multiple hazard zone philippines case study

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The Philippines - Multi-hazard Case Study (Earthquakes (Earthquakes are…

• Its geographical position on the globe means its highly prone to natural disasters. The Philippines is on the western rim of the 'Pacific Ring of Fire' which brings both earthquakes and volcanic activity .
• The Philippines is a country off the mainland southeast Asia consisting of over 7,000 islands . It is home to over 100 million people .
• It is also situated in an area where tropical storms come from across the Pacific to southeast Asia, this makes the Philippines the most exposed country in the world. Tropical storms bring a large amount of flooding and the threat of landslides and lahars .
• Earthquakes are fairly common occurrence in the Philippines. Between 2000 and 2013 , there were 17 earthquakes with a minimum magnitude of 5.6 . These caused numerous deaths and damaged a large number of buildings.
• In 1976 , just off Mindanao , there was an earthquake of magnitude 7.9 which caused tsunamis and inundated the western shore of Mindanao, killing up to 8,000 people .
• In 1990 , in Luzon , there was an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 which killed over 1,600 people and caused widespread ground rupturing and soil liquefaction .
• In 2013 , a magnitude 7.2 earthquake hit Bohol and killed over 200 and injured over 800 people . It caused damaged to tens of thousands of buildings .
• Some of the most devastating in recent years are:
• The Philippines has a number of active volcanoes on its islands. Opinions vary, but 23 active volcanoes is reasonable.
• Among these are three with a history of violent eruptions:
• Mount Pinatubo erupted violently in 1991 , being the second largest eruption on the planet. Pinatubo can be very deadly as 500,000 people live in a 40km radius . Early warnings and evacuations saved around 5,000 people in 1991 . The eruption was so violent it threw gasses, ash and steam into the upper atmosphere , this caused the global temperature to decrease half a degree for two years . The eruption was then followed by Typhoon Yunya , the heavy rainfall along with the volcanic ash created very deadly lahars and the final death toll was around 850 .
• The Mayon volcano is the most active , having erupted almost 50 times in the past 400 years . Its most destructive eruption was in 1812 , its most recent eruption was in 2014 . Mayon is widely known for its lahars , with volcanic ash mixing with the heavy rainfall from the typhoons to produce rivers of mud .
• The Taal volcano is one of the most active in the country with over 33 eruptions noted on historical record. All of these eruptions came from a volcano which sits in the middle of a crater lake . This crater lake formed from an e xplosion from prehistoric times which formed the caldera of the Taal . In the historical record, Taal has been responsible for approximately 5,000-6,000 deaths due to the densely populated areas that are close by.
• Tropical storms cross the country every year, bringing with them the risk of flooding, landslides and lahars if combined with a volcanic eruption.
• It is tropical storms and the hazards that come along with them which cause the highest number of deaths from natural hazards in the Philippines. The most fatalities come from the storm surges .
• An example of a Typhoon in the Philippines would be Typhoon Haiyan of Novemember 2013.
• 78.7% of mortality losses came from tropical storms , with the seconds highest killer being earthquakes , but only having a percentage of 7.9% .
• 79% of economic losses also came from tropical storms , however, the second highest is flooding. Flooding caused an economic loss of 17.3% .

UCL Hazard Centre

• Multi Hazards

Multi-Hazards

Whilst a number of disaster risk reduction policies emphasise the need for a multi-hazard approach, little guidance exists for non-scientific practitioners (e.g., non-governmental organisations) on how to include multi-hazards in their assessments of risk. This is in part due to the assumptions behind the concept of ‘multi-hazard’ and the reality that much research branded as multi-hazard simply looks at more than one hazard in a given place, rather than the interaction or compounding effects of these hazards.  It is necessary to anticipate these complex interrelations in order to inform strategies for building community resilience. 

Through a partnership with  CAFOD , a project began in 2009 on multi-hazard assessments for building resilient communities in the Philippines. The aim of the research was to develop methods for multi-(natural) hazard assessment, which can be applied by the NGO sector. The researcher, Melanie Duncan, has drawn upon the practical experience of hazard assessment conducted by international NGOs based in the UK and international and local NGOs working in the Philippines. The research highlights current shortfalls in how humanitarian and development agencies evaluate the threat from multi-hazards, whilst also emphasising the practical limitations on the theoretical ambitions of multi-hazard analysis, in terms of the actuality of implementation.

The Philippines was selected as a case study for the multi-hazard research owing to the fact that it represents a truly multi-hazardous environment. The island archipelago is home to 22 active volcanoes (47 Holocene Volcanoes, Aspinall et al., 2011) as well as being the meeting point of several major subducting plate margins and bisected by the strike-slip Philippines fault zone. Given it's geographical location, the islands are exposed to tropical cylones and, thus its vulnerable population are at risk from often a combination of typhoon, flooding, volcanic and earthquake risk, not to mention the secondary hazards these often trigger, including landslides and tsunamis, and the compounding effects of environmental degradation, drought and conflict.

Kappes, M. S., Keiler, M., von Elverfeldt, K., and Glade, T. (2012) Challenges of analyzing multi-hazard risk: a review. Nat. Hazards, pp.1-34.

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Multi-Hazardous Environment Case Study - Phillipines

Subject: Geography

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

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A case study booklet for the Phillipines - this meets the requirement for the multi-hazardous case study element for the Natural Hazards unit. It gives pupils a structured way to research and develop their case study notes. This is for the AQA A-LEVEL Geography specification.

Please see my Coasts case study booklets (available for free) to give you a better idea of the design and structure of the booklets.

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• Case studies
• Created by: ellieparish
• Created on: 17-06-18 16:58
• 60% of the land  is exposed to multiple hazards.
• Earthquake.
• 85% were due to a tsunami.
• Approximately 1,000 of these are settled with people.
• In 2015, the WRI placed it  at the 3rd most at risk country.
• 74% of population is exposed to 2 or more hazards.
• Average of 10 a year.
• 18 of these are currently actiive.

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Case Study – Philippines

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