types of research presentations

Princeton Correspondents on Undergraduate Research

How to Make a Successful Research Presentation

Turning a research paper into a visual presentation is difficult; there are pitfalls, and navigating the path to a brief, informative presentation takes time and practice. As a TA for  GEO/WRI 201: Methods in Data Analysis & Scientific Writing this past fall, I saw how this process works from an instructor’s standpoint. I’ve presented my own research before, but helping others present theirs taught me a bit more about the process. Here are some tips I learned that may help you with your next research presentation:

More is more

In general, your presentation will always benefit from more practice, more feedback, and more revision. By practicing in front of friends, you can get comfortable with presenting your work while receiving feedback. It is hard to know how to revise your presentation if you never practice. If you are presenting to a general audience, getting feedback from someone outside of your discipline is crucial. Terms and ideas that seem intuitive to you may be completely foreign to someone else, and your well-crafted presentation could fall flat.

Less is more

Limit the scope of your presentation, the number of slides, and the text on each slide. In my experience, text works well for organizing slides, orienting the audience to key terms, and annotating important figures–not for explaining complex ideas. Having fewer slides is usually better as well. In general, about one slide per minute of presentation is an appropriate budget. Too many slides is usually a sign that your topic is too broad.

types of research presentations

Limit the scope of your presentation

Don’t present your paper. Presentations are usually around 10 min long. You will not have time to explain all of the research you did in a semester (or a year!) in such a short span of time. Instead, focus on the highlight(s). Identify a single compelling research question which your work addressed, and craft a succinct but complete narrative around it.

You will not have time to explain all of the research you did. Instead, focus on the highlights. Identify a single compelling research question which your work addressed, and craft a succinct but complete narrative around it.

Craft a compelling research narrative

After identifying the focused research question, walk your audience through your research as if it were a story. Presentations with strong narrative arcs are clear, captivating, and compelling.

  • Introduction (exposition — rising action)

Orient the audience and draw them in by demonstrating the relevance and importance of your research story with strong global motive. Provide them with the necessary vocabulary and background knowledge to understand the plot of your story. Introduce the key studies (characters) relevant in your story and build tension and conflict with scholarly and data motive. By the end of your introduction, your audience should clearly understand your research question and be dying to know how you resolve the tension built through motive.

types of research presentations

  • Methods (rising action)

The methods section should transition smoothly and logically from the introduction. Beware of presenting your methods in a boring, arc-killing, ‘this is what I did.’ Focus on the details that set your story apart from the stories other people have already told. Keep the audience interested by clearly motivating your decisions based on your original research question or the tension built in your introduction.

  • Results (climax)

Less is usually more here. Only present results which are clearly related to the focused research question you are presenting. Make sure you explain the results clearly so that your audience understands what your research found. This is the peak of tension in your narrative arc, so don’t undercut it by quickly clicking through to your discussion.

  • Discussion (falling action)

By now your audience should be dying for a satisfying resolution. Here is where you contextualize your results and begin resolving the tension between past research. Be thorough. If you have too many conflicts left unresolved, or you don’t have enough time to present all of the resolutions, you probably need to further narrow the scope of your presentation.

  • Conclusion (denouement)

Return back to your initial research question and motive, resolving any final conflicts and tying up loose ends. Leave the audience with a clear resolution of your focus research question, and use unresolved tension to set up potential sequels (i.e. further research).

Use your medium to enhance the narrative

Visual presentations should be dominated by clear, intentional graphics. Subtle animation in key moments (usually during the results or discussion) can add drama to the narrative arc and make conflict resolutions more satisfying. You are narrating a story written in images, videos, cartoons, and graphs. While your paper is mostly text, with graphics to highlight crucial points, your slides should be the opposite. Adapting to the new medium may require you to create or acquire far more graphics than you included in your paper, but it is necessary to create an engaging presentation.

The most important thing you can do for your presentation is to practice and revise. Bother your friends, your roommates, TAs–anybody who will sit down and listen to your work. Beyond that, think about presentations you have found compelling and try to incorporate some of those elements into your own. Remember you want your work to be comprehensible; you aren’t creating experts in 10 minutes. Above all, try to stay passionate about what you did and why. You put the time in, so show your audience that it’s worth it.

For more insight into research presentations, check out these past PCUR posts written by Emma and Ellie .

— Alec Getraer, Natural Sciences Correspondent

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types of research presentations

Research presentation: A comprehensive guide

Learn how to choose a topic, conduct research, create visuals, and deliver your presentation with confidence.

Raja Bothra

Building presentations

team preparing research presentation

Hey there, fellow knowledge seekers!

Today, we're diving deep into the world of research presentations.

Whether you're a student gearing up for your undergraduate research showcase or a professional preparing for a crucial job interview, mastering the art of delivering an effective research presentation is a valuable skill.

What is a research presentation?

A research presentation is a means to communicate your findings, insights, and discoveries to an audience, be it in a classroom, at a conference, or in a boardroom. It's your opportunity to showcase your expertise and share the results of your hard work.

Purpose of a research presentation

Before we dive into the intricacies of creating a stellar research presentation, let's explore the underlying reasons that make these presentations indispensable. The purpose of a research presentation is not merely to present data but to serve as a powerful tool for communication and engagement.

Sharing knowledge

At its core, a research presentation is a conduit for sharing knowledge, disseminating your research findings, and illuminating the uncharted realms of your work. It's about taking the complex and making it comprehensible, even captivating.

Academic evaluation

In the realm of academia, research presentations play a pivotal role in the evaluation process. They are your platform to defend a dissertation or thesis with vigor and confidence. Moreover, they are your plea for research funding, where your passion and precision could tip the scales in your favor.

Professional communication

Beyond the academic sphere, research presentations find a home in the corporate world, such as job interview s. In these scenarios, your presentation serves as a bridge, connecting your ideas with potential employers. It's an opportunity to demonstrate not just your research skills but also your ability to communicate them effectively.

The bigger picture

Your research presentation is more than just slides and data; it's an embodiment of your dedication and expertise. It's a tool for persuading, inspiring, and inciting action. It's a gateway to engage, educate, and advocate, whether in academic circles, professional settings, or public platforms.

A universal canvas

Regardless of the context, the core objectives of a research presentation remain constant:

  • Dissemination of information : Sharing insights and discoveries for the collective advancement of knowledge.
  • Engagement : Creating a presentation that captivates and effectively conveys complex ideas.
  • Feedback and discussion : Welcoming questions, feedback, and discussions that refine and expand your research.
  • Peer review : Serving as part of the peer-review process in academia, where experts evaluate the quality and validity of your work.
  • Educational : Actively contributing to education by disseminating valuable information about a particular topic or research area.
  • Persuasion : In cases like grant applications, presentations aim to persuade the audience to support or fund the research project.
  • Networking : An opportunity to connect with peers, professionals, and stakeholders interested in your field.
  • Professional development : A chance to enhance your communication skills and professional development.
  • Public awareness : Raising public awareness about significant issues or findings that have a direct impact on society.

Your research presentation is not merely a sequence of slides but a powerful tool for communication and connection. Whether you're in the academic realm, the corporate world, or the public sphere, your ability to convey your research clearly and engagingly is pivotal to your success. Remember, you're not just presenting data; you're sharing knowledge, engaging your audience, and advocating for a cause.

Different types of research presentation

Research presentations are as diverse as the research itself, and the choice of presentation format is crucial. It depends on factors like the audience, the research's nature, and the specific goals of the presentation. Let's explore the myriad forms research presentations can take:

1. Oral presentations

  • Conference presentations : These formal presentations are typically held at academic conferences, where researchers present their findings to a specialized audience. It's a platform for in-depth discussions and peer feedback.
  • Seminar presentations : Often conducted at universities or research institutions, these presentations delve deep into research topics, encouraging detailed discussions and expert insights.
  • Lecture series : A series of lectures focused on a particular research topic, usually organized by universities. These sessions offer a comprehensive exploration of a subject.

2. Poster presentations

  • Conference posters : Visual presentations of research findings displayed on large posters, commonly used at academic conferences. They provide a snapshot of research, making complex data more accessible.
  • Academic fairs : Frequently used to showcase research projects at the undergraduate or high school level. These exhibitions make research engaging for students.

3. Online/webinar presentations

  • Webinars : Online presentations where researchers share their work with a remote audience. These presentations often include interactive elements, like Q&A sessions.
  • Online workshops : Hands-on, interactive presentations that teach research methodologies or specific skills. Ideal for engaging the audience in a virtual setting.

4. Thesis or dissertation defense: Researchers defend their doctoral or master's theses or dissertations before a committee. It involves explaining their research in-depth and responding to questions.

5. Ignite or pecha kucha presentations : These are fast-paced presentations where presenters use a fixed number of slides and limited time per slide to convey their research succinctly. It's a dynamic format that encourages clarity and conciseness.

6. Panel discussions: Researchers participate in a discussion alongside other experts, sharing their perspectives on a specific topic

or research area. These discussions provide a well-rounded view of the subject.

7. TED talks or public lectures: Researchers present their work to a general audience in an engaging and accessible manner. The focus is on making complex ideas understandable and captivating.

8. Corporate research presentations: Researchers may present their findings to colleagues, executives, or stakeholders in a business or industry setting. These presentations often have practical applications and implications for the company.

9. Pitch presentations: Researchers may need to pitch their research project to potential funders , collaborators, or sponsors. This format requires the ability to convey the research's value and potential impact effectively.

10. Media interviews: Researchers can present their work through interviews with journalists, on television, radio, podcasts, or in written articles. The challenge here is to convey complex ideas to a broad audience.

11. Educational workshops: These presentations occur in an educational context, where researchers teach others about a particular subject or research method. It's a way to transfer knowledge and skills effectively.

12. Research reports: These formal written reports communicate research findings and are presented in a document format. They are often used for thorough documentation and publication.

13. Interactive exhibits: Researchers create interactive exhibits at science centers or museums to engage the public with their research. It's about making research accessible and engaging to a wide audience.

14. Government or policy briefings: Researchers may present their work to policymakers, helping to inform decision-making. These presentations have a direct impact on policy and require clarity and relevance.

15. Peer review: In the academic realm, researchers present their work to a group of peers for constructive feedback before formal publication. It's an essential step in ensuring the quality and validity of research.

In the world of research presentations, adaptability is key. Researchers often need to tailor their content and style to suit the context and meet the expectations of their audience. Remember, the choice of presentation type should align with your goals and the nature of your research. Each format has its unique strengths and is a valuable tool for sharing knowledge, engaging your audience, and achieving your research objectives.

What should a research presentation include?

A research presentation is not just a random assortment of slides; it's a meticulously crafted narrative that informs, engages, and inspires. Regardless of the type of presentation you opt for, there are some indispensable components to consider:

Introduction: Your presentation journey begins with the introduction—a compelling opening act. This is where you introduce your topic, explain its significance, and clearly state your research question or hypothesis. Think of it as setting the stage for the story you're about to tell.

Background: The background section is your opportunity to equip your audience with the necessary context to grasp the intricacies of your research. This may encompass discussions on relevant theories, prior research, and fundamental concepts that lay the foundation for your work. It's about ensuring your audience starts on the same page.

Methodology: This section provides an insight into the "how" of your research. Share the methods you employed in conducting your research, such as data collection techniques, sampling procedures, and your chosen methods of analysis. It's a backstage pass to the mechanics of your study.

Results: With the methodology unveiled, it's time to present the star of the show—your findings. This section is where you shine a spotlight on your results, delivering them in a clear and concise manner. Visual aids, such as tables, graphs, and other visuals, can be invaluable allies in communicating your results effectively.

Discussion: As you transition from presenting results, you enter the realm of interpretation and discussion. Here, you dissect your findings, analyzing their implications and discussing their real-world significance. Don't forget to address the limitations of your study and suggest future research directions.

Conclusion: In the grand finale of your presentation, it's time to bring the pieces together. Summarize your main points, reiterate the importance of your research, and leave your audience with a lasting impression. A compelling conclusion can be the key to a memorable presentation.

Q&A session: Your presentation isn't just a monologue; it's a dialogue with your audience. Provide an opportunity for engagement and clarification through a Q&A session. Allow your audience to ask questions, offer feedback, and explore the nuances of your research.

Contact information: Consider including a slide with your contact information. This way, curious audience members can reach out to you with questions, feedback, or collaboration opportunities. It's a subtle but essential way to maintain the conversation beyond the presentation.

It's important to note that the specific content and length of your research presentation may vary based on your audience and time constraints. For instance, if your audience is general and diverse, dedicating more time to background and discussion can enhance comprehension. On the other hand, when presenting to experts in your field, you can streamline these sections and focus on the intricate details of your methodology and results.

How to structure an effective research presentation

Crafting an effective research presentation is akin to weaving a compelling narrative. It's about captivating your audience while imparting knowledge. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to structure a presentation that leaves a lasting impression:

Title slide : Your presentation begins with the title slide, your first impression. Include the title of your presentation, your name, affiliation, and the date. This slide sets the stage for your audience, providing essential information about what they are about to learn.

Introduction : The introduction is your opportunity to grab your audience's attention and set the stage for your presentation. Start with a hook, like a thought-provoking question, a surprising fact, or even a touch of humor if it fits naturally. Additionally, in the introduction, provide background and context for your research, clearly state your research question or objectives, and explain why your research is important or relevant.

Literature review : In this section, briefly summarize key research in your field related to your topic. Highlight gaps or areas where your research contributes. If relevant, mention theories or models that underpin your work, demonstrating your understanding of the existing body of knowledge.

Methodology : Explain the nuts and bolts of your research methods. Share the methods you used, whether they were surveys, experiments, case studies, or any other approach. Include details of data collection procedures, sample size, and data analysis techniques. If ethical considerations played a role, mention them here.

Data presentation : This is where you unveil your research findings using visuals like charts, graphs, and tables. Make sure to explain the significance of each visual and its relation to your research question, using clear and concise labels for data points. Highlight key results or trends that are critical to your narrative, making it easier for your audience to grasp the key takeaways.

Discussion : Interpret the data and discuss its implications. This section should explain how your findings relate to your research question or objectives. Address any limitations or potential sources of bias and offer insights into the broader implications and practical applications of your research. It's a critical part where you demonstrate your analytical skills and the value of your work.

Conclusion : In the grand finale of your presentation, summarize the main points and reiterate the significance of your research and its contribution to the field. Suggest potential areas for future research, inviting your audience to continue the journey and emphasizing the continuity of the research.

Q&A session : Now, it's time to engage your audience. Invite questions and be prepared to provide detailed answers and clarify any doubts. This interaction adds depth to your presentation and ensures your audience's comprehension.

References : Include a list of all the sources you cited during your presentation. This shows your commitment to sound research practices and allows your audience to delve deeper into the literature if they wish.

Acknowledgments (if necessary) : If your research received support from funding sources, collaborators, or institutions, acknowledge them at this point. Gratitude goes a long way in the academic community, and it's essential to recognize those who contributed to your work.

Additional Tips:

  • Keep your presentation concise and focused to avoid overwhelming your audience with an excess of information.
  • Use visual aids effectively, but remember, less is often more. Avoid overcrowding slides with excessive text or data.
  • Practice your presentation multiple times to ensure a smooth delivery and stay within the allotted time.
  • Engage with your audience throughout. Ask questions, encourage discussion, and make eye contact to maintain their interest.
  • Speak clearly and confidently, avoiding jargon or overly technical language whenever possible.
  • Adapt your style and level of detail to your audience's background and interests. The key to an effective research presentation lies in clear, organized, and engaging communication, ensuring your message not only informs but also captivates your audience.

Do’s and Don'ts of a Research Presentation

Delivering a successful research presentation is crucial for conveying your findings and insights effectively. Here are some do's and don'ts to keep in mind:

  • Know your audience: Tailor your presentation to your audience's background and interests. Consider whether they are experts in the field or have limited prior knowledge.
  • Structure your presentation: Organize your presentation with a clear structure. Start with an introduction, outline your methodology, present your results, and conclude with key takeaways and implications.
  • Practice: Rehearse your presentation multiple times to ensure a smooth and confident delivery. Practice also helps you manage your time effectively.
  • Use visuals: Incorporate visuals like graphs, charts, and images to make complex data more accessible. Visual aids should be clear, concise, and relevant.
  • Engage your audience: Use stories, anecdotes, or questions to capture your audience's attention and keep them engaged. Encourage questions and discussions.
  • Speak clearly and slowly: Enunciate your words clearly and avoid speaking too fast. This makes it easier for your audience to follow your presentation.
  • Keep slides simple: Limit the amount of information on each slide. Use bullet points, not paragraphs. Avoid excessive animations and transitions.
  • Cite sources: Acknowledge and cite the work of others when presenting their ideas or research. This shows academic integrity.
  • Anticipate questions: Be prepared to answer questions about your research. It demonstrates your expertise and thorough understanding of the topic.
  • Time management: Stick to your allotted time. Respect your audience's time by not going over the time limit.

Don'ts:

  • Don't overload slides: Avoid cluttered or text-heavy slides. They can overwhelm your audience and distract from your key points.
  • Don't read directly from slides: Your slides should support your presentation, not replace it. Avoid reading verbatim from your slides.
  • Don't rush: Speaking too quickly can make it hard for the audience to follow your presentation. Speak at a measured pace.
  • Don't assume prior knowledge: Don't assume that your audience is familiar with your topic. Provide sufficient background information to ensure understanding.
  • Don't wing it: Winging a research presentation can lead to disorganization and confusion. Preparation is key to a successful presentation.
  • Don't get defensive: If someone challenges your research, remain composed and open to constructive criticism. Avoid becoming defensive or confrontational.
  • Don't neglect visual design: Poorly designed visuals can detract from your presentation. Pay attention to design principles for your slides.
  • Don't oversimplify or overcomplicate: Strike a balance between simplifying complex ideas and providing enough detail for your audience to grasp the topic.
  • Don't use jargon unnecessarily: Avoid overusing technical jargon or acronyms. If you must use them, explain them for the benefit of non-experts.
  • Don't monopolize the Q&A: Give all audience members an opportunity to ask questions. Don't allow one or two people to dominate the Q&A session.

Summarizing key takeaways

  • Purpose of research presentation : Research presentations are essential for sharing knowledge, academic evaluation, professional communication, and more.
  • Types of research presentations : They come in various formats, like oral, poster, webinars, and more, and should match your goals.
  • Content of a research presentation : Typically includes an introduction, background, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, Q&A, references, and acknowledgments (if needed).
  • Structuring an effective presentation : Organize your presentation logically, use visuals, practice, engage your audience, and speak clearly.
  • Do's : Do tailor to your audience, structure well, and use visuals.
  • Don'ts : Don't overload slides, rush, assume prior knowledge, or neglect design.

1. How can I create a research presentation that stands out?

When creating your research presentation, consider using prezent, powerpoint presentation or other presentation software to help you prepare a visually appealing presentation. Utilizing presentation templates can provide you with a professional and organized look. Try to include appropriate graphics that enhance your content and help you avoid using too much text. Remember that the purpose of your presentation is to present your research in a way that your audience can follow, so use different fonts, but make sure to keep font size and style consistent for headings and content.

2. How many slides should I have in my research presentation?

A rule of thumb for creating a research presentation is to aim for approximately one to five minutes per slide. For a 15-minute presentation, you might have around 15 to 75 slides. However, the number of slides can vary depending on your content. Avoid using too much detail, and keep it simple to maintain your audience's engagement.

3. Should I use a handout as part of my research presentation?

You don't need to provide a handout as part of your research presentation, but it can be a helpful addition. Including a handout can help your audience take notes and refer back to important things you've discussed. Be sure to include your name and contact details on the handout so that your audience knows how to reach you.

4. What should I do when giving an in-person research presentation?

When giving an in-person presentation, it's essential to use a projector and present your research paper slowly and clearly. Make sure the audience can see the content from a few feet away, and use sans-serif fonts, such as Arial, for better contrast and readability. Remember not to read word for word from your presentation slides; instead, use them as a guide. Also, be prepared to answer questions as you go and engage with your audience.

5. How can I make my research presentation suitable for a symposium in the social sciences, for example?

To make your research presentation suitable for a symposium in the social sciences or any specific field, first, decide whether your audience needs a more technical or general overview of your work. Adapt the content and the appropriate graphics accordingly. Use a table of contents to help guide your presentation, and present your research in a manner that aligns with the expectations of the audience in your field. Make sure your presentation design and content are tailored to your audience and the nature of the symposium.

Create your research presentation with prezent

Creating a compelling research presentation is an essential skill for academics and professionals alike. Prezent, a powerful communication success platform, offers an innovative solution for crafting engaging and brand-compliant research presentations. With Prezent, you can save valuable time and streamline your presentation creation process. The platform's AI presentation tool combines audience preferences, personalized fingerprints, and a presentation builder to help you deliver impactful research findings.

One of the standout features of Prezent is its emphasis on brand-approved design. The platform allows you to maintain consistency with your corporate brand and marketing team's guidelines. You can access over 35,000 slides in your company's approved design, ensuring that your research presentation is always on-brand.

To further enhance your research presentation experience, Prezent offers professional services such as overnight services and dedicated presentation specialists. These services can help you refine your content, convert meeting notes into polished presentations, and brainstorm design ideas. With a strong commitment to enterprise-grade security, Prezent ensures the safety of your data through independent third-party assurance.

Ready to supercharge your research presentations? Try our free trial or book a demo today with Prezent!

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How to Make a PowerPoint Presentation of Your Research Paper

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Table of Contents

A research paper presentation is often used at conferences and in other settings where you have an opportunity to share your research, and get feedback from your colleagues. Although it may seem as simple as summarizing your research and sharing your knowledge, successful research paper PowerPoint presentation examples show us that there’s a little bit more than that involved.

In this article, we’ll highlight how to make a PowerPoint presentation from a research paper, and what to include (as well as what NOT to include). We’ll also touch on how to present a research paper at a conference.

Purpose of a Research Paper Presentation

The purpose of presenting your paper at a conference or forum is different from the purpose of conducting your research and writing up your paper. In this setting, you want to highlight your work instead of including every detail of your research. Likewise, a presentation is an excellent opportunity to get direct feedback from your colleagues in the field. But, perhaps the main reason for presenting your research is to spark interest in your work, and entice the audience to read your research paper.

So, yes, your presentation should summarize your work, but it needs to do so in a way that encourages your audience to seek out your work, and share their interest in your work with others. It’s not enough just to present your research dryly, to get information out there. More important is to encourage engagement with you, your research, and your work.

Tips for Creating Your Research Paper Presentation

In addition to basic PowerPoint presentation recommendations, which we’ll cover later in this article, think about the following when you’re putting together your research paper presentation:

  • Know your audience : First and foremost, who are you presenting to? Students? Experts in your field? Potential funders? Non-experts? The truth is that your audience will probably have a bit of a mix of all of the above. So, make sure you keep that in mind as you prepare your presentation.

Know more about: Discover the Target Audience .

  • Your audience is human : In other words, they may be tired, they might be wondering why they’re there, and they will, at some point, be tuning out. So, take steps to help them stay interested in your presentation. You can do that by utilizing effective visuals, summarize your conclusions early, and keep your research easy to understand.
  • Running outline : It’s not IF your audience will drift off, or get lost…it’s WHEN. Keep a running outline, either within the presentation or via a handout. Use visual and verbal clues to highlight where you are in the presentation.
  • Where does your research fit in? You should know of work related to your research, but you don’t have to cite every example. In addition, keep references in your presentation to the end, or in the handout. Your audience is there to hear about your work.
  • Plan B : Anticipate possible questions for your presentation, and prepare slides that answer those specific questions in more detail, but have them at the END of your presentation. You can then jump to them, IF needed.

What Makes a PowerPoint Presentation Effective?

You’ve probably attended a presentation where the presenter reads off of their PowerPoint outline, word for word. Or where the presentation is busy, disorganized, or includes too much information. Here are some simple tips for creating an effective PowerPoint Presentation.

  • Less is more: You want to give enough information to make your audience want to read your paper. So include details, but not too many, and avoid too many formulas and technical jargon.
  • Clean and professional : Avoid excessive colors, distracting backgrounds, font changes, animations, and too many words. Instead of whole paragraphs, bullet points with just a few words to summarize and highlight are best.
  • Know your real-estate : Each slide has a limited amount of space. Use it wisely. Typically one, no more than two points per slide. Balance each slide visually. Utilize illustrations when needed; not extraneously.
  • Keep things visual : Remember, a PowerPoint presentation is a powerful tool to present things visually. Use visual graphs over tables and scientific illustrations over long text. Keep your visuals clean and professional, just like any text you include in your presentation.

Know more about our Scientific Illustrations Services .

Another key to an effective presentation is to practice, practice, and then practice some more. When you’re done with your PowerPoint, go through it with friends and colleagues to see if you need to add (or delete excessive) information. Double and triple check for typos and errors. Know the presentation inside and out, so when you’re in front of your audience, you’ll feel confident and comfortable.

How to Present a Research Paper

If your PowerPoint presentation is solid, and you’ve practiced your presentation, that’s half the battle. Follow the basic advice to keep your audience engaged and interested by making eye contact, encouraging questions, and presenting your information with enthusiasm.

We encourage you to read our articles on how to present a scientific journal article and tips on giving good scientific presentations .

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How to make a scientific presentation

How to make a scientific presentation

Scientific presentation outlines

Questions to ask yourself before you write your talk, 1. how much time do you have, 2. who will you speak to, 3. what do you want the audience to learn from your talk, step 1: outline your presentation, step 2: plan your presentation slides, step 3: make the presentation slides, slide design, text elements, animations and transitions, step 4: practice your presentation, final thoughts, frequently asked questions about preparing scientific presentations, related articles.

A good scientific presentation achieves three things: you communicate the science clearly, your research leaves a lasting impression on your audience, and you enhance your reputation as a scientist.

But, what is the best way to prepare for a scientific presentation? How do you start writing a talk? What details do you include, and what do you leave out?

It’s tempting to launch into making lots of slides. But, starting with the slides can mean you neglect the narrative of your presentation, resulting in an overly detailed, boring talk.

The key to making an engaging scientific presentation is to prepare the narrative of your talk before beginning to construct your presentation slides. Planning your talk will ensure that you tell a clear, compelling scientific story that will engage the audience.

In this guide, you’ll find everything you need to know to make a good oral scientific presentation, including:

  • The different types of oral scientific presentations and how they are delivered;
  • How to outline a scientific presentation;
  • How to make slides for a scientific presentation.

Our advice results from delving into the literature on writing scientific talks and from our own experiences as scientists in giving and listening to presentations. We provide tips and best practices for giving scientific talks in a separate post.

There are two main types of scientific talks:

  • Your talk focuses on a single study . Typically, you tell the story of a single scientific paper. This format is common for short talks at contributed sessions in conferences.
  • Your talk describes multiple studies. You tell the story of multiple scientific papers. It is crucial to have a theme that unites the studies, for example, an overarching question or problem statement, with each study representing specific but different variations of the same theme. Typically, PhD defenses, invited seminars, lectures, or talks for a prospective employer (i.e., “job talks”) fall into this category.

➡️ Learn how to prepare an excellent thesis defense

The length of time you are allotted for your talk will determine whether you will discuss a single study or multiple studies, and which details to include in your story.

The background and interests of your audience will determine the narrative direction of your talk, and what devices you will use to get their attention. Will you be speaking to people specializing in your field, or will the audience also contain people from disciplines other than your own? To reach non-specialists, you will need to discuss the broader implications of your study outside your field.

The needs of the audience will also determine what technical details you will include, and the language you will use. For example, an undergraduate audience will have different needs than an audience of seasoned academics. Students will require a more comprehensive overview of background information and explanations of jargon but will need less technical methodological details.

Your goal is to speak to the majority. But, make your talk accessible to the least knowledgeable person in the room.

This is called the thesis statement, or simply the “take-home message”. Having listened to your talk, what message do you want the audience to take away from your presentation? Describe the main idea in one or two sentences. You want this theme to be present throughout your presentation. Again, the thesis statement will depend on the audience and the type of talk you are giving.

Your thesis statement will drive the narrative for your talk. By deciding the take-home message you want to convince the audience of as a result of listening to your talk, you decide how the story of your talk will flow and how you will navigate its twists and turns. The thesis statement tells you the results you need to show, which subsequently tells you the methods or studies you need to describe, which decides the angle you take in your introduction.

➡️ Learn how to write a thesis statement

The goal of your talk is that the audience leaves afterward with a clear understanding of the key take-away message of your research. To achieve that goal, you need to tell a coherent, logical story that conveys your thesis statement throughout the presentation. You can tell your story through careful preparation of your talk.

Preparation of a scientific presentation involves three separate stages: outlining the scientific narrative, preparing slides, and practicing your delivery. Making the slides of your talk without first planning what you are going to say is inefficient.

Here, we provide a 4 step guide to writing your scientific presentation:

  • Outline your presentation
  • Plan your presentation slides
  • Make the presentation slides
  • Practice your presentation

4 steps for making a scientific presentation.

Writing an outline helps you consider the key pieces of your talk and how they fit together from the beginning, preventing you from forgetting any important details. It also means you avoid changing the order of your slides multiple times, saving you time.

Plan your talk as discrete sections. In the table below, we describe the sections for a single study talk vs. a talk discussing multiple studies:

The following tips apply when writing the outline of a single study talk. You can easily adapt this framework if you are writing a talk discussing multiple studies.

Introduction: Writing the introduction can be the hardest part of writing a talk. And when giving it, it’s the point where you might be at your most nervous. But preparing a good, concise introduction will settle your nerves.

The introduction tells the audience the story of why you studied your topic. A good introduction succinctly achieves four things, in the following order.

  • It gives a broad perspective on the problem or topic for people in the audience who may be outside your discipline (i.e., it explains the big-picture problem motivating your study).
  • It describes why you did the study, and why the audience should care.
  • It gives a brief indication of how your study addressed the problem and provides the necessary background information that the audience needs to understand your work.
  • It indicates what the audience will learn from the talk, and prepares them for what will come next.

A good introduction not only gives the big picture and motivations behind your study but also concisely sets the stage for what the audience will learn from the talk (e.g., the questions your work answers, and/or the hypotheses that your work tests). The end of the introduction will lead to a natural transition to the methods.

Give a broad perspective on the problem. The easiest way to start with the big picture is to think of a hook for the first slide of your presentation. A hook is an opening that gets the audience’s attention and gets them interested in your story. In science, this might take the form of a why, or a how question, or it could be a statement about a major problem or open question in your field. Other examples of hooks include quotes, short anecdotes, or interesting statistics.

Why should the audience care? Next, decide on the angle you are going to take on your hook that links to the thesis of your talk. In other words, you need to set the context, i.e., explain why the audience should care. For example, you may introduce an observation from nature, a pattern in experimental data, or a theory that you want to test. The audience must understand your motivations for the study.

Supplementary details. Once you have established the hook and angle, you need to include supplementary details to support them. For example, you might state your hypothesis. Then go into previous work and the current state of knowledge. Include citations of these studies. If you need to introduce some technical methodological details, theory, or jargon, do it here.

Conclude your introduction. The motivation for the work and background information should set the stage for the conclusion of the introduction, where you describe the goals of your study, and any hypotheses or predictions. Let the audience know what they are going to learn.

Methods: The audience will use your description of the methods to assess the approach you took in your study and to decide whether your findings are credible. Tell the story of your methods in chronological order. Use visuals to describe your methods as much as possible. If you have equations, make sure to take the time to explain them. Decide what methods to include and how you will show them. You need enough detail so that your audience will understand what you did and therefore can evaluate your approach, but avoid including superfluous details that do not support your main idea. You want to avoid the common mistake of including too much data, as the audience can read the paper(s) later.

Results: This is the evidence you present for your thesis. The audience will use the results to evaluate the support for your main idea. Choose the most important and interesting results—those that support your thesis. You don’t need to present all the results from your study (indeed, you most likely won’t have time to present them all). Break down complex results into digestible pieces, e.g., comparisons over multiple slides (more tips in the next section).

Summary: Summarize your main findings. Displaying your main findings through visuals can be effective. Emphasize the new contributions to scientific knowledge that your work makes.

Conclusion: Complete the circle by relating your conclusions to the big picture topic in your introduction—and your hook, if possible. It’s important to describe any alternative explanations for your findings. You might also speculate on future directions arising from your research. The slides that comprise your conclusion do not need to state “conclusion”. Rather, the concluding slide title should be a declarative sentence linking back to the big picture problem and your main idea.

It’s important to end well by planning a strong closure to your talk, after which you will thank the audience. Your closing statement should relate to your thesis, perhaps by stating it differently or memorably. Avoid ending awkwardly by memorizing your closing sentence.

By now, you have an outline of the story of your talk, which you can use to plan your slides. Your slides should complement and enhance what you will say. Use the following steps to prepare your slides.

  • Write the slide titles to match your talk outline. These should be clear and informative declarative sentences that succinctly give the main idea of the slide (e.g., don’t use “Methods” as a slide title). Have one major idea per slide. In a YouTube talk on designing effective slides , researcher Michael Alley shows examples of instructive slide titles.
  • Decide how you will convey the main idea of the slide (e.g., what figures, photographs, equations, statistics, references, or other elements you will need). The body of the slide should support the slide’s main idea.
  • Under each slide title, outline what you want to say, in bullet points.

In sum, for each slide, prepare a title that summarizes its major idea, a list of visual elements, and a summary of the points you will make. Ensure each slide connects to your thesis. If it doesn’t, then you don’t need the slide.

Slides for scientific presentations have three major components: text (including labels and legends), graphics, and equations. Here, we give tips on how to present each of these components.

  • Have an informative title slide. Include the names of all coauthors and their affiliations. Include an attractive image relating to your study.
  • Make the foreground content of your slides “pop” by using an appropriate background. Slides that have white backgrounds with black text work well for small rooms, whereas slides with black backgrounds and white text are suitable for large rooms.
  • The layout of your slides should be simple. Pay attention to how and where you lay the visual and text elements on each slide. It’s tempting to cram information, but you need lots of empty space. Retain space at the sides and bottom of your slides.
  • Use sans serif fonts with a font size of at least 20 for text, and up to 40 for slide titles. Citations can be in 14 font and should be included at the bottom of the slide.
  • Use bold or italics to emphasize words, not underlines or caps. Keep these effects to a minimum.
  • Use concise text . You don’t need full sentences. Convey the essence of your message in as few words as possible. Write down what you’d like to say, and then shorten it for the slide. Remove unnecessary filler words.
  • Text blocks should be limited to two lines. This will prevent you from crowding too much information on the slide.
  • Include names of technical terms in your talk slides, especially if they are not familiar to everyone in the audience.
  • Include citations for the hypotheses or observations of other scientists.
  • Proofread your slides. Typos and grammatical errors are distracting for your audience.
  • Good figures and graphics are essential to sustain audience interest. Use graphics and photographs to show the experiment or study system in action and to explain abstract concepts.
  • Don’t use figures straight from your paper as they may be too detailed for your talk, and details like axes may be too small. Make new versions if necessary. Make them large enough to be visible from the back of the room.
  • Use graphs to show your results, not tables. Tables are difficult for your audience to digest! If you must present a table, keep it simple.
  • Label the axes of graphs and indicate the units. Label important components of graphics and photographs and include captions. Include sources for graphics that are not your own.
  • Explain all the elements of a graph. This includes the axes, what the colors and markers mean, and patterns in the data.
  • Use colors in figures and text in a meaningful, not random, way. For example, contrasting colors can be effective for pointing out comparisons and/or differences. Don’t use neon colors or pastels.
  • Use thick lines in figures, and use color to create contrasts in the figures you present. Don’t use red/green or red/blue combinations, as color-blind audience members can’t distinguish between them.
  • Arrows or circles can be effective for drawing attention to key details in graphs and equations. Add some text annotations along with them.
  • Write your summary and conclusion slides using graphics, rather than showing a slide with a list of bullet points. Showing some of your results again can be helpful to remind the audience of your message.
  • If your talk has equations, take time to explain them. Include text boxes to explain variables and mathematical terms, and put them under each term in the equation.
  • Combine equations with a graphic that shows the scientific principle, or include a diagram of the mathematical model.
  • Use animations judiciously. They are helpful to reveal complex ideas gradually, for example, if you need to make a comparison or contrast or to build a complicated argument or figure. For lists, reveal one bullet point at a time. New ideas appearing sequentially will help your audience follow your logic.
  • Slide transitions should be simple. Silly ones distract from your message.
  • Decide how you will make the transition as you move from one section of your talk to the next. For example, if you spend time talking through details, provide a summary afterward, especially in a long talk. Another common tactic is to have a “home slide” that you return to multiple times during the talk that reinforces your main idea or message. In her YouTube talk on designing effective scientific presentations , Stanford biologist Susan McConnell suggests using the approach of home slides to build a cohesive narrative.

To deliver a polished presentation, it is essential to practice it. Here are some tips.

  • For your first run-through, practice alone. Pay attention to your narrative. Does your story flow naturally? Do you know how you will start and end? Are there any awkward transitions? Do animations help you tell your story? Do your slides help to convey what you are saying or are they missing components?
  • Next, practice in front of your advisor, and/or your peers (e.g., your lab group). Ask someone to time your talk. Take note of their feedback and the questions that they ask you (you might be asked similar questions during your real talk).
  • Edit your talk, taking into account the feedback you’ve received. Eliminate superfluous slides that don’t contribute to your takeaway message.
  • Practice as many times as needed to memorize the order of your slides and the key transition points of your talk. However, don’t try to learn your talk word for word. Instead, memorize opening and closing statements, and sentences at key junctures in the presentation. Your presentation should resemble a serious but spontaneous conversation with the audience.
  • Practicing multiple times also helps you hone the delivery of your talk. While rehearsing, pay attention to your vocal intonations and speed. Make sure to take pauses while you speak, and make eye contact with your imaginary audience.
  • Make sure your talk finishes within the allotted time, and remember to leave time for questions. Conferences are particularly strict on run time.
  • Anticipate questions and challenges from the audience, and clarify ambiguities within your slides and/or speech in response.
  • If you anticipate that you could be asked questions about details but you don’t have time to include them, or they detract from the main message of your talk, you can prepare slides that address these questions and place them after the final slide of your talk.

➡️ More tips for giving scientific presentations

An organized presentation with a clear narrative will help you communicate your ideas effectively, which is essential for engaging your audience and conveying the importance of your work. Taking time to plan and outline your scientific presentation before writing the slides will help you manage your nerves and feel more confident during the presentation, which will improve your overall performance.

A good scientific presentation has an engaging scientific narrative with a memorable take-home message. It has clear, informative slides that enhance what the speaker says. You need to practice your talk many times to ensure you deliver a polished presentation.

First, consider who will attend your presentation, and what you want the audience to learn about your research. Tailor your content to their level of knowledge and interests. Second, create an outline for your presentation, including the key points you want to make and the evidence you will use to support those points. Finally, practice your presentation several times to ensure that it flows smoothly and that you are comfortable with the material.

Prepare an opening that immediately gets the audience’s attention. A common device is a why or a how question, or a statement of a major open problem in your field, but you could also start with a quote, interesting statistic, or case study from your field.

Scientific presentations typically either focus on a single study (e.g., a 15-minute conference presentation) or tell the story of multiple studies (e.g., a PhD defense or 50-minute conference keynote talk). For a single study talk, the structure follows the scientific paper format: Introduction, Methods, Results, Summary, and Conclusion, whereas the format of a talk discussing multiple studies is more complex, but a theme unifies the studies.

Ensure you have one major idea per slide, and convey that idea clearly (through images, equations, statistics, citations, video, etc.). The slide should include a title that summarizes the major point of the slide, should not contain too much text or too many graphics, and color should be used meaningfully.

types of research presentations

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Open Access

Ten simple rules for effective presentation slides

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliation Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America

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  • Kristen M. Naegle

PLOS

Published: December 2, 2021

  • https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009554
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Fig 1

Citation: Naegle KM (2021) Ten simple rules for effective presentation slides. PLoS Comput Biol 17(12): e1009554. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009554

Copyright: © 2021 Kristen M. Naegle. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: The author received no specific funding for this work.

Competing interests: The author has declared no competing interests exist.

Introduction

The “presentation slide” is the building block of all academic presentations, whether they are journal clubs, thesis committee meetings, short conference talks, or hour-long seminars. A slide is a single page projected on a screen, usually built on the premise of a title, body, and figures or tables and includes both what is shown and what is spoken about that slide. Multiple slides are strung together to tell the larger story of the presentation. While there have been excellent 10 simple rules on giving entire presentations [ 1 , 2 ], there was an absence in the fine details of how to design a slide for optimal effect—such as the design elements that allow slides to convey meaningful information, to keep the audience engaged and informed, and to deliver the information intended and in the time frame allowed. As all research presentations seek to teach, effective slide design borrows from the same principles as effective teaching, including the consideration of cognitive processing your audience is relying on to organize, process, and retain information. This is written for anyone who needs to prepare slides from any length scale and for most purposes of conveying research to broad audiences. The rules are broken into 3 primary areas. Rules 1 to 5 are about optimizing the scope of each slide. Rules 6 to 8 are about principles around designing elements of the slide. Rules 9 to 10 are about preparing for your presentation, with the slides as the central focus of that preparation.

Rule 1: Include only one idea per slide

Each slide should have one central objective to deliver—the main idea or question [ 3 – 5 ]. Often, this means breaking complex ideas down into manageable pieces (see Fig 1 , where “background” information has been split into 2 key concepts). In another example, if you are presenting a complex computational approach in a large flow diagram, introduce it in smaller units, building it up until you finish with the entire diagram. The progressive buildup of complex information means that audiences are prepared to understand the whole picture, once you have dedicated time to each of the parts. You can accomplish the buildup of components in several ways—for example, using presentation software to cover/uncover information. Personally, I choose to create separate slides for each piece of information content I introduce—where the final slide has the entire diagram, and I use cropping or a cover on duplicated slides that come before to hide what I’m not yet ready to include. I use this method in order to ensure that each slide in my deck truly presents one specific idea (the new content) and the amount of the new information on that slide can be described in 1 minute (Rule 2), but it comes with the trade-off—a change to the format of one of the slides in the series often means changes to all slides.

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  • PNG larger image
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Top left: A background slide that describes the background material on a project from my lab. The slide was created using a PowerPoint Design Template, which had to be modified to increase default text sizes for this figure (i.e., the default text sizes are even worse than shown here). Bottom row: The 2 new slides that break up the content into 2 explicit ideas about the background, using a central graphic. In the first slide, the graphic is an explicit example of the SH2 domain of PI3-kinase interacting with a phosphorylation site (Y754) on the PDGFR to describe the important details of what an SH2 domain and phosphotyrosine ligand are and how they interact. I use that same graphic in the second slide to generalize all binding events and include redundant text to drive home the central message (a lot of possible interactions might occur in the human proteome, more than we can currently measure). Top right highlights which rules were used to move from the original slide to the new slide. Specific changes as highlighted by Rule 7 include increasing contrast by changing the background color, increasing font size, changing to sans serif fonts, and removing all capital text and underlining (using bold to draw attention). PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009554.g001

Rule 2: Spend only 1 minute per slide

When you present your slide in the talk, it should take 1 minute or less to discuss. This rule is really helpful for planning purposes—a 20-minute presentation should have somewhere around 20 slides. Also, frequently giving your audience new information to feast on helps keep them engaged. During practice, if you find yourself spending more than a minute on a slide, there’s too much for that one slide—it’s time to break up the content into multiple slides or even remove information that is not wholly central to the story you are trying to tell. Reduce, reduce, reduce, until you get to a single message, clearly described, which takes less than 1 minute to present.

Rule 3: Make use of your heading

When each slide conveys only one message, use the heading of that slide to write exactly the message you are trying to deliver. Instead of titling the slide “Results,” try “CTNND1 is central to metastasis” or “False-positive rates are highly sample specific.” Use this landmark signpost to ensure that all the content on that slide is related exactly to the heading and only the heading. Think of the slide heading as the introductory or concluding sentence of a paragraph and the slide content the rest of the paragraph that supports the main point of the paragraph. An audience member should be able to follow along with you in the “paragraph” and come to the same conclusion sentence as your header at the end of the slide.

Rule 4: Include only essential points

While you are speaking, audience members’ eyes and minds will be wandering over your slide. If you have a comment, detail, or figure on a slide, have a plan to explicitly identify and talk about it. If you don’t think it’s important enough to spend time on, then don’t have it on your slide. This is especially important when faculty are present. I often tell students that thesis committee members are like cats: If you put a shiny bauble in front of them, they’ll go after it. Be sure to only put the shiny baubles on slides that you want them to focus on. Putting together a thesis meeting for only faculty is really an exercise in herding cats (if you have cats, you know this is no easy feat). Clear and concise slide design will go a long way in helping you corral those easily distracted faculty members.

Rule 5: Give credit, where credit is due

An exception to Rule 4 is to include proper citations or references to work on your slide. When adding citations, names of other researchers, or other types of credit, use a consistent style and method for adding this information to your slides. Your audience will then be able to easily partition this information from the other content. A common mistake people make is to think “I’ll add that reference later,” but I highly recommend you put the proper reference on the slide at the time you make it, before you forget where it came from. Finally, in certain kinds of presentations, credits can make it clear who did the work. For the faculty members heading labs, it is an effective way to connect your audience with the personnel in the lab who did the work, which is a great career booster for that person. For graduate students, it is an effective way to delineate your contribution to the work, especially in meetings where the goal is to establish your credentials for meeting the rigors of a PhD checkpoint.

Rule 6: Use graphics effectively

As a rule, you should almost never have slides that only contain text. Build your slides around good visualizations. It is a visual presentation after all, and as they say, a picture is worth a thousand words. However, on the flip side, don’t muddy the point of the slide by putting too many complex graphics on a single slide. A multipanel figure that you might include in a manuscript should often be broken into 1 panel per slide (see Rule 1 ). One way to ensure that you use the graphics effectively is to make a point to introduce the figure and its elements to the audience verbally, especially for data figures. For example, you might say the following: “This graph here shows the measured false-positive rate for an experiment and each point is a replicate of the experiment, the graph demonstrates …” If you have put too much on one slide to present in 1 minute (see Rule 2 ), then the complexity or number of the visualizations is too much for just one slide.

Rule 7: Design to avoid cognitive overload

The type of slide elements, the number of them, and how you present them all impact the ability for the audience to intake, organize, and remember the content. For example, a frequent mistake in slide design is to include full sentences, but reading and verbal processing use the same cognitive channels—therefore, an audience member can either read the slide, listen to you, or do some part of both (each poorly), as a result of cognitive overload [ 4 ]. The visual channel is separate, allowing images/videos to be processed with auditory information without cognitive overload [ 6 ] (Rule 6). As presentations are an exercise in listening, and not reading, do what you can to optimize the ability of the audience to listen. Use words sparingly as “guide posts” to you and the audience about major points of the slide. In fact, you can add short text fragments, redundant with the verbal component of the presentation, which has been shown to improve retention [ 7 ] (see Fig 1 for an example of redundant text that avoids cognitive overload). Be careful in the selection of a slide template to minimize accidentally adding elements that the audience must process, but are unimportant. David JP Phillips argues (and effectively demonstrates in his TEDx talk [ 5 ]) that the human brain can easily interpret 6 elements and more than that requires a 500% increase in human cognition load—so keep the total number of elements on the slide to 6 or less. Finally, in addition to the use of short text, white space, and the effective use of graphics/images, you can improve ease of cognitive processing further by considering color choices and font type and size. Here are a few suggestions for improving the experience for your audience, highlighting the importance of these elements for some specific groups:

  • Use high contrast colors and simple backgrounds with low to no color—for persons with dyslexia or visual impairment.
  • Use sans serif fonts and large font sizes (including figure legends), avoid italics, underlining (use bold font instead for emphasis), and all capital letters—for persons with dyslexia or visual impairment [ 8 ].
  • Use color combinations and palettes that can be understood by those with different forms of color blindness [ 9 ]. There are excellent tools available to identify colors to use and ways to simulate your presentation or figures as they might be seen by a person with color blindness (easily found by a web search).
  • In this increasing world of virtual presentation tools, consider practicing your talk with a closed captioning system capture your words. Use this to identify how to improve your speaking pace, volume, and annunciation to improve understanding by all members of your audience, but especially those with a hearing impairment.

Rule 8: Design the slide so that a distracted person gets the main takeaway

It is very difficult to stay focused on a presentation, especially if it is long or if it is part of a longer series of talks at a conference. Audience members may get distracted by an important email, or they may start dreaming of lunch. So, it’s important to look at your slide and ask “If they heard nothing I said, will they understand the key concept of this slide?” The other rules are set up to help with this, including clarity of the single point of the slide (Rule 1), titling it with a major conclusion (Rule 3), and the use of figures (Rule 6) and short text redundant to your verbal description (Rule 7). However, with each slide, step back and ask whether its main conclusion is conveyed, even if someone didn’t hear your accompanying dialog. Importantly, ask if the information on the slide is at the right level of abstraction. For example, do you have too many details about the experiment, which hides the conclusion of the experiment (i.e., breaking Rule 1)? If you are worried about not having enough details, keep a slide at the end of your slide deck (after your conclusions and acknowledgments) with the more detailed information that you can refer to during a question and answer period.

Rule 9: Iteratively improve slide design through practice

Well-designed slides that follow the first 8 rules are intended to help you deliver the message you intend and in the amount of time you intend to deliver it in. The best way to ensure that you nailed slide design for your presentation is to practice, typically a lot. The most important aspects of practicing a new presentation, with an eye toward slide design, are the following 2 key points: (1) practice to ensure that you hit, each time through, the most important points (for example, the text guide posts you left yourself and the title of the slide); and (2) practice to ensure that as you conclude the end of one slide, it leads directly to the next slide. Slide transitions, what you say as you end one slide and begin the next, are important to keeping the flow of the “story.” Practice is when I discover that the order of my presentation is poor or that I left myself too few guideposts to remember what was coming next. Additionally, during practice, the most frequent things I have to improve relate to Rule 2 (the slide takes too long to present, usually because I broke Rule 1, and I’m delivering too much information for one slide), Rule 4 (I have a nonessential detail on the slide), and Rule 5 (I forgot to give a key reference). The very best type of practice is in front of an audience (for example, your lab or peers), where, with fresh perspectives, they can help you identify places for improving slide content, design, and connections across the entirety of your talk.

Rule 10: Design to mitigate the impact of technical disasters

The real presentation almost never goes as we planned in our heads or during our practice. Maybe the speaker before you went over time and now you need to adjust. Maybe the computer the organizer is having you use won’t show your video. Maybe your internet is poor on the day you are giving a virtual presentation at a conference. Technical problems are routinely part of the practice of sharing your work through presentations. Hence, you can design your slides to limit the impact certain kinds of technical disasters create and also prepare alternate approaches. Here are just a few examples of the preparation you can do that will take you a long way toward avoiding a complete fiasco:

  • Save your presentation as a PDF—if the version of Keynote or PowerPoint on a host computer cause issues, you still have a functional copy that has a higher guarantee of compatibility.
  • In using videos, create a backup slide with screen shots of key results. For example, if I have a video of cell migration, I’ll be sure to have a copy of the start and end of the video, in case the video doesn’t play. Even if the video worked, you can pause on this backup slide and take the time to highlight the key results in words if someone could not see or understand the video.
  • Avoid animations, such as figures or text that flash/fly-in/etc. Surveys suggest that no one likes movement in presentations [ 3 , 4 ]. There is likely a cognitive underpinning to the almost universal distaste of pointless animations that relates to the idea proposed by Kosslyn and colleagues that animations are salient perceptual units that captures direct attention [ 4 ]. Although perceptual salience can be used to draw attention to and improve retention of specific points, if you use this approach for unnecessary/unimportant things (like animation of your bullet point text, fly-ins of figures, etc.), then you will distract your audience from the important content. Finally, animations cause additional processing burdens for people with visual impairments [ 10 ] and create opportunities for technical disasters if the software on the host system is not compatible with your planned animation.

Conclusions

These rules are just a start in creating more engaging presentations that increase audience retention of your material. However, there are wonderful resources on continuing on the journey of becoming an amazing public speaker, which includes understanding the psychology and neuroscience behind human perception and learning. For example, as highlighted in Rule 7, David JP Phillips has a wonderful TEDx talk on the subject [ 5 ], and “PowerPoint presentation flaws and failures: A psychological analysis,” by Kosslyn and colleagues is deeply detailed about a number of aspects of human cognition and presentation style [ 4 ]. There are many books on the topic, including the popular “Presentation Zen” by Garr Reynolds [ 11 ]. Finally, although briefly touched on here, the visualization of data is an entire topic of its own that is worth perfecting for both written and oral presentations of work, with fantastic resources like Edward Tufte’s “The Visual Display of Quantitative Information” [ 12 ] or the article “Visualization of Biomedical Data” by O’Donoghue and colleagues [ 13 ].

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the countless presenters, colleagues, students, and mentors from which I have learned a great deal from on effective presentations. Also, a thank you to the wonderful resources published by organizations on how to increase inclusivity. A special thanks to Dr. Jason Papin and Dr. Michael Guertin on early feedback of this editorial.

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types of research presentations

Different Types of Research Presentations

Different Types of Research Presentations

There are many different types of research presentations, but the different types of presentations can be divided into two general categories: written presentations and oral presentations. Written research presentations include dissertations and theses, posters, grant and project proposals, blogs, websites, PowerPoint slides, etc. Oral research presentations include lectures, conference presentations, job talks, etc. Often, oral and written methods of presentation are combined to effectively convey information about research. For example, posters or PowerPoint slides may be used to support oral presentations of research, or information on posters may be supplemented with oral explanations. Whichever type of research presentation you choose for your research, you should remember the following about the similarities and differences between oral and written presentations.

Similarities Between Oral and Written Presentations

The fundamental elements of successfully presenting research apply to both oral and written presentations. Whether you choose to present your research orally or in written form, you should know and actively engage your audience in the presentation of your research to effectively deliver your ideas. Organization is also important in both written and oral presentations. You can create outlines of your research that you can use to help you organize information for both oral and written presentations.

Differences Between Oral and Written Presentations

The most important difference between oral and written presentations is the time that is available for your audience to process what you have presented about your research. In written presentations, your audience has an unlimited amount of time to read, re-read, and analyze your research; if your audience does not understand particularly dense elements of your research, your audience has plenty of time to mull over your research until it becomes more understandable. In oral   presentations, however, you generally have a limited amount of time to present your research, and your audience has even less time to understand what you have said. In both oral and written presentations (but particularly in oral presentations), you can help your audience understand your research by defining important key terms. After you have defined the key terms for your written or oral presentation, you must use them and any other jargon consistently throughout your entire presentation to help your audience avoid confusion.

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How to deliver an oral presentation

Georgina wellstead.

a Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust

Katharine Whitehurst

b Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital

Buket Gundogan

c University College London

d Guy's St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Delivering an oral presentation in conferences and meetings can seem daunting. However, if delivered effectively, it can be an invaluable opportunity to showcase your work in front of peers as well as receive feedback on your project. In this “How to” article, we demonstrate how one can plan and successfully deliver an engaging oral presentation.

Giving an oral presentation at a scientific conference is an almost inevitable task at some point during your medical career. The prospect of presenting your original work to colleagues and peers, however, may be intimidating, and it can be difficult to know how to approach it. Nonetheless, it is important to remember that although daunting, an oral presentation is one of the best ways to get your work out there, and so should be looked upon as an exciting and invaluable opportunity.

Slide content

Although things may vary slightly depending on the type of research you are presenting, the typical structure is as follows:

  • Opening slide (title of study, authors, institutions, and date)
  • Methodology
  • Discussion (including strengths and weaknesses of the study)

Conclusions

Picking out only the most important findings to include in your presentation is key and will keep it concise and easy to follow. This in turn will keep your viewers engaged, and more likely to understand and remember your presentation.

Psychological analysis of PowerPoint presentations, finds that 8 psychological principles are often violated 1 . One of these was the limited capacity of working memory, which can hold 4 units of information at any 1 time in most circumstances. Hence, too many points or concepts on a slide could be detrimental to the presenter’s desire to give information.

You can also help keep your audience engaged with images, which you can talk around, rather than lots of text. Video can also be useful, for example, a surgical procedure. However, be warned that IT can let you down when you need it most and you need to have a backup plan if the video fails. It’s worth coming to the venue early and testing it and resolving issues beforehand with the AV support staff if speaking at a conference.

Slide design and layout

It is important not to clutter your slides with too much text or too many pictures. An easy way to do this is by using the 5×5 rule. This means using no more than 5 bullet points per slide, with no more than 5 words per bullet point. It is also good to break up the text-heavy slides with ones including diagrams or graphs. This can also help to convey your results in a more visual and easy-to-understand way.

It is best to keep the slide design simple, as busy backgrounds and loud color schemes are distracting. Ensure that you use a uniform font and stick to the same color scheme throughout. As a general rule, a light-colored background with dark-colored text is easier to read than light-colored text on a dark-colored background. If you can use an image instead of text, this is even better.

A systematic review study of expert opinion papers demonstrates several key recommendations on how to effectively deliver medical research presentations 2 . These include:

  • Keeping your slides simple
  • Knowing your audience (pitching to the right level)
  • Making eye contact
  • Rehearsing the presentation
  • Do not read from the slides
  • Limiting the number of lines per slide
  • Sticking to the allotted time

You should practice your presentation before the conference, making sure that you stick to the allocated time given to you. Oral presentations are usually short (around 8–10 min maximum), and it is, therefore, easy to go under or over time if you have not rehearsed. Aiming to spend around 1 minute per slide is usually a good guide. It is useful to present to your colleagues and seniors, allowing them to ask you questions afterwards so that you can be prepared for the sort of questions you may get asked at the conference. Knowing your research inside out and reading around the subject is advisable, as there may be experts watching you at the conference with more challenging questions! Make sure you re-read your paper the day before, or on the day of the conference to refresh your memory.

It is useful to bring along handouts of your presentation for those who may be interested. Rather than printing out miniature versions of your power point slides, it is better to condense your findings into a brief word document. Not only will this be easier to read, but you will also save a lot of paper by doing this!

Delivering the presentation

Having rehearsed your presentation beforehand, the most important thing to do when you get to the conference is to keep calm and be confident. Remember that you know your own research better than anyone else in the room! Be sure to take some deep breaths and speak at an appropriate pace and volume, making good eye contact with your viewers. If there is a microphone, don’t keep turning away from it as the audience will get frustrated if your voice keeps cutting in and out. Gesturing and using pointers when appropriate can be a really useful tool, and will enable you to emphasize your important findings.

Presenting tips

  • Do not hide behind the computer. Come out to the center or side and present there.
  • Maintain eye contact with the audience, especially the judges.
  • Remember to pause every so often.
  • Don’t clutter your presentation with verbal noise such as “umm,” “like,” or “so.” You will look more slick if you avoid this.
  • Rhetorical questions once in a while can be useful in maintaining the audience’s attention.

When reaching the end of your presentation, you should slow down in order to clearly convey your key points. Using phases such as “in summary” and “to conclude” often prompts those who have drifted off slightly during your presentation start paying attention again, so it is a critical time to make sure that your work is understood and remembered. Leaving up your conclusions/summary slide for a short while after stopping speaking will give the audience time to digest the information. Conclude by acknowledging any fellow authors or assistants before thanking the audience for their attention and inviting any questions (as long as you have left sufficient time).

If asked a question, firstly thank the audience member, then repeat what they have asked to the rest of the listeners in case they didn’t hear the first time. Keep your answers short and succinct, and if unsure say that the questioner has raised a good point and that you will have to look into it further. Having someone else in the audience write down the question is useful for this.

The key points to remember when preparing for an oral presentation are:

  • Keep your slides simple and concise using the 5×5 rule and images.
  • When appropriate; rehearse timings; prepare answers to questions; speak slowly and use gestures/ pointers where appropriate; make eye contact with the audience; emphasize your key points at the end; make acknowledgments and thank the audience; invite questions and be confident but not arrogant.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no financial conflict of interest with regard to the content of this report.

Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article.

Published online 8 June 2017

Home Blog Presentation Ideas How to Create and Deliver a Research Presentation

How to Create and Deliver a Research Presentation

Cover for Research Presentation Guide

Every research endeavor ends up with the communication of its findings. Graduate-level research culminates in a thesis defense , while many academic and scientific disciplines are published in peer-reviewed journals. In a business context, PowerPoint research presentation is the default format for reporting the findings to stakeholders.

Condensing months of work into a few slides can prove to be challenging. It requires particular skills to create and deliver a research presentation that promotes informed decisions and drives long-term projects forward.

Table of Contents

What is a Research Presentation

Key slides for creating a research presentation, tips when delivering a research presentation, how to present sources in a research presentation, recommended templates to create a research presentation.

A research presentation is the communication of research findings, typically delivered to an audience of peers, colleagues, students, or professionals. In the academe, it is meant to showcase the importance of the research paper , state the findings and the analysis of those findings, and seek feedback that could further the research.

The presentation of research becomes even more critical in the business world as the insights derived from it are the basis of strategic decisions of organizations. Information from this type of report can aid companies in maximizing the sales and profit of their business. Major projects such as research and development (R&D) in a new field, the launch of a new product or service, or even corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives will require the presentation of research findings to prove their feasibility.

Market research and technical research are examples of business-type research presentations you will commonly encounter.

In this article, we’ve compiled all the essential tips, including some examples and templates, to get you started with creating and delivering a stellar research presentation tailored specifically for the business context.

Various research suggests that the average attention span of adults during presentations is around 20 minutes, with a notable drop in an engagement at the 10-minute mark . Beyond that, you might see your audience doing other things.

How can you avoid such a mistake? The answer lies in the adage “keep it simple, stupid” or KISS. We don’t mean dumbing down your content but rather presenting it in a way that is easily digestible and accessible to your audience. One way you can do this is by organizing your research presentation using a clear structure.

Here are the slides you should prioritize when creating your research presentation PowerPoint.

1.  Title Page

The title page is the first thing your audience will see during your presentation, so put extra effort into it to make an impression. Of course, writing presentation titles and title pages will vary depending on the type of presentation you are to deliver. In the case of a research presentation, you want a formal and academic-sounding one. It should include:

  • The full title of the report
  • The date of the report
  • The name of the researchers or department in charge of the report
  • The name of the organization for which the presentation is intended

When writing the title of your research presentation, it should reflect the topic and objective of the report. Focus only on the subject and avoid adding redundant phrases like “A research on” or “A study on.” However, you may use phrases like “Market Analysis” or “Feasibility Study” because they help identify the purpose of the presentation. Doing so also serves a long-term purpose for the filing and later retrieving of the document.

Here’s a sample title page for a hypothetical market research presentation from Gillette .

Title slide in a Research Presentation

2. Executive Summary Slide

The executive summary marks the beginning of the body of the presentation, briefly summarizing the key discussion points of the research. Specifically, the summary may state the following:

  • The purpose of the investigation and its significance within the organization’s goals
  • The methods used for the investigation
  • The major findings of the investigation
  • The conclusions and recommendations after the investigation

Although the executive summary encompasses the entry of the research presentation, it should not dive into all the details of the work on which the findings, conclusions, and recommendations were based. Creating the executive summary requires a focus on clarity and brevity, especially when translating it to a PowerPoint document where space is limited.

Each point should be presented in a clear and visually engaging manner to capture the audience’s attention and set the stage for the rest of the presentation. Use visuals, bullet points, and minimal text to convey information efficiently.

Executive Summary slide in a Research Presentation

3. Introduction/ Project Description Slides

In this section, your goal is to provide your audience with the information that will help them understand the details of the presentation. Provide a detailed description of the project, including its goals, objectives, scope, and methods for gathering and analyzing data.

You want to answer these fundamental questions:

  • What specific questions are you trying to answer, problems you aim to solve, or opportunities you seek to explore?
  • Why is this project important, and what prompted it?
  • What are the boundaries of your research or initiative? 
  • How were the data gathered?

Important: The introduction should exclude specific findings, conclusions, and recommendations.

Action Evaluation Matrix in a Research Presentation

4. Data Presentation and Analyses Slides

This is the longest section of a research presentation, as you’ll present the data you’ve gathered and provide a thorough analysis of that data to draw meaningful conclusions. The format and components of this section can vary widely, tailored to the specific nature of your research.

For example, if you are doing market research, you may include the market potential estimate, competitor analysis, and pricing analysis. These elements will help your organization determine the actual viability of a market opportunity.

Visual aids like charts, graphs, tables, and diagrams are potent tools to convey your key findings effectively. These materials may be numbered and sequenced (Figure 1, Figure 2, and so forth), accompanied by text to make sense of the insights.

Data and Analysis slide in a Research Presentation

5. Conclusions

The conclusion of a research presentation is where you pull together the ideas derived from your data presentation and analyses in light of the purpose of the research. For example, if the objective is to assess the market of a new product, the conclusion should determine the requirements of the market in question and tell whether there is a product-market fit.

Designing your conclusion slide should be straightforward and focused on conveying the key takeaways from your research. Keep the text concise and to the point. Present it in bullet points or numbered lists to make the content easily scannable.

Conclusion Slide in a Research Presentation

6. Recommendations

The findings of your research might reveal elements that may not align with your initial vision or expectations. These deviations are addressed in the recommendations section of your presentation, which outlines the best course of action based on the result of the research.

What emerging markets should we target next? Do we need to rethink our pricing strategies? Which professionals should we hire for this special project? — these are some of the questions that may arise when coming up with this part of the research.

Recommendations may be combined with the conclusion, but presenting them separately to reinforce their urgency. In the end, the decision-makers in the organization or your clients will make the final call on whether to accept or decline the recommendations.

Recommendations slide in Research Presentation

7. Questions Slide

Members of your audience are not involved in carrying out your research activity, which means there’s a lot they don’t know about its details. By offering an opportunity for questions, you can invite them to bridge that gap, seek clarification, and engage in a dialogue that enhances their understanding.

If your research is more business-oriented, facilitating a question and answer after your presentation becomes imperative as it’s your final appeal to encourage buy-in for your recommendations.

A simple “Ask us anything” slide can indicate that you are ready to accept questions.

1. Focus on the Most Important Findings

The truth about presenting research findings is that your audience doesn’t need to know everything. Instead, they should receive a distilled, clear, and meaningful overview that focuses on the most critical aspects.

You will likely have to squeeze in the oral presentation of your research into a 10 to 20-minute presentation, so you have to make the most out of the time given to you. In the presentation, don’t soak in the less important elements like historical backgrounds. Decision-makers might even ask you to skip these portions and focus on sharing the findings.

2. Do Not Read Word-per-word

Reading word-for-word from your presentation slides intensifies the danger of losing your audience’s interest. Its effect can be detrimental, especially if the purpose of your research presentation is to gain approval from the audience. So, how can you avoid this mistake?

  • Make a conscious design decision to keep the text on your slides minimal. Your slides should serve as visual cues to guide your presentation.
  • Structure your presentation as a narrative or story. Stories are more engaging and memorable than dry, factual information.
  • Prepare speaker notes with the key points of your research. Glance at it when needed.
  • Engage with the audience by maintaining eye contact and asking rhetorical questions.

3. Don’t Go Without Handouts

Handouts are paper copies of your presentation slides that you distribute to your audience. They typically contain the summary of your key points, but they may also provide supplementary information supporting data presented through tables and graphs.

The purpose of distributing presentation handouts is to easily retain the key points you presented as they become good references in the future. Distributing handouts in advance allows your audience to review the material and come prepared with questions or points for discussion during the presentation.

4. Actively Listen

An equally important skill that a presenter must possess aside from speaking is the ability to listen. We are not just talking about listening to what the audience is saying but also considering their reactions and nonverbal cues. If you sense disinterest or confusion, you can adapt your approach on the fly to re-engage them.

For example, if some members of your audience are exchanging glances, they may be skeptical of the research findings you are presenting. This is the best time to reassure them of the validity of your data and provide a concise overview of how it came to be. You may also encourage them to seek clarification.

5. Be Confident

Anxiety can strike before a presentation – it’s a common reaction whenever someone has to speak in front of others. If you can’t eliminate your stress, try to manage it.

People hate public speaking not because they simply hate it. Most of the time, it arises from one’s belief in themselves. You don’t have to take our word for it. Take Maslow’s theory that says a threat to one’s self-esteem is a source of distress among an individual.

Now, how can you master this feeling? You’ve spent a lot of time on your research, so there is no question about your topic knowledge. Perhaps you just need to rehearse your research presentation. If you know what you will say and how to say it, you will gain confidence in presenting your work.

All sources you use in creating your research presentation should be given proper credit. The APA Style is the most widely used citation style in formal research.

In-text citation

Add references within the text of your presentation slide by giving the author’s last name, year of publication, and page number (if applicable) in parentheses after direct quotations or paraphrased materials. As in:

The alarming rate at which global temperatures rise directly impacts biodiversity (Smith, 2020, p. 27).

If the author’s name and year of publication are mentioned in the text, add only the page number in parentheses after the quotations or paraphrased materials. As in:

According to Smith (2020), the alarming rate at which global temperatures rise directly impacts biodiversity (p. 27).

Image citation

All images from the web, including photos, graphs, and tables, used in your slides should be credited using the format below.

Creator’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Image.” Website Name, Day Mo. Year, URL. Accessed Day Mo. Year.

Work cited page

A work cited page or reference list should follow after the last slide of your presentation. The list should be alphabetized by the author’s last name and initials followed by the year of publication, the title of the book or article, the place of publication, and the publisher. As in:

Smith, J. A. (2020). Climate Change and Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Study. New York, NY: ABC Publications.

When citing a document from a website, add the source URL after the title of the book or article instead of the place of publication and the publisher. As in:

Smith, J. A. (2020). Climate Change and Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Study. Retrieved from https://www.smith.com/climate-change-and-biodiversity.

1. Research Project Presentation PowerPoint Template

types of research presentations

A slide deck containing 18 different slides intended to take off the weight of how to make a research presentation. With tons of visual aids, presenters can reference existing research on similar projects to this one – or link another research presentation example – provide an accurate data analysis, disclose the methodology used, and much more.

Use This Template

2. Research Presentation Scientific Method Diagram PowerPoint Template

types of research presentations

Whenever you intend to raise questions, expose the methodology you used for your research, or even suggest a scientific method approach for future analysis, this circular wheel diagram is a perfect fit for any presentation study.

Customize all of its elements to suit the demands of your presentation in just minutes.

3. Thesis Research Presentation PowerPoint Template

Layout of Results in Charts

If your research presentation project belongs to academia, then this is the slide deck to pair that presentation. With a formal aesthetic and minimalistic style, this research presentation template focuses only on exposing your information as clearly as possible.

Use its included bar charts and graphs to introduce data, change the background of each slide to suit the topic of your presentation, and customize each of its elements to meet the requirements of your project with ease.

4. Animated Research Cards PowerPoint Template

types of research presentations

Visualize ideas and their connection points with the help of this research card template for PowerPoint. This slide deck, for example, can help speakers talk about alternative concepts to what they are currently managing and its possible outcomes, among different other usages this versatile PPT template has. Zoom Animation effects make a smooth transition between cards (or ideas).

5. Research Presentation Slide Deck for PowerPoint

types of research presentations

With a distinctive professional style, this research presentation PPT template helps business professionals and academics alike to introduce the findings of their work to team members or investors.

By accessing this template, you get the following slides:

  • Introduction
  • Problem Statement
  • Research Questions
  • Conceptual Research Framework (Concepts, Theories, Actors, & Constructs)
  • Study design and methods
  • Population & Sampling
  • Data Collection
  • Data Analysis

Check it out today and craft a powerful research presentation out of it!

A successful research presentation in business is not just about presenting data; it’s about persuasion to take meaningful action. It’s the bridge that connects your research efforts to the strategic initiatives of your organization. To embark on this journey successfully, planning your presentation thoroughly is paramount, from designing your PowerPoint to the delivery.

Take a look and get inspiration from the sample research presentation slides above, put our tips to heart, and transform your research findings into a compelling call to action.

types of research presentations

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How to Make an Effective Research Presentation

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Presentation software programs have advanced to the point where you no longer need to be an experienced designer to put together a compelling piece of collateral that conveys your findings about academic research in exactly the right way. With the right materials, the right presentation software, and a little bit of time, you can visualize any data that you have in the form of a terrific presentation that sells your research better than numbers alone ever could. However, this does not mean that you shouldn’t keep in mind a few things. As both a marketing tool and a means to convey information, presentations are helpful because they are malleable—the format can essentially be anything you need it to be at any given time. The other side of this, however, is that there are certain traps that are all too easy for even experts to fall into that will harm your ultimate message, not help it. If you wish to learn how to make a professional research presentation as an author, or a researcher, then you should avoid some mistakes at all costs.

Mistakes to Avoid

As a researcher or a student, your number one goal isn’t just to provide insight into a topic—it’s to do so in a compelling way. It is important to communicate ideas in a way that is both easy to understand for people who haven’t completed the work you have and to do so in a compelling and engaging way. In many ways, it’s a lot like telling a story—albeit one that is heavily research-oriented. Every story has a beginning, middle, and end and you need to ensure that the content in the presentation has a proper narrative flow.

In many ways, your presentation will operate exactly along the same lines. To that end, always remember to make sure that the information is presented not only in the right manner but also in the right order to complement intent and maximize impact. If you have three subtopics within a presentation, all of which are related but are still different ideas, don’t mix and match the content. Don’t jump from one topic to the other and back again—you’re only going to lose focus and eventually, the attention of your reader.

If you start preparing your presentation and realize that you’re actually kind of covering two distinct and different topics, don’t be afraid to break one presentation into two. You’ll be able to devote more attention to promoting each idea and you’ll walk away with two great pieces of research presentations instead of one “okay” one.

Length of Your Presentation

Another element of your presentation that you need to pay extremely close attention to is the length. This goes back to another one of the old rules of storytelling: “Whatever you do, don’t overstay your welcome.” While it is true that presentations are naturally designed to be a longer form than something like an Infographic, it’s important to recognize when you’re asking too much of your reader/viewer. A presentation isn’t just a visualized form of something like a white paper. It’s a unique medium all unto itself.

When you start preparing your presentation for the first time, feel free to include as many slides or as much information as you want. Also, don’t forget that there are three versions of your presentation that will exist—the initial outline, the “first draft” of the presentation and the final edited version that you release. Make an effort to only include information that A) is needed to understand your research topic, and B) is necessary to contextualize your findings or the points you’re trying to make. Go through your presentation from start to finish and really try to experience it with fresh eyes—the same way your audience will.

Does it feel like the end of your presentation is getting a little sluggish? You feel that it should be over but there are ten slides to go still. Be precise in your editing process —rest assured that you’ll thank yourself when the end result is much more powerful than it would be if it had remained bloated.

The Power of Presentations

In many ways, presentations provide a unified experience where you can have text, images, video, and more. Remember that human beings are visual learners— visuals are processed up to 60,000 times faster than text and people have a much easier time understanding complex information when it is paired with relevant images as opposed to just text. As an author, researcher, or student, your job is to take complicated ideas and present them in a way that is appealing to a larger audience. Presentations are one of the most essential ways for you to do exactly that. The central message you are trying to convey—the thesis, if you will—needs to be strong enough to justify the creation of a presentation in the first place.

It needs to be a big enough topic to warrant a lengthy experience and a compelling enough story that demands to be told in this particular format above all others. If you start from that simple foundation and build outward, you’ll be left with the best type of marketing tool—one that promotes your research for you and one that people can’t wait to share with their friends and colleagues.

About the Author

Payman Taei is the founder of Visme , an easy-to-use online tool to create engaging presentations, infographics, and other forms of visual content. He is also the founder of HindSite Interactive , an award-winning Maryland based digital agency specializing in website design, user experience, and web app development.

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The Power of Presentation: Strategies for Presenting Your Research Like a Pro

The Ultimate Guide to Mastering Research Presentations: Proven Strategies for a Winning Delivery

Dr. Sowndarya Somasundaram

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Table of contents

7 types of research presentations, 8 strategies to improve spoken technical english, 11 best practices for a good presentation.

Presenting your research work is an essential part of the academic and scientific process. It allows you to communicate your findings to a wider audience, receive feedback on your work, and potentially open doors for future collaborations or opportunities.

However, presenting your research can also be a challenging task, especially if you’re not used to public speaking or presenting your work to others. Here at iLovePhD , you can find out everything you need to know to prepare and present your research work.

The Ultimate Guide to Mastering Thesis Research Presentations: Proven Strategies for a Winning Delivery

woman in black tank top

There are several types of research presentations that are commonly used in academic and professional settings. Some of the most common types of research presentations are:

  • Conference presentation : This type of presentation is delivered at a conference or symposium where researchers and academics share their work and ideas with a wider audience.
  • Poster presentation: This type of presentation is a visual display of research findings that are typically presented at conferences or other academic events. Posters can be used to present research in a concise and visually appealing way.
  • Oral presentation: This type of presentation is delivered in person, usually using visual aids such as slides or handouts. Oral presentations are often used to share research findings or to persuade an audience of a particular point of view.
  • Webinar presentation: This type of presentation is delivered online, typically using video conferencing software. Webinars are a convenient way to reach a large audience and to facilitate discussion and collaboration among participants.
  • Video presentation: This type of presentation is a pre-recorded video that can be shared online or shown at an event. Video presentations are a useful way to present research findings or to explain complex concepts in a visually engaging way.
  • Ignite presentation: This type of presentation consists of a series of 20 slides, each displayed for 15 seconds, for a total presentation time of five minutes. Ignite presentations are designed to be fast-paced and engaging and can be used to share research findings or to pitch a new idea or project.
  • Lightning talk: This type of presentation is a brief, focused presentation that typically lasts between 5 and 10 minutes. Lightning talks are often used to introduce a new concept or to provide an overview of research findings.

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Improving your spoken technical English can be made easy with dedication and practice. Here are some strategies that you can use to improve your spoken technical English:

  • Expand Your Vocabulary: One of the best ways to improve your spoken technical English is to increase your vocabulary. You can do this by reading technical articles and books, listening to technical podcasts, and watching technical videos.
  • Practice with Native Speakers: One of the best ways to improve your spoken technical English is to practice with native speakers. This will help you to become more comfortable with the language, and you will also get feedback on your pronunciation and grammar.
  • Listen to Technical English: To improve your spoken technical English, it’s important to listen to others speak the language. This will help you to become familiar with the tone, rhythm, and intonation of technical English. You can listen to technical podcasts, watch technical videos, and attend technical seminars.
  • Speak Slowly and Clearly: When speaking technical English, it’s important to speak slowly and clearly. This will help ensure that your message is understood and that your pronunciation is correct.
  • Use Technical Vocabulary : Using technical vocabulary is important when speaking technical English. This will help you to communicate more effectively and show your understanding of technical concepts.
  • Record Yourself: Recording yourself can help you to identify areas where you need to improve. You can listen to your recordings and identify areas where you need to work on your pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.
  • Join Technical English Groups: Joining technical English groups can be a great way to practice your spoken technical English. You can join online groups, attend meetups or conferences, and participate in technical forums.
  • Seek Professional Help: Finally, if you’re struggling to improve your spoken technical English, seek professional help. A language tutor or speech coach can provide you with personalized feedback and help you to improve your spoken technical English.

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iLovePhD presented you with some useful tips and guidelines on how to present your research work effectively so that you can confidently share your findings with your peers and colleagues. Presenting your research work can be done in various ways depending on the context and audience. Here are some best practices for creating and delivering effective presentations:

  • Determine your audience: Consider who will be attending your presentation and what their background knowledge is. This will help you tailor your presentation to their needs and interests.
  • Choose your presentation format: There are several formats to choose from such as oral presentation, poster presentation, or written report. Choose the format that best suits your research and your audience.
  • Create an outline: Develop an outline of your presentation. It will help you organize your thoughts and ensure that your presentation flows logically.
  • Define your objective: Define the purpose and objective of your presentation. What message do you want to convey? Once you have a clear objective in mind, you can structure your presentation accordingly.
  • Structure your presentation: Start with an introduction that includes a brief overview of your research question, followed by the methods you used, the results you obtained, and finally, your conclusions.
  • Use visual aids: Use visuals such as images, videos, and graphs to help convey your message. Visuals can help keep your audience engaged and make complex information easier to understand.
  • Keep it simple: Avoid using jargon or technical terms that your audience may not understand. Keep your language simple and straightforward, and use examples and anecdotes to illustrate your points.
  • Practice your delivery: Practice your presentation several times before you present it. This will help you feel more comfortable and confident, and it will help you identify any areas where you need to improve. Engage your audience: Engage your audience by asking questions, soliciting feedback, or using interactive elements such as polls or quizzes.
  • Be mindful of your body language: Be aware of your body language when presenting. Make eye contact with your audience, use appropriate hand gestures, and try to avoid nervous movements such as pacing or fidgeting.
  • Stay within your time limit: Be mindful of your time limit and try to stay within it. Keep your presentation focused and avoid going off on tangents.
  • Close with a call to action: End your presentation with a clear call to action. What do you want your audience to do next? Encourage them to take action and follow up with you if they have any questions. This will help reinforce the main takeaways of your research for your audience.

By following these best practices, you can create and deliver effective presentations that engage your audience and help you achieve your objectives. Presenting your research work is an opportunity to share your findings and knowledge with others, so be enthusiastic and confident in your delivery.

In conclusion, presenting research work effectively is a crucial skill for researchers, students, and professionals alike.

To deliver a successful presentation, one should start with a clear and concise introduction that captures the audience’s attention, and then provide a thorough and organized overview of the research problem, methodology, and findings.

Visual aids such as graphs, charts, and images can enhance the presentation and help convey complex information effectively.

It is also important to practice the presentation beforehand, keeping in mind the audience’s background and interests, and to anticipate potential questions or challenges.

Engaging with the audience, answering questions confidently, and being open to feedback can help create a positive impression and facilitate knowledge exchange.

Overall, a well-structured, engaging, and informative presentation can help disseminate research findings, establish credibility, and facilitate collaborations and partnerships in the scientific community.

Also Read: Tips to Prepare PhD viva-voce Presentation Slides

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Effective Research Presentations: Tips for Engaging Audiences

Effective Research Presentations: Tips for Engaging Audiences

Research presentations are a fundamental part of academic and professional life. Whether you are a scientist sharing groundbreaking discoveries, a student defending your thesis, or a business professional pitching a proposal, your ability to engage and captivate your audience is essential. In this article, we will explore key strategies and tips for delivering research presentations that leave a lasting impression.

Why Effective Research Presentations Matter

Effective research presentations are not just a formality or an academic ritual. They play a crucial role in academia, business, and the broader professional world. Here, we delve into why mastering the art of research presentations is essential and explore the far-reaching impacts of effective communication.

At the heart of any research presentation is the desire to disseminate knowledge. Whether you are a scientist sharing groundbreaking discoveries, a student defending your thesis, or a professional pitching a proposal, your presentation is a vehicle for conveying important information to your audience.

In academic settings, research presentations are a fundamental way of sharing findings with peers, instructors, and evaluators. Your ability to articulate complex concepts and research outcomes can directly influence your academic success, securing better grades, research funding, and opportunities for further study.

The impact of effective research presentations extends beyond the classroom. In academia, delivering compelling presentations is a crucial skill for students, researchers, and faculty members alike. It can determine the success of grant applications, research proposals, and conference participation.

For students, the ability to present research effectively is often a requirement for graduation, and it can influence future academic and career prospects. It is a skill that can set you apart in a competitive job market and is highly valued by employers in various industries.

In the professional world, research presentations are a means of driving change, securing investments, and winning clients. Business professionals often need to present market research, product proposals, and strategic plans to colleagues, stakeholders, and potential partners. Effective presentations can be the difference between a successful pitch and missed opportunities.

Consider the role of research presentations in industries such as pharmaceuticals, technology, and finance. Researchers and professionals must convey complex data, findings, and strategies to diverse audiences, from investors to regulatory agencies. An impactful presentation can lead to critical decisions and substantial investments.

For scientists and researchers, research presentations are a conduit for engaging the public and garnering support for scientific endeavors. Whether discussing climate change, medical breakthroughs, or space exploration, scientists must communicate their findings in a way that resonates with non-expert audiences.

Effective presentations help bridge the gap between scientific research and public understanding. They can inspire curiosity, generate interest, and foster trust in the scientific community. Public engagement through presentations is vital for addressing global challenges and securing support for research initiatives.

Research presentations are not just about sharing facts and figures; they are about shaping perceptions and influencing opinions. How you present your research can impact how it is received. A well-crafted presentation can make complex information more accessible and relatable.

In academic settings, the way you present your research can influence how your peers perceive your work. In business, it can determine whether your proposal is accepted or rejected. In public forums, it can sway public opinion on critical issues. Effective presentations have the power to change minds and create a lasting impact.

Mastering the art of research presentations also has personal benefits. It can boost your self-confidence and communication skills. Overcoming the fear of public speaking and delivering successful presentations can be empowering and lead to personal growth.

Confidence in presentation skills extends beyond research presentations. It can enhance your ability to communicate ideas, collaborate effectively, and lead teams in various professional settings. These skills are highly transferable and can contribute to your overall success.

Effective research presentations are not one-way communication; they are a catalyst for collaboration and discussion. Presenting your research opens the door to feedback, questions, and opportunities for collaboration with peers, mentors, and experts in your field.

In academic conferences and seminars, presentations often lead to valuable discussions, networking, and collaboration opportunities. In the business world, presentations can initiate partnerships, joint ventures, and innovative projects. Effective presentation skills can be a catalyst for productive collaboration.

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Key strategies for engaging research presentations.

The art of delivering an engaging research presentation involves a combination of skills and techniques that transform your content into an impactful experience for your audience. Whether you're presenting to peers, potential investors, or the general public, these key strategies will help you captivate your audience and convey your message effectively.

Understanding your audience is the foundation of an engaging presentation. Before you even start crafting your content, consider who will be in the room. Are they experts in your field, or are they laypeople? What are their interests, needs, and expectations? Tailor your presentation to address their knowledge level and interests. This ensures that your message resonates with your audience, making it more engaging and relevant.

Structure is the backbone of any successful presentation. Start with a clear and concise introduction that sets the stage for your talk. Follow this with the main points or key findings, supported by evidence and examples. Conclude with a summary and a compelling closing statement. A well-organized structure not only helps your audience follow your presentation but also adds to its overall impact.

Visual aids, such as slides, diagrams, and infographics, are powerful tools for enhancing audience engagement. However, it's crucial to use them effectively. Keep your visuals uncluttered, using concise text and high-quality images. Use visuals to complement your spoken words, not to duplicate them. Visuals should enhance understanding and provide a visual context for your content.

The importance of rehearsal cannot be overstated. Practice your presentation multiple times until you are familiar with the content and the timing. Rehearsing allows you to refine your delivery, identify potential stumbling points, and build confidence. Practice in front of a trusted friend, mentor, or colleague who can provide valuable feedback.

Start your presentation with an attention-grabbing opening. You have only a few seconds to capture your audience's interest, so make it count. You can begin with a compelling story, a surprising fact, a relevant quote, or a thought-provoking question. An engaging opening sets the tone for the rest of your presentation.

Storytelling is a potent tool for making complex information relatable and memorable. Weave narratives into your presentation to illustrate key points or findings. Stories have the power to evoke emotions and create a deeper connection with your audience. They can also help clarify abstract concepts and add a human element to your research.

Engage your audience by incorporating moments of interaction throughout your presentation. Pose questions, conduct polls, or include interactive exercises that involve your audience. Interactivity keeps people engaged and helps them retain information. It also creates a sense of participation, making your presentation more memorable.

Simplicity is key to effective communication. Use plain language and avoid jargon whenever possible. If technical terms are necessary, explain them in simple terms. Ensure that your message is accessible to everyone in your audience, regardless of their background or expertise. Clear communication fosters engagement and understanding.

Your body language plays a significant role in engaging your audience. Maintain eye contact with your audience to establish a connection. Use gestures to emphasize important points, and vary your tone of voice to convey enthusiasm and conviction. Your body language should reinforce your message and project confidence.

Nervousness is a common experience before presenting, but it can be managed. Practice relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing and mindfulness, to calm your nerves. Remember that a certain level of nervousness can actually enhance your performance, keeping you alert and focused.

Respect the time allotted for your presentation. Avoid rushing through your content or exceeding the time limit. Practice pacing to ensure a smooth delivery. Staying within your time frame demonstrates professionalism and consideration for your audience.

If you are using slides, pay attention to visual design principles. Choose readable fonts, use contrasting colors for text and background, and incorporate high-quality visuals. Avoid cluttered slides with too much information. Visual design should enhance the understanding of your content.

Anticipate questions your audience might have and be prepared with thoughtful answers. While you can't predict every question, being ready for common inquiries shows that you are knowledgeable and confident in your research.

End your presentation with a strong closing statement or a call to action. Summarize your key points and leave your audience with something to remember. A compelling closing reinforces your message and ensures that your presentation makes a lasting impact.

After your presentation, seek feedback from your audience or colleagues. Constructive feedback can provide valuable insights for improving your presentation skills for future talks. Embrace the opportunity to refine your abilities and become an even more engaging presenter.

In conclusion, effective research presentations are a valuable skill that can significantly impact your academic and professional journey. By understanding your audience, structuring your content, and incorporating engaging strategies, you can deliver presentations that inform, inspire, and leave a lasting impression. Remember, presentation skills can be honed with practice, so seize every opportunity to refine your abilities and become a compelling presenter.

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8 Types of Presentations You Should Know [+Examples & Tips]

By Krystle Wong , Aug 11, 2023

Types of Presentation

From persuasive pitches that influence opinions to instructional demonstrations that teach skills, the different types of presentations serve a unique purpose, tailored to specific objectives and audiences.

Presentations that are tailored to its objectives and audiences are more engaging and memorable. They capture attention, maintain interest and leave a lasting impression. 

Don’t worry if you’re no designer —  Whether you need data-driven visuals, persuasive graphics or engaging design elements, Venngage can empower you to craft presentations that stand out and effectively convey your message.

Venngage’s intuitive drag-and-drop interface, extensive presentation template library and customizable design options make it a valuable tool for creating slides that align with your specific goals and target audience. 

Click to jump ahead:

8 Different types of presentations every presenter must know

How do i choose the right type of presentation for my topic or audience, types of presentation faq, 5 steps to create a presentation with venngage .

types of research presentations

When it comes to presentations, versatility is the name of the game. Having a variety of presentation styles up your sleeve can make a world of difference in keeping your audience engaged. Here are 8 essential presentation types that every presenter should be well-acquainted with:

1. Informative presentation

Ever sat through a presentation that left you feeling enlightened? That’s the power of an informative presentation. 

This presentation style is all about sharing knowledge and shedding light on a particular topic. Whether you’re diving into the depths of quantum physics or explaining the intricacies of the latest social media trends, informative presentations aim to increase the audience’s understanding.

When delivering an informative presentation, simplify complex topics with clear visuals and relatable examples. Organize your content logically, starting with the basics and gradually delving deeper and always remember to keep jargon to a minimum and encourage questions for clarity.

Academic presentations and research presentations are great examples of informative presentations. An effective academic presentation involves having clear structure, credible evidence, engaging delivery and supporting visuals. Provide context to emphasize the topic’s significance, practice to perfect timing, and be ready to address anticipated questions. 

types of research presentations

2. Persuasive presentation

If you’ve ever been swayed by a passionate speaker armed with compelling arguments, you’ve experienced a persuasive presentation . 

This type of presentation is like a verbal tug-of-war, aiming to convince the audience to see things from a specific perspective. Expect to encounter solid evidence, logical reasoning and a dash of emotional appeal.

With persuasive presentations, it’s important to know your audience inside out and tailor your message to their interests and concerns. Craft a compelling narrative with a strong opening, a solid argument and a memorable closing. Additionally, use visuals strategically to enhance your points.

Examples of persuasive presentations include presentations for environmental conservations, policy change, social issues and more. Here are some engaging presentation templates you can use to get started with: 

types of research presentations

3. Demonstration or how-to presentation

A Demonstration or How-To Presentation is a type of presentation where the speaker showcases a process, technique, or procedure step by step, providing the audience with clear instructions on how to replicate the demonstrated action. 

A demonstrative presentation is particularly useful when teaching practical skills or showing how something is done in a hands-on manner.

These presentations are commonly used in various settings, including educational workshops, training sessions, cooking classes, DIY tutorials, technology demonstrations and more. Designing creative slides for your how-to presentations can heighten engagement and foster better information retention. 

Speakers can also consider breaking down the process into manageable steps, using visual aids, props and sometimes even live demonstrations to illustrate each step. The key is to provide clear and concise instructions, engage the audience with interactive elements and address any questions that may arise during the presentation.

types of research presentations

4. Training or instructional presentation

Training presentations are geared towards imparting practical skills, procedures or concepts — think of this as the more focused cousin of the demonstration presentation. 

Whether you’re teaching a group of new employees the ins and outs of a software or enlightening budding chefs on the art of soufflé-making, training presentations are all about turning novices into experts.

To maximize the impact of your training or instructional presentation, break down complex concepts into digestible segments. Consider using real-life examples to illustrate each point and create a connection. 

You can also create an interactive presentation by incorporating elements like quizzes or group activities to reinforce understanding.

types of research presentations

5. Sales presentation

Sales presentations are one of the many types of business presentations and the bread and butter of businesses looking to woo potential clients or customers. With a sprinkle of charm and a dash of persuasion, these presentations showcase products, services or ideas with one end goal in mind: sealing the deal.

A successful sales presentation often has key characteristics such as a clear value proposition, strong storytelling, confidence and a compelling call to action. Hence, when presenting to your clients or stakeholders, focus on benefits rather than just features. 

Anticipate and address potential objections before they arise and use storytelling to showcase how your offering solves a specific problem for your audience. Utilizing visual aids is also a great way to make your points stand out and stay memorable.

A sales presentation can be used to promote service offerings, product launches or even consultancy proposals that outline the expertise and industry experience of a business. Here are some template examples you can use for your next sales presentation:

types of research presentations

6. Pitch presentation

Pitch presentations are your ticket to garnering the interest and support of potential investors, partners or stakeholders. Think of your pitch deck as your chance to paint a vivid picture of your business idea or proposal and secure the resources you need to bring it to life. 

Business presentations aside, individuals can also create a portfolio presentation to showcase their skills, experience and achievements to potential clients, employers or investors. 

Craft a concise and compelling narrative. Clearly define the problem your idea solves and how it stands out in the market. Anticipate questions and practice your answers. Project confidence and passion for your idea.

types of research presentations

7. Motivational or inspirational presentation

Feeling the need for a morale boost? That’s where motivational presentations step in. These talks are designed to uplift and inspire, often featuring personal anecdotes, heartwarming stories and a generous serving of encouragement.

Form a connection with your audience by sharing personal stories that resonate with your message. Use a storytelling style with relatable anecdotes and powerful metaphors to create an emotional connection. Keep the energy high and wrap up your inspirational presentations with a clear call to action.

Inspirational talks and leadership presentations aside, a motivational or inspirational presentation can also be a simple presentation aimed at boosting confidence, a motivational speech focused on embracing change and more.

types of research presentations

8. Status or progress report presentation

Projects and businesses are like living organisms, constantly evolving and changing. Status or progress report presentations keep everyone in the loop by providing updates on achievements, challenges and future plans. It’s like a GPS for your team, ensuring everyone stays on track.

Be transparent about achievements, challenges and future plans. Utilize infographics, charts and diagrams to present your data visually and simplify information. By visually representing data, it becomes easier to identify trends, make predictions and strategize based on evidence.

types of research presentations

Now that you’ve learned about the different types of presentation methods and how to use them, you’re on the right track to creating a good presentation that can boost your confidence and enhance your presentation skills . 

Selecting the most suitable presentation style is akin to choosing the right outfit for an occasion – it greatly influences how your message is perceived. Here’s a more detailed guide to help you make that crucial decision:

1. Define your objectives

Begin by clarifying your presentation’s goals. Are you aiming to educate, persuade, motivate, train or perhaps sell a concept? Your objectives will guide you to the most suitable presentation type. 

For instance, if you’re aiming to inform, an informative presentation would be a natural fit. On the other hand, a persuasive presentation suits the goal of swaying opinions.

2. Know your audience

Regardless if you’re giving an in-person or a virtual presentation — delve into the characteristics of your audience. Consider factors like their expertise level, familiarity with the topic, interests and expectations. 

If your audience consists of professionals in your field, a more technical presentation might be suitable. However, if your audience is diverse and includes newcomers, an approachable and engaging style might work better.

types of research presentations

3. Analyze your content

Reflect on the content you intend to present. Is it data-heavy, rich in personal stories or focused on practical skills? Different presentation styles serve different content types. 

For data-driven content, an informative or instructional presentation might work best. For emotional stories, a motivational presentation could be a compelling choice.

4. Consider time constraints

Evaluate the time you have at your disposal. If your presentation needs to be concise due to time limitations, opt for a presentation style that allows you to convey your key points effectively within the available timeframe. A pitch presentation, for example, often requires delivering impactful information within a short span.

5. Leverage visuals

Visual aids are powerful tools in presentations. Consider whether your content would benefit from visual representation. If your PowerPoint presentations involve step-by-step instructions or demonstrations, a how-to presentation with clear visuals would be advantageous. Conversely, if your content is more conceptual, a motivational presentation could rely more on spoken words.

types of research presentations

6. Align with the setting

Take the presentation environment into account. Are you presenting in a formal business setting, a casual workshop or a conference? Your setting can influence the level of formality and interactivity in your presentation. For instance, a demonstration presentation might be ideal for a hands-on workshop, while a persuasive presentation is great for conferences.

7. Gauge audience interaction

Determine the level of audience engagement you want. Interactive presentations work well for training sessions, workshops and small group settings, while informative or persuasive presentations might be more one-sided.

8. Flexibility

Stay open to adjusting your presentation style on the fly. Sometimes, unexpected factors might require a change of presentation style. Be prepared to adjust on the spot if audience engagement or reactions indicate that a different approach would be more effective.

Remember that there is no one-size-fits-all approach, and the best type of presentation may vary depending on the specific situation and your unique communication goals. By carefully considering these factors, you can choose the most effective presentation type to successfully engage and communicate with your audience.

To save time, use a presentation software or check out these presentation design and presentation background guides to create a presentation that stands out.    

types of research presentations

What are some effective ways to begin and end a presentation?

Capture your audience’s attention from the start of your presentation by using a surprising statistic, a compelling story or a thought-provoking question related to your topic. 

To conclude your presentation , summarize your main points, reinforce your key message and leave a lasting impression with a powerful call to action or a memorable quote that resonates with your presentation’s theme.

How can I make my presentation more engaging and interactive?

To create an engaging and interactive presentation for your audience, incorporate visual elements such as images, graphs and videos to illustrate your points visually. Share relatable anecdotes or real-life examples to create a connection with your audience. 

You can also integrate interactive elements like live polls, open-ended questions or small group discussions to encourage participation and keep your audience actively engaged throughout your presentation.

Which types of presentations require special markings

Some presentation types require special markings such as how sales presentations require persuasive techniques like emphasizing benefits, addressing objections and using compelling visuals to showcase products or services. 

Demonstrations and how-to presentations on the other hand require clear markings for each step, ensuring the audience can follow along seamlessly. 

That aside, pitch presentations require highlighting unique selling points, market potential and the competitive edge of your idea, making it stand out to potential investors or partners.

Need some inspiration on how to make a presentation that will captivate an audience? Here are 120+ presentation ideas to help you get started. 

Creating a stunning and impactful presentation with Venngage is a breeze. Whether you’re crafting a business pitch, a training presentation or any other type of presentation, follow these five steps to create a professional presentation that stands out:

  • Sign up and log in to Venngage to access the editor.
  • Choose a presentation template that matches your topic or style.
  • Customize content, colors, fonts, and background to personalize your presentation.
  • Add images, icons, and charts to enhancevisual style and clarity.
  • Save, export, and share your presentation as PDF or PNG files, or use Venngage’s Presentation Mode for online showcasing.

In the realm of presentations, understanding the different types of presentation formats is like having a versatile set of tools that empower you to craft compelling narratives for every occasion.

Remember, the key to a successful presentation lies not only in the content you deliver but also in the way you connect with your audience. Whether you’re informing, persuading or entertaining, tailoring your approach to the specific type of presentation you’re delivering can make all the difference.

Presentations are a powerful tool, and with practice and dedication (and a little help from Venngage), you’ll find yourself becoming a presentation pro in no time. Now, let’s get started and customize your next presentation!

types of research presentations

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Types of Research – Explained with Examples

DiscoverPhDs

  • By DiscoverPhDs
  • October 2, 2020

Types of Research Design

Types of Research

Research is about using established methods to investigate a problem or question in detail with the aim of generating new knowledge about it.

It is a vital tool for scientific advancement because it allows researchers to prove or refute hypotheses based on clearly defined parameters, environments and assumptions. Due to this, it enables us to confidently contribute to knowledge as it allows research to be verified and replicated.

Knowing the types of research and what each of them focuses on will allow you to better plan your project, utilises the most appropriate methodologies and techniques and better communicate your findings to other researchers and supervisors.

Classification of Types of Research

There are various types of research that are classified according to their objective, depth of study, analysed data, time required to study the phenomenon and other factors. It’s important to note that a research project will not be limited to one type of research, but will likely use several.

According to its Purpose

Theoretical research.

Theoretical research, also referred to as pure or basic research, focuses on generating knowledge , regardless of its practical application. Here, data collection is used to generate new general concepts for a better understanding of a particular field or to answer a theoretical research question.

Results of this kind are usually oriented towards the formulation of theories and are usually based on documentary analysis, the development of mathematical formulas and the reflection of high-level researchers.

Applied Research

Here, the goal is to find strategies that can be used to address a specific research problem. Applied research draws on theory to generate practical scientific knowledge, and its use is very common in STEM fields such as engineering, computer science and medicine.

This type of research is subdivided into two types:

  • Technological applied research : looks towards improving efficiency in a particular productive sector through the improvement of processes or machinery related to said productive processes.
  • Scientific applied research : has predictive purposes. Through this type of research design, we can measure certain variables to predict behaviours useful to the goods and services sector, such as consumption patterns and viability of commercial projects.

Methodology Research

According to your Depth of Scope

Exploratory research.

Exploratory research is used for the preliminary investigation of a subject that is not yet well understood or sufficiently researched. It serves to establish a frame of reference and a hypothesis from which an in-depth study can be developed that will enable conclusive results to be generated.

Because exploratory research is based on the study of little-studied phenomena, it relies less on theory and more on the collection of data to identify patterns that explain these phenomena.

Descriptive Research

The primary objective of descriptive research is to define the characteristics of a particular phenomenon without necessarily investigating the causes that produce it.

In this type of research, the researcher must take particular care not to intervene in the observed object or phenomenon, as its behaviour may change if an external factor is involved.

Explanatory Research

Explanatory research is the most common type of research method and is responsible for establishing cause-and-effect relationships that allow generalisations to be extended to similar realities. It is closely related to descriptive research, although it provides additional information about the observed object and its interactions with the environment.

Correlational Research

The purpose of this type of scientific research is to identify the relationship between two or more variables. A correlational study aims to determine whether a variable changes, how much the other elements of the observed system change.

According to the Type of Data Used

Qualitative research.

Qualitative methods are often used in the social sciences to collect, compare and interpret information, has a linguistic-semiotic basis and is used in techniques such as discourse analysis, interviews, surveys, records and participant observations.

In order to use statistical methods to validate their results, the observations collected must be evaluated numerically. Qualitative research, however, tends to be subjective, since not all data can be fully controlled. Therefore, this type of research design is better suited to extracting meaning from an event or phenomenon (the ‘why’) than its cause (the ‘how’).

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research study delves into a phenomena through quantitative data collection and using mathematical, statistical and computer-aided tools to measure them . This allows generalised conclusions to be projected over time.

Types of Research Methodology

According to the Degree of Manipulation of Variables

Experimental research.

It is about designing or replicating a phenomenon whose variables are manipulated under strictly controlled conditions in order to identify or discover its effect on another independent variable or object. The phenomenon to be studied is measured through study and control groups, and according to the guidelines of the scientific method.

Non-Experimental Research

Also known as an observational study, it focuses on the analysis of a phenomenon in its natural context. As such, the researcher does not intervene directly, but limits their involvement to measuring the variables required for the study. Due to its observational nature, it is often used in descriptive research.

Quasi-Experimental Research

It controls only some variables of the phenomenon under investigation and is therefore not entirely experimental. In this case, the study and the focus group cannot be randomly selected, but are chosen from existing groups or populations . This is to ensure the collected data is relevant and that the knowledge, perspectives and opinions of the population can be incorporated into the study.

According to the Type of Inference

Deductive investigation.

In this type of research, reality is explained by general laws that point to certain conclusions; conclusions are expected to be part of the premise of the research problem and considered correct if the premise is valid and the inductive method is applied correctly.

Inductive Research

In this type of research, knowledge is generated from an observation to achieve a generalisation. It is based on the collection of specific data to develop new theories.

Hypothetical-Deductive Investigation

It is based on observing reality to make a hypothesis, then use deduction to obtain a conclusion and finally verify or reject it through experience.

Descriptive Research Design

According to the Time in Which it is Carried Out

Longitudinal study (also referred to as diachronic research).

It is the monitoring of the same event, individual or group over a defined period of time. It aims to track changes in a number of variables and see how they evolve over time. It is often used in medical, psychological and social areas .

Cross-Sectional Study (also referred to as Synchronous Research)

Cross-sectional research design is used to observe phenomena, an individual or a group of research subjects at a given time.

According to The Sources of Information

Primary research.

This fundamental research type is defined by the fact that the data is collected directly from the source, that is, it consists of primary, first-hand information.

Secondary research

Unlike primary research, secondary research is developed with information from secondary sources, which are generally based on scientific literature and other documents compiled by another researcher.

Action Research Methods

According to How the Data is Obtained

Documentary (cabinet).

Documentary research, or secondary sources, is based on a systematic review of existing sources of information on a particular subject. This type of scientific research is commonly used when undertaking literature reviews or producing a case study.

Field research study involves the direct collection of information at the location where the observed phenomenon occurs.

From Laboratory

Laboratory research is carried out in a controlled environment in order to isolate a dependent variable and establish its relationship with other variables through scientific methods.

Mixed-Method: Documentary, Field and/or Laboratory

Mixed research methodologies combine results from both secondary (documentary) sources and primary sources through field or laboratory research.

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What is a Research Instrument?

The term research instrument refers to any tool that you may use to collect, measure and analyse research data.

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The 6 types of presentation (and why you need them)

Hrideep barot.

  • Presentation , Public Speaking

types of research presentations

We all have been exposed to different types of presentations right from school years.

Group presentations, lectures by teachers and professors, seminars, webinars or online presentations, e-learning, e-conferences, etc., are all different types of presentations that we come across in our daily lives.

But each of them work for different settings.

In this article, we will take a look at 6 such types of presentations and when and why you need them.

1. Informative Presentations

This is the most common type of presentation, be it in an educational setting or business or corporate setting.

The aim of an informative presentation is to give detailed information about a product, concept, or idea to a specific kind of audience.

They are often analytical or require a rational analysis of the data presented.

Training sessions or one-day workshops are good examples where this kind of presentation is used.

Here is an example of an informative presentation on public speaking and presentations.

Now, there are different situations where you can use informative presentations.

a) Reporting

Learn from observing the reporters!

Although a report is a written explanation of an event, it can also be verbal.

A perfect place to use informative presentations is news reporting , as it requires the presenter to present information systematically.

b) Briefing

types of research presentations

This involves explaining both positive and negative aspects of a particular topic in a few words.

It is providing information quickly and effectively about an issue to influence decisions or to come to solutions.

Hence, the decision-making bodies of an organization can make use of this kind of presentation to save time and effectively come to conclusions.

c) Research

Informative presentations are often used to present research findings to a specific audience , as it involves reporting the findings and briefing it to the audience.

Hence, almost everywhere where research takes place, be it in an educational context or occupational , can make use of this kind of presentation.

Tips for giving informative presentations

  • As there would be a lot of technical information and statistics, focus on the main points or agenda first and if you have more time, you can add them at the end
  • Keep your presentation simple and clear . Avoid complex sentence structures and graphics
  • Tell the outline of your presentation briefly in the introduction for a better flow
  • Make sure that your presentation does not stretch for too long. 10-15 minutes is what your audience can concentrate on
  • Restate your keyphrase at the end and briefly summarize all the important points of your presentation

Speech topics for an informative presentation

  • Cropping techniques
  • Organic Farming
  • Corporate Farming
  • Hydroponics
  • Sustainable Agriculture, etc
  • Climate change
  • Environmental issues
  • Eco-friendly ways of management
  • Eco-politics
  • Eco-feminism, etc
  • Gender studies
  • Gender and education
  • Religious studies
  • History of education
  • Philosophy of education, etc
  • Ethnic cultures
  • Indigenous cultures
  • Multiculturalism
  • Popular culture
  • Cultural trends, etc
  • Business administration
  • Business ethics
  • Business models
  • Promotion and marketing communications
  • Finance, etc

2. Persuasive presentations

Persuasion is the art of motivating or convincing someone to act or make a change in their actions or thoughts.

If you are planning to give a persuasive presentation, and are looking for how to give a persuasive speech, check out our article on A Comprehensive Guide to Writing a Persuasive Speech to gain in-depth knowledge about the art of giving persuasive presentations.

Persuasive presentations are also widely used form after informative presentations.

There are various circumstances where persuasive presentations can be used.

a) Policy-making

Avoid taking too much time when you want to persuade any decision!

Government bodies make use of persuasion almost every time, be it the legislative or decision-making bodies, executive bodies, or even courts.

Even election campaigns involve using persuasive presentations as an instrument of their pre-determined goals of swaying the citizens.

For that matter, any executive or management body of an organization can make use of these kinds of presentations.

b) Value judgment

Give personal examples if you want to persuade someone's viewpoints!

This kind involves answering the question “why” and supplementing it with possible benefits.

Most Ted talks and YouTube videos try to persuade the audience and fall into the persuasive presentation category.

Even religious heads use this as a means of persuading their believers to follow their belief system.

Deciding on a procedure or telling an audience the correct procedure of doing something is another situation.

An example of a persuasive presentation

Bailey parnell: is social media hurting your mental health.

This TED talk by Bailey Parnell is a good example of a persuasive presentation.

She starts strong by asking rhetorical questions that set the mood for her further points.

We can also see how the speaker is genuinely concerned regarding the issue, engaging the audience till the end.

Tips for giving a persuasive presentation

  • Start your presentation with a relevant quote or statistics about your topic to establish credibility
  • Tell personal anecdotes and examples wherever necessary to develop an emotional connection with your audience
  • Deliver your presentation with passion and genuine interest to motivate your audience to think
  • Answer the question “why” for better understanding and clarity in your presentation
  • State your viewpoint clearly and clarify doubts if your audience seems to have any

Speech topics for persuasive presentations

  • Is animal testing ethical?
  • Should cosmetic surgery be banned?
  • Can the death penalty be the only solution to the rising crime rates?
  • Should the legal age be 18?
  • Should immigration laws be revised?
  • Why you should never add your parents on Facebook
  • Guys are more interested in gossip than girls
  • It is your major duty to annoy your parents
  • You are not enjoying student life if you are not procrastinating
  • Endless memes can be made on my life, etc
  • Is taming wild and exotic animals ethical?
  • The importance of emotional support animals
  • Why are bunnies the perfect pet?
  • Why do animals make the best companions?
  • Why there is a need for patients to have emotional support animals, etc
  • How and why there is a need to do business analysis before opening your business?
  • Why small businesses are successful and more profitable?
  • Why do sales and customer service departments need to be paid more?
  • Why does the HR department need to be polite and understanding?
  • Why should you not do business with a family member?
  • How charity is a means of converting black money to white?
  • Why is detaining people on the suspicion of terrorism justified?
  • Should euthanasia be made legal?
  • Should violent crime offenders be sentenced to death?
  • Should foreigners be allowed to buy a property?

3. Demonstrative presentations

This involves demonstrating a process or the functioning of a product in a step-by-step fashion.

So, a master class on communication skills or making a product model is an example of a demonstrative presentation.

Usually, the audience is an active part of such presentations and these can work in any context where you want the audience to learn a new skill.

a) Instructions

Take it slow when instructing!

This involves giving guidelines or steps of a process or work .

Teaching how to make a car model step-by-step is a good example where you can use this kind of informative presentation to guide your audience.

Another instance can be at the workplace , to train the employees or introduce them to a new product at work.

This type also works with demonstrating recipes and cooking workshops.

An example of demonstrative presentation

The easy guide on making just about any smoothie.

In this recipe demonstration, he tells his audience how many ingredients are involved and briefs them about the outline of his presentation at the start of his speech.

He also shows all steps in real-time so that the audience have a better understanding of the process and keeps them engaged.

Tips to give a demonstrative presentation

  • Introduce your product and its function to your audience before telling them how to go about with the steps
  • Explain the steps with diagrams or show them in real-time along with the audience
  • Give equal time to every person in the audience for clearing doubts, if any
  • Keep your introduction short. Not more than 5 minutes
  • Discuss options or variations that the audience can try at the end of the presentation

Speech topics for demonstrative presentations

  • How to administer CPR
  • How to wrap a gift professionally
  • How to budget your monthly income
  • How to choose a car insurance
  • How to restore a piece of antique furniture

4. Inspirational presentations

As the name suggests, this type of presentation involves inspiring others!

The main aim of an inspirational presentation is to motivate or move your audience and is also known as a motivational presentation.

Using techniques like storytelling, narrating personal anecdotes , or even humor work wonders as your audience develops an emotional connection to the message.

This TED talk by Luvvie Ajayi Jones is humorous but a lot more inspirational. Check it out!

Tips for giving an inspirational presentation

  • Start with a question that will leave the audience thinking. Pause for some time and then begin with your presentation
  • Develop a sense of connection by narrating personal incidents and experiences to grow empathy
  • Have some main points that you want to emphasize on
  • Make use of humor ! It instantly builds a connection with the listener
  • Non-verbal elements like paralanguage, body language, speech modulations, tone, etc., makes a huge difference

Speech topics for an inspirational presentation

  • Importance of diversity and inclusion
  • Building mental resilience
  • Need for change management
  • Valuing small victories in life
  • How procrastinating is your enemy

5. Business presentations

In the corporate world, presentations are the go-to solution to do anything: planning or strategizing, articulating company goals, screening candidates, status reports , and many more.

Let us take a dive into the different types of business presentations.

a) Sales presentation

Make sure to practice before giving a sales presentation!

Also known as sales pitches , sales presentations involve providing information about a product or a service to sell it.

It has a pre-defined strategy of initiating and closing the sales deal.

This can be done in person or nowadays, on the phone, or via e-communication .

b) Training sessions

Make training sessions interesting by interacting with the audience!

Often employees have on-the-job training sessions that are aimed to increase the knowledge and skills of the employees.

This kind can also involve the audience to participate , like in demonstrative presentations.

c) Meetings

Take everyone's opinion before concluding a point!

Meetings can be called for for different reasons and can be of different forms as well.

Conferences ( both video and in-person), board meetings, informal team meetings, daily reporting, etc., are all various contexts of meeting in a business setting.

d) E- presentations

E- presentations existed before the COVID pandemic as well but were used seldom.

But, with the ongoing pandemic, e-presentations or remote presentations have replaced all other types of presentations and will be with us for a while longer.

However, on the brighter side, it is an eco-friendly alternative to normal face-to-face kind of a set-up, and it also saves transportation and other costs !

e) Seminars

Give ample time of breaks in a seminar to make it less tiring!

Seminars are widely used in the health sector , usually involving a panel of speakers on a topic. The audience is anywhere between 10 to 100.

It ends with a question and answers session , and the audience gets to take handouts with them.

f) One-on-one or 1:1

Pay attention to your body language, especially in an interview!

Interviews are usually one-on-one and involve presenting your achievements and capabilities to your prospective employer.

Apart from interviews, 1:1 meetings are also used in sales and marketing to crack a business deal.

Tips for giving business presentations

  • Include key phrases and other important details on your slides and make them bold
  • Avoid casual slangs and informal tone of speech
  • If you are giving a sales presentation, explain your product or service in simple and clear words , and list the reasons why it is beneficial for your potential clients
  • Make sure to be on time ! Delaying your audience will work against you and leave a bad impression on you and your company
  • Know your material or content thoroughly to answer the questions asked by your audience

Speech topics for business presentations

  • Implementing an Agile Project
  • Introduction to data modeling
  • Introduction to UML(Unified Modeling Language)
  • Social Media strategies for a successful business
  • Business writing for managers

6. Powerpoint presentations

PowerPoint presentations or PPTs are the most effective ones among all types of presentations simply because they are convenient and easy to understand .

They are available in different formats and are suitable to use in practically any type of presentation and context, be it business, educational, or for informal purposes.

There are various types of PowerPoint presentations that you can use depending on the context.

a) PPTs for general audience

Use inclusive language when addressing to a general audience.

  • For general audiences, avoid using jargon terms

If you feel that you need to use them, provide the audience some background information about the field or topic being covered

  • Avoid using more than 8 words per line, as anything more than that becomes difficult to remember
  • Use bullets or a numbered list for better retention
  • Try not to read from your PPT
  • Give handouts or record your presentation in case anyone wants it

b) PPTs for teaching

Include pictures when teaching through a ppt.

  • In this case, the PowerPoint is content-based
  • Make sure that the words on the slides are visible
  • Use bigger font and avoid fancy fonts
  • Add relevant pictures and graphics to keep your audience engaged
  • You can also add documentaries or relevant videos to aid in understanding

c) Repurpose PPTs

  • This involves reinventing an earlier ppt or combining 1 or more than 1 PowerPoints
  • Giving new touches to an earlier PPT or changing the format
  • You can take any slide of your PPT and upload it on social media for growing your brand or business
  • You can even convert your PPT into mp4 , i.e, video format
  • You can even add voice and save the mp4 format, and you have a good marketing plan!

d) PechaKucha

Chat for only 6 minutes and 40 seconds!

  • This type of PowerPoint presentation comes from the Japanese word PechaKucha meaning sound of a conversation or chit-chat
  • This involves changing slides every 20 seconds
  • There can be a maximum of 20 slides , which means your presentation lasts for only 6 minutes and 40 seconds
  • The PPT mostly has graphics and fewer words
  • This type of presentation is best suited for telling a story or a personal anecdote

e) Multimedia presentations

Make full use of the multimedia ppt!

  • This is the best kind of PPT to engage your audience
  • It contains texts along with pictures, videos, infographics, music, illustrations, GIFs , and many more
  • Add higher resolution images and videos , or even a 360-degree snapshot if you are in the sales and marketing industry
  • Adding infographics such as charts and graphs makes the process of understanding easier and saves time
  • Music in a PPT helps your audience to be relaxed, at the same time making them alert and engaged

Types of slides in a presentation

PowerPoint presentation slides are broadly classified into 3 categories: Text, Visual, and Mixed slides.

1. Text slides

As the name suggests, this category of slides involve words or texts.

You can format the text as plain sentences or pointers.

You may even arrange them all in a single slide or one line per slide.

The slide seen below is an example where every point is mentioned in a single slide.

Archived Material (Presentations): Not too much text

2. Visual slides

This type of slide has visual elements such as images or videos , and are better known as conceptual slides since they are a better option than text slide to explain a particular concept.

You can use them at the start of the presentation to better visualize and grasp the meaning of the presentation.

The slide right below is a good example of a visual slide.

Illustration 1 exercise: Visual Metaphor | David Howcroft's OCA Art Journey

3. Mixed slides

Mixed slides combine the texts and visuals to give a comprehensive understanding of any concept or a speech.

Graphs and charts are the best examples of mixed slides.

Mixed slides have an advantage over the other slides; they keep your audience engaged, listening and participating more actively!

Presentation Design: A Visual Guide to Creating Beautiful Slides [Free  E-Book]

Types of Oral presentations

So far we came across 6 types of presentations, and they all share one common feature. They are all one of the types of oral presentations.

Oral presentations involve the use of verbal and non-verbal elements to deliver a speech to a particular or general audience.

All the types we discussed fall into these 4 broad categories:

1. Extemporaneous presentations

This type of presentation involves making short pointers or key phrases to aid while speaking.

You do not memorize, but organize the points and structure the speech way in advance.

Hence, on the day of your presentation, by just looking at the key points , you expand on them and move to the next point.

2. Impromptu presentations

Impromptu presentations are spoken without any preparation . It can be nerve-wracking for many, and hence not many are in favor of it.

There is a valid reason for their fear, as you have to make your speech as you say it!

However, those who are experts in their fields and are called upon to share a few words can easily give this type of presentation.

3. Manuscript presentations

The other extreme of the spectrum is manuscript presentations.

Here you have a script and you speak from it, word by word.

News anchors and show announcers usually engage in this type, since there are a lot of specific details that cannot be said wrong, and also, time constraints.

Usually, a prompter is used, from which the speaker speaks to their audience.

Nowadays, there are teleprompters , that are heavily used in the entertainment and media industry.

It is a digital screen that displays the contents, and the speaker speaks from it.

4. Memorized presentations

This type does not have any notes or cues , but you memorize or rote learn the whole speech.

School and some presentations at the workplace involve using this kind of presentation.

In most cases, we recommend not to memorise your speech in most cases. We’ve made a video on the same and how it could lead to you potentially blanking out on stage. Highly recommend you view this quick vid before choosing memorisation as a presentation path:

But, if you do choose it for whatever reason, since you are free from notes, you are free to focus on other aspects, such as body language and gestures.

Types of presentation styles

There are various presenting styles, but they do not work for all types of presentations.

Let us get familiar with them, and know which style works with which type.

a) The storyteller

There's a reason why we all love to hear stories!

This style of presentation involves the speaker narrating stories and engaging the audience emotionally .

This technique works best with persuasive and inspirational types of presentation.

So, how to tell a story in a presentation?

  • Understand and know your audience : Knowing your audience will help you with how you will frame your story, at the same time gauging the relevance of your narrative
  • Know your message : Be clear with what you want to convey through your story or how you are connecting the story with your actual presentation
  • Try narrative a real-life story : Inspiring presenters often take their own stories or the stories of people whom they know as a supplement to their presentation. When the audience listens to your real-life examples, they become genuinely interested in your story
  • Add visual aids : Using visual aids such as pictures, videos, multimedia, etc., increases the memory retention and engagement of your audience
  • Use the “you” attitude : Tell the story keeping your audience in mind because ultimately they are going to be the receivers and hence, the story should be relevant and should include their point of view as well

Want more storytelling tactics? Mystery, characterisation and the final takeaway are some more key elements of a good story for your next presentation. We’ve gone deeper into this topic in this video if you would like to know more:

b) The Visual style

Make use of the visual aids to keep your audience engaged.

Most of us are visual learners, making visual information easy to understand and retain.

Visual aids like graphics, images, diagrams, key pointers or phrases , etc., are very useful when giving any type of presentation.

Some tips of presenting with visual style:

  • Include only important pointers in your PowerPoint presentation and highlight or bold them
  • Try including visuals that complement what you are saying and use them as a supplementary tool to aid in understanding your audience
  • If you are giving a business presentation and want to include visuals, instead of plain texts, include graphics and charts to make information simpler to present and understand
  • Avoid overly complex visuals as it will confuse the audience more
  • Avoid using more than 6 lines per slide

c) Analytic style

Provide examples to support your data findings!

If you have data records or statistical information to be presented, an analytic style will be more helpful.

It works best for Informative and Business types of presentations.

Tips to deliver in analytic style:

  • Give handouts so that the audience is on track with your presentation and the information will be easier to comprehend
  • Focus and speak on selected data as too much data statistics can be overwhelming for the audience
  • You can make use of humor and personal anecdotes to keep the presentation interesting and engaging
  • If you have too much data and are worried that you will not be able to explain it in the time frame given, avoid writing content of more than 2000 words

Quick tip: In case you have a PDF to present and want to edit the data points, there are multiple software programs that you can use to allow you to easily do this. Check out this list of the Best Free Recording Software Programs to know more.

d) The Connector

Make an impactful presentation by simply connecting with your audience!

The connector style of presentation involves the speaker establishing a connection with the audience by pointing out similarities between them and the listeners.

This style works well with Sales and marketing presentations.

How to give a presentation using connector style?

  • Have a Q & A round with the audience at the end of your presentation for clarifying any doubts and avoiding miscommunication
  • Use audience polls at the start of your presentation to know your audience and tailor your speech accordingly
  • Make use of body language and gestures for delivering your presentation effectively. If you are confused or want to know more about the aspects of how to use body and gestures, check out our article on To walk or stand still: How should you present when on stage?
  • Ask questions to your audience at regular intervals for a better audience engagement
  • Make use of multimedia sources to keep your audience engaged and entertained

Which type of presentation is best?

Although all the presentation types have their own bonuses and are suitable for certain circumstances, some are universal and can be used with a little bit of modification almost everywhere!

These are persuasive presentations!

You can use them in various settings; from political, business to educational.

Just remember to choose the right topic for the right audience, and a style that you think is the most suitable and you are good to go!

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To conclude

We saw 6 types of presentation and understood it in detail.

We also gained some tips on how to make our presentation more engaging and also came across things to avoid as well.

We then explored the types of slides that you can use, and also the types of presenting orally.

We also gave you some tips and a few topic ideas that you can incorporate in your next speech!

Hrideep Barot

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types of research presentations

How to write a successful conference abstract

  • February 20, 2024

Coming up with an abstract idea

Make sure your abstract aligns with the conference themes and topics.

Types of abstracts and presentations

The next step in writing your abstract submission is to choose your presentation format. There is a submission format to suit everyone – depending on the work you’d like to share, and how confident you feel presenting to an audience. Typically, abstracts can be submitted for:

  • Research-based oral presentations: Presentations on original research findings, case studies, completed projects and theoretical analyses.
  • Practice-based oral presentations: Presentations analysing issues and solutions to problems in clinical practice, community engagement, education, health promotion and policy.
  • Models of Care and Programs presentations: Present on real-world examples of innovative models of care, programs, or interventions to enhance health care delivery.
  • Multi-media presentations: Presentations delivered via multi-media, typically video, which showcase models of care, case studies, or other activities which improve health promotion, policy, advocacy, or delivery.
  • Poster presentations: Posters will be displayed within the exhibition and catering area. Poster presentations can be a great choice for early-stage or preliminary research, or for those who are not confident presenting an oral presentation.

Depending on the conference guidelines, oral presentations can often be presented as either a 10+ minute presentation, or five minute rapid-fire presentation with a Q&A component.

Recently, ASHM has introduced new types of presentations to make conference sessions even more accessible and interactive. These include:

  • Tabletop presentations: In small rotating groups, share how you implemented a solution or initiative in-community, and explore how this initiative can be improved upon or expanded further through discussion.
  • Case presentations: Present a clinical case report relevant to the conference theme which showcases innovation or practical advice.
  • Storytelling sessions: Come together with delegates from across the sector to give an informal short five minute talk on your work or program which relates to the conference theme.
  • Lessons learned: Share and reflect on your experiences through a standard oral presentation or rapid-fire presentation and Q&A session.

Think carefully about which type of presentation best suits the work you want to present. For example, a case study video on how you delivered a program in-community might be best suited to a multi-media presentation. Meanwhile, findings from academic research may work best as a research-based oral presentation.

The types of presentations and abstracts accepted vary by conference and are being updated all the time – make sure to check the ‘Abstract Submission’ page of each conference before starting your submission.

What is an abstract and what does it include?

An abstract is typically a short, stand-alone document which concisely summarises the work you wish to present. When submitting an abstract for an ASHM conference, you can download an abstract template for your type of presentation outlining everything you need to include.

Depending on the type of presentation you are hoping to give, the abstract requirements, guidelines, and template may vary. Below are some general tips – make sure to read and abide by the appropriate guidelines and use the most recent template when submitting your abstract.

Always consult the abstract guidelines for the conference you are submitting to! Make sure to follow any formatting instructions and word limits.

Research-based abstracts: What to include

For research-based abstracts, you will need to include:

  • Abstract title
  • Authors: The principal author must appear first, and any authors presenting the paper underlined. Include affiliations/organisation for each author.
  • Background: Any relevant contextual information, the research problem or rationale, and why this research is important.
  • Methods: The methods taken to undertake research.
  • Results: A summary of the most significant results of the research related to the conference themes.
  • Conclusion: Discuss further any of the outcomes of the research, how it adds to the existing body of knowledge, and any implications for future research and practice.
  • Disclosure of Interest Statement: Declare any potential conflicts of interest and/or relevant funding sources or organisational funding in this section. If you have no interests to declare, you can write ‘Nothing to disclose’.

While data should be included in your results section, tables, figures and references should not be included in the abstract.

Practice-based abstracts: What to include

For practice-based abstracts, you will need to include:

  • Background/Purpose: Outline any relevant background information, including the need for this practice/project.
  • Approach: A brief description of your practice design and approach including any methodologies used, the population researched/impacted, the type of data collected and how it was analysed.
  • Outcomes/Impact: A summary of the most significant results related to the conference themes.
  • Innovation and Significance: Describe how your practice has contributed to the sector’s body of knowledge, any novelty or innovations it has made, and any implications for future advancements in this area.

Spend most of your attention and word limit on your outcomes and impact.

Important tips for writing an abstract submission

1. Create a catchy title!

Stand out from other submissions by coming up with a catchy and memorable abstract title. Choose something that would make you want to engage with your presentation. Is there a surprising statistic, or standout quote that would grab people’s attention?

2. Assume that the audience has no previous knowledge on your topic

While it can be easy to rely on acronyms and sector-specific terminology, not everyone who reads your abstract or attends your presentation may know these terms. Assume the reader has no previous knowledge and improve the readability of your abstract by avoiding acronyms where possible (and expanding when included), explaining topic-specific terminology, and only including information related to your presentation.

Who knows – maybe your presentation will be the gateway for an audience member to pursue a new area!

Use the right language in your submission

When submitting an abstract and writing a presentation for an ASHM conference, it is encouraged that you use person-centred language. Putting the person first in your presentation is vital for combating stigma and respecting the dignity of all people.

To make sure your abstract and presentation is using person-centred language, we recommend consulting these helpful language guides:

  • Trans Care BC and ACON’s Trans-Affirming language guide – for language related to people who are transgender
  • NADA’s Language Matters guide – for language related to alcohol and other drugs and people who use them
  • INPUD & ANPUD’s Words Matter! Language statement & reference guide – for language related to alcohol and other drugs and people who use them
  • Reconciliation Australia language guide – for language related to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and reconciliation

Submitting your abstract online

Once you’ve written your abstract using the template and made sure it follows the guidelines, it’s time to submit. The video below gives a general overview of how to submit your abstract online – depending on the conference this process may differ.

Further questions?

If you have any questions about abstract requirements or submissions, contact ASHM’s Conference and Events team using the enquiry form at the bottom of our Conference and Event Management page.

Learning Hub

Prescribers.

ASHM Head Office – Sydney Level 3, 160 Clarence Street Sydney, NSW 2000

​​Tel: (+61) 02 8204 0700 Fax: (+61) 02 8204 0782

types of research presentations

Acknowledgement of Country

ASHM acknowledges the Traditional Owners of Country across the various lands on which our staff live and work. We recognise their continuing connection to land, water and community and we pay our respects to Elders past and present.

ASHM Health | ABN 48 264 545 457 | CFN 17788 | Copyright © 2023 ASHM

ASHM Health | ABN 48 264 545 457 | CFN 17788 | Copyright © 2022 ASHM

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  • 1. VARIOUS TYPES OF RESEARCHES VAISALI K B070225AR
  • 2. WHAT IS RESEARCH? The systematic, rigorous investigation of a situation or problem in order to generate new knowledge or validate existing knowledge.
  • 3. APPLIED RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Applied research refers to scientific study and research that CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH seeks to solve practical problems. Applied research is used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH innovative technologies, rather than to acquire knowledge for ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH knowledge's sake. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to: EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . • Improve agricultural crop production GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. • Treat or cure a specific disease • Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes HISTORICAL RESEARCH of transportation PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 4. APPLIED RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Basic (aka fundamental or pure ) research is driven by a CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH scientist's curiosity or interest in a scientific question. The main motivation is to expand man's knowledge, not to create DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH or invent something. There is no obvious commercial value to ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH the discoveries that result from basic research. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH For example, basic science investigations probe for answers EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . to questions such as: GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. • How did the universe begin? • What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of? HISTORICAL RESEARCH • How do slime molds reproduce? PHENOMENOLOGICAL • What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly? RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 5. APPLIED RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Correlational research refers to the systematic investigation or statistical study of relationships among two or more variables, DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH without necessarily determining cause and effect. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH It Seeks to establish a relation/association/correlation EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH between two or more variables that do not readily lend themselves to experimental manipulation. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . For example, to test the hypothesis “ Listening to music lowers GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. blood pressure levels” there are 2 ways of conducting research HISTORICAL RESEARCH • Experimental – group samples and make one group listen to music and then compare the bp levels PHENOMENOLOGICAL • Survey – ask people how they feel ? How often they listen? RESEARCH And then compare QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 6. APPLIED RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Advantages: DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH 1) Can collect much information from many subjects at one time. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2) Can study a wide range of variables and their EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH interrelations. 3) Study variables that are not easily produced in the EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . laboratory. GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. Disadvantages: HISTORICAL RESEARCH 1) Correlation does not indicate causation( cause and PHENOMENOLOGICAL effect). RESEARCH 2) Problems with self-report method . QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 7. APPLIED RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Descriptive research refers to research that provides an accurate portrayal of characteristics of a particular individual, DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH situation, or group. Descriptive research, also known as statistical research. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH These studies are a means of discovering new meaning, EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH describing what exists, determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing information. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. In short descriptive research deals with everything that can be counted and studied, which has an impact of the lives of the HISTORICAL RESEARCH people it deals with. PHENOMENOLOGICAL For example, RESEARCH • finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of a town. The reader of the research will know what to do to QUALITATIVE RESEARCH prevent that disease thus, more people will live a healthy life. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 8. APPLIED RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Advantages: DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH • The people individual studied are unaware so they act naturally or as they usually do in everyday situation; ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH • It is less expensive and time consuming than quantitative experiments; EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH • Collects a large amount of notes for detailed studying; • As it is used to describe and not make any conclusions it is EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . to start the research with it; GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. Disadvantages HISTORICAL RESEARCH PHENOMENOLOGICAL • Descriptive research requires more skills. • Does not identify cause behind a phenomenon RESEARCH • Response rate is low in this research. • Results of this research can change over the period of QUALITATIVE RESEARCH time. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 9. APPLIED RESEARCH ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Ethnographic research refer to the investigation of a culture CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH through an in-depth study of the members of the culture; it involves the systematic collection, description, and analysis DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH of data for development of theories of cultural behaviour. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH • It studies people, ethnic groups and other ethnic EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH formations, their ethno genesis, composition, EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as well as their material and spiritual culture. GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. • Data collection is often done through participant HISTORICAL RESEARCH observation, interviews, questionnaires, etc. PHENOMENOLOGICAL • The purpose of ethnographic research is to attempt to RESEARCH understand what is happening naturally in the setting and to interpret the data gathered to see what implications QUALITATIVE RESEARCH could be formed from the data. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 10. APPLIED RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Experimental research is an objective, systematic, controlled CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH investigation for the purpose of predicting and controlling DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH phenomena and examining probability and causality among selected variables. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Advantages EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH • Best establishes cause-and-effect relationships EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . Disadvantages GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. HISTORICAL RESEARCH • Artificiality PHENOMENOLOGICAL • Feasibility RESEARCH • Unethical QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 11. APPLIED RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH The simplest experimental design includes two variables and two CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH groups of participants. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH The two variables(Independent versus Dependent variables). ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH • The IV is the predictor variable whereas the DV is the outcome EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH variable. • Researchers manipulate and control the IV to study it's effect on EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . the DV. GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. The two groups of participants (Control versus Experimental group). HISTORICAL RESEARCH • Before beginning the experiment, the researcher (randomly) PHENOMENOLOGICAL assigns his/her sample to two different groups: the control group and the experimental (treatment group or clinical group). RESEARCH • The control group receives no manipulation of the IV (no treatment), whereas the experimental group receives the QUALITATIVE RESEARCH manipulation of the IV QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 12. APPLIED RESEARCH EXPLORATORY RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Exploratory research is a type of research conducted for a CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH problem that has not been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH collection method and selection of subjects. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH • The results of exploratory research are not usually useful EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH for decision-making by themselves, but they can provide significant insight into a given situation EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . • Exploratory research is not typically generalizable to GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. the population at large. HISTORICAL RESEARCH • Exploratory research can be quite informal, relying on secondary research such as reviewing available PHENOMENOLOGICAL literature and/or data, or qualitative approaches such as informal discussions with consumers, employees, RESEARCH management or competitors, and more formal approaches QUALITATIVE RESEARCH through in-depth interviews, focus groups, projective methods, case studies or pilot studies. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 13. APPLIED RESEARCH GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Grounded theory research is a research approach designed to CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH discover what problems exist in a given social environment and how the persons involved handle them; it involves formulation, DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH testing, and reformulation of propositions until a theory is developed. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Grounded theory is a research method that operates almost in a reverse fashion from traditional research and at first may appear to EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . be in contradiction to the scientific method. GROUNDED THEORY Four stages: RESEARCH. 1. Codes-Identifying anchors that allow the key points of the data to be gathered HISTORICAL RESEARCH 2. Concepts-Collections of codes of similar content that allows the PHENOMENOLOGICAL data to be grouped 3. Categories-Broad groups of similar concepts that are used to RESEARCH generate a theory 4. Theory-A collection of explanations that explain the subject of QUALITATIVE RESEARCH the research (hypotheses) QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 14. APPLIED RESEARCH HISTORICAL RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Historical research is research involving analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Application • Historical research can show patterns that occurred in the past ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH and over time which can help us to see where we came from EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH and what kinds of solutions we have used in the past. • Understanding this can add perspective on how we examine EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . current events and educational practices. GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. The steps involved in the conduct of historical research HISTORICAL RESEARCH Here are the five steps: 1. Identification of the research topic and formulation of the PHENOMENOLOGICAL research problem or question. RESEARCH 2. Data collection or literature review 3. Evaluation of materials QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 4. Data synthesis 5. Report preparation or preparation of the narrative exposition QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 15. APPLIED RESEARCH HISTORICAL RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Historical research gives a social scientist a better context for CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH making realistic decisions. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Strengths • Provides a comprehensive picture of historical trends ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH • Uses existing information EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH • Provides evidence of on-going trends and problems EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . Limitations • Time-consuming GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. • Resources may be hard to locate • Resources may be conflicting HISTORICAL RESEARCH • May not identify cause of a problem • Information may be incomplete, obsolete, inconclusive, or PHENOMENOLOGICAL inaccurate • Data restricted to what already exists RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 16. APPLIED RESEARCH PHENOMENLOGICAL RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Phenomenological research an inductive, descriptive research CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH approach developed from phenomenological philosophy; its aim is to describe an experience as it is actually lived by the DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH person ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH • Phenomenology is concerned with the study of experience EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH from the perspective of the individual, ‘bracketing’ taken-for- granted assumptions and usual ways of perceiving. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . • They are based in a paradigm of personal knowledge and GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. subjectivity, and emphasise the importance of personal HISTORICAL RESEARCH perspective and interpretation. PHENOMENOLOGICAL • As such they are powerful for understanding subjective RESEARCH experience, gaining insights into people’s motivations and actions, and cutting through the clutter of taken-for-granted QUALITATIVE RESEARCH assumptions and conventional wisdom. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 17. APPLIED RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH On a broader perspective, all researches CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH can be classified into two groups: DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH • Qualitative Research EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. • Quantitative Research HISTORICAL RESEARCH PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 18. APPLIED RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Qualitative research is research dealing with phenomena that are difficult or impossible to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs, DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH meanings, attributes, and symbols ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . understanding of human behaviour and the reasons that govern such behaviour. The qualitative method investigates GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. HISTORICAL RESEARCH PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 19. APPLIED RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Advantages • It enables more complex aspects of a persons experience to CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH be studied • Fewer restriction or assumptions are placed on the data to DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH be collected. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH • Not everything can be quantified, or quantified easily, Individuals can be studied in more depth EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH • Good for exploratory research and hypothesis generation • The participants are able to provide data in their own words EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . and in their own way GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. Disadvantages HISTORICAL RESEARCH • It is more difficult to determine the validity and reliability of PHENOMENOLOGICAL linguistic data • there is more subjectivity involved in analysing the data. RESEARCH • “Data overload” – open-ended questions can sometimes create lots of data, which can take along time to analyse! QUALITATIVE RESEARCH • Time consuming QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 20. APPLIED RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of any phenomena via statistical, mathematical or CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH computational techniques. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Quantitative research is generally made using scientific EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH methods, which can include: EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . • The generation of models, theories and hypotheses GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. • The development of instruments and methods for HISTORICAL RESEARCH measurement PHENOMENOLOGICAL • Experimental control and manipulation of variables RESEARCH • Collection of empirical data QUALITATIVE RESEARCH • Modelling and analysis of data QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH • Evaluation of results
  • 21. APPLIED RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Advantages • Quantitative research allows the researcher to measure and CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH analyse data. • The researcher is more objective about the findings of the DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH research. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH • Quantitative research can be used to test hypotheses in experiments because of its ability to measure data using EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH statistics. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . Disadvantages GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. • The main disadvantage of quantitative research is the context of the study or experiment is ignored. HISTORICAL RESEARCH • Quantitative research does not study things in a natural PHENOMENOLOGICAL setting or discuss the meaning things have for different people. RESEARCH • A large sample of the population must be studied for more accurate results QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • 22. THANK YOU

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TYPES OF RESEARCH.

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International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research

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  • Published: 23 February 2024

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Fashion and Textiles volume  11 , Article number:  8 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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In the realm of retailing, various methods of product presentation exert a significant influence on consumers' perceptions and behaviors. In the context of fashion retailing, one crucial aspect of presentation revolves around outfit coordination (OC), which can be displayed in either an assembled or unassembled manner. Assembled OC entails displaying fashion items collectively on a body, while unassembled OC involves presenting them individually on a flat background. Drawing from the literature on the Elaboration Likelihood Model of attention, this research explores the impact of assembled versus unassembled OC on consumers' imagery elaboration, attention, and product evaluations, employing three online experiments. In the first study (N = 126), we demonstrate that assembled OC, in contrast to unassembled OC, fosters greater imagery elaboration and elicits more positive product evaluations. Building upon these findings, the second study (N = 214) employs a serial mediation analysis to unveil the underlying mechanism involving shifted attention. The third study (N = 182) explores the moderating effect of fashion involvement, revealing that for consumers with a high level of fashion involvement, unassembled OC, rather than assembled OC, leads to higher levels of imagery elaboration and more favorable product evaluations. This research not only enriches the literature on online retailing and visual communication, but also provides actionable insights for industry practitioners on effectively presenting fashion products to online shoppers.

Introduction

Effective visual communication is crucial in online retail, impacting consumers’ shopping experiences (Kim et al., 2009 ) and reducing perceived risk (Park et al., 2005 ). It enables consumers to identify product attributes, envision potential usage, and influence their evaluations (Lam & Mukherjee, 2005 ), which ultimately affects their purchase decisions (Roggeveen et al., 2015 ). Alongside product presentation, contextual cues like recency information (Min, 2023 ), consumption scenarios (Baek et al., 2021 ), and coordinating items (e.g., “complementarity” in Zhao & Xia, 2021 ) assist consumers in envisioning product use and facilitate decision-making.

In fashion retailing, complementary products are often presented alongside the focal product to provide coordination information. Outfit coordination (OC, hereafter) or “mix-and-match” recommendation is defined as suggesting information on combining different clothing pieces to create cohesive and stylish outfits, that is, “to combine in a harmonious or interesting way, as articles of clothing in an ensemble” (Wong et al., 2009 , p. 2377). In physical stores, OC information is typically conveyed through multiple items displayed on mannequins (Entwistle, 2002 ). In online retail, OC is either shown on human/decorative model images (Berg, 2015 ) or individually placed in a two-dimensional format, often with items positioned separately (e.g., revolve.com; hats at the top and shoes at the bottom). Despite the various methods used in practice, little is known about the effective visual presentation of OC. The few existing findings are inconsistent; Zhao and Xia ( 2021 ) have demonstrated that the joint (vs. separate) presentation of items enhances mental imagery, leading to more positive evaluations, while Tsai and Zhao ( 2011 ) have suggested a positive effect of separate displays, indicating that consumers tend to experience higher levels of utility when items are separately presented instead of combinedly. We focus on the “joint” style of presentation discussed by Zhao and Xia ( 2021 ), which shows complementary products on one page (on each page for a “separate” presentation) and examines whether assembled or unassembled presentations of OC enhance consumers’ production evaluations.

In this research, we distinguish between two types of OC: “Assembled OC”, where fashion products are collectively displayed on a body, such as a mannequin or human figure, to represent a complete outfit; And “unassembled OC”, where items are presented individually on a flat background. Drawing from the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM, Petty et al., 1981 ), which emphasizes the importance of elaboration in shaping an individual's attitude through the cognitive processing of stimuli like text and images (MacInnis & Price, 1987 ), our research focuses on these two OC types. We aim to understand how assembled versus unassembled OC influences consumer behavior. Specifically, we explore the effects of shifted attention and mental imagery in response to different OC presentations and consider fashion involvement as a potential influencing factor. By doing so, our study not only extends the ELM literature but also contributes to the understanding of online retail and visual merchandising. The findings offer valuable insights for online retailers seeking to optimize their visual presentation strategies and effectively engage consumers in the digital shopping environment (Zhang et al., 2023 ).

In the following sections, we first reviewed relevant literature and outlined the conceptual framework. We then conducted three online experiments, comparing assembled and unassembled OC. Finally, we concluded the study and presented its theoretical and managerial implications.

Literature Review

Visual outfit coordination (oc) in fashion retailing.

An effective presentation of products through visual merchandising can impact consumers’ levels of pleasure, arousal, and perceived amount of information (Mehrabian & Russell, 1974 ). To achieve this, it is important to employ rich contextual cues (e.g., considering consumption situations or complementary items) when displaying fashion products (e.g., Baek et al., 2021 ). Fashion items, inherently linked to specific usage contexts, are often paired with other pieces to form attractive ensembles. This concept, termed Outfit Coordination (OC), transcends mere aesthetics by symbolically expressing a consumer's unique identity (Sörum & Giannesch, 2023 ). OC involves crafting cohesive, stylish outfits and, as Wong et al. ( 2009 ) describe, harmoniously combining various fashion items. Such coordination not only aids in product evaluation and decision-making (Wu et al., 2013 ) but also enhances mental visualization, leading to increased sales through up-selling and cross-selling (Bolton et al., 2004 ; Yoo & Kim, 2012 ).

Studies have shown that well-coordinated outfits typically receive more positive evaluations than uncoordinated ones. However, creating effective OC requires skill and carries certain risks (Flynn et al., 1996 ). In traditional stores, guidance from salespersons on OC is particularly crucial for consumers who are less knowledgeable about fashion. Research in the context of brick-and-mortar stores suggests that two complementary fashion products can be displayed either separately but adjacent, or juxtaposed on a mannequin (Lam & Mukherjee, 2005 ). Yoo and Kim ( 2012 ) contend that coordinating complementary fashion products is advantageous, as it aids consumers in understanding the attributes and usage of the target product. Accordingly, this research proposes two common types of OC in the context of online retail, assembled and unassembled OC. Assembled OC describes visually presenting coordinated fashion items on a mannequin or model, offering a complete look. In contrast, unassembled OC displays the same items separately, laid out against a flat background, without being worn, this approach highlights each piece individually within the coordinated ensemble.

Imagery elaboration and product evaluation by the type of OC

The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM, Petty et al., 1981 ) plays a critical role in understanding consumer behavior and predicting the effectiveness of advertising (Trampe et al., 2010 ). ELM suggests that an individual’s motivation, ability, and opportunity dictate how they cognitively process various stimuli (i.e., text and images), ultimately shaping their attitude (MacInnis & Price, 1987 ; Petty et al., 1981 ). Within this framework, mental imagery processing is identified as a cognitive mechanism where sensory representations in working memory simulate the perception of external stimuli (Goossens, 2000 ). This processing encapsulates how sensory and perceptual experiences are mirrored in an individual’s working memory, incorporating a spectrum of ideas, emotions, and recollections (MacInnis & Price, 1987 ).

Applying the ELM to consumer research, it is observed that the interpretation of visual information significantly shapes consumers’ cognitive responses (Oh & Jasper, 2006 ), thereby affecting their product expectations and decisions (Walters et al., 2007 ). Particularly in online fashion retailing, where physical examination (e.g., touching, feeling, or trying the product) is not possible, imagery elaboration in evaluating design and quality becomes crucial (Park & Stoel, 2002 ). This process involves not only imagining the product but also creating usage scenarios (MacInnis & Price, 1987 ). Effective in contexts ranging from visualizing garments online to experiencing brands on social media (Yoo & Kim, 2014 ; Ha et al., 2019 ), imagery elaboration leads to potent cognitive or emotional responses (Yu et al., 2017 ). The impact of imagery elaboration on consumer attitudes heavily leans on the product presentation strategy (Baek et al., 2021 ), with vivid information enhancing the effectiveness of mental imagery (McGill & Anand, 1989 ).

Since online consumers rely on mental imagery to envision how different items can harmonize and complement each other (Lee & Choi, 2023 ), OC information can directly affect the consumers’ ability to engage in imagery elaboration (Zhao & Xia, 2021 ). For example, even in an unassembled manner, presenting OC information on one page (versus other pages) enhances mental imagery, leading to more positive evaluations (Zhao & Xia, 2021 ). However, products presented on models (i.e., assembled) bring more positive emotions and purchase intentions to consumers than products that are laid out flat. This is because the former provides a more realistic representation of how the apparel fits the human body and how the garment fabric drapes (Kim et al., 2009 ). Accordingly, we propose that presenting OC information in an assembled (vs. unassembled) manner will allow greater imagery elaboration than the unassembled method, leading to a more positive product evaluation.

H1: Assembled (vs. unassembled) OC leads to greater imagery elaboration.

H2: Imagery elaboration mediates the effect of the OC type (assembled vs. unassembled) on product evaluation.

Shifted attention and imagery elaboration

Images provide consumers with multiple sources of information during their decision-making processes, and the manner in which images are provided affects information processing (Chen-Yu & Kincade, 2001 ). Complex images divert individuals from focal subjects, leading to distraction (Wang et al., 2020 ). Consumers more fluently process information when the images are holistically processed instead of step-by-step and deliberately (Brakus et al., 2014 ; MacInnis & Price, 1987 ).

In the realm of visual marketing, product evaluations are significantly influenced by consumer attention (Clement et al., 2013 ; Hagtvedt & Brasel, 2017 ). The capture of attention impacts fundamental visual processing and perceptual experiences (Gobell & Carrasco, 2005 ). A key theoretical framework in this field is the Feature Integration Theory of attention (FIT, Treisman & Gelade, 1980 ). This theory, pivotal in perceptual and attentional studies, elucidates how individuals combine pieces of observable information about a focal object to form a comprehensive perception (Treisman & Gelade, 1980 ). FIT posits that focused attention is crucial in visual processing and proposes two stages of processing. Initially, in the pre-attention stage, an individual automatically concentrates on a singular, distinct attribute of the object; subsequently, in the focused attention stage, the individual integrates all observed attributes to form a holistic perception (Treisman & Gelade, 1980 ). While FIT has traditionally emphasized the role of visual cues like color, shape, and size in feature binding, it also acknowledges binding across spatial locations (Ramachandran, 2002 ). In our research, applying the principles of FIT of attention, when fashion items are displayed on a mannequin in an assembled OC or presented separately with distinct spatial locations in an unassembled OC, significantly shifts consumers' attention toward the focal product.

Attention is limited by mental resources (Sternberg, 1999 ). Cognitive elaboration is impacted when consumers are constrained by their attention capacity (McGill & Anand, 1989 ). For instance, when the visual system is unable to process all items in a scene, selective attention becomes necessary to avoid visual overload (Vecera & Behrmann, 2001 ). Consequently, selective attention enhances neural responses to attended items, especially when more than two items are present, increasing the likelihood of selecting these items in subsequent choices (Janiszewski et al., 2013 ). Building on this research, we hypothesize that assembled OC items can reduce attention shifts compared to unassembled items, leading to greater imagery elaboration. Therefore, we propose a serial mediation through shifted attention and imagery elaboration:

H3: Shifted attention and imagery elaboration serially mediate the effect of OC type (assembled vs. unassembled) on product evaluation.

The role of fashion involvement

Fashion involvement is an important concept in marketing because it shapes consumer attitudes and responses toward fashion products (e.g., Cass, 2001 ). Fashion involvement refers to the extent to which an individual views his or her interest in fashion products as engaging and meaningful (O’Cass, 2004 ). Consumers who are highly involved in fashion tend to possess greater knowledge, which bolsters their confidence when making purchase decisions (O’Cass, 2004 ). According to ELM, the involvement level was defined as an individual’s level of motivation to process information (e.g., advertising message) for product evaluation (Oh & Jasper, 2006 ). It determines the process by which the viewer forms or changes attitudes toward the product (Oh & Jasper, 2006 ).

People with low involvement exert minimal effort in message processing (Oh & Jasper, 2006 ). Those lacking prior fashion knowledge need more cognitive effort to understand relevant information (Cook, 2006 ). In contrast, highly involved individuals scrutinize product information more thoroughly (Oh & Jasper, 2006 ). They effectively integrate and connect information, leading to a comprehensive understanding (Cook, 2006 ). This heightened involvement leads to efficient processing of various information cues (Gitimu et al., 2013 ).

Based on the literature on fashion involvement and ELM, we predict that fashion involvement will moderate the effect of OC type on imagery elaboration, meaning that the difference in imagery elaboration generated by different OC types would be mitigated by an increase in fashion involvement. Accordingly, we present the following hypothesis:

H4: Fashion involvement moderates the effect of OC type (unassembled vs. assembled) on imagery elaboration, affecting product evaluation.

Below is the conceptual framework of the research (see Fig.  1 ).

figure 1

Conceptual framework

Study 1: The role of imagery elaboration

Study 1 investigates the effect of OC type (assembled vs. unassembled) on imagery elaboration (H1) and its mediating role for the effect of OC type on product evaluation (H2). Study 1 uses a two-condition (OC type) between-subject design.

Considering that the stimuli consist of two versions of fashion coordination images focusing on women’s wear, female participants were targeted in both the pretest and main study. Specifically, we selected a basic beige long coat as the focal item, and collected the relevant image and product information from an online retailer ( www.revolve.com ). The coat was matched with a set of fashion items (e.g., a pair of jeans, shoes, shirt, and bag). Under the assembled condition, these items were fitted onto a headless mannequin. In the unassembled condition, we located the items in a two-dimensional format, separate from the focal item. However, each item was placed in the correct place; for example, a shirt for the upper torso, a pair of jeans for the bottom, and a bag next to the hand.

To simulate the experience of online shopping, the stimuli were displayed across two distinct pages. The first page comprised product images (i.e., front, detail, and back) and accompanying information, closely mirroring a typical online product display. This was followed by a second page, which provided detailed (assembled vs. unassembled) OC, akin to style suggestions or outfit assembly ideas often seen on e-commerce platforms (see Fig.  2 ).

figure 2

Stimuli example for women

Sample and procedure

A total of 160 female participants were recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk for a small monetary reward. After excluding those who failed the attention checks or submitted incomplete questionnaires, 126 responses were used for analysis (N assembled  = 60, N unassembled  = 66; M age  = 26.47, SD = 6.31; Detailed demographic information is presented in Table  1 ). Upon completing the consent form, the participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions with a brief shopping scenario. After viewing the stimuli, they rated their responses on a seven-point semantic differential scale (“How do you describe the way the coordinates were presented?”: scattered/combined; in pieces/in a collection; unassembled/assembled) for manipulation check (α = 0.78). Next, the participants evaluated the focal item on another seven-point semantic differential scale (“I found this product”: unfavorable/favorable; negative/positive; bad/good; α = 0.93). Next, imagery elaboration was measured with a four-item seven-point Likert scale (1 = “Strongly disagree” to 7 = “Strongly agree”) adapted from Walters et al. ( 2007 ) (e.g., “I could easily construct a story about myself wearing the item based on my mental images that came to mind.”; α = 0.89). Finally, the participants provided demographic information and were thanked.

Results and discussion

The manipulation check revealed that participants in the assembled condition rated the given OC image as more assembled than those in the unassembled condition (M assembled  = 6.10, SD = 0.16 vs. M unassembled  = 4.05, SD = 0.16; F (1, 124) = 81.80, p  < 0.001). Thus, the manipulation was successful.

A one-way ANOVA was conducted to test H1. Results revealed that assembled OC led to greater imagery elaboration than unassembled display (M assembled  = 4.62, SD = 1.56 vs M unassembled  = 3.99, SD = 1.66; F (1,124) = 4.70, p  = 0.032), which supports H1. The significant effect were also found for purchase intentions (M assembled  = 4.32, SD = 1.84 vs M unassembled  = 3.45, SD = 1.77; F (1,124) = 7.29, p  = 0.008; see Fig.  3 ). Next, we tested H2 by performing a mediation analysis (PROCESS Model 4; 10,000 bootstraps) with the OC type (unassembled = 0; assembled = 1) as the independent variable, product evaluation as the dependent variable, and imagery elaboration as the mediator. The results revealed a significant indirect effect of OC type on the evaluation of the focal item through the mediating role of imagery elaboration (CI 95% [0.017 to 0.314]). Specifically, assembled (vs. unassembled) OC led to an increase in imagery elaboration ( β  = 0.31, p  = 0.032), which exerted a positive effect on product evaluation ( β  = 0.65, p  < 0.001). These results indicate that imagery elaboration mediates the effect of coordination type on product evaluation, supporting H2.

figure 3

The effect of OC types on imagery elaboration and purchase intentions

As expected, the findings illustrate that assembled (vs. unassembled) OC positively affects product evaluation through reduced imagery elaboration. Previous research has found that online product presentations demand the attention of consumers (Kahn, 2017 ; Mosteller, et al., 2014 ), while shifting attention between focal and complementary products can influence consumption decisions (Radon et al., 2021 ). Accordingly, we infer that different coordination displays of fashion products may also affect consumers’ attention to the focal product, which subsequently influences imagery elaboration and product evaluations. Therefore, Study 2 was designed to test the effects of shifted attention.

Study 2: Testing the mechanism of shifted attention

The objectives of Study 2 are as follows. First, we aim to replicate the findings of Study 1 with both female and male participants (H1 and H2). Second, this study focuses on the underlying mechanism through which unassembled OC decreases imagery elaboration and positive evaluation by testing serial mediation (H3 and H4). The concept of shifted attention is introduced to explain these effects. Third, male participants are included in the study to generalize the results. This study employed a two-condition (OC type: assembled vs. unassembled) between-subjects design.

Considering that this study included both male and female participants, we created a compatible male-version stimulus, with a basic navy-colored coat as the focal item. We collected images and product information for men's clothing from the same online retailer from which we sourced women's clothing ( www.revolve.com ). These items are presented in either an assembled or unassembled OC (Fig.  4 ). For female participants, we used the same stimuli as in Study 1.

figure 4

Stimuli example for men

Similar to Study 1, to imitate online shopping, the stimuli were presented on two pages- a page with product images and information, followed by a page with coordination information.

A total of 259 US consumers from Mturk participated in the online experiment, resulting in 214 valid responses after excluding those who failed the attention checks or submitted incomplete responses (N assembled  = 107, N unassembled  = 107; 91.60% female; M age  = 26.36, SD = 6.67). Upon providing consent, the participants first indicated their identified gender, which enabled them to view the corresponding gender stimuli. Participants were then randomly assigned to one of two OC conditions (assembled vs. unassembled). After viewing the stimuli with a brief shopping scenario, they filled out a questionnaire starting from the three-item for manipulation check (α = 0.83), followed by measures of three-item for evaluation (α = 0.91), four-item for shifted attention (α = 0.90), four-item for imagery elaboration (α = 0.91), and demographics. To assess consumers’ shifted attention, the items were adapted from Ketron ( 2018 ) (e.g., “I paid more attention to the other items than I did to the coat”) and measured on a seven-point Likert scale. Given that there were two different stimuli according to the participants’ gender, gender was included as a covariate in subsequent analyses.

The manipulation check was successful, confirming that participants that viewed the assembled condition found that the OC was more assembled than those who viewed the unassembled condition (M assembled  = 5.62, SD = 1.32; M unassembled  = 4.05, SD = 1.52; F (1, 211) = 64.46; p  < 0.001).

To test H3, a one-way ANCOVA was conducted with shifted attention as the dependent variable and gender as the covariate ( p  = 0.811). The analysis showed that participants in the unassembled OC condition reported higher shifted attention from the focal item than those in the assembled condition (M assembled  = 3.27, SD = 1.59 vs. M unassembled  = 4.18, SD = 1.55; F (1, 210) = 17.83, p  < 0.001), supporting H3.

To test H4, serial mediation (PROCESS Model 6; 10,000 bootstraps) was conducted using OC type as the independent variable (unassembled = 0; assembled = 1), product evaluation as the dependent variable, shifted attention and imagery elaboration as the proximal and distal mediators, respectively, and gender as the covariate ( p  = 0.47). The analysis revealed a significant indirect effect of shifted attention and imagery elaboration (total indirect effect: 0.07, SE = 0.042, CI 95% [0.01 to 0.16]), supporting H4 (see Fig.  5 ). The direct effect of the OC type on product evaluation was not significant ( p  = 0.36). Specifically, assembled (vs. unassembled) OC negatively affected shifted attention ( β  = − 0.91, SE = 0.22, t = − 4.23; p  < 0.001), and shifted attention also negatively influenced imagery elaboration ( β  = − 0.16, SE = 0.07, t = 2.12; p  = 0.028). In product evaluation, shifted attention and imagery elaboration remained significant in different directions. Product evaluation was negatively influenced by shifted attention ( β  = − 0.22, SE = 0.05, t = − 4.22; p  < 0.01) and positively influenced by imagery elaboration ( β  = 0.48, SE = 0.05, t = 9.93; p  < 0.01). Furthermore, the indirect effect of the path that only included the first mediating variable, shifted attention, was also significant (indirect effect: 0.19, SE = 0.07, CI 95%  = [0.07 to 0.36]), whereas the indirect effect of the path that only included the second mediator, imagery elaboration, was not significant (indirect effect: 0.05, SE = 0.11, CI 95% [− 0.17 to 0.27]). The serial mediation was not significant when the order of the two mediators was reversed (total indirect effect: 0.01, SE = 0.01, CI 95% [− 0.003 to 0.03]).

figure 5

Serial mediation effect

Study 2 successfully underscored the negative effect of unassembled (vs. assembled) OC on product evaluation. When the items were scattered, the participants’ attention was distracted by the pieces, which prevented them from focusing and elaborating on the focal product. Although our findings replicated the finding that unassembled (vs. assembled) OC brings negative outcomes, a question arises as to whether this is always true regardless of the individual. Study 3 was designed to test the potential boundary conditions for fashion involvement.

Study 3: The moderating effect of fashion involvement

The main purpose of Study 3 is to test the moderating effect of fashion involvement on the relationship between OC type and evaluation (H4). Study 3 included male participants to generalize the findings. We employed two-condition (OC type: assembled versus unassembled) in a between-subjects design.

Sample and procedure. Using Mturk, 200 participants were recruited, providing 182 (N assembled  = 92, N unassembled  = 90; 54.4% female; M age  = 35.56, SD = 6.9) valid responses for the analysis. After confirming participation in the experiment, stimuli corresponding to the clothing conditions of men and women were presented according to the gender of the participants. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. After viewingthe product image and information followed by the stimuli, participants were asked to respond using a three-item for manipulation check (α = 0.926), three-item for product evaluation (α = 0.963), four-item for imagery elaboration (α = 0.961), and five-item for fashion involvement (α = 0.975; O’Cass, 2000 ) on a seven-point Likert scale. Finally, the basic demographic questions were presented.

The analysis results of the manipulation check were successful, showing that fashion items were viewed as more combined in the assembled condition than in the unassembled condition (M assembled  = 5.85, SD = 1.12; M unassembled  = 4.63, SD = 1.95; F(1, 180) = 26.75; p  < 0.001).

To test H4, a moderated mediation (PROCESS Model 7; 10,000 bootstraps) was conducted. In this model, the OC type was the independent variable, evaluation was the dependent variable, imagery elaboration was the mediator, fashion involvement was the moderator, and gender was included as a covariate. The indirect effect of OC type on evaluation through imagery elaboration was significant ( β  = − 0.15, SE = 0.07, CI 95% [− 0.290, − 0.014]), with a significant interaction between coordination and fashion involvement in imagery elaboration ( β  = − 0.28, SE = 0.12; t = − 2.35, p  < 0.05). Additionally, the main effect of display type on imagery elaboration was significant ( β  = 1.149, t  = 2.16, p  < 0.05), revealing that assembled OC evokes more imagery elaboration than unassembled OC. Furthermore, a floodlight analysis was performed to verify the range of fashion involvement levels for which the simple effect of display type on imagery elaboration was significant. As a result of confirming the JN-point, imagery elaboration was higher for the assembled than unassembled OC condition when consumers’ fashion involvement was less than 1.36. Conversely, when consumers’ fashion involvement was greater than 6.80, imagery elaboration was higher for unassembled than assembled OC condition (see Fig.  6 ).

figure 6

The moderating effect of fashion involvement for the effect of OC type on the imagery elaboration. The shaded region denotes the area within which the effect of OC type on imagery elaboration is statistically significant

Supporting H4, Study 3 successfully examined the moderating role of fashion involvement in the relationship between OC type and imagery elaboration. The results revealed an opposite effect depending on the individuals' levels of fashion involvement. Specifically, when consumers’ fashion involvement was low (less than 1.36), the assembled displays resulted in higher imagery elaboration and favorable product evaluations. Conversely, when fashion involvement was high (greater than 6.80), unassembled OC led to higher imagery elaboration and more positive product evaluations. Adopting the concept of message-processing involvement from prior ELM studies, involvement level was defined as an individual's motivation to process information for product evaluation (Oh & Jasper, 2006 ). Participants with higher fashion involvement demonstrate greater motivation to process information in OC. This heightened motivation enables them to process and elaborate mental imagery effectively, even when the items are presented in an unassembled OC format. Conversely, participants with lower fashion involvement and reduced processing motivation find assembled OC more accessible, as it requires less effort for imagery elaboration. This is because an assembled OC inherently leads to more elaboration than an unassembled one (H1). As a result, assembled OC tends to receive more favorable elaboration among participants with lower levels of fashion involvement.

Theoretical implications

The proliferation of online retailing has garnered considerable attention among researchers (Mu et al., 2020 ; Ramkumar & Woo, 2018 ; Singh & Basu, 2023 ). This study contributes to online fashion retailing literature by comparing the effects of assembled and assembled OC, which are common practices that are underexplored in academia. Recent research has demonstrated that presenting complementary fashion items together on the same page (versus each item on a separate page) leads to more positive evaluations (Zhao & Xia, 2021 ). This study further extends the findings by suggesting that, even on the same page (“joint presentation” in Zhao & Xia, 2021 ), when complementary items, are assembled as OC presentations, consumers generate greater imagery elaboration and evaluate the products more positively than when the OC presentations are fragmentedly unassembled. This result is aligned with that of Kim et al.'s ( 2009 ) study on the detriments of flat product presentation compared to products presented on human models.

Adding on the ELM of attention (Petty et al., 1981 ), our investigation provides insights into the mental imagery literature, revealing the underlying mechanism through which consumers’ shifted attention lowers imagery elaboration. Several scholarly attempts have been made to lessen the attention shift in consumer studies (e.g., Bi et al., 2021 ). In fashion retail, using social robots in a store as an innovative type of mannequin in visual merchandising can increase attention toward clothes and prioritize buying clothes (Zibafar et al., 2021 ). However, with no tangible objects on-site, online shoppers tend to rely on imagery elaboration when evaluating the design and quality of apparel (Park & Stoel, 2002 ). Previous studies on mental imagery have mostly focused on stimuli features (e.g., vividness, Berger & Gaunitz, 1977 ) or individual characteristics (VVIQ, Takahashi et al., 2023 ). Our findings extend previous research by exploring the impact of assembling items on a mannequin versus presenting them unassembled on a flat screen, while keeping the consisting items identical.

Furthermore, we enhance the body of featured integration theory (FIT, Treisman & Gelade, 1980 ) literature by showcasing the mediating role of shifted attention on elaboration across varying visual presentation formats. According to FIT of attention, searching for a conjunction target involves a serial search process: if an item is identified as not being the target, the search methodically progresses to the next item (Treisman & Gelade, 1980 ). Applied to our research, in an unassembled scenario where individuals are seeking more than a single feature, the focal product no longer “pop out” prominently among other fashion items. Therefore, individuals must look at each object (i.e., fashion item) in turn and use attention to glue the features together (Treisman & Gelade, 1980 ). Finally, this research significantly enhances the fashion marketing and visual communication literature by comparing assembled vs. unassembled outfit coordination (OC). Building on previous studies that highlighted the impact of visual elements, such as the use of robotic mannequins (Zibafar et al . , 2021 ) and warm store designs (Baek et al . , 2021 ), our study extends these insights to online fashion retailing. It reveals that the OC format of complementary products influences product evaluation through imagery elaboration. Interestingly, this research explores the role of fashion involvement, a crucial factor in consumer behavior. We discovered that while assembled OC is more effective for consumers with lower fashion involvement, those with high fashion involvement show increased imagery elaboration with unassembled OC. This suggests that the level of fashion involvement influences how consumers process visual information in OC, contributing insights to the understanding of fashion involvement and the dynamics of different OC types.

Managerial implications

The inherent disadvantage of online shopping lies in its low sensory input, with research indicating a lack of emotional involvement compared to brick-and-mortar stores. This leads to a dominance of cognitive processes in consumer decision-making (Pappas et al., 2016 ). Our research highlights the fact that the OC presentation of products significantly influences how consumers process information and evaluate products. These findings offer valuable insights for online fashion retailers and website designers seeking to optimize their OC presentation strategies. First, a fashion retailer's website should showcase outfit sets featuring coordinated tops, bottoms, and accessories, all of which are assembled on a mannequin. Based on the findings of Study 1, this approach helps consumers generate greater imagery elaboration regarding how the outfit would look at them. This will subsequently improve product evaluations.

Next, it is crucial for website designers to prioritize the main product as the central focus of online presentations, while minimizing distractions that could divert consumers' attention. The findings from Study 2 showed that, for unassembled OC presentation, consumers’ attention shifted more than with assembled OC. This negatively impacted their imagery elaboration and lowered product evaluations. Therefore, retailers and designers should carefully choose the OC method when displaying garments or accessories. As a general guideline, designers are advised to direct consumer attention toward a focal product using assembled OC.

Most notably, Study 3 indicated that the unassembled OC type is not always negative. Our findings underscore the importance of individual differences (e.g., fashion involvement) when presenting OC in online retail settings. Interestingly, for fashion-forward and highly involved consumers, providing unassembled OC presentations leads to increased imagery elaboration compared to assembled OC. This might be because unassembled OC caters to their desire for creative styling choices for each item, which go beyond the outfits suggested by retailers. Therefore, as a stylish designer brand targeting niche consumers with high fashion involvement, marketers can consider presenting unassembled OCs, allowing highly involved customers to explore different combinations of garments. However, for mainstream brands that cater to general consumers with low fashion involvement, it is highly advisable to present fashion items assembled on a mannequin to showcase the total full look.

Limitations and future research

This study has several limitations that suggest future research directions. First, assembled and unassembled OC methods do not necessarily appear separately. Although we treated them separately to robustly examine the differences between them, in practice, they could also be successively presented through two images of the same focal product on a single webpage. To gain further insights, researchers could explore whether presenting both methods in succession is more conducive to consumers’ imagery elaboration than using either method independently, and whether the sequence of presentation plays a role in shaping consumers’ perceptions and responses.

Second, it is important to consider that OC type might have other effects on consumers beyond product evaluation. For example, a nudge in the visual presentation of products (i.e., alteration in interstitial space) can influence the aesthetic appeal and perception of prestige (Sevilla & Townsend, 2016 ). The distinction between assembled and unassembled OC displays may also impact consumers’ valuation of products, subsequently influencing behavioral outcomes, such as willingness to pay (WTP).

Third, future research could identify moderators other than fashion involvement that can overcome the reduced imagery elaboration brought about by unassembled coordination for consumers, suggesting that unassembled OC is not always bad. Baek et al. ( 2021 ) have demonstrated that consumers’ processing styles (global versus local) moderate the effect of visual contextual cues on imagery elaboration. Examining such individual perceptual differences can help generalize the effects of assembled and unassembled presentations beyond the field of fashion OC. Additionally, considering that the effect mechanism involves cognitive processes such as shifted attention and imagery elaboration, and given that cognitive load has been shown to influence visual attention (Wang et al., 2014 ) and consumer decision behavior (Drolet & Frances Luce, 2004 ), it may also act as a moderator affecting consumers’ product evaluations across different OC types.

Fourth, although assembled and unassembled display methods are commonly used in online fashion stores, future studies should consider diverse types of OC displays in the context of online retailing. With advances in 3D technologies, online retailers can display products in 3D interactive formats (e.g., 360-interactive display) or display their products in a virtual world. While these retailers try to provide product information more sensorily, similar to those in a physical store, there remains a limitation because consumers cannot physically try-on a product and consequently need imagery elaboration before purchasing it. In such circumstances, future scholars can consider the best OC display to effectively help consumers generate imagery elaboration without being overwhelmed by sensory information.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and/or analyzed as part of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. RS-2022-00166652) and the research fund of Hanyang University (HY-202300000003575).

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EB came up with the idea, carried out the experiments, and analyzed the data. YQ wrote the first draft of the article and interpreted the results, and EB supervised the process. Both authors contributed to the formatting and editing of the manuscript and have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Qu, Y., Baek, E. Assembled or unassembled? Different types of outfit coordination presentations in online fashion retailing. Fash Text 11 , 8 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-024-00371-1

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  • Outfit coordination (OC)
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Types of Research. The types of research are determined by the aims of the researcher. A. Based on the Researcher’s Objective. Pure Research when the research is conducted solely to come up with new knowledge or to have a fuller understanding of a particular subject. Applied Research

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Types of Research The types of research are determined by the aims of the researcher.

A. Based on the Researcher’s Objective Pure Research when the research is conducted solely to come up with new knowledge or to have a fuller understanding of a particular subject. Applied Research If the research is done to find an application of the knowledge whether new or old.

B. Based on the conditions under which the study is conducted Descriptive Research type of research that observes and records the changes as they happen in nature. The changes are can’t be manipulated. Experimental Research In its simplest form, experimental research involves comparing two groups on one outcome measure to test some hypothesis regarding causation.

Finding a Topic • People, places and objects around you are possible sources of your research. • The communities where you live are also rich sources of research topics. • It would also be helpful to talk to scientists, researchers or teachers by visiting them in their places of work.

List of Topics • Alternative or nonconventional sources of energy. • Botanical pesticides • Control of environmental pollution • Product development • Food processing • Herbal medicine (antimicrobial property) • Computer science • Biodegradable plastic

Getting Essential Informationfrom Print Sources • Make a list of 5 possible places where you might find as much information about your topic as you can. Public Library Local College or University Public Hospitals Pharmaceutical Companies Research Institution (RITM)

Understanding Printed Sources • Printed material generally includes books, newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, or excerpts of essays—in other words, any written material on your topic. These printed materials are usually grouped into two categories: primary & secondary sources

Primary Sources • All primary source materials are firsthand accounts of circumstances by individuals who are directly involved or have experienced what they are writing about firsthand.

Secondary Sources • Books • magazine articles • pamphlets by authors

Getting Essential Informationfrom Online Sources • Rather than having to go to a library or other institution to seek out and investigate your sources, the Internet brings them to you. You should know that some Internet sites and search engines are better than others.

Citing ReferenceSources? “Borrowed thoughts, like borrowed money, only show the poverty of the borrower.” MARGUERITE CJARDINER

What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is the technical term for using someone else's words without giving adequate credit.

When and How to Cite the Reference Sources • When you write your research paper you might want to copy words, pictures, diagrams, or ideas from one of your sources. It is OK to copy such information as long as you reference it with a citation.

When and How to Cite the Reference Sources • For a science fair project, a reference citation (a.k.a. author-date citation) is an accepted way to reference information you copy.

How to Cite the Reference Sources • Make sure that the source for every citation item copied appears in your bibliography. • Simply put the author's last name, the year of publication, and page number (if needed) in parentheses after the information you copy. • Place the reference citation at the end of the sentence but before the final period.

Examples of Reference Citations using APA Format (American Psychological Association) • "If you copy a sentence from a book or magazine article by a single author, the reference will look like this. A comma separates the page number (or numbers) from the year" (Bloggs, 2002, p. 37).

Examples of Reference Citations using APA Format • "If you copy a sentence from a book or magazine article by more than one author, the reference will look like this" (Bloggs & Smith, 2002, p. 37).

Examples of Reference Citations using APA Format • "Sometimes the author will have two publications in your bibliography for just one year. In that case, the first publication would have an 'a' after the publication year, the second a 'b', and so on. The reference will look like this" (Nguyen, 2000b).

Examples of Reference Citations using APA Format • "When the author is unknown, the text reference for such an entry may substitute the title, or a shortened version of the title for the author" (The Chicago Manual, 1993). • "For reference citations, only direct quotes need page numbers" (Han, 1995).

Remember… • Plagiarismis when someone copies the words, pictures, diagrams, or ideas of someone else and presents them as his or her own. • When you find information in a book, on the Internet, or from some other source, you MUST give the author of that information credit in a citation. • If you copy a sentence or paragraph exactly, you should also use quotation marks around the text.

Writing a Bibliography: APA Format • Your list of works cited should begin at the end of the paper on a new page with the centered title, References. • Alphabetize the entries in your list by the author's last name, using the letter-by-letter system (ignore spaces and other punctuation.) • Only the initials of the first and middle names are given. • If the author's name is unknown, alphabetize by the title, ignoring any A, An, or The.

Writing a Bibliography: APA Format Underlining or Italics? • When reports were written on typewriters, the names of publications were underlined because most typewriters had no way to print italics. • If you write a bibliography by hand, you should still underline the names of publications. But, if you use a computer, then publication names should be in italics as they are below.

Writing a Bibliography: APA Format • If there is more than one author, use an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author. • If there are more than six authors, list only the first one and use et al. for the rest. • Place the date of publication in parentheses immediately after the name of the author. • Place a period after the closing parenthesis.

Writing a Bibliography: APA Format Books Format:Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book title. Additional information. City of publication: Publishing company. Examples: • Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. • Boorstin, D. (1992). The creators: A history of the heroes of the imagination. New York: Random House. • Searles, B., & Last, M. (1979). A reader's guide to science fiction. New York: Facts on File, Inc.

Writing a Bibliography: APA Format Encyclopedia & Dictionary Format:Author's last name, first initial. (Date). Title of Article. Title of Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City of publication: Publishing company. Examples: • Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. • Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. • Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (1980). Falcon and Falconry. World book encyclopedia. (pp. 150-155). Chicago: World Book.

Writing a Bibliography: APA Format Magazine & Newspaper Articles Format:Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article title. Periodical title, volume number(issue number if available), inclusive pages. Note: Do not enclose the title in quotation marks. Put a period after the title. If a periodical includes a volume number, italicize it and then give the page range (in regular type) without "pp." If the periodical does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers, use p. or pp. for page numbers. Note: Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style.

Writing a Bibliography: APA Format Magazine & Newspaper Examples: • Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896. • Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31. • Kalette, D. (1986, July 21). California town counts town to big quake. USA Today, 9, p. A1. • Kanfer, S. (1986, July 21). Heard any good books lately? Time, 113, 71-72.

Writing a Bibliography: APA Format Website or Webpage Format:Online periodical:Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number, Retrieved month day, year, from full URL Online document:Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from full URL Note: When citing Internet sources, refer to the specific website document. If a document is undated, use "n.d." (for no date) immediately after the document title. Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Continually check your references to online documents. There is no period following a URL. Note: If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available.

Writing a Bibliography: APA Format Examples of Website or web page references: • Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injures four at music festival. The Why? Files. Retrieved January 23, 2002, from http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html • Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Text Center. Retrieved June 19, 1998, from Alderman Library, University of Virginia website: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html

Reference citation using M.l.a. format (Modern language association)

MLA Documentation

Writing a Bibliography: MLA Format • Your list of works cited should begin at the end of the paper on a new page with the centered title, Works Cited. • Alphabetize the entries in your list by the author's last name, using the letter-by-letter system (ignore spaces and other punctuation.) • If the author's name is unknown, alphabetize by the title, ignoring any A, An, or The.

Capitalization, Abbreviation, and Punctuation • The MLA guidelines specify using title case capitalization - capitalize the first words, the last words, and all principal words, including those that follow hyphens in compound terms. Use lowercase abbreviations to identify the parts of a work (e.g., vol. for volume, ed. for editor) except when these designations follow a period.

Capitalization, Abbreviation, and Punctuation • Separate author, title, and publication information with a period followed by one space. Use a colon and a space to separate a title from a subtitle. Include other kinds of punctuation only if it is part of the title. Use quotation marks to indicate the titles of short works appearing within larger works (e.g., "Memories of Childhood." American Short Stories). Also use quotation marks for titles of unpublished works and songs.

Writing a Bibliography: MLA Format Underlining or Italics? • When reports were written on typewriters, the names of publications were underlined because most typewriters had no way to print italics. If you write a bibliography by hand, you should still underline the names of publications. But, if you use a computer, then publication names should be in italics as they are below.

MLA Format Samples Books Format:Author's last name, first name. Book title. Additional information. City of publication: Publishing company, publication date. Examples: • De Vera, Jaime S. Vanishing Wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1974. • Boorstin, Daniel J. The Creators: A History of the Heroes of the Imagination. New York: Random, 1992.

MLA Format Samples Encyclopedia & Dictionary Format:Author's last name, first name. "Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia. Date. Note: If the dictionary or encyclopedia arranges articles alphabetically, you may omit volume and page numbers. Examples: • Pettingill, Olin Sewall, Jr. "Falcon and Falconry." World Book Encyclopedia. 1980. • Tobias, Richard. "Thurber, James." Encyclopedia Americana. 1991 ed.

MLA Format Samples Magazine & Newspaper Articles Format:Author's last name, first name. "Article title." Periodical title Volume # Date: inclusive pages. Examples: • Kanfer, Stefan. "Heard Any Good Books Lately?" Time 113 21 July 1986: 71-72. • Trillin, Calvin. "Culture Shopping." New Yorker 15 Feb. 1993: 48-51.

MLA Format Samples Website or Webpage Format:Author's last name, first name (if available). "Title of work within a project or database." Title of site, project, or database. Editor (if available). Electronic publication information (Date of publication or of the latest update, and name of any sponsoring institution or organization). Date of access and <full URL>. Note: If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available. Examples: • Devitt, Terry. "Lightning injures four at music festival." The Why? Files. 2 Aug. 2001. 23 Jan. 2002 <http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html>. • Dove, Rita. "Lady Freedom among Us." The Electronic Text Center. Ed. David Seaman. 1998. Alderman Lib., U of Virginia. 19 June 1998 <http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html>.

THINGS TO CONSIDER IN DOING S.I.P.

Plan Your Project Success Calendar Planned Date Date Completed 1. Choosing a topic (2-5 days) ____________ ______________ 2. Collecting background information ____________ ______________ (1-3 weeks) 3. Problem and hypothesis (1-4 days) ____________ ______________ 4. Design for experiment (1 week) ____________ ______________ 5. Getting materials ready for ____________ ______________ experiment (1 week) 6. Making the data table (1-2 weeks) ____________ ______________ 7. Recording in the data table ____________ ______________ (1-2 weeks) 8. Stating results (1 week) ____________ _____________ 9. Drawing conclusions (1 week) ____________ ______________ 10. Compiling a bibliography (2-3days) ____________ ______________ 11. Making the display (1-2 weeks) ____________ ______________

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IMAGES

  1. Different Types of Research

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  2. 20+ Best Research PowerPoint Templates (For Research Presentations

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  3. PPT

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  4. The 5 Types of Presentations

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  5. How to Create a Powerful Research Presentation

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  6. Research Process PPT

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VIDEO

  1. What is research

  2. Research Methodology Presentations

  3. What is Research??

  4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (PRESENTATION)

  5. presentation research point

  6. How to choose a Research Topic

COMMENTS

  1. PDF Best Practices for Successful Research Presentation

    Mixed Methods Research •The flow of the presentation will depend on the type of mixed methods model you are using in you research. •The order in many mixed methods research presentations, along the lines of the generic framework in the previous slide, typically consists of: Introduction and purpose Background and context Descriptive data

  2. How to Make a Successful Research Presentation

    Introduce the key studies (characters) relevant in your story and build tension and conflict with scholarly and data motive. By the end of your introduction, your audience should clearly understand your research question and be dying to know how you resolve the tension built through motive.

  3. Research Presentation: A Comprehensive Guide

    Research presentation: A comprehensive guide Learn how to choose a topic, conduct research, create visuals, and deliver your presentation with confidence. By Raja Bothra Building presentations Hey there, fellow knowledge seekers! ‍ Today, we're diving deep into the world of research presentations. ‍

  4. Ten simple rules for effective presentation slides

    As all research presentations seek to teach, effective slide design borrows from the same principles as effective teaching, including the consideration of cognitive processing your audience is relying on to organize, process, and retain information. ... When adding citations, names of other researchers, or other types of credit, use a ...

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  7. Ten simple rules for effective presentation slides

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  8. How to Create a Powerful Research Presentation

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    16:9 Research Methods Lesson If you deal with Science, it's important to learn more about research methods. Teach your students about them with this presentation full of illustrations and drawings related to labs. Use graphs, maps, tables and overview diagrams to support your lecture in a visual way! Lesson A4 16:9

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