position of the abstract and bibliography

  • Writing Guide
  • Writing Preparations
  • Narrow Your Topic
  • Research Planning
  • Grammar & Writing
  • Evaluating Sources
  • Abstract & Annotated Bibliography
  • Paper Properties
  • Revision Checklist
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  • Presentations

APA Formatting

Abstract apa formatting , abstract .

Begin the abstract on a new page 

Identify it with the running head and page number 2

Label "Abstract" should appear in upper and lower case letters 

  • Centered 
  • At top of the abstract 

Abstract itself is double spaced paragraph without paragraph indentation 

Times Roman typeface 

1-inch margins 

You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type  Keywords:  (italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your keywords will help researchers find your work in databases.

Annotated Bibliography APA Formatting 

Annotated  Bibliography includes: 

The bibliographic information of the source 

  • APA Format 

The annotation follows the citation on the next line. 

The annotation

  • The length can vary from a couple of sentences to a page.
  • The length will depend on the purpose. 

Double-space

What is an Abstract & an Annotated Bibliography?

A brief summary of the research contents  Provides quick information about the topic including problem, methodology, participants (if any),  findings, and conclusion.   Qualities of a good abstract:

  • Accurate 
  • Non-evaluative 
  • Active Voice 
  • Present verb tense to describe conclusions 
  • Past verb tense to describe specific variables manipulates or outcomes measures
  • Concise 

Annotated Bibliography 

An annotated bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, websites, periodicals, etc.). An annotated bibliography includes a summary and/ or evaluation of each other sources. Depending on the assignment, your annotation may do one or more of the following:

  • Assess 

Annotated bibliographies are useful when organizing sources for research projects. 

position of the abstract and bibliography

Additional Resources 

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  • Next: Paper Properties >>
  • Last Updated: Aug 24, 2021 11:01 AM
  • URL: https://scuhs.libguides.com/WRITING1

Writing an Abstract for Your Research Paper

Definition and Purpose of Abstracts

An abstract is a short summary of your (published or unpublished) research paper, usually about a paragraph (c. 6-7 sentences, 150-250 words) long. A well-written abstract serves multiple purposes:

  • an abstract lets readers get the gist or essence of your paper or article quickly, in order to decide whether to read the full paper;
  • an abstract prepares readers to follow the detailed information, analyses, and arguments in your full paper;
  • and, later, an abstract helps readers remember key points from your paper.

It’s also worth remembering that search engines and bibliographic databases use abstracts, as well as the title, to identify key terms for indexing your published paper. So what you include in your abstract and in your title are crucial for helping other researchers find your paper or article.

If you are writing an abstract for a course paper, your professor may give you specific guidelines for what to include and how to organize your abstract. Similarly, academic journals often have specific requirements for abstracts. So in addition to following the advice on this page, you should be sure to look for and follow any guidelines from the course or journal you’re writing for.

The Contents of an Abstract

Abstracts contain most of the following kinds of information in brief form. The body of your paper will, of course, develop and explain these ideas much more fully. As you will see in the samples below, the proportion of your abstract that you devote to each kind of information—and the sequence of that information—will vary, depending on the nature and genre of the paper that you are summarizing in your abstract. And in some cases, some of this information is implied, rather than stated explicitly. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , which is widely used in the social sciences, gives specific guidelines for what to include in the abstract for different kinds of papers—for empirical studies, literature reviews or meta-analyses, theoretical papers, methodological papers, and case studies.

Here are the typical kinds of information found in most abstracts:

  • the context or background information for your research; the general topic under study; the specific topic of your research
  • the central questions or statement of the problem your research addresses
  • what’s already known about this question, what previous research has done or shown
  • the main reason(s) , the exigency, the rationale , the goals for your research—Why is it important to address these questions? Are you, for example, examining a new topic? Why is that topic worth examining? Are you filling a gap in previous research? Applying new methods to take a fresh look at existing ideas or data? Resolving a dispute within the literature in your field? . . .
  • your research and/or analytical methods
  • your main findings , results , or arguments
  • the significance or implications of your findings or arguments.

Your abstract should be intelligible on its own, without a reader’s having to read your entire paper. And in an abstract, you usually do not cite references—most of your abstract will describe what you have studied in your research and what you have found and what you argue in your paper. In the body of your paper, you will cite the specific literature that informs your research.

When to Write Your Abstract

Although you might be tempted to write your abstract first because it will appear as the very first part of your paper, it’s a good idea to wait to write your abstract until after you’ve drafted your full paper, so that you know what you’re summarizing.

What follows are some sample abstracts in published papers or articles, all written by faculty at UW-Madison who come from a variety of disciplines. We have annotated these samples to help you see the work that these authors are doing within their abstracts.

Choosing Verb Tenses within Your Abstract

The social science sample (Sample 1) below uses the present tense to describe general facts and interpretations that have been and are currently true, including the prevailing explanation for the social phenomenon under study. That abstract also uses the present tense to describe the methods, the findings, the arguments, and the implications of the findings from their new research study. The authors use the past tense to describe previous research.

The humanities sample (Sample 2) below uses the past tense to describe completed events in the past (the texts created in the pulp fiction industry in the 1970s and 80s) and uses the present tense to describe what is happening in those texts, to explain the significance or meaning of those texts, and to describe the arguments presented in the article.

The science samples (Samples 3 and 4) below use the past tense to describe what previous research studies have done and the research the authors have conducted, the methods they have followed, and what they have found. In their rationale or justification for their research (what remains to be done), they use the present tense. They also use the present tense to introduce their study (in Sample 3, “Here we report . . .”) and to explain the significance of their study (In Sample 3, This reprogramming . . . “provides a scalable cell source for. . .”).

Sample Abstract 1

From the social sciences.

Reporting new findings about the reasons for increasing economic homogamy among spouses

Gonalons-Pons, Pilar, and Christine R. Schwartz. “Trends in Economic Homogamy: Changes in Assortative Mating or the Division of Labor in Marriage?” Demography , vol. 54, no. 3, 2017, pp. 985-1005.

“The growing economic resemblance of spouses has contributed to rising inequality by increasing the number of couples in which there are two high- or two low-earning partners. [Annotation for the previous sentence: The first sentence introduces the topic under study (the “economic resemblance of spouses”). This sentence also implies the question underlying this research study: what are the various causes—and the interrelationships among them—for this trend?] The dominant explanation for this trend is increased assortative mating. Previous research has primarily relied on cross-sectional data and thus has been unable to disentangle changes in assortative mating from changes in the division of spouses’ paid labor—a potentially key mechanism given the dramatic rise in wives’ labor supply. [Annotation for the previous two sentences: These next two sentences explain what previous research has demonstrated. By pointing out the limitations in the methods that were used in previous studies, they also provide a rationale for new research.] We use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to decompose the increase in the correlation between spouses’ earnings and its contribution to inequality between 1970 and 2013 into parts due to (a) changes in assortative mating, and (b) changes in the division of paid labor. [Annotation for the previous sentence: The data, research and analytical methods used in this new study.] Contrary to what has often been assumed, the rise of economic homogamy and its contribution to inequality is largely attributable to changes in the division of paid labor rather than changes in sorting on earnings or earnings potential. Our findings indicate that the rise of economic homogamy cannot be explained by hypotheses centered on meeting and matching opportunities, and they show where in this process inequality is generated and where it is not.” (p. 985) [Annotation for the previous two sentences: The major findings from and implications and significance of this study.]

Sample Abstract 2

From the humanities.

Analyzing underground pulp fiction publications in Tanzania, this article makes an argument about the cultural significance of those publications

Emily Callaci. “Street Textuality: Socialism, Masculinity, and Urban Belonging in Tanzania’s Pulp Fiction Publishing Industry, 1975-1985.” Comparative Studies in Society and History , vol. 59, no. 1, 2017, pp. 183-210.

“From the mid-1970s through the mid-1980s, a network of young urban migrant men created an underground pulp fiction publishing industry in the city of Dar es Salaam. [Annotation for the previous sentence: The first sentence introduces the context for this research and announces the topic under study.] As texts that were produced in the underground economy of a city whose trajectory was increasingly charted outside of formalized planning and investment, these novellas reveal more than their narrative content alone. These texts were active components in the urban social worlds of the young men who produced them. They reveal a mode of urbanism otherwise obscured by narratives of decolonization, in which urban belonging was constituted less by national citizenship than by the construction of social networks, economic connections, and the crafting of reputations. This article argues that pulp fiction novellas of socialist era Dar es Salaam are artifacts of emergent forms of male sociability and mobility. In printing fictional stories about urban life on pilfered paper and ink, and distributing their texts through informal channels, these writers not only described urban communities, reputations, and networks, but also actually created them.” (p. 210) [Annotation for the previous sentences: The remaining sentences in this abstract interweave other essential information for an abstract for this article. The implied research questions: What do these texts mean? What is their historical and cultural significance, produced at this time, in this location, by these authors? The argument and the significance of this analysis in microcosm: these texts “reveal a mode or urbanism otherwise obscured . . .”; and “This article argues that pulp fiction novellas. . . .” This section also implies what previous historical research has obscured. And through the details in its argumentative claims, this section of the abstract implies the kinds of methods the author has used to interpret the novellas and the concepts under study (e.g., male sociability and mobility, urban communities, reputations, network. . . ).]

Sample Abstract/Summary 3

From the sciences.

Reporting a new method for reprogramming adult mouse fibroblasts into induced cardiac progenitor cells

Lalit, Pratik A., Max R. Salick, Daryl O. Nelson, Jayne M. Squirrell, Christina M. Shafer, Neel G. Patel, Imaan Saeed, Eric G. Schmuck, Yogananda S. Markandeya, Rachel Wong, Martin R. Lea, Kevin W. Eliceiri, Timothy A. Hacker, Wendy C. Crone, Michael Kyba, Daniel J. Garry, Ron Stewart, James A. Thomson, Karen M. Downs, Gary E. Lyons, and Timothy J. Kamp. “Lineage Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Proliferative Induced Cardiac Progenitor Cells by Defined Factors.” Cell Stem Cell , vol. 18, 2016, pp. 354-367.

“Several studies have reported reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes; however, reprogramming into proliferative induced cardiac progenitor cells (iCPCs) remains to be accomplished. [Annotation for the previous sentence: The first sentence announces the topic under study, summarizes what’s already known or been accomplished in previous research, and signals the rationale and goals are for the new research and the problem that the new research solves: How can researchers reprogram fibroblasts into iCPCs?] Here we report that a combination of 11 or 5 cardiac factors along with canonical Wnt and JAK/STAT signaling reprogrammed adult mouse cardiac, lung, and tail tip fibroblasts into iCPCs. The iCPCs were cardiac mesoderm-restricted progenitors that could be expanded extensively while maintaining multipo-tency to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells in vitro. Moreover, iCPCs injected into the cardiac crescent of mouse embryos differentiated into cardiomyocytes. iCPCs transplanted into the post-myocardial infarction mouse heart improved survival and differentiated into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. [Annotation for the previous four sentences: The methods the researchers developed to achieve their goal and a description of the results.] Lineage reprogramming of adult somatic cells into iCPCs provides a scalable cell source for drug discovery, disease modeling, and cardiac regenerative therapy.” (p. 354) [Annotation for the previous sentence: The significance or implications—for drug discovery, disease modeling, and therapy—of this reprogramming of adult somatic cells into iCPCs.]

Sample Abstract 4, a Structured Abstract

Reporting results about the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis, from a rigorously controlled study

Note: This journal requires authors to organize their abstract into four specific sections, with strict word limits. Because the headings for this structured abstract are self-explanatory, we have chosen not to add annotations to this sample abstract.

Wald, Ellen R., David Nash, and Jens Eickhoff. “Effectiveness of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in Children.” Pediatrics , vol. 124, no. 1, 2009, pp. 9-15.

“OBJECTIVE: The role of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) in children is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of high-dose amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate in the treatment of children diagnosed with ABS.

METHODS : This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Children 1 to 10 years of age with a clinical presentation compatible with ABS were eligible for participation. Patients were stratified according to age (<6 or ≥6 years) and clinical severity and randomly assigned to receive either amoxicillin (90 mg/kg) with potassium clavulanate (6.4 mg/kg) or placebo. A symptom survey was performed on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 30. Patients were examined on day 14. Children’s conditions were rated as cured, improved, or failed according to scoring rules.

RESULTS: Two thousand one hundred thirty-five children with respiratory complaints were screened for enrollment; 139 (6.5%) had ABS. Fifty-eight patients were enrolled, and 56 were randomly assigned. The mean age was 6630 months. Fifty (89%) patients presented with persistent symptoms, and 6 (11%) presented with nonpersistent symptoms. In 24 (43%) children, the illness was classified as mild, whereas in the remaining 32 (57%) children it was severe. Of the 28 children who received the antibiotic, 14 (50%) were cured, 4 (14%) were improved, 4(14%) experienced treatment failure, and 6 (21%) withdrew. Of the 28children who received placebo, 4 (14%) were cured, 5 (18%) improved, and 19 (68%) experienced treatment failure. Children receiving the antibiotic were more likely to be cured (50% vs 14%) and less likely to have treatment failure (14% vs 68%) than children receiving the placebo.

CONCLUSIONS : ABS is a common complication of viral upper respiratory infections. Amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate results in significantly more cures and fewer failures than placebo, according to parental report of time to resolution.” (9)

Some Excellent Advice about Writing Abstracts for Basic Science Research Papers, by Professor Adriano Aguzzi from the Institute of Neuropathology at the University of Zurich:

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APA Abstract (2020) | Formatting, Length, and Keywords

Published on November 6, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on January 17, 2024.

An APA abstract is a comprehensive summary of your paper in which you briefly address the research problem , hypotheses , methods , results , and implications of your research. It’s placed on a separate page right after the title page and is usually no longer than 250 words.

Most professional papers that are submitted for publication require an abstract. Student papers typically don’t need an abstract, unless instructed otherwise.

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Table of contents

How to format the abstract, how to write an apa abstract, which keywords to use, frequently asked questions, apa abstract example.

APA abstract (7th edition)

Formatting instructions

Follow these five steps to format your abstract in APA Style:

  • Insert a running head (for a professional paper—not needed for a student paper) and page number.
  • Set page margins to 1 inch (2.54 cm).
  • Write “Abstract” (bold and centered) at the top of the page.
  • Do not indent the first line.
  • Double-space the text.
  • Use a legible font like Times New Roman (12 pt.).
  • Limit the length to 250 words.
  • Indent the first line 0.5 inches.
  • Write the label “Keywords:” (italicized).
  • Write keywords in lowercase letters.
  • Separate keywords with commas.
  • Do not use a period after the keywords.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

The abstract is a self-contained piece of text that informs the reader what your research is about. It’s best to write the abstract after you’re finished with the rest of your paper.

The questions below may help structure your abstract. Try answering them in one to three sentences each.

  • What is the problem? Outline the objective, research questions , and/or hypotheses .
  • What has been done? Explain your research methods .
  • What did you discover? Summarize the key findings and conclusions .
  • What do the findings mean? Summarize the discussion and recommendations .

Check out our guide on how to write an abstract for more guidance and an annotated example.

Guide: writing an abstract

At the end of the abstract, you may include a few keywords that will be used for indexing if your paper is published on a database. Listing your keywords will help other researchers find your work.

Choosing relevant keywords is essential. Try to identify keywords that address your topic, method, or population. APA recommends including three to five keywords.

An abstract is a concise summary of an academic text (such as a journal article or dissertation ). It serves two main purposes:

  • To help potential readers determine the relevance of your paper for their own research.
  • To communicate your key findings to those who don’t have time to read the whole paper.

Abstracts are often indexed along with keywords on academic databases, so they make your work more easily findable. Since the abstract is the first thing any reader sees, it’s important that it clearly and accurately summarizes the contents of your paper.

An APA abstract is around 150–250 words long. However, always check your target journal’s guidelines and don’t exceed the specified word count.

In an APA Style paper , the abstract is placed on a separate page after the title page (page 2).

Avoid citing sources in your abstract . There are two reasons for this:

  • The abstract should focus on your original research, not on the work of others.
  • The abstract should be self-contained and fully understandable without reference to other sources.

There are some circumstances where you might need to mention other sources in an abstract: for example, if your research responds directly to another study or focuses on the work of a single theorist. In general, though, don’t include citations unless absolutely necessary.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Streefkerk, R. (2024, January 17). APA Abstract (2020) | Formatting, Length, and Keywords. Scribbr. Retrieved February 18, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-abstract/

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / How to write an APA abstract

How to write an APA abstract

An APA abstract is a short summary designed to help a reader decide if they are going to read the entire paper. An effective abstract will communicate your hypothesis, method, and results while also creating credibility for yourself as the author. An abstract will also make it easier for new readers to find your work.

In this guide, you will learn how to format an APA abstract. It begins with an overview of the key aspects included with an abstract and ends with a set of real APA abstract examples that you can look at.

The information in this guide comes straight from the source: The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7 th edition. Most of the relevant information comes from Section 2.9.

Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:

What is an APA abstract page?

How to format an apa abstract, paragraph format vs. structured format, adding a keywords section after your apa abstract, about apa formatting and the apa style guide.

While the abstract page plays an important role in getting the reader interested, it is not a sales pitch. It’s about reporting, not commenting. That means that it should accurately reflect each key aspect of your paper.  In other words, it is a concise, comprehensive summary of your paper.

This is where you describe the problem you were exploring, the methods you used to explore it, and the results or conclusions of your exploration. In some cases, you might also be required to state the significance of your conclusions.

Here are some of the key aspects of an APA abstract that might be requested by the publication:

  • Basic problem : Why did this work need to be done?
  • Clearly-stated hypotheses: What was your hypothesis?
  • Methods of investigation: How did you do your research? How did you design your experiment or argument? For scientific papers, include basic sample information.
  • Results: What was the result of your study?
  • Implications: What is the significance of your findings?

Remember, the specific sections or labels in your abstract might vary based on who you are submitting to.

Qualities of a good abstract

In addition to the formatting requirements, the Publication Manual also provides some guidance on what other qualities make for a good abstract.

Here are the qualities of a good abstract as defined by APA. You can find more information on how to formulate a great abstract in chapter 3.

  • Accurate: The most important thing is that your abstract accurately reflects the contents and purpose of your paper. The general rule of thumb for accuracy is, if it doesn’t appear in your paper, it should not appear in the abstract.
  • Non-evaluative: The APA instructs us to “Report rather than evaluate” (p.73). It is inappropriate to add any opinions or comments to the abstract.
  • Coherent and readable: Your abstract needs to be as clear as possible. Use concise, deliberate language. It helps to use verbs instead of nouns when possible (e.g., “investigated” rather than “an investigation of”).
  • Concise: Make sure every sentence is as informative as possible. There should be no “extra” words in an abstract; it’s all about getting the point across as efficiently as possible. Because abstracts are often used for academic search engines, it is good practice to use specific terms that you think people would use to find your paper.

In large part, the abstract page is formatted just like any APA paper. That means that it should be 12pt font and double-spaced the whole way through.

A properly formatted abstract will also be:

  • No more than 250 words in length.
  • Placed on its own page, immediately following the APA title page .
  • Labeled with a bold, center-justified “Abstract” at the top

It is important to note that some publications will have their own instructions on how to format the abstract. In addition, some publications require a statement of significance in addition to the abstract.

If you are submitting your paper to a journal, be sure to check the publication’s author instructions.

The abstract page of an APA paper can be presented in two ways. As the author, you have the option of presenting your abstract in either paragraph format or structured format .

Paragraph format is more common with student papers. This is a single paragraph with no indentation on the first line. The objective, method, results, and conclusions are presented one after another in a simple, narrative manner.

Structured format is similar in formatting with one key difference. This format calls for the insertion of specific labels to identify the different parts of the abstract. In other words, “Objective,” “Method,” “Results,” and “Conclusions” are presented as labels before their corresponding sentences in the abstract.

It’s important to remember that some publications have different labeling requirements. If you’re submitting your paper to a journal, be sure to check the formatting standards.

APA abstract example: Paragraph format

Let’s move on to a specific example of a properly formatted APA abstract written in paragraph format.

The following abstract is from the paper “Movement, wildness, and animal aesthetics” by Tom Greaves. Note how the first line is not indented like a normal paragraph.

The key role that animals play in our aesthetic appreciation of the natural world has only gradually been highlighted in discussions in environmental aesthetics. In this article I make use of the phenomenological notion of ‘perceptual sense’ as developed by Merleau-Ponty to argue that open-ended expressive-responsive movement is the primary aesthetic ground for our appreciation of animals. It is through their movement that the array of qualities we admire in animals are manifest qua animal qualities. Against functionalist and formalist accounts, I defend and develop an account of expressive-responsive movement as the primary perceptual sense of animals. I go on to suggest that the primacy of movement in the aesthetic appreciation of animals is also the primary sense of animal ‘wildness’, and that a key part of the rewilding paradigm should be the development of such appreciation.

In the paragraph above, Greaves uses his first sentence to explain the basic problem, and the next two sentences to describe the method. The fourth sentence presents the results, and the fifth sentence wraps things up with a conclusion.

It’s only five sentences, and it tells the reader everything they need to know about the contents of the paper.

APA abstract example: Structured format

Next up is an example of a properly formatted APA abstract written in structured format. This example uses the same abstract as above, with the addition of identifying labels.

Structured abstracts are only necessary when specifically requested by the class, institution, or journal you are submitting to. For all APA journals, these labels are bold, italicized, and capitalized.

Objective. The key role that animals play in our aesthetic appreciation of the natural world has only gradually been highlighted in discussions in environmental aesthetics. Method. In this article I make use of the phenomenological notion of ‘perceptual sense’ as developed by Merleau-Ponty to argue that open-ended expressive-responsive movement is the primary aesthetic ground for our appreciation of animals. It is through their movement that the array of qualities we admire in animals are manifest qua animal qualities. Results. Against functionalist and formalist accounts, I defend and develop an account of expressive-responsive movement as the primary perceptual sense of animals. Conclusions. I go on to suggest that the primacy of movement in the aesthetic appreciation of animals is also the primary sense of animal ‘wildness’, and that a key part of the rewilding paradigm should be the development of such appreciation.

A paper’s keywords section is intended to help people find your work. These are the acronyms, phrases, or words that describe the most important elements of your paper. Any papers submitted to an APA journal should include three to five keywords.

The keywords section is generally only required for professional papers. However, some professors and universities specifically request that it be included in student papers.

Formatting the keywords section

The keywords are presented on the same page as the abstract, one line below the end of the abstract paragraph. It begins with the label “Keywords:”, and it is italicized and indented 0.5in from the margin.

Next comes a list of the keywords separated by commas. The keywords should be lowercase, unless the keyword is a proper noun. There is no punctuation at the end of a keyword list.

APA abstract with keywords example

Take another look at the abstract example that was provided above. Here is what a set of keywords might look like for that paper, pulling between 3-5 specific terms from the abstract itself.

The keywords are placed one line below the abstract without any additional spaces.

Keywords: animals, animal aesthetics, wildness, rewilding

The information in this guide came from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7 th ed.). Chapter 2 of this book lays out the basic formatting elements for APA 7, including how to write an APA abstract.

You can also consult chapter 3.3 for more in-depth recommendations on how to formulate your abstract based on what type of paper you are writing.

Published October 27, 2020.

APA Formatting Guide

APA Formatting

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The APA Guide is a great place to start! It has everything. 

Annotated Bibliography, Abstract, & Appendices

  • Annotated Bibliography

What's an annotated bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is the full citation of a source followed by notes and commentary about a source . The word “annotate” means “critical or explanatory notes” and the word “bibliography” means “a list of sources”.  Annotations are meant to be critical in addition to being descriptive . Annotated bibliographies are useful because they present a list of resources that others can use for research, and each resource has information that describes what is in it and that evaluates it (describes what makes it unique, useful, or helpful).

Take a look at the Annotated Bibliography page of the  APA Guide   for more information. In the APA Guide you will find a short video explaining the process, anatomy of an annotated bibliography, formatting guidelines, and examples. 

position of the abstract and bibliography

What's an abstract?

The purpose of an abstract is to provide a reader with a short summary of a written work . Generally, it is one paragraph  ranging from 150 to 250 words.  A well written abstract should be accurate, non-evaluative, readable, and concise.

Take a look at our Abstract FAQ   for more information.  In this FAQ you will find the anatomy of an abstract, formatting guidelines, along with examples. 

Want to learn more? Check out APA Academic Writer's Quick Guide on Abstracts and Keywords:

position of the abstract and bibliography

Abstract and Keywords

Learn how to write an abstract and how to select keywords, including how to achieve the appropriate length, content, and format.

Academic Writer

© 2020 American Psychological Association.

What are appendices?

An appendix is a  section at the end of a paper that includes information that is too detailed for the text of the paper itself and would "burden the reader" or be "distracting," or "inappropriate" (APA, 2010, p. 38-9).​ 

Take a look at the A ppendices FAQ   for more information.  In this FAQ you will find the anatomy of an appendix, formatting guidelines, along with an example. 

Want to learn more? Check out APA Academic Writer's Quick Guide on Appendices:

position of the abstract and bibliography

Learn how to write appendices, including what content to include in appendices, how to format them, and how to discuss them in the text.

Resources for Annotated Bibliographies, Abstracts, & Appendices

  • Using NoodleTools to Create Annotated Bibliographies
  • Answers for Abstracts & Appendices
  • Annotated Bibliography How do you format an annotated bibliography? What type of information should be included? This video will answer these questions and more about what to expect when creating an annotated bibliography.
  • Revision Getting it right before handing it in.
  • APA Reference Lists and NoodleTools Software Watch this webinar to learn how NoodleTools can assist with making reference lists and annotated bibliographies.

Annotated Bibliographies

  • APA Guide - Annotated Bibliographies
  • FAQ: Creating Abstracts
  • APA Guide - Appendices
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Elements of an Abstract

The elements of an abstract are:

  • Implications
  • Additional Materials

Sample Abstract from ERIC

The image below shows an example Abstract that includes the purpose, methods, results, and implications (in that order). 

example Abstract that includes the purpose, methods, results, and implications (in that order)

How to Write an Abstract

Video Tutorial

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  • Last Updated: Feb 9, 2024 10:42 AM
  • URL: https://guides.lib.purdue.edu/two_minute_tips

position of the abstract and bibliography

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position of the abstract and bibliography

Science Fair Project Abstract

What's an abstract.

An abstract is an abbreviated version of your science fair project final report. For most science fairs it is limited to a maximum of 250 words (check the rules for your competition). The science fair project abstract appears at the beginning of the report as well as on your display board.

Almost all scientists and engineers agree that an abstract should have the following five pieces:

  • Introduction . This is where you describe the purpose for doing your science fair project or invention. Why should anyone care about the work you did? You have to tell them why. Did you explain something that should cause people to change the way they go about their daily business? If you made an invention or developed a new procedure how is it better, faster, or cheaper than what is already out there? Motivate the reader to finish the abstract and read the entire paper or display board.
  • Problem Statement . Identify the problem you solved or the hypothesis you investigated.
  • Procedures . What was your approach for investigating the problem? Don't go into detail about materials unless they were critical to your success. Do describe the most important variables if you have room.
  • Results . What answer did you obtain? Be specific and use numbers to describe your results. Do not use vague terms like "most" or "some."
  • Conclusions . State what your science fair project or invention contributes to the area you worked in. Did you meet your objectives? For an engineering project state whether you met your design criteria.

Things to Avoid

  • Avoid jargon or any technical terms that most readers won't understand.
  • Avoid abbreviations or acronyms that are not commonly understood unless you describe what they mean.
  • Abstracts do not have a bibliography or citations.
  • Abstracts do not contain tables or graphs.
  • For most science fairs, the abstract must focus on the previous 12 months' research (or less), and give only minimal reference to any earlier work.
  • If you are working with a scientist or mentor, your abstract should only include procedures done by you, and you should not put acknowledgements to anyone in your abstract.

Why Is an Abstract Important?

Your science fair project abstract lets people quickly determine if they want to read the entire report. Consequently, at least ten times as many people will read your abstract as any other part of your work. It's like an advertisement for what you've done. If you want judges and the public to be excited about your science fair project, then write an exciting, engaging abstract!

Since an abstract is so short, each section is usually only one or two sentences long. Consequently, every word is important to conveying your message. If a word is boring or vague, refer to a thesaurus and find a better one! If a word is not adding something important, cut it! But, even with the abstract's brief length, don't be afraid to reinforce a key point by stating it in more than one way or referring to it in more than one section.

How to Meet the Word Limit

Most authors agree that it is harder to write a short description of something than a long one. Here's a tip: for your first draft, don't be overly concerned about the length. Just make sure you include all the key information. Then take your draft and start crossing out words, phrases, and sentences that are less important than others. Look for places where you can combine sentences in ways that shorten the total length. Put it aside for a while, then come back and re-read your draft. With a fresh eye, you'll probably find new places to cut. Before you know it you will have a tightly written abstract.

Sample Abstract .

Science Fair Project Abstract Checklist

Explore our science videos.

position of the abstract and bibliography

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APA Citations (7th ed.)

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  • Professional Paper Elements - Title Page
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More Resources

Need more examples of abstracts?

Check out the APA 7th Ed. Manual! It has multiple sample papers, including abstract examples!

Examples start on p. 50 of the manual (available in the reference section, second floor of the library).

Information on the various types of abstracts for different paper styles begins on p. 74.

Abstracts Introduction

Often, abstracts are included in professional papers to provide a short summary of a larger work. Abstracts allow the reader to quickly decide if they want to read the larger work.

For some student papers, you may be asked by your instructor to include an abstract. The page will cover how to format an abstract, the qualities of a good abstract, and an example abstract.

Again, please check with your instructor to know if you need to include an abstract with your paper or research project .

Qualities of a Good Abstract

A good abstract is:

  • Accurate : Ensure that the abstract reflects the purpose and content of the paper. If the study extends or replicates previous research, cite the relevant work with an author-date citation.
  • Nonevaluative : Report rather than evaluate; do not add to or comment on what is in the body of the paper.
  • Coherent and readable : Write in clear and deliberate language. Use active rather than passive voice. Use present tense ro describe conclusions or results. Use past tense to describe variables that were manipulated or outcomes measured.
  • Concise : Be brief and begin the abstract with the most important points. Include only the four or five most important concepts, findings, or implications.

Formatting for Abstracts

Follow these rules for correct formatting of your abstract:

  • Abstracts should appear on their own page after the title page (i.e., page 2)
  • Write the second label "Abstract" in bold title case, centered at the top of the page, and place the abstract below the label
  • Abstracts are typically limited to no more than 250 words
  • Abstracts may appear in paragraph or structured format. Both are written as a single paragraph without indentation. If you are using structured format, labels are inserted to identify various sections (e.g., Objective, Method, Results, Conclusions).
  • Include keywords one line below the abstract if requested. Write the label " Keywords:"  (in italics), indented 0.5 in. like a regular paragraph, followed by the keywords in lowercase (capitalize proper nouns), separated by commas. Second line (if needed) is not indented.

Example Abstract

position of the abstract and bibliography

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  • Last Updated: Oct 26, 2022 10:46 AM
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How do I cite an abstract?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Very few circumstances call for citing an abstract.

Never cite an abstract as a short-cut, a way of avoiding reading and citing the full published work. This is akin to citing the summary of a work that you would find on a book jacket or on a site like CliffsNotes . If you cite an abstract in lieu of the work it summarizes, you are shortchanging both the author and yourself: you are not accurately representing the author’s complete work, which may contain key information that is missing from the abstract, and you lose the experience of reading and engaging with the author’s extended argument and the evidence that supports it.

If you are doing most of your research online, it may be tempting to cite an abstract because many online journals and databases allow you to see an article’s abstract but won’t let you read the full article without a subscription. When you run into this barrier, you’ll have to access the full article some other way—either in hard copy at a library or through a university or other institution’s subscription to an online database that contains the essay in full.

It only makes sense to cite an abstract if you are writing about the abstract as an abstract and not about the work it summarizes: for instance, if you are writing about different styles of writing abstracts used in the sciences and humanities.

If you do need to create a works-cited-list entry for an abstract, follow the MLA format template . List the author of the abstract followed by a description in place of a title. Then list the title of the publication in which the abstract appears as the title of the container. Then list the publication details:

“One abstract effectively piques the reader’s interest with its opening question: ‘What does it mean to be a reader of a novel?'”(Ong). Work Cited Ong, Yi-Ping. Abstract of “Anna Karenina Reads on the Train: Readerly Subjectivity and the Poetics of the Novel.” PMLA , vol. 133, no. 5, Oct. 2018, p. 1302.

You will find an example of a justifiable, and necessary, citation of an abstract in a recent Style Center post that discusses how to write an abstract .

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Information Technology (UNH Manchester): Writing Abstracts and Annotated Bibliographies

  • Scholarly Communication
  • Advanced Search Skills
  • Writing Abstracts and Annotated Bibliographies
  • Evaluating Sources

Abstract Writing Tips

   "An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger work. Components vary according to discipline; an abstract of a social science or scientific work may contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work. An abstract of a humanities work may contain the thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work. An abstract is not a review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted. While it contains key words found in the larger work, the abstract is an original document rather than an excerpted passage."  - The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

  • University of Mississippi Writing Center
  • CSU's Guide to Writing Abstracts
  • The OWL at Purdue - Writing Report Abstracts

Annotated Bibliography Tips

"An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited." - Reference Department, Olin and Uris Libraries, Cornell University.

  • How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography - Cornell University
  • The OWL at Purdue - Annotated Bibliographies
  • USCS Library - How to write an annotated bibliography
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  • Next: Evaluating Sources >>
  • Last Updated: Jan 17, 2024 1:23 PM
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DOC 3 Annotated Bibliography

  • Annotated Bibliography
  • Abstract VS Annotations
  • Critical Appraisal & Analysis
  • Sample Annotations
  • Creating Annotations

Abstract vs. Annotation

Annotations ≠ abstracts, how are abstracts different from annotations.

Annotations serve a different function from that of abstracts.

Annotations are evaluations of sources written by someone researching a topic. An annotation will describe the work and may give the background of its author, but they also critique the resource and explain its strengths and weaknesses.

  • An abstract is an author/editor written preview of their own work.
  • An annotation is a description and evaluation of the work written by a student, researcher, or scholar.

Confused? Let's think about it this way:

Move Trailer VS Movie Reviews

Ghostbusters Answer the Call Movie Poster for Trailer

When a movie is released, the movie studio puts out a trailer (and some billboards) that advertise the movie to us. These previews aim to give us a taste of what the movie is about in order to encourage us to go see the entire film. A movie trailer is the film world's version of an abstract.

Movies are also reviewed by columnists at the New York Times and other papers, as well as by movie fans on blogs and on social media. These reviewers provide us with an overview of the film's plot, some background on its director and cast, and a critique of the film as a whole. As a movie review is a description and evaluation of a film, it functions like an annotation.

This information was adapted with permission from the following:  Annotated bibliographies , Pierce College Library.

  • << Previous: Annotated Bibliography
  • Next: Critical Appraisal & Analysis >>
  • Last Updated: Jan 5, 2024 2:44 PM
  • URL: https://ucsd.libguides.com/c.php?g=1293948

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Annotated Bibliographies

  • Annotations vs. Abstracts
  • Descriptive Annotations
  • Critical Annotations
  • Evaluating your Annotations
  • Sample APA Annotations
  • Sample MLA Annotations

Want to know even more about abstracts and annotations?

See Eastern Nazarene College's great " Annotated Bibliography Guide " (our guide is based on this).

Annotations v. Abstracts

An Abstract and an Annotation are NOT the same thing!

An ABSTRACT  precedes the journal article and is a summary of the main points or topics the article will discuss. The abstract is written by the author of the article, or an editor, and is intended to help you decide whether or not the work is relevant enough for you to read in full.

An example of an abstract - taken from an article found in Academic Search Complete - is shown below.

Isn't an annotation also a short description of the work?

Yes, but annotations serve a different function from that of abstracts.

ANNOTATIONS are evaluations  of sources written by someone researching a topic. An annotation will describe the work and may give the background of its author, but they also critique the resource and explain its strengths and weaknesses.

To sum up: an abstract is an author/editor written preview of their own work; an annotation is a description and evaluation of the work written by a student, researcher, or scholar.

Confused? Let's think about it this way:  

position of the abstract and bibliography

MOVIE TRAILERS             vs.        MOVIE REVIEWS

When a movie is released, the movie studio puts out a trailer (and some billboards) that advertise the movie to us. These previews aim to give us a taste of what the movie is about in order to encourage us to go see the entire film. A movie trailer is the film world's version of an abstract.

Movies are also reviewed by columnists at the New York Times and other papers, as well as by movie fans on blogs and on social media. These reviewers provide us with an overview of the film's plot, some background on its director and cast, and a critique of the film as a whole. As a movie review is a description and evaluation of a film, it functions like an annotation.

  • << Previous: Annotations 101
  • Next: Descriptive Annotations >>
  • Last Updated: Jan 30, 2024 3:23 PM
  • URL: https://library.piercecollege.edu/annotatedbib

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Annotated Bibliography

  • Annotations vs. Abstracts
  • Descriptive Annotations
  • Critical Annotations
  • MLA example
  • APA example
  • Accessibility

Annotations v. Abstracts

An Abstract and an Annotation are NOT the same thing !

An ABSTRACT  precedes the journal article and is a summary of the main points or topics the article will discuss. The abstract is written by the author of the article, or an editor, and is intended to help you decide whether or not the work is relevant enough for you to read in full.

An example of an abstract - taken from an article found in Academic Search Complete - is shown below.

Isn't an annotation also a short description of the work?

Yes, but annotations serve a different function from that of abstracts.

ANNOTATIONS are evaluations  of sources written by someone researching a topic. An annotation will describe the work and may give the background of its author, but they also critique the resource and explain its strengths and weaknesses.

To sum up: an abstract is an author/editor written preview of their own work; an annotation is a description and evaluation of the work written by a student, researcher, or scholar.

  Confused? Let's think about it this way:  

position of the abstract and bibliography

MOVIE TRAILERS vs. MOVIE REVIEWS

When a movie is released, the movie studio puts out a trailer (and some billboards) that advertise the movie to us. These previews aim to give us a taste of what the movie is about in order to encourage us to go see the entire film. A movie trailer is the film world's version of an abstract.

Movies are also reviewed by columnists at the New York Times and other papers, as well as by movie fans on blogs and on social media. These reviewers provide us with an overview of the film's plot, some background on its director and cast, and a critique of the film as a whole. As a movie review is a description and evaluation of a film, it functions like an annotation.

  • << Previous: Annotated Bibliography 101
  • Next: Descriptive Annotations >>
  • Last Updated: Dec 6, 2023 12:41 PM
  • URL: https://pgcc.libguides.com/Annotated_Bibliography

position of the abstract and bibliography

Chemical Communications

Key role of subsurface doping in optimizing active sites of iro2 for oxygen evolution reaction.

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) over a family of metal-doped rutile IrO2 catalysts is theoretically investigated by controlling the species and position of doping elements. The subsurface substitution doping is demenstared to efficiently regulate the eg-filling of surface iridium sites and weaken adsorption energy of oxygen intermediates, improving catalytic activity for OER. Finally, subsurface Cu- and Li- doped IrO2 are screened to stands near the top of volcano plot and possess high structural stability toward acidic OER.

Supplementary files

  • Supplementary information PDF (830K)

Article information

Download citation, permissions.

position of the abstract and bibliography

X. Han, L. Shi, H. Chen and X. Zou, Chem. Commun. , 2024, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D4CC00075G

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content .

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What is position of the abstract and bibliography?

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A periodical article that includes an abstract bibliography and footnotes would most likely be found in what?

A scholarly journal

Where is planet alignment?

Alignment is an abstract noun and as such it does not possess position.

What is the word point means in math?

A point is an abstract concept which describes a location or position in mathematical space. It has no length, breadth or width - it is dimensionless.A point is an abstract concept which describes a location or position in mathematical space. It has no length, breadth or width - it is dimensionless.A point is an abstract concept which describes a location or position in mathematical space. It has no length, breadth or width - it is dimensionless.A point is an abstract concept which describes a location or position in mathematical space. It has no length, breadth or width - it is dimensionless.

What is the abstract noun for leadership?

The noun 'leadership' is an abstract noun, a word for a capacity or ability to lead, guidance; a position as head of a group; a word for a concept.

What is the abstract noun of captain?

The noun captain is an abstract noun as a word for the position, title, or the rank of a person.The noun captain is a concrete noun as a word for a person.

Is chieftain an abstract noun?

No, the noun 'chieftain' is a concrete noun, a word for a person.The abstract noun form is chieftainship, a word for the position held by a chieftain, a word for a concept.

Is appointment a abstract noun?

Yes, the noun 'appointment' is an abstract noun; a word for a scheduled time and place to be; a word for an act of assigning a job or position to someone; a word for a concept.

What is the abstract for king?

The abstract noun for the concrete noun 'king' is kingship, the position held as a ruler.The noun kingship is a concrete noun when it refers to the lands ruled by a king, i.e. his kingdom.

Do you need an aim in your science fair?

yes for a good science fair you would you need a title, question, aim, abstract, hypothesis, method, variables, results, conclusion, bibliography and thanks

What has the author Meredith J Morris written?

Meredith J. Morris has written: 'An abstract bibliography of statistical methods in grassland research' -- subject(s): Research, Range management, Meadows

Attitude is what kind of noun?

The noun 'attitude' is a singular, common, abstract noun; a word for a manner of thinking, feeling, or behaving that reflects a state of mind; a position of the body or a figure; the position of something in relation to something else.

What is abstract noun for king?

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  4. How to write an annotated bibliography step-by-step with examples

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COMMENTS

  1. LibGuides: Writing: Abstract & Annotated Bibliography

    Abstract A brief summary of the research contents Provides quick information about the topic including problem, methodology, participants (if any), findings, and conclusion. Qualities of a good abstract: Accurate Non-evaluative Coherent and readable Active Voice Present verb tense to describe conclusions

  2. How to Write an Abstract

    Learn how to write an abstract for a dissertation or thesis using the IMRaD structure: Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion. Find out when and how to write an abstract, what keywords to use, and see examples of abstracts in different disciplines.

  3. Writing an Abstract for Your Research Paper

    Definition and Purpose of Abstracts An abstract is a short summary of your (published or unpublished) research paper, usually about a paragraph (c. 6-7 sentences, 150-250 words) long. A well-written abstract serves multiple purposes: an abstract lets readers get the gist or essence of your paper or article quickly, in order to decide whether to….

  4. APA Abstract (2020)

    Learn how to write and format an APA abstract for your paper in APA Style 7th edition. Find out the purpose, length, keywords, and structure of an abstract, and see an example and a citation generator.

  5. How to Write an Abstract

    Learn how to write an abstract of a work, usually of an essay, that summarizes its main points and argument. Follow the guidelines for format, style, and content of an abstract, and see an example of a concise and effective abstract.

  6. PDF Abstract and Keywords Guide, APA Style 7th Edition

    Learn how to write and format an abstract and keywords for your paper in APA Style 7th Edition. Find out the recommended fonts, placement, and content for each element of your abstract and keywords.

  7. How to write an APA abstract

    Learn how to format an APA abstract with the key aspects, qualities, and examples of an effective abstract. Find out the difference between paragraph format and structured format, and how to add a keywords section after your abstract.

  8. Annotated Bibliographies, Abstracts, & Appendices

    What's an annotated bibliography? An annotated bibliography is the full citation of a source followed by notes and commentary about a source. The word "annotate" means "critical or explanatory notes" and the word "bibliography" means "a list of sources". Annotations are meant to be critical in addition to being descriptive ...

  9. How to write an abstract/annotation

    Two Minute Tips for Education Students Elements of an Abstract The elements of an abstract are: Purpose Methods Results Implications Additional Materials Sample Abstract from ERIC The image below shows an example Abstract that includes the purpose, methods, results, and implications (in that order). How to Write an Abstract

  10. How to write an abstract in MLA format

    The margin of the abstract should be 1 inch from all sides of the paper (i.e., right and left as well as top and bottom). Indent the first line of every paragraph by ½ an inch. All the acronyms that are included in the abstract must be spelled out. No citation or footnotes are required for an MLA style abstract.

  11. How to Write a Science Fair Project Abstract

    Introduction. This is where you describe the purpose for doing your science fair project or invention. Why should anyone care about the work you did? You have to tell them why. Did you explain something that should cause people to change the way they go about their daily business?

  12. Abstracts

    A good abstract is: Accurate: Ensure that the abstract reflects the purpose and content of the paper.If the study extends or replicates previous research, cite the relevant work with an author-date citation. Nonevaluative: Report rather than evaluate; do not add to or comment on what is in the body of the paper.; Coherent and readable: Write in clear and deliberate language.

  13. How do I cite an abstract?

    If you cite an abstract in lieu of the work it summarizes, you are shortchanging both the author and yourself: you are not accurately representing the author's complete work, which may contain key information that is missing from the abstract, and you lose the experience of reading and engaging with the author's extended argument and the evidenc...

  14. How to Cite an Abstract in APA

    The citation that includes the author and year would then come at the end of the statement in parentheses. These in-text citations refer the reader to the bibliography page for the full citation. Footnotes are useful when you want to insert a citation without interrupting the flow of the sentence or paragraph. Footnotes include a superscript ...

  15. PDF Science Fair Projects: A Quick Guide to Abstracts

    An abstract is a brief, written description of your project that explains your project's purpose, procedures, data, and conclusions. It is a self-contained summary that tells the reader why they should care about your project and what you found out. The abstract is concise, but complete—it communicates the essence of your project.

  16. Information Technology (UNH Manchester): Writing Abstracts and

    Abstract Writing Tips "An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger work. Components vary according to discipline; an abstract of a social science or scientific work may contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work.

  17. Order and Components

    Abstract Dedication, Acknowledgements, and Preface (each optional) Table of Contents, with page numbers List of Tables, List of Figures, or List of Illustrations, with titles and page numbers (if applicable) List of Abbreviations (if applicable) List of Symbols (if applicable) Chapters, including: Introduction, if any

  18. MLA annotated bibliography

    A bibliography is similar to a ... The position of the abstract is generally after the title of the paper, before the paper starts. The purpose of the abstract is to summarize the points discussed in the paper, such as the aim of the paper, the methods used to construct the paper, the information that has been included, the discussion about the ...

  19. APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

    Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats. Basic Rules ... The materials collected here do not express the views of, or positions held by, Purdue University. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

  20. Abstract VS Annotations

    A movie trailer is the film world's version of an abstract. Movies are also reviewed by columnists at the New York Times and other papers, as well as by movie fans on blogs and on social media. These reviewers provide us with an overview of the film's plot, some background on its director and cast, and a critique of the film as a whole.

  21. LibGuides: Annotated Bibliographies: Annotations vs. Abstracts

    Abstracts An Abstract and an Annotation are NOT the same thing! An ABSTRACT precedes the journal article and is a summary of the main points or topics the article will discuss. The abstract is written by the author of the article, or an editor, and is intended to help you decide whether or not the work is relevant enough for you to read in full.

  22. LibGuides: Annotated Bibliography: Annotations vs. Abstracts

    An ABSTRACT precedes the journal article and is a summary of the main points or topics the article will discuss. The abstract is written by the author of the article, or an editor, and is intended to help you decide whether or not the work is relevant enough for you to read in full.

  23. Key Role of Subsurface Doping in Optimizing Active Sites of IrO2 for

    Abstract The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) over a family of metal-doped rutile IrO2 catalysts is theoretically investigated by controlling the species and position of doping elements. The subsurface substitution doping is demenstared to efficiently regulate the eg-filling of surface iridium sites and weaken adsorption energy of oxygen ...

  24. Electromagnetism

    Jacob Barandes - manuscript Standard lore holds that magnetic forces are incapable of doing mechanical work. More precisely, the claim is that whenever it appears that a magnetic force is doing work, the work is actually being done by another force, with the magnetic force serving only as an indirect mediator.

  25. What is position of the abstract and bibliography?

    The abstract noun for the concrete noun 'king' is kingship, the position held as a ruler.The noun kingship is a concrete noun when it refers to the lands ruled by a king, i.e. his kingdom....