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Waste Management Practices: Literature Review

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literature survey on waste management

Urban Management Centre -UMC , Meghna Malhotra , Manvita Baradi

Urban areas in India generate more than 1,00,000 MT of waste per day (CPHEEO, 2000). A large metropolis such as Mumbai generates about 7000 MT of waste per day (MCGM, 2014), Bangalore generates about 5000 MT (BBMP, 2014) and other large cities such as Pune and Ahmedabad generate waste in the range of 1600-3500 MT per day (PMC, 2014). Collecting, processing, transporting and disposing this municipal solid waste (MSW) is the responsibility of urban local bodies (ULBs) in India. The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules notified in 2000 by the Ministry of Environment and Forest require ULBs to collect waste in a segregated manner with categories including organic/food waste, domestic hazardous waste, recyclable waste and undertake safe and scientific transportation management, processing and disposal of municipal waste. However, most ULBs in India are finding it difficult to comply with these rules, implement and sustain door-to-door collection, waste segregation, management, processing and safe disposal of MSW. The National and State Governments have provided an impetus to improve the solid waste management in urban areas under various programs and schemes. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) funded 49 SWM projects in various cities between 2006 and 2009 (MoUD, 2014). Several cities in India have taken positive steps towards implementing sustainable waste management practices by involving the community in segregation, by enforcing better PPP contracts and by investing in modern technology for transportation, processing and disposal. The role of waste pickers/ informal sector in SWM is also increasingly being recognized. These interventions have great potential for wider replication in other cities in the country. This compendium documents eleven such leading practices from cities across India and highlights key aspects of the waste management programs including operational models, ULB- NGO partnerships, and innovative outreach and awareness campaigns to engage communities and private sector. The National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) is the National Coordinator for the PEARL initiative (Peer Experience and Reflective Learning). It is a program that enables effective sharing of knowledge (related to planning; implementation; governance and; sustainability of urban reforms and other infrastructure projects) among the cities that are being supported by JnNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission). A number of tasks have been planned to achieve the objectives of the program. One of the key tasks encompassed by this program is Documentation of Good Practices in various thematic areas related to planning; governance and service delivery.

Urban Management Centre -UMC , Manvita Baradi , Meghna Malhotra

The National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) is the National Coordinator for the PEARL initiative (‘Peer Experience and Reflective Learning’). It is a program that enables effective sharing of knowledge (related to planning; implementation; governance and; sustainability of urban reforms and other infrastructure projects) among the cities that are being supported by JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission). The PEARL initiative provides a platform for deliberation and knowledge exchange to Indian cities and towns as well as professionals working in the urban domain. Sharing of good practices is one of the most important means of Knowledge-Exchange and numerous innovative projects are available for reference on the PEARL portal/website. The ‘Knowledge Support for PEARL’ is a program supported by Cities Alliance that aims to qualitatively further this initiative. One of its components is to carry out a thematic and detailed documentation of good practices in various thematic areas related to planning; governance and service delivery. Urban Management Consulting Pvt. Ltd. in consortium with Centre for Environment Education (CEE) has been selected (through a competitive process) for the said task. The document focuses on the theme of ‘Urban Solid Waste Management’ (SWM), which includes planning; practices; projects and innovations in improving the quality and efficiency of solid waste management in Indian cities. The documentation includes good initiatives adopted and practiced by ULBs in collection and treatment of solid waste as well as the overall management of waste as a resource including aspects of recycling; environmental issues; disposal etc. of municipal waste. It also strives to study examples of people’s participation in these projects for overall enhancement of services and quality of life.

Frank Palkovits

The mining operations conducted in Northern Ontario are generally considered to be among the richest deposits in the world. This extensive area includes multiple active mines, smelters, and refineries. A number of active waste dumps for tailings, slag, and waste rock also exist. It has been recognised that if current market conditions continue, and if the new reserve estimations are accurate, mining in this area could potentially continue for an additional 50 years. Operational difficulties for the organisations operating in this area arise from the fact that the mining operations are situated in some cases within the city limits and, in fact, also dominate a number of small communities around the mine sites. These organisations face a number of increasing regulatory and social demands which are a driving force behind many of the operational changes taking place within the mining community today. Rapidly, an environmentally conscious mining operation is becoming the norm. A solution...

GLORIA T . ANGURUWA

Waste generation is inevitable in every human society, although methods of disposal may differ from region to region especially developing and developed nations, yet waste disposal is generally necessary. This study therefore investigated waste disposal practices amongst residents of Oluyole local government area of Ibadan, Oyo State. It was observed that (44.4%) and (32.4%) of the residents dumped their household refuse with government and private waste collectors respectively, but majority utilized improper waste disposal methods such as dumping in rivers (10.3%), roadsides(14.8%), open dumpsites (20.4%), gutter (9.3%), and open-air burning(33.3%). Larger proportion (97.5%) of the respondents strongly agreed that indiscriminate waste dumping has inimical environmental implications such as flooding, disruption of aesthetic beauty, disease, river pollution amongst others. In order to bring the situation under control, the respondents prefer the full involvement of the government waste collection agency instead of private waste collectors. It is therefore recommended that government waste collector should be empowered to penetrate more traditional core areas for more effective waste collection.

Farhan Fendi

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Citation: Abukhalaf, A. H. I. (2021). Bridging the Gap: U.S Waste Management System. Academia Letters. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL1680

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Assessment methods for solid waste management: A literature review

Affiliations.

  • 1 Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management, Vienna, Austria [email protected].
  • 2 Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management, Vienna, Austria.
  • PMID: 24895080
  • DOI: 10.1177/0734242X14535653

Assessment methods are common tools to support decisions regarding waste management. The objective of this review article is to provide guidance for the selection of appropriate evaluation methods. For this purpose, frequently used assessment methods are reviewed, categorised, and summarised. In total, 151 studies have been considered in view of their goals, methodologies, systems investigated, and results regarding economic, environmental, and social issues. A goal shared by all studies is the support of stakeholders. Most studies are based on life cycle assessments, multi-criteria-decision-making, cost-benefit analysis, risk assessments, and benchmarking. Approximately 40% of the reviewed articles are life cycle assessment-based; and more than 50% apply scenario analysis to identify the best waste management options. Most studies focus on municipal solid waste and consider specific environmental loadings. Economic aspects are considered by approximately 50% of the studies, and only a small number evaluate social aspects. The choice of system elements and boundaries varies significantly among the studies; thus, assessment results are sometimes contradictory. Based on the results of this review, we recommend the following considerations when assessing waste management systems: (i) a mass balance approach based on a rigid input-output analysis of the entire system, (ii) a goal-oriented evaluation of the results of the mass balance, which takes into account the intended waste management objectives; and (iii) a transparent and reproducible presentation of the methodology, data, and results.

Keywords: Assessment methods; benchmarking; cost benefit analysis; life cycle assessment; mass balance; material flow analysis; multi criteria decision making; risk assessment; waste management.

© The Author(s) 2014.

Publication types

  • Cost-Benefit Analysis
  • Decision Making
  • Decision Support Techniques
  • Refuse Disposal / economics
  • Refuse Disposal / methods*
  • Risk Assessment
  • Social Change

Book cover

International Congress and Exhibition "Sustainable Civil Infrastructures”

GeoMEast 2019: Recent Thoughts in Geoenvironmental Engineering pp 79–90 Cite as

“A Literature Review on Solid Waste Management: Characteristics, Techniques, Environmental Impacts and Health Effects in Aligarh City”, Uttar Pradesh, India”

  • Harit Priyadarshi 8 ,
  • Sarv Priya 9 ,
  • Ashish Jain 8 &
  • Shadab Khursheed 10  
  • Conference paper
  • First Online: 01 November 2019

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Part of the Sustainable Civil Infrastructures book series (SUCI)

India is known as one of the most heavily settled countries in the world. It appears to be the second country to have the highest number of residents. With the total population of about expected data 1.37 billion in 2019. The management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in India has encountered problems. Each year, the population grew by 3–3.5%, as this factor arises, the rate of solid waste generation also rise up to 1.3% in Aligarh city, Uttar Pradesh a large number of ingenious factors like, rapid urbanization, rapid population density, rapid commercialization, uneven living standards and also enlargement of industrialization has created destructive consequences in terms of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste generations which are estimated at about 415 tons per day.

This paper emphasizes the waste characteristics, techniques, adverse environmental impacts, health risks, poor waste management practices and also problems associated with the solid waste management system at the municipal level.

The findings from this study indicates failure of the existing facilities due to lack of concern, high volume of waste generation, deficient collection space, delayed sanctioning of new landfill sites and a number of open-dump sites which generate fires. The innuendos of the waste management practices in the city are discussed.

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Priyadarshi, H., Jain, A.: Municipal solid waste management study and strategy in Aligarh City, Uttar Pradesh India. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Invent. (IJESI) 7 (5), 29–40 (2018). Ver. III

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Rajput, R., Prasad, G., Chopra, A.K.: Scenario of solid waste management in present Indian context. Caspian J. Environ. Sci. 7 (1), 45–53 (2009)

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Acknowledgement

First of all I would like to thanks Hon’ble Prime minister Narendra Damodar Das Modi to continue the dream of Mahatma Gandhi Make in India mission “Mission for sanitary India. The authors acknowledge all the persons involved in Aligarh Municipal Corporation (AMC) for providing all the pertinent information.

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Harit Priyadarshi & Ashish Jain

Department of Civil Engineering, KIET, Murad Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201206, Uttar Pradesh, India

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India

Shadab Khursheed

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Priyadarshi, H., Priya, S., Jain, A., Khursheed, S. (2020). “A Literature Review on Solid Waste Management: Characteristics, Techniques, Environmental Impacts and Health Effects in Aligarh City”, Uttar Pradesh, India”. In: Ameen, H., Jamiolkowski, M., Manassero, M., Shehata, H. (eds) Recent Thoughts in Geoenvironmental Engineering. GeoMEast 2019. Sustainable Civil Infrastructures. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34199-2_6

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Knowledge, attitudes and practices on household solid waste management and associated factors in Gelemso town, Ethiopia

Hailu Eshete

1 Department of General Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Asnake Desalegn

2 Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Fitsum Tigu

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Improper solid waste management in urban and semi-urban cities of developing countries is the source of environmental pollution and public health concern. This study aimed to assess the households’ knowledge, attitudes and practices of solid waste management and associated factors in Gelemso town. A community-based cross-sectional study design was used to assess the households’ KAP of SWM in Gelemso town. A systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit 390 households from Gelemso town and data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22.0 software. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to predict the improper SWM practices. From 390 households included in the study, 61.3% of them were females. Generally, most households had correct knowledge and positive attitudes towards SWM but poor practice was observed in the study area. About 96% of the households considered solid waste as a source of environmental pollution and close to 92% of them replied that solid waste can be used for compost preparation. Majority (87.4%) of the households “strongly agreed” about the potential risk associated with improper solid waste disposal and nearly 80% of them also “strongly agreed” that proper SWM is crucial to create a healthy environment in the community. Nearly 80% had practiced improper SWM. Logistic regression analyses indicated that lack of experience in sorting solid waste, ways of removal, knowledge about reduce, reuse and recycle, absence of adequate solid waste landfills, and lack of door-to-door waste collections services were identified as the major contributing factors for the improper SWM practice in Gelemso town. In conclusion, the majority of the households had practiced improper SWM, such as disposing of solid waste in the backyard, along the roadsides, in gully and burned. These malpractices can significantly affect the environment and public health of the residents.

1. Introduction

Solid waste is defined as unwanted and sometimes hazardous materials with low liquid content generated from municipality, industry and commerce as well as agriculture and other related sectors [ 1 ]. However, in many unindustrialized countries including Ethiopia, the main sources of solid wastes are generated from households and agriculture [ 2 ]. Solid waste management (SWM) is a complex activity that involves the collection, transportation, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a way that is best addressed for human welfare [ 3 ]. Failure of proper SWM in the urban and semi-urban areas result in proliferation of solid waste associated diseases [ 4 ] and provide suitable breeding sites for vectors like mosquitoes, flies and rodents which in turn are responsible for public health problems [ 5 ].

Proper solid waste disposal is a big challenge for most developing countries including Ethiopia. Studies indicated that, households’ perception, awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards solid waste had significant impact on SWM [ 6 , 7 ]. In addition, the disproportionate generation of solid waste and SWM systems of the municipalities become problematic for many countries [ 8 ]. Moreover, such issues are associated with various factors including lack of adequate infrastructures, lack of legal enforcement on environmental issues, irregular and unplanned dumping of solid wastes, population increase, urbanization due to rural-urban migration, insufficient capital to run SWM process and absence of new technology for waste disposal [ 9 ].

In Ethiopia over 67.4% of generated solid waste is dominated by organic biodegradable materials which can be recycled [ 2 ], however, only 5% is recycled in non-standard ways [ 4 ]. The majority of the solid waste generated by the municipality are either illegally disposed of without pre-treatment or traditionally burned in the open air [ 2 ]. Hence proper SWM requires the commitment by the municipality and ensuring active involvement of the community. Not only providing solid waste infrastructure, but also in depth understanding of the community’s perception, knowledge and behavior are quite important [ 10 ]. A study reported that, there was a gap between public perception and awareness, as it identified in the study [ 11 ]. Moreover, poor awareness and delay of collection fees payment to the micro and small enterprises (MSEs) [ 12 , 13 ] and irregular solid waste collection and exclusion of poor residences in the solid waste collection systems are other factors that hindered the process of proper SWM [ 2 ]. Besides knowledge and awareness, attitude is an important element that shapes the society to understand their surroundings, keep the environment healthy and practice a proper SWM.

Various studies have been conducted in Ethiopia on assessment of factors influencing these behaviors including knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP); however no study has been conducted in Gelemso town regarding the household KAP towards SWM. The town has limited SWM facility, most of the time the solid waste is indiscriminately disposed along roadsides and into open areas and hence the current status of the solid waste problem in the town has reached a critical stage. Thus, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the households’ KAP towards SWM and the factors associated with improper SWM in the town. The findings of the current study may help the local government to fill the gap on SWM. It could also serve as baseline information for future study.

2.1. Description of the study area

Gelemso is one of the administrative towns in West Hararghe zone of Oromia National Regional State and the origin of Khat. It is located 376 km away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia and 70 km from Chiro, zonal capital city. It has a total area of 46,000 hectare and administratively divided into two Kebeles (lowest administrative units in Ethiopia). The town is largely characterized by highland climate conditions. According to the Gelemso municipal office report (2017), the total population of Gelemso is 43,837 (23,735 males and 20,102 females). The major economic activities of the town are trade (mainly of Khat), urban agriculture, micro and small-scale enterprises and other informal businesses. The town also consists of a zonal hospital, four health clinics, technical and vocational institutes, preparatory and high schools, four elementary schools and three kindergartens with several government and private sectors.

The city municipality of Gelemso has waste management section, which is responsible for waste management system of the city government. Under which one Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE), comprising of 10 members, one waste collection service vehicle and two shared containers are allocated for this purpose. The municipality has no official damping site in or around the city. Previously the collected wastes were damped to an open-pit (created during rock extraction) near the city. Recently, the collected wastes are damped to an open area in the boarder of the city. The MSE members are responsible for picking waste from home-to-home, and shared container and roadsides to the final damping site, however, the MSE collect wastes only from registered and households who are willing to pay monthly service charges. The municipality has partial subsidy to MSE. Thus, open waste damping systems are commonly practiced by the city dwellers.

2.2. Study design and sample size determination

A community-based cross-sectional study design was used to assess the households’ KAP on SWM in the Gelemso town from March to June 2020. Sample size was determined by assuming that half of the respondents had knowledge on SWM with estimated prevalence rate of 50% (p = 0.5) at 95% confidence level (Zα/2 = 1.96) and 5% of marginal error (d = 0.05) [ 14 ]. Based on the formula, 422 participants were involved including the 10% non-response rate. The researcher obtained total list of names and number of households (5144) from Gelemso municipality office. Since sample size to study population is greater than 0.05, the correction formula of ( n/1 + n/N) was used to determine the final sample size, 396 (422/1+422/5144) plus 1.5% non-response rate. Next to this, the value of k was calculated by 5144/396 = 13 which is approximately 13. Finally, a systematic random sampling technique was used to select households from the two Kebeles . Then the first household was located by lottery method and the next household was selected by every 13 th (k th ) from the total lists of the households. Furthermore, two Kebele leaders, two municipality officials and six members from MSE were purposely included in the study.

2.3. Operational definition

Improper solid waste management : is defined as a kind of illegal solid waste management practice in which the unsorted solid wastes and/or the generated household solid wastes were damping at legally unauthorized place; Landfill : is a facility designed by the municipality for the solid wastes disposal.

2.4. Data collection

2.4.1. kap survey.

Participatory mixed approaches (both qualitative and quantitative procedures) were used to collect data from the households. Quantitative data were collected through interview using a structured pretested questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of both open and closed ended questions about socio-demographics, households’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards SWM. The questionnaire was adopted from different guidelines and published articles with some modification [ 8 , 15 , 16 ]. First, the questionnaire was prepared in English and translated to Afan Oromo (local language). Field observation was conducted in order to understand the actual households’ practice towards SWM such as open dumping sites in river sides, valley, road, and waste collection and transportation systems as well as waste disposal facilities in the town. Photographs showing the solid waste management practices and disposal sites in the community were taken by the principal investigator during the field visit.

2.4.2. Key informant interview

A total of 10 key informants consisting of two Kebele leaders, two municipal office experts and six members of MSEs were interviewed for the validation of the interviewee responses in the town.

2.4.3. Focus group discussion

A group of 10–12 participants were drawn for focus group discussions (FGDs) among the elderly and local community representatives in Gelemso town to understand the KAP responses of the community towards SWM. A total of two focus group discussions were conducted in each Kebele during March and May 2020, respectively.

2.5. Data analysis

Completeness and consistency of the data were checked and double entered into SPSS version 22.0 software. Descriptive statistics were done to summarize the socio-demographics and KAP data. Bivariate analysis was used to determine the association between the dependent and independent variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the best predictors of improper solid waste management practices.

2.6. Ethical statement

Ethical approval was obtained from Addis Ababa University, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Institutional Review Board (CNCS-IRB) with reference number: IRB/040/2020. Before data collection, all study participants were informed about the purpose of the study and the rights to participate or decline to participate in the study. The respondents were also informed about the confidentiality of their information and assured that all the data will be used for research purposes. Additionally, before collecting the data through the interview, all participants signed a written consent form. The study included adult participants of age ≥ 18 years old.

3.1. Socio-demographic characteristics

A total of 390 households (61.3% female and 38.7% male) were involved in the study with a response rate of 98.5%. Among which 66.9% lived in the city over 10 years. Close to 50% of the participants earned an average monthly income of 75 USD and over 60% of the participants were self-employed ( Table 1 ).

3.2. Households’ knowledge and attitudes towards SWM

About 96% of the households gave the correct response regarding solid waste as sources of pollutant for the environment and 88.2% of them were associated with diarrhea, typhoid, and cholera ( Table 2 ). Similarly, 78.2% of the household knew the recyclable items from the solid waste and almost similar figure of household sorted and sold these items to recycling companies. Over 87% of the household claimed that burning solid wastes causes health risks to the community. Nearly 90% of the respondents also knew that improper solid waste can eventually lead to pollution of rivers, lakes and wells. Likewise, close to 92% of the household also believed that solid wastes can be used for compost preparation. A relatively less knowledge related response of (60.8%) was recorded on how the solid waste had been used for making wealth in a household.

The households’ attitudes towards the SWM among the Gelemso community were assessed and summarized in Table 3 . The result indicated that the majority (87.4%) of the households “strongly agreed” that solid waste is one of the environmental problems of the city which required an immediate attention by the city government. Over 70% of them accepted the principle that solid waste can be reduced, reused and recycled. About 79% of households “strongly agreed” that proper SWM is important to create a healthy environment among the community. However, most households pointed out that the city government did not create enough awareness on SWM and control on illegal solid waste disposal in the city. Likewise, about 68% of the households “strongly agreed” that SWM was a burning issue in the town. Slightly over 62% and 28.5% of the households “strongly agreed” and “agreed” that proper solid waste collection and disposal was the responsibility of every household, respectively. Over half (54.4%) of the households “strongly agreed” and 29.2% of them “agreed” that selling plastic waste for recycling is the best way to manage solid wastes.

3.3. Solid waste removal methods

Slightly over 45% of the households separated their solid waste at household level before disposal. However, the majority (79.4%) of the households disposed of their solid waste illegally, either in the backyard with sacs (57.9%) or along the roadsides and in gully (21.5) ( Table 4 ). More than half (57.4%) of the households had practiced 3Rs strategies ( Fig 1 ) and the remaining households (42.6%) burned the solid waste in their compound as indicated in Table 4 .

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is pone.0278181.g001.jpg

Left to right: plastics, beverage cans, glass and bottles; metals, corrugated iron sheets; and textiles and shoes.

* Korale : informal waste collectors mainly collect recyclable materials (plastics, glasses, corrugated iron sheets, tins and car batteries) from door-to-door, in the streets, scavengers on the dumpsite, wholesalers and waste resellers. * Lewache : informal waste exchangers, they collect certain waste (textiles and shoes etc…) from door to door in exchange with new plastic containers, sauce pans, spoons, and other household items. Both Korale and Lewache are selling their collected waste to middlemen, who in turn sell them to brokers of recycling companies.

The majority (89.2%) of the households reported the absence of adequate solid waste landfills or damping sites in the city and thus had practiced an improper SWM ( Table 4 ). As indicated in Fig 2 , slightly over 82% of the households mentioned that the current status of solid waste has increased from time to time in terms of volume as well as compositions in the city. Besides the absence of solid waste landfills, 70% of the households have no access to door-to-door solid waste collection services as mentioned in Table 4 and over 60% of the interviewed households and key informants reported the poor solid waste collection and disposal service of the city government ( Fig 3 ). Mainly solid waste is transported to the nearest container by private waste collectors, which account about 51%, and followed by household members and MSE.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is pone.0278181.g002.jpg

3.4. Factors affecting proper SWM in Gelemso town

In order to determine factors contributing to improper SWM, independent variables having p-value < 0.05 in bivariate analysis was used for fitting the logistic regression model. Table 5 indicated that those households who had no experience of sorting solid waste, lacking the right solid waste disposal method and fundamental principles of 3R were more likely to practice improper SWM than those who had the required experience, method and principles of SWM. Similarly, households who had no access to solid waste landfills, and door-to-door waste collection services were more likely to practice improper SWM than those who had the services with AOR = 0.084, 95% CI = 0.024–0.296, p < 0.001 and AOR = 0.105, 95% CI = 0.039–0.283, p < 0.001, respectively.

4. Discussion

Various studies indicated that demographic characteristics of the household comprising sex, age, level of education, family size, income and occupation are important variables to understand the KAP of SWM [ 17 , 18 ]. In this study, most of the household had 4–6 persons and earning less than 50 USD per month. In the study of Limon and Villarino, 2020 [ 16 ], which was conducted on KAP of food waste, family size and income of the household, were identified as the significant factors for the disposals of food waste. Most households had an age group of 31–45 years old, they had a family with 4 to 6 members and over 60% of them were women. This observation was in line with the studies conducted in elsewhere [ 16 , 19 ]. The variations in the demographic characteristics of the households could be due to the socioeconomic and cultural differences among different settings.

The finding of this research indicated that households had a high level of knowledge on solid waste, and SWM as well as positive attitudes towards SWM. However, most of the households had practiced improper solid waste disposal. Likewise, Lema et al. [ 5 ] also reported that over 83% of the Asella town in Ethiopia had the same improper solid waste disposal system. This might be associated with the absence of landfill and door-to-door waste collection services in the two places. Logistic regression analysis showed that there are statistically significant differences among households who had access to solid waste landfills and door-to-door waste collection services than those who had no services (p < 0.05).

The present study showed that about 90% of the households correctly understood the adverse effects of improper solid waste disposal on the environment. Based on their understanding, solid wastes were the sources of contaminants for the environment which leads to pollution of rivers, lakes and wells; it can be the sources of various diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, diarrhea, typhoid, cholera and other vector borne illness to humans. A study in Swaziland indicated that people who are living very close to the damping site are victims of malaria, chest pains, cholera, and diarrhea [ 4 ].

On the other hand, the households’ awareness about the usefulness of the solid waste for making wealth via applying the 3Rs strategies (reduced, reused and recycled), and making compost as fertilizers were as high as 80%. This research finding is relatively comparable with the study reported in Zimbabwe [ 20 ], much higher than the research findings in Ethiopia [ 21 ] and other studies conducted elsewhere in the world [ 15 , 22 , 23 ]. Differences in the knowledge level of the respondents can be due to educational status, nature of solid waste, infrastructure conditions and the awareness levels across the studies.

In terms of attitudes toward SWM, higher levels of positive attitudes were observed among the Gelemso community. Accordingly, most of the households strongly agreed that solid waste is a source of contaminant for the environment that required immediate attention by the local government. Furthermore, the households had perceived a positive attitude to proper solid waste disposal; they also accepted the principles of 3R for the creation of a healthy environment for the society. This finding is in agreement with the previous studies conducted elsewhere [ 20 , 22 ]. The positive attitude toward proper solid waste removal might be a good opportunity to avoid the adverse effects of solid waste in the environment and huge potential for the creation of jobs in the SWM systems such as micro-enterprise waste collection services, composting and other waste recycling activities.

Solid waste disposal is the major problem of most developing countries including Ethiopia. In this study, close to 80% of the households were disposed of their solid waste in illegal ways (backyard, along the roadsides, in gully and burned). Although the degree of which differs from place to place, improper solid waste disposal is a common challenge of most cities in Ethiopia [ 4 , 8 , 24 , 25 ] and also other African countries [ 6 , 26 – 28 ]. The current study revealed that those households who had no experience of sorting solid waste, lacks the right ways of solid waste removal and those households who did not practice 3Rs strategies were identified as the major contributing factors for improper disposal of solid waste at Gelemso city. Furthermore, the high improper solid waste disposal practices in this particular study may be associated with the absence of adequate solid waste landfills, damping sites and lack of access to door-to-door solid waste collection services in the city as ascertained from the respondents and direct field observation. Logistic regression analysis also revealed a direct association between improper SWM and lack of access to solid waste landfills and/or door-to-door waste collection services.

Higher illegal solid waste disposal was reported in this study, 79.5%, compared to other studies conducted in Ethiopia such Addis Ababa, 25% [ 29 ], Adama, 38% [ 30 ], Gondar, 69.7% [ 24 ], Bahir Dar and Debre Berhan, nearly 75% [ 25 , 31 ]. And also from other African countries like Accra, Ghana, 39% [ 32 ], Kampala, Uganda, 59% [ 33 ], Owerri, Nigeria, 66.3% [ 34 ], and Keko Machungwa, Tanzania, 71.5% [ 28 ]. Possibly these variations can be explained by differences in infrastructure, urbanization, community level of understanding and intervention measures among others.

Besides inadequate door-to-door solid waste collection service, households’ experience of solid waste separation, reduction, reuse and recycling were unsatisfactory. As logistic regression analysis indicated households who had no experience in sorting solid waste at household level had practiced improper SWM than those who had the experience (AOR = 0.077, 95% CI = 0.023–0.261, p < 0.01). Similarly, there was statistically significant ( p = 0.019) variation in SWM practice between households who applied the 3R strategy and those who did not. In the present study 55% of the households did not separate solid waste prior to land filling, which is much lower than the study conducted in Ghana, 82.7% [ 32 ], Uganda, 78.7% [ 33 ] and Iran, over 80% [ 22 ].

In Ethiopia, recycling of solid waste is mainly conducted by informal sectors and not well practiced by most regions. Various factors are associated with it such as inefficient organizational structure, absence of clear policy and regulation are among others [ 2 ]. In our study, very few households recycled their solid waste through Korale and Lewache [ 35 , 36 ]. On the other hand, the majority of the solid waste that was generated in Gelemso town are biodegradable, only insignificant amounts of which are recycled through informal institutions [ 2 ]. Thus, launching of formal institutions to recycle and manage the solid wastes that are generated in every household is expected from the Gelemso municipality office.

5. Conclusion

The finding of this study indicated that the households’ knowledge and attitudes on solid waste and SWM is high but the level of practice is very poor. Most households disposed of their solid waste either in the backyard with sacs or along the roadsides, in gully and burned in open air. Lack of experience in sorting solid waste, removal methods, knowledge about 3R, absence of adequate solid waste landfills, and lack of door-to-door waste collections services were the major contributing factors for the improper SWM practice in Gelemso. This can significantly affect the environment and public health of residents. Therefore, proper SWM should be advocated by the local government, and other stakeholders to keep the environment healthy for the local people. Furthermore, the municipality of Gelemso town needs to improve the SWM systems of the town through construction of adequate solid waste landfills, shared containers and door-to-door solid waste collection services to the residents of Gelemso.

Supporting information

Acknowledgments.

Authors gratefully acknowledge Addis Ababa University, School of Graduate Program for the provision of technical and administrative support to this project. Authors are also thankful to study participants, Gelemso Municipality Office, the elderly and local community representatives of Gelemso town for their valuable information and support.

Funding Statement

HE is an MSc student of Addis Ababa University (AAU), College of Natural and Computational Sciences. He obtained student financial support for the completion of MSc thesis from Graduate Programs of AAU. The support is only for data collection and processing. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Data Availability

  • PLoS One. 2023; 18(2): e0278181.

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PONE-D-22-02551Assessment of household experience of solid waste management in Gelemso town, EthiopiaPLOS ONE

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Write up is very poor (view comment in attachment). Material and method section should be improved accordingly. Results do not support the title. Interpretation of results is not clear. Discussion section must be re-written before re-submission.

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Over all, manuscript is properly managed. English language may be improved. There are lot of language and grammar mistakes.

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Author response to Decision Letter 0

18 May 2022

06 May 2022

We gratefully acknowledged the academic editor and reviewer for their valuable comments to our manuscript. The following are point-by-point responses to the academic editor and reviewer comments for the manuscript number: PONE-D-22-02551.

Reviewer #1:

Q#1: Title does not look meaningful and attractive. It may be changed and result oriented.

Answer: Modified as ‘Knowledge, attitude and practice on household solid waste management in Gelemso town, Ethiopia’.

Q#2: Write up is very poor (view comment in attachment).

Answer: We thank the reviewer for valuable comments. We have made significant improvement on the write up of the manuscript according to the comments. The revised parts are indicated in the track change form.

NB: We confirm that there is no attached documents/comments with the editorial manager website/by email. Thus, we have done the correction by ourselves.

Q#3: Material and method section should be improved accordingly.

Answer: Again we appreciate the reviewer for valuable points. We had addressed the issue properly and indicated in track change form.

Q#4: Results do not support the title. Interpretation of results is not clear.

Answer: The authors also acknowledged the reviewer for critical observation. Following the comments, we have corrected the points which are not clear for the readers, some points lacking the right interpretations are corrected. By now you will find it clear and legible. Again the corrections are indicated in revised manuscript with track change.

Q#5: Discussion section must be re-written before re-submission.

Answer: We found points which are really required clarification, thus we have done the revisions properly. Plus to this, we made a general revision to the discussion section and all the mistakes and unclear parts are significantly improved and the changes are indicated by track change form.

Q6#. Conclusion section must be linked with the quantified results. General statements commonly mislead the readers.

Answer: Thank you very much for the comment raised by the reviewer. We have carefully corrected. The corrected points are indicated in the marked version with track change.

Q7#. English language may be improved. There are lot of language and grammar mistakes.

Answer: Thank you very much for the comment raised by the reviewer. We have thoroughly corrected the English issues of the manuscript and significantly improved the manuscript content accordingly. The corrected points are indicated in the marked version with track change.

Submitted filename: Response to reviewers.doc

Decision Letter 1

PONE-D-22-02551R1Knowledge, attitude and practice on household solid waste management in Gelemso town, EthiopiaPLOS ONE

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process. As explained previously, since the transfer in editorship this has been sent to a new reviewer, who has provided detailed comments for improvement.   I appreciate this is frustrating, but I am going to ask you to address their comments as well.

Please submit your revised manuscript by Nov 21 2022 11:59PM. If you will need more time than this to complete your revisions, please reply to this message or contact the journal office at  gro.solp@enosolp . When you're ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

Alison Parker

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Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #2: Partly

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #2: I Don't Know

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Reviewer #2: No

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #2: Yes

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1: Authors have addressed all the comments accordingly in the revised manuscript. Authors have addressed all the comments accordingly in the revised manuscript.

Reviewer #2: Dear authors,

This is my first revision of your article in which I ask for major revisions. Here are my comments:

General comment:

I found the Introduction incomplete and not well structured. You fail to introduce the knowledge gap your article is coming to fill. When you focalize on Gelemso, the paragraph is disconnected from the first part. Moreover, you point to institutions as the main source of SW, but then you focus your research on households. Also, you do not include Khat consumption questions in your survey (or at least this is not presented in the Results analysis).

You said, “Although there are limited SWM facilities in the town, most of the time the solid waste have been indiscriminately disposed along roadsides and into open areas and hence the current status of the SWM problem in the town has reached a critical stage.” But both facts may be correlated (as your results show, by the way).

And then you state: “This shows that the people's overall understanding about solid waste and SWM practices in the town are not well established.” However, this is a hypothesis and not a statement.

You should restructure the Introduction to better explain why the information you present in the article is important and what knowledge gap are you filling.

Specific comments:

Two first phrases of the 2nd paragraph should be unified.

In section 2.1, a description of the waste management system of Gelemso is needed. What kind of facilities people have access to, to dispose waste? Waste pickers are active in Gelemso? Have the Municipality a public waste collection service? Of what kind? How many containers are available? Who pick up waste from containers and where it is waste finally disposed? All these questions are crucial to understand the answers to the survey questions.

In section 2.2, You should explain from which list you made the systematic random sampling. Do you have a list of all the households? Selected households they all accepted to participate in the study? A satellite image of the town with the identification of the selected households would be a plus.

In 2.3, the structure of the paragraph describing definitions should be reformulated because it is not understandable.

You skip from 2.4 to 2.7

3. Results (General comment: all the data should be available)

Section 3.1: information presented in this section is not used in the Discussion section. Either you use it in section 4, or you remove it from section 3.

Section 3.2: You say, “About 96% of the households gave the correct response regarding solid waste as the major pollutant of the environment”. Why can you affirm that SW is the main environmental pollution source?

Many questions are not well formulated:

Does solid waste pollute the environment? --> It depends on how it is managed

Do you know solid waste is being a wealth? --> You give the answer in the question. "Do you consider..." "Do you think" "Do you perceive..."

The amount of solid waste can be reduced by reusing at household level? --> It is an obvious question

Sorting of solid waste at home level helps for SWM? --> It depends on how the system is structured and you did not gave the reader any elements to know that.

Section 3.3: You give % of waste composition. But waste characterization studies have specific methodologies, and it seems you do not follow any of them. You should remove Figure 1 and all mentions of % of types of waste from your manuscript.

You say, “However, the majority (79.5%) of the households disposed of their solid waste illegally, either in the backyard with sacs or along the roadsides and in gully (Table 4).” But may be they expected a municipal kerbside collection. That’s why the Solid Waste Management system description is so important.

You say: “The majority (89.2%) of the households reported the absence of adequate solid waste landfills or damping sites in the city and thus had practiced an improper SWM (Table 4)”. � It seems the problem is not people are not well informed but the absence of infrastructure!

3.4 In the questions you included: “How do you get rid of solid wastes from home”. Do you considered the possibility of people giving different destinations to recycling waste and non-recycling waste?

First paragraph can be part of the Introduction.

After reading the discussion, it is still not clear why improper disposal is occurring in Gelemso.

Should be modified accordingly.

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article ( what does this mean? ). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

Reviewer #1:  Yes:  Shahbaz Khan

Author response to Decision Letter 1

27 Oct 2022

Date: 25 October 2022

We are very much grateful to the academic editor who managed this manuscript again and also for the reviewers for their valuable comments to our manuscript. The following are point-by-point responses to reviewer comments for the manuscript number: PONE-D-22-02551R1.

Reviewer #2:

First of all, I would like to thank the second reviewer, who reviewed this manuscript and provided us the most valuable comments and suggestions. We received all the comments positively and frankly specking the manuscript is now well enriched.

Q#1: Introduction

I found the Introduction incomplete and not well structured. You fail to introduce the knowledge gap your article is coming to fill.

Answer: The whole introduction section is now modified according to the comments.

When you focalize on Gelemso, the paragraph is disconnected from the first part. Moreover, you point to institutions as the main source of SW, but then you focus your research on households. Also, you do not include Khat consumption questions in your survey (or at least this is not presented in the Results analysis).

Answer: The specific paragraph as well as the focus area of the research has been modified following the comments.

You said, “Although there are limited SWM facilities in the town, most of the time the solid waste have been indiscriminately disposed along roadsides and into open areas and hence the current status of the SWM problem in the town has reached a critical stage.” But both facts may be correlated (as your results show, by the way). And then you state: “This shows that the people's overall understanding about solid waste and SWM practices in the town are not well established.” However, this is a hypothesis and not a statement.

Answer: We accept the comments and modified the sentence accordingly.

Answer: The comment is corrected

Q#2: Methods

In section 2.1, a description of the waste management system of Gelemso is needed. What kind of facilities people have access to, to dispose waste? Waste pickers are active in Gelemso? Have the Municipality a public waste collection service? Of what kind? How many containers are available? Who pick up waste from containers and where it is waste finally disposed?

Answer: A paragraph explaining the whole waste management system of the Gelemso municipality including kind of facilities, waste pickers, waste collectors, the presence and number of shared container, damping sites and how the collected wastes are finally damped to the damping site are included in the “Method section” under sub section 2.1.

In section 2.2, You should explain from which list you made the systematic random sampling. Do you have a list of all the households? Selected households they all accepted to participate in the study?

Answer: The whole lists of the households were obtained from municipality office, and the section was made from the lists. The numbers of actual household who completed the questionnaire from the total sample size (396) were 390 (98.5% response rate). The following comments are now included and corrected in the revised manuscript.

A satellite image of the town with the identification of the selected households would be a plus.

Answer: We have included map of study area in supplementary file.

Answer: Corrected as you suggested

Q#3: Results (General comment: all the data should be available)

Answer: Now included in the discussion part.

Answer: Now modified in the revised version.

Answer: Some of the questions including the mentioned questions were modified in revised version.

Answer: All types of waste composition results were removed from the manuscript.

You say, “However, the majority (79.5%) of the households disposed of their solid waste illegally, either in the backyard with sacs or along the roadsides and in gully (Table 4).” But maybe they expected a municipal kerbside collection. That’s why the Solid Waste Management system description is so important.

You say: “The majority (89.2%) of the households reported the absence of adequate solid waste landfills or damping sites in the city and thus had practiced an improper SWM (Table 4)”. It seems the problem is not people are not well informed but the absence of infrastructure!

Answer: Descriptions of the solid waste management system in Gelemso town were described briefly in the revised manuscript. I hope the question is now understandable for the readers.

3.4 In the questions you included: “How do you get rid of solid wastes from home”. Do you consider the possibility of people giving different destinations to recycling waste and non-recycling waste?

Answer: Yes.

Q#4: Discussion

Answer: The paragraph was deleted from the discussion part according to the suggestion.

Answer: Now the discussion part is modified to why improper sold waste disposal is occurred in the study site.

Q#5: Conclusion: Should be modified accordingly.

Answer: The conclusion part has modified according to the comment in the revised manuscript.

Decision Letter 2

14 Nov 2022

PONE-D-22-02551R2

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Free Digital Slideshow: The Ins and Outs of Recycling

Use it in your lessons, events, or meetings.

Getting ready to talk to your students about recycling? Need to lead a meeting about bringing recycling to your school? You’ll love this free recycling slideshow! It’s available in PowerPoint or Prezi. Use it along with these other free resources for an informative and engaging presentation.

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The recycling slideshow provides basic info and graphics, but you’ll need to develop your own text to go along with it. This allows you to customize it for your audience and purpose. Use these resources for detailed information on various topics in the slideshow.

Why is recycling so important?

Use information from these articles to help your audience understand the importance of a school recycling program.

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What happens after the bin?

Explain how items are sorted and recycled once they leave your school.

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Recycle Rally makes it easy to get your school and community involved in recycling. Organize a recycling program, and your school can earn valuable rewards! You might even be able to become a zero-waste school . Get more information on Recycle Rally here:

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Recycling. By: Leah Hinshaw Marianne Cruzat and Kaylee Llewellyn. Recycling. Recycling is the act of processing used or abandoned materials for use in creating new products. Recycling is commonly mispercieved. There are a number of benefits, as well as drawbacks.

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Recycling By: Leah Hinshaw Marianne Cruzat and Kaylee Llewellyn

Recycling • Recycling is the act of processing used or abandoned materials for use in creating new products. • Recycling is commonly mispercieved. • There are a number of benefits, as well as drawbacks. • Is recycling really worth the hassle?

Pros  "Green" Saves money  Will keep environment healthy  Can reuse many of the materials again Feel great by knowing you are helping the environment Cons Planning Costly Encouragement Time Consuming Pollution by factories Pros and Cons of Recycling

Pictures The pictures above are results of not recycling and putting trash in landfills.

Facts and General Statistics • A trash truck holds approximately 37 cubic yards of trash. • An average family garbage can is about 0.27 yards by 0.416 yards by 0.75 yards. This is 0.087 cubic yards. • The average person produces about ¼ of a trash can worth of trash a week. This means that each person must produce about 0.02175 cubic yards of trash per week.  • 426 trash cans fit into one trash truck.  • 275 trash trucks would be needed to dump all of the trash produced by Winston-Salem residents. • Winston-Salem produes 10,132.1 cubic yards of trash per week • The city is paying around $27,500 per week in landfill costs

Savings of a Family • Our family (4 people) generate about 21 lbs of garbage in an average week and around 3 pounds per day. We recycle around 1/2 of the garbage we produce and usually have more recycling than we do garbage. That would be around 10 pounds of recyclable material in a week.Glass/plastic = .75 lbs; Paper/metal = 1.25 lbs; Miscellaneous = 1 lb (per day) •  The volume of garbage produced in a week is: 0.173 cubic yards of garbage uncompressed. About ½ of the garbage is recyclable material and we don’t compress our garbage. The volume of recyclable material is around 0.087 cubic feet of material per week.Our trash can is 10 x 15 x 27 inches and there is one for trash, one for recycling, each one fills once a week. • The city would save $9,500 a week by recycling if 1/3 of the materials being put in a landfill are recyclable material. Imagine what it would be if we recycled more!

Value of Recyclable Materials • Metal on average is worth around $0.75 per pound • Plastic/Glass is worth around $0.10 per pound • Paper is worth $20.00 per ton • *If recycling is not separated, it will cost the city an additional $0.03 per pound to have it separated • An average family produces 10 pounds of recyclable material in one week • 5.25 lbs. in glass/plastic • 8.75 lbs. in metal • 0.5 lbs. in paper

Graphs- Solid Waste Management in Forsyth County

Comparison Graph

Statistics on Recycling Paper Recycling 14 trees worth of paper reduces air pollutants by 165,142 tons. Every recycled ton of paper saves 17 trees, 275 pounds of sulfur, 350 pounds of limestone, 9,000 pounds of steam, 60,000 gallons of water, 225 kilowatt hours, and 3.3 cubic yards of landfill space. The energy used to recycle paper is close to 70% less than when paper is prepared using virgin wood and other raw material.

Almost every hour, nearly 250,000 plastic bottles are dumped. It is not surprising that plastic bottles constitute close to 50% of recyclable waste in the dumps. The average time taken by plastic bottles to decompose in a landfill is close to 700 years. Statistics on Recycled Plastic Used plastic dumped into the sea kills and destroys sea life at an estimated 1,000,000 sea creatures per year!

Statistics on Metal Aluminum is one of the easiest and fastest materials to recycle. Aluminum cans can be recycled and reused within 60 days. Four pounds of bauxite can be saved with every pound of aluminum recycled. Every day, about 133 square miles of aluminum is used to wrap hershey kisses.

Americans own approximately 24 electronic products per household. A typical computer monitor with a cathode ray tube display contains 2-4 kilograms of lead, as well as phosphor, barium, and hexavalent chromium. Statistics on Electronics and Technology Of the 2.25 million tons of TVs, cell phones and computer products,18% (414,000 tons) are collected for recycling and 82% (1.84 million tons) was disposed of, primarily in landfills. About 25 million TVs are taken out of service yearly.

Ways to Cut down E-Waste(Waste from Electronics) • Many cell phone manufacturers and service providers will take back used phones for reuse or recycling. • When buying an electronic, choose a product that has all the features you will need for the future • Purchase used or refurbished electronics • Before buying replacement equipment, check on what you need to replace and make the best choice • Before throwing electronics away, check if anyone might need the parts from it • Donate the electronic to local schools, organizations, etc..They are always willing to take things in

TRASH Technology Return Advertise Separate Humans  "You must be the change you wish to see in the world." — Mahatma Gandhi

Technology • Old MP3 players, Televisions, Cell phones, Computers, Cars and more • Dismembered and Seperated • Reuse or properly dispose of • Less trash • Saves money for city as well as companies I only feel angry when I see waste. When I see people throwing away things wecould use.-- Mother Teresa

Return • Encourage using incentive • $0.05 per can or bottle • $5 per mp3/cell phone • $10 per computer • $100 per car • New Technology Tax

Advertise • Start many programs that increase awareness • Start an advertisement company that will explain the benefits and simplicity of recycling • Be sure to include children and teens by going to schools • Can start "competitions" within the school. Whatever class has the most recyled material wins. •  Hold seminars or conventions that emphasize on the simplicity of recycling and all the benefits that will come out of it.

Separate • Return program will encourage separation • Positive attitude • Incentive for recycling • Fine for not recycling • *Information about how material is recycled on next slides

Metals and Paper • Paper is usually seperated by passing it over a large mesh screen so that smaller items fall through the large holes. • Steel is seperated using electro-magnets. • Other metals are seperated using Eddy Currents.

Electronics and Plastics • Electronics are taken apart and most of the reusable parts are taken by hand and seperated by different bins. They are then smashed and put on a conveyor belt where a magnet will take the magnetic parts and the rest go to the smasher and turns into a big bube. • Pieces of plastic are taken apart, charged with static electricity, and droped through an electric field, resulting in a natural separation of the plastic types based on pieces being attracted toward the electrode of the opposite polarity. they are then melted at high temperatures and made into new plastic after undergoing a "screening process".

Humans • Spread word of how humans can help • Clean-up locally • Donate to local clean up crews and/or recycling and trash companies • Donate to recycling organizations and programs promoting recycling • Involve all ages "We should not wait, we cannot wait, we must not wait." — Al Gore

Conclusion • Citizens have complained about the "hassle" of recycling. • Recycling is more than worth the "hassle". • "A society is defined not only by what is creates, but by what is refuses to destroy." -John Sawhill • Please Consider our Proposal • Thank you for listening to our presentation.

Bibliography • http://www.webofcreation.org/BuildingGrounds/Toxics-e-cycling.htm • www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/ecycling/ • www.ewastecenter.com/ewaste-facts • www.interconrecycling.com/resources_statistics.cfm • http://www.adherenttech.com/recycling_technologies.htm • http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110215140801AAWQaST • http://www.all-recycling-facts.com/recycling-statistics.html • http://cubeme.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/tempo_trash_can_01.jpg

Bibliography • http://www.cityofws.org/Assets/CityOfWS//Documents/-Utilities/S%20W%20Plan%202009%20Final%20draft.pdf • http://express.howstuffworks.com/gif/wq-money-woman.jpg • http://lfprecycling.org/ESW/Images/recycle_symbol-_with_earth_photo.jpg • http://luckygroup.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/recycling-symbol1.jpg • http://www.basscomputerrecycling.com/Portals/0/-Skins/Bass/images/computer-junk.jpg • http://www.freewebs.com/hoseo_environmental_-club/Dead%20Fish%20Afloat.JPG

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Recycling Process Infographics

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This set of infographics can be reused as many times as you need! Here, you can find infographic resources to talk about the recycling process, which is very important to take care of the precious planet we have. In this way, you will find among the slides resources such as timelines and diagrams that will allow you to illustrate different processes of this activity. Now you have everything to complete presentations! There will be no excuses not to recycle!

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The impact of textile production and waste on the environment (infographics)

With fast fashion, the quantity of clothes produced and thrown away has boomed. Find out more about the environmental impact and what the EU is doing about it.

Fast fashion is the constant provision of new styles at very low prices.

To tackle the impact on the environment, the EU wants to reduce textile waste and increase the life cycle and recycling of textiles. This is part of the plan to achieve a circular economy by 2050 . Find out about the circular economy's definition, its importance and benefits

Infographic showing the environmental impact of textile consumption per person in the EU in 2022 (use of land, water, raw materials and carbon footprint)

Overconsumption of natural resources

It takes a lot of water to produce textile, plus land to grow cotton and other fibres. It is estimated that the global textile and clothing industry used 79 billion cubic metres of water in 2015, while the needs of the EU's whole economy amounted to 266 billion cubic metres in 2017 . To make a single cotton t-shirt, 2,700 litres of fresh water are required according to estimates, enough to meet one person’s drinking needs for 2.5 years.

The textile sector was the third largest source of water degradation and land use in 2020 . In that year, it took on average nine cubic metres of water, 400 square metres of land and 391 kilogrammes (kg) of raw materials to provide clothes and shoes for each EU citizen.

Water pollution

Textile production is estimated to be responsible for about 20% of global clean water pollution from dyeing and finishing products.

Laundering synthetic clothes accounts for 35% of primary microplastics released into the environment . A single laundry load of polyester clothes can discharge 700,000 microplastic fibres that can end up in the food chain.

The majority of microplastics from textiles are released during the first few washes. Fast fashion is based on mass production, low prices and high sales volumes that promotes many first washes.

Washing synthetic products has caused more than 14 million tonnes of microplastics to accumulate on the bottom of the oceans. In addition to this global problem, the pollution generated by garment production has a devastating impact on the health of local people, animals and ecosystems where the factories are located .

Greenhouse gas emissions

The fashion industry is estimated to be responsible for 10% of global carbon emissions – more than international flights and maritime shipping combined.

According to the European Environment Agency, textile purchases in the EU in 2020 generated about 270 kg of CO2 emissions per person . That means textile products consumed in the EU generated greenhouse gas emissions of 121 million tonnes.

Textile waste in landfills and low recycling rates

The way people get rid of unwanted clothes has also changed, with items being thrown away rather than donated. Less than half of used clothes are collected for reuse or recycling, and only 1% of used clothes are recycled into new clothes, since technologies that would enable clothes to be recycled into virgin fibres are only now starting to emerge.

Between 2000 and 2015, clothing production doubled, while the average use of an item of clothing has decreased.

Europeans use nearly 26 kilos of textiles and discard about 11 kilos of them every year. Used clothes can be exported outside the EU, but are mostly (87%) incinerated or landfilled.

The rise of fast fashion has been crucial in the increase in consumption, driven partly by social media and the industry bringing fashion trends to more consumers at a faster pace than in the past.

The new strategies to tackle this issue include developing new business models for clothing rental, designing products in a way that would make re-use and recycling easier (circular fashion), convincing consumers to buy clothes of better quality that last longer (slow fashion) and generally steering consumer behaviour towards more sustainable options.

Infographic showing growth of textile production over the time (58 million tonnes in 2000, 109 million tonnes in 2020 and projection of 145 million tonnes by 2030)

Reducing textile waste in the EU: what are the solutions?

Work in progress: the eu strategy for sustainable and circular textiles.

As part of the circular economy action plan, the European Commission presented in March 2022 a new strategy to make textiles more durable, repairable, reusable and recyclable , tackle fast fashion and stimulate innovation within the sector.

The new strategy includes new ecodesign requirements for textiles, clearer information, a Digital Product Passport and calls companies to take responsibility and act to minimise their carbon and environmental footprints.

The EU must legally oblige manufacturers and large fashion companies to operate more sustainably. People and the planet are more important than the textile industry’s profits.

On 1 June 2023, MEPs set out proposals for tougher EU measures to halt the excessive production and consumption of textiles. Parliament’s report calls for textiles to be produced respecting human, social and labour rights, as well as the environment and animal welfare.

Existing EU measures to tackle textile waste

Under the waste directive approved by the Parliament in 2018, EU countries are obliged to collect textiles separately by 2025. The new Commission strategy also includes measures to, tackle the presence of hazardous chemicals, calls producers have to take responsibility for their products along the value chain, including when they become wasteand help consumers to choose sustainable textiles.

The EU has an EU Ecolabel that producers respecting ecological criteria can apply to items, ensuring a limited use of harmful substances and reduced water and air pollution.

The EU has also introduced some measures to mitigate the impact of textile waste on the environment. Horizon 2020 funds Resyntex , a project using chemical recycling, which could provide a circular economy business model for the textile industry.

A more sustainable model of textile production also has the potential to boost the economy. "Europe finds itself in an unprecedented health and economic crisis, revealing the fragility of our global supply chains," said lead MEP Jan Huitema (Renew, the Netherlands). "Stimulating new innovative business models will in turn create new economic growth and the job opportunities Europe will need to recover."

More about waste in the EU

  • Waste management in the EU: facts and figures
  • New EU rules for more sustainable and ethical batteries
  • E-waste in the EU: facts and figures (infographic)
  • The EU strategy to reduce plastic pollution

How to reduce packaging waste in the EU (infographics)

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  • Environmental impact of the textile and clothing industry

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Title : Active carbons as nanoporous materials for solving of environmental problems

However, up to now, the main carriers of catalytic additives have been mineral sorbents: silica gels, alumogels. This is obviously due to the fact that they consist of pure homogeneous components SiO2 and Al2O3, respectively. It is generally known that impurities, especially the ash elements, are catalytic poisons that reduce the effectiveness of the catalyst. Therefore, carbon sorbents with 5-15% by weight of ash elements in their composition are not used in the above mentioned technologies. However, in such an important field as a gas-mask technique, carbon sorbents (active carbons) are carriers of catalytic additives, providing effective protection of a person against any types of potent poisonous substances (PPS). In ESPE “JSC "Neorganika" there has been developed the technology of unique ashless spherical carbon carrier-catalysts by the method of liquid forming of furfural copolymers with subsequent gas-vapor activation, brand PAC. Active carbons PAC have 100% qualitative characteristics of the three main properties of carbon sorbents: strength - 100%, the proportion of sorbing pores in the pore space – 100%, purity - 100% (ash content is close to zero). A particularly outstanding feature of active PAC carbons is their uniquely high mechanical compressive strength of 740 ± 40 MPa, which is 3-7 times larger than that of  such materials as granite, quartzite, electric coal, and is comparable to the value for cast iron - 400-1000 MPa. This allows the PAC to operate under severe conditions in moving and fluidized beds.  Obviously, it is time to actively develop catalysts based on PAC sorbents for oil refining, petrochemicals, gas processing and various technologies of organic synthesis.

Victor M. Mukhin was born in 1946 in the town of Orsk, Russia. In 1970 he graduated the Technological Institute in Leningrad. Victor M. Mukhin was directed to work to the scientific-industrial organization "Neorganika" (Elektrostal, Moscow region) where he is working during 47 years, at present as the head of the laboratory of carbon sorbents.     Victor M. Mukhin defended a Ph. D. thesis and a doctoral thesis at the Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (in 1979 and 1997 accordingly). Professor of Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia. Scientific interests: production, investigation and application of active carbons, technological and ecological carbon-adsorptive processes, environmental protection, production of ecologically clean food.   

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40 facts about elektrostal.

Lanette Mayes

Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 04 Feb 2024

Published: 22 Jul 2023

Modified: 04 Feb 2024

40-facts-about-elektrostal

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

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Era of Polymers K. Marksa st., 18 office, Elektrostal, Moscow, Russia

presentation on recycling

LLC "Era Polymers" is a company for the production, processing, purchase and sale of secondary polymers, raw materials (granules, crushed stone, agglomerate, etc.), and various products from them.  As well as professional advice on their use.  Era Polymer LLC is a derivative of El Polymer LLC.  Deintegration occurred as a result of a structural change in the composition of the founders.  Cooperation with the company "Era Polymers" LLC is: 1. Guarantee of stability of supplies;  2. High quality raw materials;  3. Flexible price offers.  The history of the company is 13 years of successful cooperation with partner organizations, stability of sales volumes and leading competitive advantages in the market.  At the service of our partners is a professional team of specialists,  a wide range of raw materials and an individual approach to each client.  We work on various conditions that are optimal for our partners, both by bank transfer and in cash.  The prices for recycled pellets depend on the required quality, color and volume.

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Biography: Victor M. Mukhin was born in 1946 in the town of Orsk, Russia. In 1970 he graduated the Technological Institute in Leningrad. Victor M. Mukhin was directed to work to the scientific-industrial organization "Neorganika" (Elektrostal, Moscow region) where he is working during 47 years, at present as the head of the laboratory of carbon sorbents.

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literature survey on waste management

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