()
JavaScript Variables and Constants
- JavaScript and JSON
Getting Started With JavaScript
JavaScript is a popular programming language that has a wide range of applications.
JavaScript was previously used mainly for making webpages interactive such as form validation, animation, etc. Nowadays, JavaScript is also used in many other areas such as server-side development, mobile app development and so on.
Because of its wide range of applications, you can run JavaScript in several ways:
- Using console tab of web browsers
- Using Node.js
- By creating web pages
1. Using Console Tab of Web Browsers
All the popular web browsers have built-in JavaScript engines. Hence, you can run JavaScript on a browser. To run JavaScript on a browser,
- Open your favorite browser (here we will use Google Chrome).
Node is a back-end run-time environment for executing JavaScript code. To run JS using Node.js, follow these steps:
- Install the latest version of Node.js .
- You will get output on the terminal.
Note : It is also possible to run JavaScript on the terminal/command prompt directly. For that, simply type node and press enter. Then you can start writing JS code.
- By Creating Web Pages
JavaScript was initially created to make web pages interactive, that's why JavaScript and HTML go hand in hand. To run JS from a webpage, follow these steps:
- Open VS Code > Go to File > New File > Save it with .html extension . For example, main.html .
- Copy this doctype (minimum valid HTML code) and save it in the file. <!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Programiz</title> </head> <body> <script src=""></script> </body> </html>
- Open the main.html file using a browser.
Now that you know how to run JavaScript, let's start learning the fundamentals of JavaScript from the next tutorial.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Using Console Tab of Web Browsers
Video: JavaScript Getting Started
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Related Tutorials
JavaScript Tutorial
Write your first JavaScript code
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JavaScript is a programming language full of pleasant surprises. Many people first encounter JavaScript as a language for the web. There's a JavaScript engine in all the major browsers, there are popular frameworks such as JQuery, Cash, and Bootstrap to help make web design easier, and there are even programming environments written in JavaScript. It seems to be everywhere on the internet, but it turns out that it's also a useful language for projects like Electron , an open source toolkit for building cross-platform desktop apps with JavaScript.
JavaScript is a surprisingly multipurpose language with a wide assortment of libraries for much more than just making websites. Learning the basics of the language is easy, and it's a gateway to building whatever you imagine.
Install JavaScript
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As you progress with JavaScript, you may find yourself wanting advanced JavaScript libraries and runtimes. When you're just starting, though, you don't have to install JavaScript at all. All major web browsers include a JavaScript engine to run the code. You can write JavaScript using your favorite text editor, load it into your web browser, and see what your code does.
Get started with JavaScript
To write your first JavaScript code, open your favorite text editor, such as Notepad++ , Atom , or VSCode . Because it was developed for the web, JavaScript works well with HTML, so first, just try some basic HTML:
Save the file, and then open it in a web browser.
(Seth Kenlon, CC BY-SA 4.0 )
To add JavaScript to this simple HTML page, you can either create a JavaScript file and refer to it in the page's head or just embed your JavaScript code in the HTML using the <script> tag. In this example, I embed the code:
Reload the page in your browser.
As you can see, the <p> tag as written still contains the string "Nothing here," but when it's rendered, JavaScript alters it so that it contains "Hello world" instead. Yes, JavaScript has the power to rebuild (or just help build) a webpage.
The JavaScript in this simple script does two things. First, it creates a variable called myvariable and places the string "Hello world!" into it. Finally, it searches the current document (the web page as the browser is rendering it) for any HTML element with the ID example . When it locates example , it uses the innerHTML function to replace the contents of the HTML element with the contents of myvariable .
Of course, using a custom variable isn't necessary. It's just as easy to populate the HTML element with something being dynamically created. For instance, you could populate it with a timestamp:
Reload the page to see a timestamp generated at the moment the page is rendered. Reload a few times to watch the seconds increment.
JavaScript syntax
In programming, syntax refers to the rules of how sentences (or "lines") are written. In JavaScript, each line of code must end in a semicolon ( ; ) so that the JavaScript engine running your code understands when to stop reading.
Words (or "strings") must be enclosed in quotation marks ( " ), while numbers (or "integers") go without.
Almost everything else is a convention of the JavaScript language, such as variables, arrays, conditional statements, objects, functions, and so on.
Creating variables in JavaScript
Variables are containers for data. You can think of a variable as a box where you can put data to share with your program. Creating a variable in JavaScript is done with two keywords you choose based on how you intend to use the variable: let and var . The var keyword denotes a variable intended for your entire program to use, while let creates variables for specific purposes, usually inside functions or loops.
JavaScript's built-in typeof function can help you identify what kind of data a variable contains. Using the first example, you can find out what kind of data myvariable contains by modifying the displayed text to:
This renders "string" in your web browser because the variable contains "Hello world!" Storing different kinds of data (such as an integer) in myvariable would cause a different data type to be printed to your sample web page. Try changing the contents of myvariable to your favorite number and then reloading the page.
Creating functions in JavaScript
Functions in programming are self-contained data processors. They're what makes programming modular . It's because functions exist that programmers can write generic libraries that, for instance, resize images or keep track of the passage of time for other programmers (like you) to use in their own code.
You create a function by providing a custom name for your function followed by any amount of code enclosed within braces.
Here's a simple web page featuring a resized image and a button that analyzes the image and returns the true image dimensions. In this example code, the <button> HTML element uses the built-in JavaScript function onclick to detect user interaction, which triggers a custom function called get_size :
Save the file and load it into your web browser to try the code.
Cross-platform apps with JavaScript
You can see from the code sample how JavaScript and HTML work closely together to create a cohesive user experience. This is one of the great strengths of JavaScript. When you write code in JavaScript, you inherit one of the most common user interfaces of modern computing regardless of platform: the web browser. Your code is cross-platform by nature, so your application, whether it's just a humble image size analyzer or a complex image editor, video game, or whatever else you dream up, can be used by everyone with a web browser (or a desktop, if you deliver an Electron app).
Learning JavaScript is easy and fun. There are lots of websites with tutorials available. There are also over a million JavaScript libraries to help you interface with devices, peripherals, the Internet of Things, servers, file systems, and lots more. And as you're learning, keep our JavaScript cheat sheet close by so you remember the fine details of syntax and structure.
A practical guide to JavaScript closures
Get a better understanding of how JavaScript code works and executes by diving into one of the advanced concept: closures.
Learn JavaScript by writing a guessing game
Take the first steps toward creating interactive, dynamic web content by practicing some basic JavaScript concepts with a simple game.
4 reasons why JavaScript is so popular
There are good reasons why JavaScript is consistently among the top programming languages.
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How to Use the Ternary Operator in JavaScript – JS Conditional Example
The ternary operator is a helpful feature in JavaScript that allows you to write concise and readable expressions that perform conditional operations on only one line.
In this article, you will learn why you may want to use the ternary operator, and you will see an example of how to use it. You will also learn some of the best practices to keep in mind when you do use it.
Let's get into it!
What Is The Ternary Operator in JavaScript?
The ternary operator ( ?: ), also known as the conditional operator, is a shorthand way of writing conditional statements in JavaScript – you can use a ternary operator instead of an if..else statement.
A ternary operator evaluates a given condition, also known as a Boolean expression, and returns a result that depends on whether that condition evaluates to true or false .
Why Use the Ternary Operator in JavaScript?
You may want to use the ternary operator for a few reasons:
- Your code will be more concise : The ternary operator has minimal syntax. You will write short conditional statements and fewer lines of code, which makes your code easier to read and understand.
- Your code will be more readable : When writing simple conditions, the ternary operator makes your code easier to understand in comparison to an if..else statement.
- Your code will be more organized : The ternary operator will make your code more organized and easier to maintain. This comes in handy when writing multiple conditional statements. The ternary operator will reduce the amount of nesting that occurs when using if..else statements.
- It provides flexibility : The ternary operator has many use cases, some of which include: assigning a value to a variable, rendering dynamic content on a web page, handling function arguments, validating data and handling errors, and creating complex expressions.
- It enhances performance : In some cases, the ternary operator can perform better than an if..else statement because the ternary operator gets evaluated in a single step.
- It always returns a value : The ternary operator always has to return something.
How to Use the Ternary Operator in JavaScript – a Syntax Overview
The operator is called "ternary" because it is composed of three parts: one condition and two expressions.
The general syntax for the ternary operator looks something similar to the following:
Let's break it down:
- condition is the Boolean expression you want to evaluate and determine whether it is true or false . The condition is followed by a question mark, ? .
- ifTrueExpression is executed if the condition evaluates to true .
- ifFalseExpression is executed if the condition evaluates to false .
- The two expressions are separated by a colon, . .
The ternary operator always returns a value that you assign to a variable:
Next, let's look at an example of how the ternary operator works.
How to Use the Ternary Operator in JavaScript
Say that you want to check whether a user is an adult:
In this example, I used the ternary operator to determine whether a user's age is greater than or equal to 18 .
Firstly, I used the prompt() built-in JavaScript function.
This function opens a dialog box with the message What is your age? and the user can enter a value.
I store the user's input in the age variable.
Next, the condition ( age >= 18 ) gets evaluated.
If the condition is true , the first expression, You are an adult , gets executed.
Say the user enters the value 18 .
The condition age >= 18 evaluates to true :
If the condition is false , the second expression, You are not an adult yet , gets executed.
Say the user enters the value 17 .
The condition age >= 18 now evaluates to false :
As mentioned earlier, you can use the ternary operator instead of an if..else statement.
Here is how you would write the same code used in the example above using an if..else statement:
Ternary Operator Best Practices in JavaScript
Something to keep in mind when using the ternary operator is to keep it simple and don't overcomplicate it.
The main goal is for your code to be readable and easily understandable for the rest of the developers on your team.
So, consider using the ternary operator for simple statements and as a concise alternative to if..else statements that can be written in one line.
If you do too much, it can quickly become unreadable.
For example, in some cases, using nested ternary operators can make your code hard to read:
If you find yourself nesting too many ternary operators, consider using if...else statements instead.
Wrapping Up
Overall, the ternary operator is a useful feature in JavaScript as it helps make your code more readable and concise.
Use it when a conditional statement can be written on only one line and keep code readability in mind.
Thanks for reading, and happy coding! :)
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Run JavaScript in the Console
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You can enter any JavaScript expression, statement, or code snippet in the Console , and it runs immediately and interactively as you type. This is possible because the Console tool in DevTools is a REPL environment. REPL stands for Read, Evaluate, Print, and Loop.
The Console :
- Reads the JavaScript that you type into it.
- Evaluates your code.
- Prints out the result of your expression.
- Loops back to the first step.
To enter JavaScript statements and expressions interactively in the Console :
Right-click in a webpage and then select Inspect . DevTools opens. Or, press Ctrl+Shift+J (Windows, Linux) or Command+Option+J (macOS), to directly open the DevTools console.
If necessary, click in DevTools to give it focus, and then press Esc to open the Console .
Click in the Console , and then type 2+2 , without pressing Enter .
The Console immediately displays the result 4 on the next line while you type. The Eager evaluation feature helps you write valid JavaScript. The Console displays the result while you type, regardless of whether your JavaScript is correct, and regardless of whether a valid result exists.
When you press Enter , the Console runs the JavaScript command (expression or statement), displays the result, and then moves the cursor down to allow you to enter the next JavaScript command.
Autocompletion to write complex expressions
The Console helps you write complex JavaScript using autocompletion. This feature is a great way to learn about JavaScript methods that you didn't know of before.
To try autocompletion while writing multi-part expressions:
Press the arrow keys to highlight document on the dropdown menu.
Press Tab to select document .
Press Tab to select document.body .
Type another . to get a large list of possible properties and methods available on the body of the current webpage.
Console history
As with many other command-line environments, a history of the commands that you entered is available for reuse. Press Up Arrow to display the commands that you entered previously.
Similarly, autocompletion keeps a history of the commands you previously typed. You can type the first few letters of earlier commands, and your previous choices appear in a text box.
Also, the Console also offers quite a few utility methods that make your life easier. For example, $_ always contains the result of the last expression you ran in the Console .
Multiline edits
By default, the Console only gives you one line to write your JavaScript expression. You code runs when you press Enter . The one line limitation may frustrate you. To work around the 1-line limitation, press Shift+Enter instead of Enter . In the following example, the value displayed is the result of all the lines (statements) run in order:
If you start a multi-line statement in the Console , the code block is automatically recognized and indented. For example, if you start a block statement, by entering a curly brace, the next line is automatically indented:
Network requests using top-level await()
Other than in your own scripts, Console supports top level await to run arbitrary asynchronous JavaScript in it. For example, use the fetch API without wrapping the await statement with an async function.
To get the last 50 issues that were filed on the Microsoft Edge Developer Tools for Visual Studio Code GitHub repo:
In DevTools, open the Console .
Copy and paste the following code snippet to get an object that contains 10 entries:
The 10 entries are hard to recognize, since a lot of information is displayed.
Optionally, use the console.table() log method to only receive the information in which you're interested:
To reuse the data returned from an expression, use the copy() utility method of the Console .
Paste the following code. It sends the request and copies the data from the response to the clipboard:
The Console is a great way to practice JavaScript and to do some quick calculations. The real power is the fact that you have access to the window object. See Interact with the DOM using the Console .
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Book description
What will you learn from this book?
Now in its second edition, this brain-friendly guide is your comprehensive journey into modern JavaScript, covering everything from the core language fundamentals to cutting-edge features that define JavaScript today. You'll dive into the nuances of JavaScript types and the unparalleled flexibility of its functions. You'll learn how to expertly navigate classes and objects, and you'll finally understand closures. But that's just the beginning—you'll also get hands-on with the browser's document object model (DOM), engaging with JavaScript in ways you've only imagined. You won't just be reading—you'll be playing games, solving puzzles, pondering mysteries, and interacting with JavaScript. And you'll write real code, lots of it, so you can start building your own web applications.
What's so special about this book?
If you've read a Head First book, you know what to expect: a visually rich format designed for the way your brain works. If you haven't, you're in for a treat. With this book, you'll learn JavaScript through a multisensory experience that engages your mind—rather than a text-heavy approach that puts you to sleep.
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Table of contents
- Brief Table of Contents (Not Yet Final)
- The way JavaScript works
- How you’re going to write JavaScript
- How to get JavaScript into your page
- A little test drive
- JavaScript, you’ve come a long way...
- How to make a statement
- Variables and values
- Constants, another kind of variable
- Back away from that keyboard!
- Express yourself
- Doing things more than once
- How the while loop works
- Making decisions with JavaScript
- And, when you need to make LOTS of decisions
- Create an alert
- Write directly into your document
- Use the console
- Directly manipulate your document
- A closer look at console.log
- Opening the console
- Coding a Serious JavaScript Application
- How do I add code to my page? (let me count the ways)
- We’re going to have to separate you two
- JavaScript cross
- JavaScript cross Solution
- Let’s build a Battleship game
- ... a simplified Battleship
- First, a high-level design
- Representing the ships
- Getting user input
- Displaying the results
- Working through the Pseudocode
- Oh, before we go any further, don’t forget the HTML!
- Writing the Simple Battleship code
- Now let’s write the game logic
- Step One: setting up the loop, getting some input
- How prompt works
- Checking the user’s guess
- So, do we have a hit?
- Adding the hit detection code
- Hey, you sank my battleship!
- Provide some post-game analysis
- And that completes the logic!
- Doing a little Qualit y Assurance
- Can we talk about your verbosit y...
- Finishing the Simple Battleship game
- How to assign random locations
- The recipe for generating a random number
- Back to do a little more QA
- Congrats on your first true JavaScript program, and a short word about reusing code
- About the Authors
Product information
- Title: Head First JavaScript Programming, 2nd Edition
- Author(s): Eric Freeman, Elisabeth Robson
- Release date: March 2025
- Publisher(s): O'Reilly Media, Inc.
- ISBN: 9781098147945
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How to write a business check in 5 steps
Get ready to sign on the dotted line. Presented by Chase for Business .
Wondering about the best way to handle payments in your business? You’ve got a few options. You can use cash or a business credit card . But often, writing a check can be your best bet.
Why? Trackability. As you grow your business, keeping track of all the money coming in and out of your accounts becomes crucial. Business checks can help you do that. Every time you log a check when you write it, you’re building an accurate snapshot of your company’s finances, which means that you’ll be able to avoid unwelcome budgetary surprises.
There are other benefits to using business checks, too. For one thing, they’re more secure than cash. For another, they look professional and can help demonstrate your credibility. After all, you can’t write business checks without opening a business checking account and working with a banker to vet your finances.
Anatomy of a business check
It’s a good idea to familiarize yourself with the different parts of a business check before filling one out.
Payee: The name of the recipient of the business check (this field also might say “pay to the order of”)
Payment amount of the check in numbers: No surprises here — this is the dollar amount of your check, written out in numbers (e.g., $37)
Payment amount of the check in words: Another place to write out the dollar amount, this time in words (e.g., thirty-seven dollars)
Date: The date (including the month, day and year) that you want the check to be good; if you don’t care when the payee cashes the check, you can also just use the current date
Memo line: Think of this as the subject line of your check — it’s a place to briefly describe the purpose of the payment (e.g., “new computers”), and it’s generally located in the bottom-left corner
Signature line: Your signature to authorize the check, generally located in the bottom-right corner
Routing number: The nine-digit number that identifies your financial institution
Account number: The number on your business bank account
Check number: The unique ID number on the business check, generally located in the upper-right corner
How to write a business check
If you’ve ever written a personal check, you’ll already know the ropes:
Step 1: Find out who you need to pay. If you’re sending the check to another business, make sure that you’re writing the check to the right company. If you’re sending it to an individual, check that you’re using their legal name and that you’ve spelled it correctly.
Step 2: Fill out the rest of the details of the check. You can always write out the check longhand. But if your business uses accounting software, you could fill in the details on a computer and print them out on a blank check.
Payroll checks can be tricker to fill out because they often include tax withholdings. If you’d prefer not to handle those withholdings on your own, you can hire an outside company or expert.
Step 3: Double-check the info for errors. If you identify any mistakes, you’ll need to void the check and start over.
Step 4: Sign the check. Once all the information has been filled in, and you’ve reviewed it to ensure that it’s correct, you’re ready to sign. The signature must match the account signature card that you gave to the bank. If your business also chooses to require two signatures, you must get both before sending out the check.
Step 5: Record the check. Jot down the details in your check register or in your accounting software right away so that you don’t lose track of how much money you’ve paid and need to clear. If you’ve just written a payroll check, you should also record the gross payment amount, net payment amount and applicable withholdings so that you have that info handy at tax time.
Can you write a check to yourself from your business?
Yes! Writing a check to yourself from your business is the same as writing a check to another recipient. On the payee line, you’ll just write your own name instead of the name of another vendor. The payment will still originate from your business checking account, even if it is written out personally to you as the business owner.
Final thoughts
Now that you know how to write a business check correctly, you’re ready to take your business to the next level. Reach out to a Chase business banker for more information about what else you can do to set yourself up for success.
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Handling text — strings in JavaScript
- Overview: First steps
Next, we'll turn our attention to strings — this is what pieces of text are called in programming. In this article, we'll look at all the common things that you really ought to know about strings when learning JavaScript, such as creating strings, escaping quotes in strings, and joining strings together.
The power of words
Words are very important to humans — they are a large part of how we communicate. Since the web is a largely text-based medium designed to allow humans to communicate and share information, it is useful for us to have control over the words that appear on it. HTML provides structure and meaning to text, CSS allows us to precisely style it, and JavaScript offers many features for manipulating strings. These include creating custom welcome messages and prompts, showing the right text labels when needed, sorting terms into the desired order, and much more.
Pretty much all of the programs we've shown you so far in the course have involved some string manipulation.
Declaring strings
Strings are dealt with similarly to numbers at first glance, but when you dig deeper you'll start to see some notable differences. Let's start by entering some basic lines into the browser developer console to familiarize ourselves.
To start with, enter the following lines:
Just like we did with numbers, we are declaring a variable, initializing it with a string value, and then returning the value. The only difference here is that when writing a string, you need to surround the value with quotes.
If you don't do this, or miss one of the quotes, you'll get an error. Try entering the following lines:
These lines don't work because any text without quotes around it is interpreted as a variable name, property name, reserved word, or similar. If the browser doesn't recognize the unquoted text, then an error is raised (e.g., "missing; before statement"). If the browser can detect where a string starts but not its end (owing to the missing second quote), it reports an "unterminated string literal" error. If your program is raising such errors, then go back and check all your strings to make sure you have no missing quotation marks.
The following will work if you previously defined the variable string — try it now:
badString is now set to have the same value as string .
Single quotes, double quotes, and backticks
In JavaScript, you can choose single quotes ( ' ), double quotes ( " ), or backticks ( ` ) to wrap your strings in. All of the following will work:
You must use the same character for the start and end of a string, or you will get an error:
Strings declared using single quotes and strings declared using double quotes are the same, and which you use is down to personal preference — although it is good practice to choose one style and use it consistently in your code.
Strings declared using backticks are a special kind of string called a template literal . In most ways, template literals are like normal strings, but they have some special properties:
- you can embed JavaScript in them
- you can declare template literals over multiple lines
Embedding JavaScript
Inside a template literal, you can wrap JavaScript variables or expressions inside ${ } , and the result will be included in the string:
You can use the same technique to join together two variables:
Joining strings together like this is called concatenation .
Concatenation in context
Let's have a look at concatenation being used in action:
Here, we are using the window.prompt() function, which prompts the user to answer a question via a popup dialog box and then stores the text they enter inside a given variable — in this case name . We then display a string that inserts the name into a generic greeting message.
Concatenation using "+"
You can use ${} only with template literals, not normal strings. You can concatenate normal strings using the + operator:
However, template literals usually give you more readable code:
Including expressions in strings
You can include JavaScript expressions in template literals, as well as just variables, and the results will be included in the result:
Multiline strings
Template literals respect the line breaks in the source code, so you can write strings that span multiple lines like this:
To have the equivalent output using a normal string you'd have to include line break characters ( \n ) in the string:
See our Template literals reference page for more examples and details of advanced features.
Including quotes in strings
Since we use quotes to indicate the start and end of strings, how can we include actual quotes in strings? We know that this won't work:
One common option is to use one of the other characters to declare the string:
Another option is to escape the problem quotation mark. Escaping characters means that we do something to them to make sure they are recognized as text, not part of the code. In JavaScript, we do this by putting a backslash just before the character. Try this:
You can use the same technique to insert other special characters. See Escape sequences for more details.
Numbers vs. strings
What happens when we try to concatenate a string and a number? Let's try it in our console:
You might expect this to return an error, but it works just fine. How numbers should be displayed as strings is fairly well-defined, so the browser automatically converts the number to a string and concatenates the two strings.
If you have a numeric variable that you want to convert to a string or a string variable that you want to convert to a number, you can use the following two constructs:
- The Number() function converts anything passed to it into a number if it can. Try the following: js const myString = "123" ; const myNum = Number ( myString ) ; console . log ( typeof myNum ) ; // number
- Conversely, the String() function converts its argument to a string. Try this: js const myNum2 = 123 ; const myString2 = String ( myNum2 ) ; console . log ( typeof myString2 ) ; // string
These constructs can be really useful in some situations. For example, if a user enters a number into a form's text field, it's a string. However, if you want to add this number to something, you'll need it to be a number, so you could pass it through Number() to handle this. We did exactly this in our Number Guessing Game, in line 59 .
So that's the very basics of strings covered in JavaScript. In the next article, we'll build on this, looking at some of the built-in methods available to strings in JavaScript and how we can use them to manipulate our strings into just the form we want.
- Newsletters
Google’s Gemini is now in everything. Here’s how you can try it out.
Gmail, Docs, and more will now come with Gemini baked in. But Europeans will have to wait before they can download the app.
- Will Douglas Heaven archive page
In the biggest mass-market AI launch yet, Google is rolling out Gemini , its family of large language models, across almost all its products, from Android to the iOS Google app to Gmail to Docs and more. You can also now get your hands on Gemini Ultra, the most powerful version of the model, for the first time.
With this launch, Google is sunsetting Bard , the company's answer to ChatGPT. Bard, which has been powered by a version of Gemini since December, will now be known as Gemini too.
ChatGPT , released by Microsoft-backed OpenAI just 14 months ago, changed people’s expectations of what computers could do. Google, which has been racing to catch up ever since, unveiled its Gemini family of models in December. They are multimodal large language models that can interact with you via voice, image, and text. Google claimed that its own benchmarking showed that Gemini could outperform OpenAI's multimodal model, GPT-4, on a range of standard tests. But the margins were slim.
By baking Gemini into its ubiquitous products, Google is hoping to make up lost ground. “Every launch is big, but this one is the biggest yet,” Sissie Hsiao, Google vice president and general manager of Google Assistant and Bard (now Gemini), said in a press conference yesterday. “We think this is one of the most profound ways that we’re going to advance our company’s mission.”
But some will have to wait longer than others to play with Google’s new toys. The company has announced rollouts in the US and East Asia but said nothing about when the Android and iOS apps will come to the UK or the rest of Europe. This may be because the company is waiting for the EU’s new AI Act to be set in stone, says Dragoș Tudorache, a Romanian politician and member of the European Parliament, who was a key negotiator on the law.
“We’re working with local regulators to make sure that we’re abiding by local regime requirements before we can expand,” Hsiao said. “Rest assured, we are absolutely working on it and I hope we’ll be able to announce expansion very, very soon.”
How can you get it? Gemini Pro, Google’s middle-tier model that has been available via Bard since December, will continue to be available for free on the web at gemini.google.com (rather than bard.google.com). But now there is a mobile app as well.
If you have an Android device, you can either download the Gemini app or opt in to an upgrade in Google Assistant. This will let you call up Gemini in the same way that you use Google Assistant: by pressing the power button, swiping from the corner of the screen, or saying “Hey, Google!” iOS users can download the Google app, which will now include Gemini.
Gemini will pop up as an overlay on your screen, where you can ask it questions or give it instructions about whatever’s on your phone at the time, such as summarizing an article or generating a caption for a photo.
Finally, Google is launching a paid-for service called Gemini Advanced. This comes bundled in a subscription costing $19.99 a month that the company is calling the Google One Premium AI Plan. It combines the perks of the existing Google One Premium Plan, such as 2TB of extra storage, with access to Google's most powerful model, Gemini Ultra, for the first time. This will compete with OpenAI’s paid-for service, ChatGPT Plus, which buys you access to the more powerful GPT-4 (rather than the default GPT-3.5) for $20 a month.
At some point soon (Google didn't say exactly when) this subscription will also unlock Gemini across Google’s Workspace apps like Docs, Sheets, and Slides, where it works as a smart assistant similar to the GPT-4-powered Copilot that Microsoft is trialing in Office 365.
When can you get it? The free Gemini app (powered by Gemini Pro) is available from today in English in the US. Starting next week, you’ll be able to access it across the Asia Pacific region in English and in Japanese and Korean. But there is no word on when the app will come to the UK, countries in the EU, or Switzerland.
Gemini Advanced (the paid-for service that gives access to Gemini Ultra) is available in English in more than 150 countries, including the UK and EU (but not France). Google says it is analyzing local requirements and fine-tuning Gemini for cultural nuance in different countries. But the company promises that more languages and regions are coming.
What can you do with it? Google says it has developed its Gemini products with the help of more than 100 testers and power users. At the press conference yesterday, Google execs outlined a handful of use cases, such as getting Gemini to help write a cover letter for a job application. “This can help you come across as more professional and increase your relevance to recruiters,” said Google’s vice president for product management, Kristina Behr.
Or you could take a picture of your flat tire and ask Gemini how to fix it. A more elaborate example involved Gemini managing a snack rota for the parents of kids on a soccer team. Gemini would come up with a schedule for who should bring snacks and when, help you email other parents, and then field their replies. In future versions, Gemini will be able to draw on data in your Google Drive that could help manage carpooling around game schedules, Behr said.
But we should expect people to come up with a lot more uses themselves. “I’m really excited to see how people around the world are going to push the envelope on this AI,” Hsaio said.
Is it safe? Google has been working hard to make sure its products are safe to use. But no amount of testing can anticipate all the ways that tech will get used and misused once it is released. In the last few months, Meta saw people use its image-making app to produce pictures of Mickey Mouse with guns and SpongeBob SquarePants flying a jet into two towers. Others used Microsoft’s image-making software to create fake pornographic images of Taylor Swift .
The AI Act aims to mitigate some—but not all—of these problems. For example, it requires the makers of powerful AI like Gemini to build in safeguards, such as watermarking for generated images and steps to avoid reproducing copyrighted material. Google says that all images generated by its products will include its SynthID watermarks.
Like most companies, Google was knocked onto the back foot when ChatGPT arrived. Microsoft’s partnership with OpenAI has given it a boost over its old rival. But with Gemini, Google has come back strong: this is the slickest packaging of this generation’s tech yet.
Artificial intelligence
Ai for everything: 10 breakthrough technologies 2024.
Generative AI tools like ChatGPT reached mass adoption in record time, and reset the course of an entire industry.
What’s next for AI in 2024
Our writers look at the four hot trends to watch out for this year
- Melissa Heikkilä archive page
These six questions will dictate the future of generative AI
Generative AI took the world by storm in 2023. Its future—and ours—will be shaped by what we do next.
Google DeepMind’s new AI system can solve complex geometry problems
Its performance matches the smartest high school mathematicians and is much stronger than the previous state-of-the-art system.
- June Kim archive page
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Create a form in Word that users can complete or print
In Word, you can create a form that others can fill out and save or print. To do this, you will start with baseline content in a document, potentially via a form template. Then you can add content controls for elements such as check boxes, text boxes, date pickers, and drop-down lists. Optionally, these content controls can be linked to database information. Following are the recommended action steps in sequence.
Show the Developer tab
In Word, be sure you have the Developer tab displayed in the ribbon. (See how here: Show the developer tab .)
Open a template or a blank document on which to base the form
You can start with a template or just start from scratch with a blank document.
Start with a form template
Go to File > New .
In the Search for online templates field, type Forms or the kind of form you want. Then press Enter .
In the displayed results, right-click any item, then select Create.
Start with a blank document
Select Blank document .
Add content to the form
Go to the Developer tab Controls section where you can choose controls to add to your document or form. Hover over any icon therein to see what control type it represents. The various control types are described below. You can set properties on a control once it has been inserted.
To delete a content control, right-click it, then select Remove content control in the pop-up menu.
Note: You can print a form that was created via content controls. However, the boxes around the content controls will not print.
Insert a text control
The rich text content control enables users to format text (e.g., bold, italic) and type multiple paragraphs. To limit these capabilities, use the plain text content control .
Click or tap where you want to insert the control.
To learn about setting specific properties on these controls, see Set or change properties for content controls .
Insert a picture control
A picture control is most often used for templates, but you can also add a picture control to a form.
Insert a building block control
Use a building block control when you want users to choose a specific block of text. These are helpful when you need to add different boilerplate text depending on the document's specific purpose. You can create rich text content controls for each version of the boilerplate text, and then use a building block control as the container for the rich text content controls.
Select Developer and content controls for the building block.
Insert a combo box or a drop-down list
In a combo box, users can select from a list of choices that you provide or they can type in their own information. In a drop-down list, users can only select from the list of choices.
Select the content control, and then select Properties .
To create a list of choices, select Add under Drop-Down List Properties .
Type a choice in Display Name , such as Yes , No , or Maybe .
Repeat this step until all of the choices are in the drop-down list.
Fill in any other properties that you want.
Note: If you select the Contents cannot be edited check box, users won’t be able to click a choice.
Insert a date picker
Click or tap where you want to insert the date picker control.
Insert a check box
Click or tap where you want to insert the check box control.
Use the legacy form controls
Legacy form controls are for compatibility with older versions of Word and consist of legacy form and Active X controls.
Click or tap where you want to insert a legacy control.
Select the Legacy Form control or Active X Control that you want to include.
Set or change properties for content controls
Each content control has properties that you can set or change. For example, the Date Picker control offers options for the format you want to use to display the date.
Select the content control that you want to change.
Go to Developer > Properties .
Change the properties that you want.
Add protection to a form
If you want to limit how much others can edit or format a form, use the Restrict Editing command:
Open the form that you want to lock or protect.
Select Developer > Restrict Editing .
After selecting restrictions, select Yes, Start Enforcing Protection .
Advanced Tip:
If you want to protect only parts of the document, separate the document into sections and only protect the sections you want.
To do this, choose Select Sections in the Restrict Editing panel. For more info on sections, see Insert a section break .
If the developer tab isn't displayed in the ribbon, see Show the Developer tab .
Open a template or use a blank document
To create a form in Word that others can fill out, start with a template or document and add content controls. Content controls include things like check boxes, text boxes, and drop-down lists. If you’re familiar with databases, these content controls can even be linked to data.
Go to File > New from Template .
In Search, type form .
Double-click the template you want to use.
Select File > Save As , and pick a location to save the form.
In Save As , type a file name and then select Save .
Start with a blank document
Go to File > New Document .
Go to File > Save As .
Go to Developer , and then choose the controls that you want to add to the document or form. To remove a content control, select the control and press Delete. You can set Options on controls once inserted. From Options, you can add entry and exit macros to run when users interact with the controls, as well as list items for combo boxes, .
Adding content controls to your form
In the document, click or tap where you want to add a content control.
On Developer , select Text Box , Check Box , or Combo Box .
To set specific properties for the control, select Options , and set .
Repeat steps 1 through 3 for each control that you want to add.
Set options
Options let you set common settings, as well as control specific settings. Select a control and then select Options to set up or make changes.
Set common properties.
Select Macro to Run on lets you choose a recorded or custom macro to run on Entry or Exit from the field.
Bookmark Set a unique name or bookmark for each control.
Calculate on exit This forces Word to run or refresh any calculations, such as total price when the user exits the field.
Add Help Text Give hints or instructions for each field.
OK Saves settings and exits the panel.
Cancel Forgets changes and exits the panel.
Set specific properties for a Text box
Type Select form Regular text, Number, Date, Current Date, Current Time, or Calculation.
Default text sets optional instructional text that's displayed in the text box before the user types in the field. Set Text box enabled to allow the user to enter text into the field.
Maximum length sets the length of text that a user can enter. The default is Unlimited .
Text format can set whether text automatically formats to Uppercase , Lowercase , First capital, or Title case .
Text box enabled Lets the user enter text into a field. If there is default text, user text replaces it.
Set specific properties for a Check box .
Default Value Choose between Not checked or checked as default.
Checkbox size Set a size Exactly or Auto to change size as needed.
Check box enabled Lets the user check or clear the text box.
Set specific properties for a Combo box
Drop-down item Type in strings for the list box items. Press + or Enter to add an item to the list.
Items in drop-down list Shows your current list. Select an item and use the up or down arrows to change the order, Press - to remove a selected item.
Drop-down enabled Lets the user open the combo box and make selections.
Protect the form
Go to Developer > Protect Form .
Note: To unprotect the form and continue editing, select Protect Form again.
Save and close the form.
Test the form (optional)
If you want, you can test the form before you distribute it.
Protect the form.
Reopen the form, fill it out as the user would, and then save a copy.
Creating fillable forms isn’t available in Word for the web.
You can create the form with the desktop version of Word with the instructions in Create a fillable form .
When you save the document and reopen it in Word for the web, you’ll see the changes you made.
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JS Tutorial
Js versions, js functions, js html dom, js browser bom, js web apis, js vs jquery, js graphics, js examples, js references, javascript where to, the <script> tag.
In HTML, JavaScript code is inserted between <script> and </script> tags.
Try it Yourself »
Old JavaScript examples may use a type attribute: <script type="text/javascript">. The type attribute is not required. JavaScript is the default scripting language in HTML.
JavaScript Functions and Events
A JavaScript function is a block of JavaScript code, that can be executed when "called" for.
For example, a function can be called when an event occurs, like when the user clicks a button.
You will learn much more about functions and events in later chapters.
JavaScript in <head> or <body>
You can place any number of scripts in an HTML document.
Scripts can be placed in the <body> , or in the <head> section of an HTML page, or in both.
JavaScript in <head>
In this example, a JavaScript function is placed in the <head> section of an HTML page.
The function is invoked (called) when a button is clicked:
<h2>Demo JavaScript in Head</h2> <p id="demo">A Paragraph</p> <button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Try it</button>
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JavaScript in <body>
In this example, a JavaScript function is placed in the <body> section of an HTML page.
Placing scripts at the bottom of the <body> element improves the display speed, because script interpretation slows down the display.
External JavaScript
Scripts can also be placed in external files:
External file: myScript.js
External scripts are practical when the same code is used in many different web pages.
JavaScript files have the file extension .js .
To use an external script, put the name of the script file in the src (source) attribute of a <script> tag:
You can place an external script reference in <head> or <body> as you like.
The script will behave as if it was located exactly where the <script> tag is located.
External scripts cannot contain <script> tags.
External JavaScript Advantages
Placing scripts in external files has some advantages:
- It separates HTML and code
- It makes HTML and JavaScript easier to read and maintain
- Cached JavaScript files can speed up page loads
To add several script files to one page - use several script tags:
External References
An external script can be referenced in 3 different ways:
- With a full URL (a full web address)
- With a file path (like /js/)
- Without any path
This example uses a full URL to link to myScript.js:
This example uses a file path to link to myScript.js:
This example uses no path to link to myScript.js:
You can read more about file paths in the chapter HTML File Paths .
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js x && y Description Logical AND ( &&) evaluates operands from left to right, returning immediately with the value of the first falsy operand it encounters; if all values are truthy, the value of the last operand is returned. If a value can be converted to true, the value is so-called truthy.
1. HTML to define the content of web pages 2. CSS to specify the layout of web pages 3. JavaScript to program the behavior of web pages This tutorial covers every version of JavaScript: The Original JavaScript ES1 ES2 ES3 (1997-1999) The First Main Revision ES5 (2009) The Second Revision ES6 (2015) The Yearly Additions (2016, 2017 ... 2021, 2022)
<script src="scripts/main.js"></script> This is doing the same job as the <link> element for CSS. It applies the JavaScript to the page, so it can have an effect on the HTML (along with the CSS, and anything else on the page). Add this code to the main.js file:
Note that unlike with a logical OR || operator, you have to add parentheses around the AND && parts of the expression because ^ has higher precendence. ( ^ is actually a bitwise operator, but it will work for you here since the operands you'd be using with it are all booleans.) Share. Follow.
JavaScript First Steps In our first JavaScript module, we first answer some fundamental questions such as "what is JavaScript?", "what does it look like?", and "what can it do?", before moving on to taking you through your first practical experience of writing JavaScript.
To write a JavaScript, you need a web browser and either a text editor or an HTML editor. Once you have the software in place, you can begin writing JavaScript code. To add JavaScript code to an HTML file, create or open an HTML file with your text/HTML editor.
The write () method deletes all existing HTML when used on a loaded document. The write () method cannot be used in XHTML or XML. Note The write () method is most often used to write to output streams opened by the the open () method. See Also: The Document open () Method The Document close () Method The Document writeln () Method Syntax
Using Node.js Node is a back-end run-time environment for executing JavaScript code. To run JS using Node.js, follow these steps: Install the latest version of Node.js. Install an IDE/Text Editor like Visual Studio Code. In VS code, create a file > write JS code > save it with .js extension . Code in IDE
JavaScript programs consist of a series of instructions known as statements, just as written paragraphs consist of a series of sentences. While a sentence will end with a period, a JavaScript statement often ends in a semicolon (;). // A single JavaScript statement const now = new Date ();
JavaScript in Visual Studio Code Visual Studio Code includes built-in JavaScript IntelliSense, debugging, formatting, code navigation, refactorings, and many other advanced language features. Most of these features just work out of the box, while some may require basic configuration to get the best experience.
Writing into the browser console, using console.log (). Using innerHTML To access an HTML element, JavaScript can use the document.getElementById (id) method. The id attribute defines the HTML element. The innerHTML property defines the HTML content: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <h1> My First Web Page </h1> <p> My First Paragraph </p>
To write your first JavaScript code, open your favorite text editor, such as Notepad++, Atom, or VSCode. Because it was developed for the web, JavaScript works well with HTML, so first, just try some basic HTML: <html> <head> <title> JS </title> </head> <body> <p id="example"> Nothing here. </p> </body> </html>
To write a program using JavaScript, you need to install 2 free tools that are available for all operating systems. The first tool to install is Visual Studio Code. How to Install VSCode. Visual Studio Code or VSCode for short is a text editor program created for the purpose of writing code. Aside from being free, VSCode is open source and ...
JavaScript functions are reusable blocks of code that perform a specific task, taking some form of input and returning an output. To define a function, you must use the function keyword, followed by a name, followed by parentheses ( ). Then you have to write the function logic between curly brackets { } Here is an example of how to write a ...
Syntax js x || y Description If x can be converted to true, returns x; else, returns y . If a value can be converted to true, the value is so-called truthy. If a value can be converted to false, the value is so-called falsy . Examples of expressions that can be converted to false are: null; NaN; 0; empty string ( "" or '' or `` ); undefined.
In this example, I used the ternary operator to determine whether a user's age is greater than or equal to 18. Firstly, I used the prompt () built-in JavaScript function. This function opens a dialog box with the message What is your age? and the user can enter a value. I store the user's input in the age variable.
Article 07/12/2023 3 contributors Feedback In this article Autocompletion to write complex expressions Console history Multiline edits Network requests using top-level await () You can enter any JavaScript expression, statement, or code snippet in the Console, and it runs immediately and interactively as you type.
A JavaScript string is zero or more characters written inside quotes. Example let text = "John Doe"; Try it Yourself » You can use single or double quotes: Example let carName1 = "Volvo XC60"; // Double quotes let carName2 = 'Volvo XC60'; // Single quotes Try it Yourself » Note Strings created with single or double quotes works the same.
This brain-friendly guide teaches you everything from JavaScript language … book. Learning JavaScript Design Patterns, 2nd Edition. by Addy Osmani Do you want to write beautiful, structured, and maintainable JavaScript by applying modern design patterns to … book. JavaScript Cookbook, 3rd Edition
Let's be real: the daily office grind can feel like a never-ending hamster wheel of writing emails, responding to messages, sprucing up PowerPoints, automating Excel, and attending meetings that could have been emails.. All of this is why Microsoft Copilot will be your new best friend.
Using modern JavaScript features You can use new features once every major browser — Chrome, Edge, Firefox, and Safari — supports them. Arrays Array creation For creating arrays, use literals and not constructors. Create arrays like this: js const visitedCities = []; Don't do this while creating arrays: js const visitedCities = new Array(length);
If you're sending the check to another business, make sure that you're writing the check to the right company. If you're sending it to an individual, check that you're using their legal name and that you've spelled it correctly. Step 2: Fill out the rest of the details of the check. You can always write out the check longhand.
Councillors in Drogheda have written to Minister for Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth Roderic O'Gorman seeking an immediate meeting, on foot of a decision to house up to 500 ...
const badString = string; console.log(badString); badString is now set to have the same value as string. Single quotes, double quotes, and backticks In JavaScript, you can choose single quotes ( ' ), double quotes ( " ), or backticks ( `) to wrap your strings in. All of the following will work: js
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Show the Developer tab. If the developer tab isn't displayed in the ribbon, see Show the Developer tab.. Open a template or use a blank document. To create a form in Word that others can fill out, start with a template or document and add content controls.
A JavaScript function is a block of code designed to perform a particular task. A JavaScript function is executed when "something" invokes it (calls it). Example // Function to compute the product of p1 and p2 function myFunction (p1, p2) { return p1 * p2; } Try it Yourself » JavaScript Function Syntax
The <script> Tag In HTML, JavaScript code is inserted between <script> and </script> tags. Example <script> document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "My First JavaScript"; </script> Try it Yourself » Old JavaScript examples may use a type attribute: <script type="text/javascript">. The type attribute is not required.