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CARIBBEAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION (CSA) JOURNAL

Email: [email protected] Submission Platform: https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs3/index.php/csaj/about/submissions

Caribbean Conjunctures: The Caribbean Studies Association (CSA) Journal aims to promote the field of Caribbean Studies from multilingual, multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and multicultural perspectives. It seeks to disseminate the works of scholars and practitioners that reflect the Greater Caribbean region—including Central America and the Caribbean coasts of Mexico and South America and extending to Northeast Brazil. The journal seeks to collaborate and support research and analysis which document the importance of the Caribbean’s connection to the African continent and to the Caribbean people throughout the Diaspora, especially in United States, Canada, and Europe.

The journal publishes research articles, book reviews, reviews of visual art exhibitions, and scholarly commentaries—after a double-blind peer review for research articles and a single-blind process in the case of the rest. Submissions are welcome from the Humanities, the Social Sciences, and the Visual & Performing Arts in five languages—Papiamento, Dutch, French, Spanish, and English (both US and UK English). The CSA journal is leveraging the longstanding trajectory of the association as a premier annual convergence point for the global Caribbean Studies community of scholars. It is tapping into the association’s significant body of knowledge producers and intends to be a permanent repository of scholarship.

EDITOR IN CHIEF: ADISA, Opal Palmer / Independent Scholar, JAMAICA

MANAGING EDITOR: Meagan A. Sylvester – Queens College – CUNY, New York

PUBLISHER: The UWI Press, JAMAICA

Call for Collaborators: CLICK HERE

CARIBBEAN CONJUNCTURES, Volume 1, Numbers 1-2:

SPECIAL INAUGURAL ISSUE:

COVID-19 Epidemic: The Caribbean Charting a Response Strategy

Publication Date: December 2022
CLICK HERE to view the Table of Contents
Purchase a Digital Copy: CLICK HERE
Purchase a Hard Copy: CLICK HERE

CARIBBEAN CONJUNCTURES, Volume 2, Numbers 1-2

Broadly Themed Issue Title: Historical and Contemporary Conjunctures
Guest Editor: jules , tavis d. / Loyola University, Chicago, USA
Target Publication Date: December 2023
Status: Submissions under review process

CARIBBEAN CONJUNCTURES, Volume 3, Number 1

Special Issue Title: CSA@50: The Evolution of Caribbean Studies” (commemorating the 50th anniversary of the association)
Guest Editor: ST. BERNARD, Godfrey / University of the West Indies, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
Target Publication Date: June 2024
Call for Papers: Coming Soon

CARIBBEAN CONJUNCTURES, Volume 3, Number 2

Special Issue Title: Creole Formations: Constellations of Créolité in Haitian and Diasporic Contexts
Guest Editor: OKOLI, K. Adele / University of Central Arkansas; PIERRE, Jacques / Duke University
Target Publication Date: December 2024

EDITORIAL TEAM:

ABREU-TORRES, Dania / Trinity University (Texas), USA
CHITWOOD, Kenneth W. / Freie Universität Berlin, GERMANY
CRUZ, Beatriz / Universidad Ana G. Méndez, PUERTO RICO [4]
FRANKEL, Emily E. / Santa Clara University (California), USA
GROENEWOUD, Margo / University of Curaçao Dr. Moises da Costa Gomez, CURAÇAO [1][2]
LAGUARDIA, Jacqueline / University of the West Indies, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO / Universidad de La Habana, CUBA [4]
MARTIN, Dyanne K. / Wheaton College (Illinois), USA
MARTÍNEZ-REYES, Consuelo / Macquarie University, AUSTRALIA
NARANJO-OROVIO, Consuelo / Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, SPAIN [4]
NENADOVIC, Ana / Freie Universität Berlin, GERMANY / SOAS University of London, UK
NOËL-FERDINAND, Malik / Université des Antilles, MARTINIQUE [3]
ORTEGA, Gema / Dominican University (Illinois), USA
OSBOURNE, Alana / Université Libre de Bruxelles, BELGIUM
PEREIRA, Joyce / Fundación Lanta Papiamento, ARUBA [1][2]
RAJÉ, Fiona / University of Sunderland, UK
SAINT-LOUBERT, Laëtitia / University College Dublin, IRELAND
SANTIAGO, Frances J. / Universidad de Puerto Rico, PUERTO RICO [3]
TORO-SEPÚLVEDA, Kalia / Florida State College at Jacksonville, USA [5]
VELDHUIZEN-DOELAHASORI, Rinia / Anton de Kom University of Suriname, SURINAME [2]
WRIGHT, Micah / Boise State University (Idaho), USA / Lincoln University (Missouri), USA

Specialized Core Teams: [1] Core Editorial Team for Papiamento [2] Core Editorial Team for Dutch [3] Core Editorial Team for French [4] Core Editorial Team for Spanish [5] Core Editorial Team for Arts Reviews

ADVISORY BOARD:

Journal’s Co-Founders, Executive Core Team Members, and Advisory Board Co-Chairs:

jules, tavis d. / Loyola University, Chicago, USA
SYLVESTER, Meagan / Cipriani College of Labour and Co-operative Studies, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
DAVIS-KAHINA, Chenzira / University of the Virgin Islands, VIRGIN ISLANDS (US)

Advisory Board Members / Papiamento-Dutch Languages:

ALLEN, Rose Mary / University of Curaçao Dr. Moises da Costa Gomez, CURAÇAO
CARMONA BÁEZ, Antonio / University of St. Martin, ST. MAARTEN
GUADELOUPE, Francio / Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV), NETHERLANDS / University of Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS
WIEL, Keisha I. / Temple University (Pennsylvania), USA (with home base in ARUBA)

Advisory Board Members / French Language:

GIRARD, Philippe R. / McNeese State University (Louisiana), USA
MOÏSE, Myriam / Université des Antilles, MARTINIQUE
RENO, Fred / Université des Antilles, GUADELOUPE

Advisory Board Members / Spanish Language:

ELÍAS, Jorge / Universidad del Magdalena, COLOMBIA
GARCÍA MUÑIZ, Humberto / Universidad de Puerto Rico, PUERTO RICO
MÚNERA, Alfonso / Universidad de Cartagena, COLOMBIA
SANG BEN, Mu-Kien A. / Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
VIALES, Ronny / Universidad de Costa Rica, COSTA RICA

Advisory Board Members / English Language:

BALDWIN, Andrea N. / Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA
GENTLES-PEART, Kamille / Roger Williams University (Rhode Island), USA
HOPE, Donna / University of the West Indies, JAMAICA
JORDAN-ZACHERY, Julia / Wake Forest College (North Carolina), USA
KAMUGISHA, Aaron / University of the West Indies, BARBADOS
KEMPADOO, Kamala / York University, CANADA
MORTLEY, Natasha K. / University of the West Indies, JAMAICA
REDDOCK, Rhoda / University of the West Indies, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
TROTZ, Alissa / University of Toronto, CANADA
WALCOTT, Rinaldo / University of Toronto, CANADA

Advisory Board Members / CSA Past Presidents:

BRAVEBOY-WAGNER, Jacqueline / City University of New York, USA
CHARLES, Carolle / City University of New York, USA
HEINE, Jorge / Boston University (Massachusetts), USA
HENKE, Holger / Independent Scholar (New Jersey), USA
HINTZEN, Percy C. / Florida International University, USA
LEWIS, Linden / Bucknell University (Pennsylvania), USA
PLAZA, Dwaine / Oregon State University, USA
STUBBS, Jean / London Metropolitan University, UK
TORO PÉREZ, Catalina / Universidad Nacional de Colombia, COLOMBIA
WOOD PUJOLS, Yolanda / Universidad de La Habana, CUBA / Universidad Iberoamericana, MEXICO
WOOLWARD, Keithley / Efrei Paris: Engineering School of Digital Technologies, FRANCE / Paris College of Art, FRANCE

CSA JOURNAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT (PM) TEAM:

ASABEA, Kiah / Information Technology Advisor / Sirius Web Solutions (Florida), USA

The Caribbean Studies Association (CSA) is an independent professional organization devoted to the promotion of Caribbean studies from a multidisciplinary, multicultural point of view. There are many incentives to becoming a member of the CSA.

» CLICK HERE to Join Today!

Donate to CSA

By making a donation to CSA you will help us to continue the mission of promoting Caribbean studies from a multidisciplinary, multicultural point of view.

» CLICK HERE to make a donation

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Welcome to Paradise: Neoliberalism, Violence and the Social Gender Crisis in the Caribbean THURSDAY, APRIL 11 • 1:00 - 3:30 P.M. Room REB 238 • Ramón Emeterio Betances (REB) Building College of Social Sciences, UPR-RP Presenter: Dr. Rhoda Reddock https://www.caribbeanstudiesassociation.org/8th-gordon-k-sybil-lewis-annual-memorial-lecture/

2024 CSA Conference Literary Salon Call for Submissions All accepted and attending participants in CSA Conference are invited to present their written, original creative work, or oral dramatic performances, as part of the conference’s Literary Salon. https://www.caribbeanstudiesassociation.org/literary-salon/

UPCOMING VIRTUAL EVENT Discussion: Haiti’s Growing Crisis On March 29th at 5pm EST, we will gather to share knowledge and wisdom about current events in Haiti. Such a timely discussion after 37 years of uncertainties with few ups/hopes and countless downs. https://www.caribbeanstudiesassociation.org/discussion-haitis-growing-crisis/

Caribbean Studies

About this Journal

Caribbean Studies is a multidisciplinary academic journal published since 1961 by the Institute of Caribbean Studies, College of Social Sciences at the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus. The journal publishes original works on the Social Sciences and the Humanities in English, Spanish or French languages. It is divided in four parts: articles, research notes, book reviews (including review essays of multiple books and individual reviews), and news and events. At present one of the bi-annual issues is usually a special thematic one.

published by

Available issues, table of contents, volume 51, 2023.

Volume 51, Number 2, July-December 2023
Volume 51, Number 1, January - June 2023

Volume 50, 2022

Volume 50, Number 2, July - December 2022
Volume 50, Number 1, January - June 2022

Volume 49, 2021

Volume 49, Number 2, July - December 2021
Volume 49, Number 1, January - June 2021

Volume 48, 2020

Volume 48, Number 2, July - December 2020
Volume 48, Number 1, January-June 2020

Volume 47, 2019

Volume 47, Number 2, July - December 2019
Volume 47, Number 1, January - June 2019

Volume 46, 2018

Volume 46, Number 2, July - December 2018
Volume 46, Number 1, January - June 2018

Volume 45, 2017

Volume 45, Nos. 1-2, January-December 2017

Volume 44, 2016

Volume 44, Nos. 1-2, January-December 2016

Volume 43, 2015

Volume 43, Number 2, July-Decmber 2015
Volume 43, Number 1, January - June 2015

Volume 42, 2014

Volume 42, Number 2, July-December 2014
Volume 42, Number 1, January-June 2014

Volume 41, 2013

Volume 41, Number 2, July - December 2013
Volume 41, Number 1, January-June 2013

Volume 40, 2012

Volume 40, Number 2, July - December 2012
Volume 40, Number 1, January-June 2012

Volume 39, 2011

Volume 39, Number 1-2, January-December 2011

Volume 38, 2010

Volume 38, Number 2, July-December 2010
Volume 38, Number 1, January-June 2010

Volume 37, 2009

Volume 37 Number 2, July-December 2009
Volume 37, Number 1, January-June 2009

Volume 36, 2008

Volume 36, Number 2, July-December 2008

Additional Information

Additional materials.

Additional Issue Materials

Editorial Board -- Volume 48, Number 1, January-June 2020
Editorial Board -- Volume 47, Number 2, July - December 2019
Editorial Board -- Volume 47, Number 1, January - June 2019
Editorial Board -- Volume 46, Number 2, July - December 2018
Editorial Board -- Volume 46, Number 1, January - June 2018
Editorial Board -- Volume 45, Nos. 1-2, January-December 2017
Editorial Board -- Volume 44, Nos. 1-2, January-December 2016
Editorial Board -- Volume 43, Number 2, July-Decmber 2015
Editorial Board -- Volume 43, Number 1, January - June 2015
Editorial Board -- Volume 42, Number 2, July-December 2014
Editorial Board -- Volume 42, Number 1, January-June 2014
Editorial Board -- Volume 41, Number 2, July - December 2013
Editorial Board -- Volume 41, Number 1, January-June 2013
Editorial Board -- Volume 40, Number 2, July - December 2012
Editorial Board -- Volume 40, Number 1, January-June 2012
Editorial Board -- Volume 39, Number 1-2, January-December 2011
Editorial Board -- Volume 38, Number 2, July-December 2010
Editorial Board -- Volume 38, Number 1, January-June 2010
Editorial Board -- Volume 37 Number 2, July-December 2009
Editorial Board -- Volume 37, Number 1, January-June 2009
Editorial Board -- Volume 36, Number 2, July-December 2008
Editorial Board -- Volume 36, Number 1, January-June 2008

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The Doctoral Concentration in Caribbean Studies is an interdisciplinary doctoral concentration in Caribbean Studies to be earned in conjunction with the individual Ph.D. requirements for the Departments Modern Languages and Literatures, English, and History. Ph.D. students pursuing the doctoral concentration would take a minimum of two Caribbean-focused courses (6 credit hours) within their home department, and a minimum of two Caribbean-focused courses (6 credit hours) outside of their department.

Why a Doctorial Concentration in Caribbean Studies?

The scholarly study of the Caribbean has developed as a particularly interdisciplinary field, and Caribbean-focused faculty members in MLL, English, and History are committed to bringing interdisciplinary perspectives to bear in the training of Ph.D. students.

Graduate students will gain valuable historical, literary, and social scientific perspectives on their own fields of study. In providing a more formal structure for this interdisciplinary pedagogy, the Caribbean Studies doctoral concentration aims to:

Enhance the ability of participating departments to recruit strong Ph.D. students working on the Caribbean;
Enable participating departments to better prepare Caribbean-focused graduate students as both scholars and teachers;
Make participating students more competitive on both the academic and “alt-ac” job markets.

Students pursuing the doctoral concentration in Caribbean Studies must take as part of their required course credit hours a minimum of four Caribbean-focused courses (12 credit hours) as shown below.

A minimum of two courses (6 credits) selected from the following:

**Or other courses with advisor’s approval.**

Departmental Strengths in Caribbean Studies

The University of Miami is recognized internationally for its interdisciplinary strength in Caribbean Studies. Our faculty stands at the forefront of the field, with a particular interest in transcultural and transnational connections across the region, hemisphere, and Atlantic world.

Major areas of faculty focus in the Department of Modern Languages and Literatures , include Caribbean digital humanities; Caribbean and Latinx performance and theater studies; nineteenth through twenty-first century literatures of the Francophone and Hispanophone Caribbean; sociolinguistics of the Hispanophone Caribbean; literatures of immigration and diaspora; globalization and transnational studies; colonial and postcolonial studies; transnational feminisms; and cultural policy. Our department supports the publication of the Cuban Theater Digital Archive, an online resource for research, teaching, and learning in Cuban theater and performance as well as in related fields. Graduate students in MLL have the opportunity to apply for an RA-ship to work as assistant editors on the digital archive. Additional strengths in Africana, Arabic, Brazilian, Iberian, early Spanish American, and Latin American cultural and literary studies; as well as in Early Modern studies, gender studies, immigration studies, indigenous studies, and queer studies further enrich the study of Caribbean literature and culture in the department.

In the Department of English , faculty publish and teach on Caribbean literary and intellectual histories of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; literatures of immigration and diaspora; globalization; feminist thought; sexuality, national identity, and citizenship; popular cultures; and the contemporary visual arts. The department’s additional strengths in American, African American, and African literary studies, as well as in Early Modern literature, British and Irish literatures, and postcolonial studies foster a rich climate for the study of Caribbean literatures and cultures transnationally. In addition, the department supports the publication of Anthurium, a bi-annual, peer-reviewed, open access journal of Caribbean Studies that publishes original works and critical studies of Caribbean literature, theater, film, art, and culture in electronic form. Graduate students have the opportunity to apply for an RA-ship to work as assistant editors on the journal. Department of History faculty members work on cultural, intellectual, political, and social histories of the Caribbean and Atlantic world from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries. They study histories of colonialism, slavery, revolution, capitalism, emancipation, indenture, empire, nationalism, labor mobilization, the Cold War, neocolonialism, and globalization, through focal points such as law and religion, migration and travel, material cultures and consumption, medicine and healing, gender and sexuality, performance and sport. The department’s additional strengths in African, African diasporic, African American, Early Modern, Latin American, and United States histories encourage transatlantic, transnational, and interdisciplinary perspectives on Caribbean history, culture, and society. Beyond the Departments of Modern Languages and Literatures, English, and History, students pursuing the doctoral concentration are able to take relevant Caribbean-focused graduate courses in other departments. In the Department of Anthropology , for example, faculty scholarship and teaching on the Caribbean encompasses family and kinship; the cultural politics of race, sexuality, and gender; health, medicine, and human security; Black feminist and queers of color theory; violence and marginalization; and ethnographic methodology and writing. In the Department of Art and Art History, faculty work on Caribbean and Latin American modernisms, the work of Caribbean women artists, nineteenth century Caribbean portraiture, and Caribbean art in the global imaginary. In the Department of Musicology (part of the Frost School of Music) faculty study Caribbean music transnationally, with reference to wider African diasporic histories and cultures, and the contemporary forces and circuits of globalization. Areas of research and teaching focus include religion and healing; identity construction and nationalism; industry and audience; and cultural politics and policy. Students can also request that graduate courses in the Latin American Studies Program count towards the doctoral concentration. The University of Miami is part of the Hemispheric Institute for Performance and Politics. Our graduate students can take team-taught seminars hosted by the institute that combine the face-to-face quality of traditional classrooms with online collaboration, enabling students throughout the Americas to communicate and work together online. Students can also participate in the Hemi’s Caribbean Performativities Working Group as well as in the Encuentros and the Hemi Graduate Student Initiative. As a member institution, we also have access to the Hemispheric Institute Digital Video Library (HIDVL), which includes over 900 hours of videos of performance practices in the Americas.

UM Libraries Resources in Caribbean Studies

UM Libraries are internationally recognized for their extraordinary Caribbean-related holdings. The Cuban Heritage Collection (CHC) collects, preserves, and provides access to primary and secondary sources on Cuba and the Cuban diaspora from the sixteenth century to today. It is the most comprehensive Cuban research collection in the United States, and includes rare and contemporary books, pamphlets, magazines, newspapers, journals, and other print publications. The CHC also houses important collections of personal papers, organizational records, and other primary sources that include historical and literary manuscripts, letters, photographs, maps, posters, sound and video recordings, interviews, objects, ephemera and “born digital” materials. The Goizueta Foundation Graduate Fellowship Program provides assistance to doctoral students who wish to use the resources available in the CHC in support of dissertation research. The Caribbean-related holdings in Special Collections are likewise outstanding, combining breadth and depth. Special Collections recently became one of the two permanent South Florida homes (with Miami Dade College) of the renowned Jay I. Kislak Foundation Collection, one of the most important concerning the history of the early Americas, with a particular focus on the Caribbean and Florida. In addition, Special Collections holds the Pan American World Airways Collection, providing insight into the history of commerce and tourism in the Caribbean. Graduate students working in this collection are eligible to apply for the Dave Abrams and Gene Banning Pan Am Research Grant. Special Collections’ holdings also include the papers of prominent individuals and organizations in the Caribbean diaspora, as well as the Caribbean Diaspora Oral History Collection and the Haitian Diaspora Oral History Collection.

Other Resources, Opportunities, and Networks in Caribbean Studies at UM and in Greater Miami

Beyond the strengths of these CAS departments and the UM Libraries in Caribbean Studies, other university resources plus our location in Miami make UM an ideal site for this doctoral concentration. Graduate students have the opportunity to take part in the work of Hemispheric Caribbean Studies, a collective of faculty and graduate students across diverse fields that builds on the long and distinguished history of Caribbean-focused programming across UM departments, programs, and centers. Graduate students participating in the doctoral concentration also have the chance to take part in lectures, workshops, symposia, and conferences sponsored by the University of Miami Institute for Advanced Studies of the Americas and the Center for the Humanities. The Programs in Africana Studies, American Studies, Latin American Studies, and Gender and Sexuality Studies further enrich Caribbean-related programming and opportunities at UM. In addition, graduate students have the opportunity to take advantage of the permanent collections of the Lowe Art Museum, with impressive strengths in Latin American and Caribbean visual art. Through the College of Arts and Sciences’ UGrow (Graduate Opportunities at Work) Program graduate students can apply for nine-month placements in non-teaching units at the university or in off-campus organizations, in place of their regular teaching assistantship assignments. These placements provide training and experience in fields that will appeal to future employers both inside and outside academia, including librarianship and archive management; museum curation and collection development; and data analysis and digital humanities. Since 2015, students have worked on Caribbean-focused projects in the University of Miami Libraries and at HistoryMiami Museum. In addition, Caribbean-focused graduate students have interned on important projects in UM’s Office of Civic and Community Engagement that have culminated in exhibitions and publications. UM faculty members maintain close and collaborative relations with Caribbean-focused colleagues at institutions across the circum-Caribbean and at other South Florida universities. These include: the Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (Haiti); the Université d’État d’Haïti; the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras; the University of Puerto Rico, Utuado; the Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe; the Universidad del Turabo (Puerto Rico); the University of the West Indies, Mona (Jamaica); the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago); the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill (Barbados); and Cuba’s Casa de las Américas, Instituto Superior de Arte, Consejo Nacional de las Artes Escénicas, and Universidad de La Habana. Since 1999, UM Caribbean Literary and Cultural Studies has been a key institutional partner on the annual West Indian Literature Conference, which it hosts at UM every five years. In addition, faculty in English have a long history of collaboration with the Small Axe Project, convening international symposia that culminate in the publication of essays in Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism. Graduate students from UM, Florida Atlantic University, and Florida International University jointly co-organize the Annual South Florida Latin America and Caribbean Studies Graduate Student Conference, rotating among the three campuses. Our graduate students are also eligible to take courses at FIU — extending the Caribbean-focused offerings available to them — and to take advantage of FIU’s rich library resources. There is also a long history of UM faculty and graduate student collaboration with institutions in greater Miami such as the Black Archives History & Research Foundation, HistoryMiami Museum, Little Haiti Cultural Complex, Pérez Art Museum Miami, and the Wolfsonian-FIU. Miami is often described as a Caribbean city, and students pursuing the doctoral concentration will find that their opportunities for study and research extend well beyond campus borders.

Sources of Support for UM Graduate Students in Caribbean Studies

In addition to the support provided by the doctoral concentration and by their own departments, graduate students are eligible to seek research funding from these internal sources: University of Miami Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas: UMIA Field Research Grants and UMIA Distinguished Fellowships College of Arts and Sciences: Academic Year Dissertation Award; Max and Peggy Kriloff Student Travel Scholarships; Summer Research Fellowships Center for the Humanities: CH Dissertation Fellowships

Michele Bowman Underwood Department of Modern Languages and Literatures

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ELSD RECOMMENDED RESOURCES FOR CAPE CARIBBEAN STUDIES

Recommended Resources - CAPE , Teens
7/16/2020 9:25:00 AM

The CAPE Caribbean Studies syllabus is an inter-disciplinary syllabus that comprises three Modules. According to CXC, each module will require at least 50 hours of teaching and study time. Any Module may be studied first, or aspects of, studied concurrently. Modules, with accompanying Units and Sub-titles for Caribbean Studies are detailed as follows:-

MODULE 1. Caribbean Society and Culture

Unit 1. Location and Definition of the Caribbean Region and its Diaspora

Unit 2. The Historical Process

Unit 3. Characteristics of Society and Culture

Unit 4. Identity and Social Formation

Unit 5. Impact of Geographical Phenomena

Unit 6. Impact of Societal Institutions on Caribbean People

Unit 7. Caribbean Arts and Popular Culture in the Region and its Diaspora

Unit 8. Caribbean–Global Interactions

MODULE 2. Issues in Caribbean Development

Unit 1. Concepts and Indicators of Development

Unit 2. Factors that Promote or Hinder Development

Unit 3. Globalisation and Development

Unit 4. The Integration Movement

Unit 5. Contributions of Sport

Unit 6. Intellectual Traditions

Unit 7. Roles and Functions of the Mass Media

Unit 8. Social Justice

MODULE 3. Investigating Issues in the Caribbean

Unit 1. Nature and Purpose of Research

Unit 2. The Research Problem

Unit 3. Research Objectives

Unit 4. Sources of information

Unit 5. Methods of enquiry

Unit 6. Sampling

Units 7. Forms of Presenting Data and Techniques for Analysing Data

Unit 8. Conclusion and Recommendations

Unit 9. Referencing Style

Unit 10. Principles of Ethical Conduct

The syllabus generally aims to:

Develop an understanding of the factors which influence the evolution of Caribbean society and culture in the region and its diaspora
Develop an awareness of how current global trends and cultures affect, and are affected by, the Caribbean Region and its diaspora
Develop an understanding of the issues which are important to the development of the Caribbean Region and its diaspora; CXC A1/U1/12 2
Develop the capability to investigate and report on issues which promote a better understanding of the Caribbean region and its diaspora
Encourage reflection on how factors which have shaped the Caribbean Region and its diaspora, have influenced their lives and the lives of their communities
Develop a respect for Caribbean cultural diversity and identities
Develop an appreciation of the importance of dealing justly and equitably with other groups and individuals
Develop the ability to apply acquired skills and abilities in making decisions and responding to challenges in their personal lives.

NOTE: As an interdisciplinary subject, CAPE Caribbean Studies will provide students with in-depth knowledge on issues distinctly relevant to the physical, political and socio-economic challenges faced by the small states of the Caribbean region. As the course integrates perspectives from the Cultural Studies and Ethics, Economics, Government and Politics, History, International Relations, Physical and Human Ecology, and Sociology disciplines, the student is provided with tools for a better understanding of Caribbean society and culture. Resultantly, the Student who successfully completes the Caribbean Studies Course will develop an appreciation for the challenges and potential of being a Caribbean citizen. Further, they will acquire a better understanding of their own roles and responsibilities in preserving and contributing to their Caribbean heritage They will attain the attributes required by the Ideal Caribbean Person who "is aware of the importance of living in harmony with the environment" and "has a strong appreciation of family and kinship values, community cohesion, and moral issues including responsibility for and accountability to self and community." They will further acquire the skills of enquiry as defined in the UNESCO Pillars of Learning that will enable them to succeed in their academic careers and the world of work. This will also foster the exploration and development of their Caribbean identities. Finally, Students will recognise that Caribbean identities are continually evolving entities as a result of the interactions taking place among the cultures of the Caribbean region and the diaspora, and between the Caribbean and the rest of the world.

MODULE 1: CARIBBEAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE

Unit 1. location and definition of the caribbean region and its diaspora, geographical location.

NAMES OF TERRITORIES

List of Caribbean Countries by Population

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_countries_by_population

How many of the 26 Caribbean Countries have you heard of?

https://www.travelrepublic.co.uk/blog/26-countries-of-the-caribbean

Caribbean Geography 101

SUB-REGIONS- GREATER ANTILLES, LESSER ANTILLES, BAHAMAS

Greater Antilles

Caribbean Islands: The Greater Antilles

https://www.geographyrealm.com/caribbean-islands-greater-antilles/

Caribbean Greater Antilles Map

http://www.paradise-islands.org/caribbean-greater-antilles-map.htm

Greater Antilles Facts for Kids

https://kids.kiddle.co/Greater_Antilles

Lesser Antilles
Caribbean Lesser Antilles Map

http://www.paradise-islands.org/caribbean-lesser-antilles-map.htm

https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles

List of Islands of the Bahamas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_The_Bahamas

The Bahamas- Country Profile

https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/bahamas.htm

The Bahamas

https://www.caribbeanislands.com/bahamas/

The Islands of the Bahamas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3apbS5OBuaA

POSITION OF TERRITORIES IN RELATION TO THE CARIBBEAN SEA, ATLANTIC OCEAN AND THE CONTINENTAL LAND MASSES

Caribbean Sea

https://www.britannica.com/place/Caribbean-Sea

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Caribbean_Sea

Why is the Caribbean Sea so Blue?
Atlantic Ocean

https://www.britannica.com/place/Atlantic-Ocean

Top Ten Facts about the Atlantic Ocean

https://www.kids-world-travel-guide.com/atlantic-ocean-facts.html

https://geography.name/caribbean-sea/

https://www.tripsavvy.com/caribbean-geography-4105818

Best Beaches on Saint Maarten

https://youtu.be/oq3Bfv5m7Hk

Stunning sight of the Atlantic Ocean meeting the Caribbean Sea

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZmSfsCEqX4

DEFINITIONS OF THE CARIBBEAN REGION

GEOGRAPHICAL

Physical Geography of the Caribbean Region

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/caribbean

Caribbean Geography

https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/caribland.htm

10 Facts about the Caribbean Region

https://www.caribbeanandco.com/facts-about-the-caribbean-region/

The Caribbean Islands

http://www.caribbean-atlas.com/en/the-caribbean-in-brief/the-caribbean-islands/

CBNS 101. Geographical Definition of the Caribbean

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skKM_FIqepk

Definition of the Caribbean Islands Biographic Region with Checklist and Recommendations for Standardized Common Names of Amphibians and Reptiles/ S. Blair Hedges and others

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333451794_Definition_of_the_Caribbean_Islands_biogeographic_region_with_checklist_and_recommendations_for_standardized_common_names_of_amphibians_and_reptiles_A_biological_definition_of_Caribbean_Islands

Geological Definition of the Caribbean

https://www.cram.com/flashcards/geological-definition-of-the-caribbean--5553935#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20geological%20definition,found%20on%20the%20earths%20crust.

Jamaica Gleaner. Module 1. Caribbean Society and Culture 3

https://www.pressreader.com/jamaica/jamaica-gleaner/20170926/282514363723584

Caribbean Atlas. The perceived Caribbean: an Introduction

http://www.caribbean-atlas.com/en/themes/what-is-the-caribbean/the-perceived-caribbean-an-introduction.html

https://enciclopediapr.org/en/encyclopedia/physical-geography-of-the-caribbean-region/

Defining the Caribbean- Definitions of the Caribbean [SLIDES]

https://www.slideshare.net/egfred/definitions-of-the-caribbean

Vere Technical High School (Caribbean Studies)-Location of the Caribbean. 6 th Form [SLIDES]

https://www.slideshare.net/egfred/location-of-the-caribbean-6th-form

Caribbean Studies Notes [SLIDES]

https://www.slideshare.net/egfred/caribbenstudiesnotes-3373945

CBNS 101. Geological Definition of the Caribbean

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SdmOjXOmQs

Geology of the Caribbean/ William P. Dillon and others

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264960771_Geology_of_the_Caribbean

A simple synthesis of Caribbean Geology/ Keith H. Smith (Journal Article)

http://caribjes.com/CJESpdf/CJES%2039-07%20-%20James%20-%20model.pdf

Understanding the Contemporary Caribbean (Excerpt: Introduction)

https://www.rienner.com/uploads/47d701f96d36c.pdf

INTERACTIVE

CAPE Carib Studies Module 1. (Locating and Defining the Caribbean)

https://quizlet.com/202678631/cape-carib-studies-module-1-locating-and-defining-the-caribbean-flash-cards/

CBNS 101. Historical Definition of the Caribbean

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDLLkM0FNBQ

Guyana Review. The Region…….The meaning of the Caribbean

https://www.stabroeknews.com/2010/01/28/guyana-review/the-region-the-meaning-of-the-caribbean/

Modern Latin America. Chapter 4. Cuba- Elements of Caribbean History

https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-4-cuba/elements-of-caribbean-history/

Migratory Patterns in the Caribbean: Impacts and Perspectives for Caribbean Countries

http://www.open-diplomacy.eu/blog/migratory-patterns-in-the-caribbean-impacts-and-perspectives-for-caribbean

Defining and Locating the Caribbean as a Region using the Historical Criterion (Download)

https://www.academia.edu/34727350/Defining_and_locating_the_Caribbean_as_a_region_using_the_Historical_criterion

Cultural Dress and Costume History of the Caribbean
Extended Statehood in the Caribbean: Definition and Focus (Article)

http://rozenbergquarterly.com/extended-statehood-in-the-caribbean-definition-and-focus/

CBNS 101. Political Definition of the Caribbean

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCUgXA-YZ2M

Caribbean Politics- A Matter of Diversity

http://www.socialstudies.org/sites/default/files/publications/se/6402/640202.html

Politics in the Caribbean: General Characteristics
Caribbean Citizenship

https://www.alphacitizen.com/caribbean-citizenship/

Caribbean Studies. Module 1. Section 1. Location and Definition of the Caribbean Region [SLIDES]

https://slideplayer.com/slide/7061764/

The Caribbean Council. Connecting the Caribbean with its Diaspora

https://www.caribbean-council.org/connecting-caribbean-diaspora/

Caribbean Atlas. Historical Evolution. Avatars of Eric William’s Pan-Caribbeanism

https://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/en/page-103.html

Caribbean Atlas. Thinking through the Caribbean as a Region

http://www.caribbean-atlas.com/en/themes/what-is-the-caribbean/thinking-through-the-caribbean-as-a-region.html

The World Bank. Unlocking the Economic Potential of the Caribbean Diaspora

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/12/11/caribbean-diaspora-unlocking-economic-potential#:~:text=The%20Caribbean%20diaspora%20is%20a,rather%20than%20a%20nationalistic%20one.

Chapter 8. Diasporic Engagement for Development in the Caribbean/ Indianna D. Minto-Coy

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300128714_Diaspora_Engagement_for_Development_in_the_Caribbean

Caribbean Immigrants in the United States

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caribbean-immigrants-united-states

Diasporas: Migration and Development

https://migrationdataportal.org/themes/diasporas

Diaspora, Migration and Development in the Caribbean/ Keith Nurse

https://www.focal.ca/pdf/migration_Nurse_diaspora%20migration%20development%20Caribbean_September%202004_FPP-04-6.pdf

Caribbean Diaspora and Caribbean Studies

https://www.twn.org/twnpages/specialcollect/pdf/CaribbeanDiasporaCaribbeanStudies2010.pdf

The Modern Caribbean Diaspora

https://www.scribd.com/document/326818428/Defining-the-Diasporic-Caribbean

Viewing Diversity in the Caribbean Diaspora: A Critical Guide to the Contemporary Film Movement/ Materre Michelle (Article)

https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/viewing-diversity-in-the-caribbean-diaspora-a-critical-guide-t-o-thecontemporary-film-movement-2165-7912-1000282.pdf

Investing Back Home. The Potential Economic Role of the Caribbean Diaspora

http://documents.albankaldawli.org/curated/ar/990601467315599193/pdf/105761-REVISED-CDI-Report-FinalLatest-PUBLIC.pdf

Caribbean Diaspora Entrepreneurship Analytical Report

https://competecaribbean.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/RG-CC1056_Caribbean_Diaspora_Entrepreneurs_Analytical_Report_Final.pdf

Working Papers on Migration: No.1. Migration in the Caribbean- Current Trends, Opportunities and Challenges

https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Working%20papers_%20en_baja_20.06.17.pdf

The Caribbean Diaspora: Untapped Resources in Regional Development / Ambassador Curtis A. Ward

https://caribbeanresearchandpolicycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/The_Caribbean_Diaspora-its_contribution_and_role.pdf

Transnational Migration, the State, and Development: Reflecting on the “Diaspora Option”/ D. Alissa Trotz and Beverley Mullings

https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/lutton15/files/2015/03/Mullings-diaspora-option.pdf

Caribbean Families, Social Capital and Young People’s Diasporic Identities/ Tracey Reynolds

https://www.lsbu.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/9339/caribbean-social-capital-young-people-identities-families-research-working-paper.pdf

Ongoing Diaspora: The Case of the French Caribbean/ Mickaella Perina, in, Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales (Online), Volume 22 No. 1 (2006). Retrieved from:

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9164/c94efd6bb37f178479704cbb7377b7bf16c9.pdf?_ga=2.228813919.2145088995.1594746730-628966600.1593693324

Caribbean Diaspora in the USA: Diversity of Caribbean Religions in the USA/ by Bettina E. Schmidt. Chapter 1. Multiple Dimensions of Caribbean Culture

https://books.google.tt/books?id=eFYE4413UTAC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=diaspora+definition+of+the+caribbean&source=bl&ots=vC7aeQjKld&sig=ACfU3U0NcnbAd-n2fUGASsI8kdYQXRq5Bg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9zoev447qAhVKUt8KHTEdBfU4ChDoATAIegQIChAB#v=onepage&q=diaspora%20definition%20of%20the%20caribbean&f=false

C. RELIGION: AFRICAN, ASIAN, EUROPEAN DERIVED, SYNCRETIC

Interactive :

Afro Caribbean Religions https://digitalcaribbean.commons.gc.cuny.edu/2014/02/01/afro-dance-religions-of-the-caribbean/
Caribbean Religions: Afro Caribbean Religions https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/caribbean-religions-afro-caribbean-religions
Religion of the slaves http://www.guyana.org/features/guyanastory/chapter28.html
Various ways the African Caribbean people preserved their African culture https://mbbaglobal.com/various-ways-the-african-caribbean-people-preserved-their-african-culture/

UNIT 2. THE HISTORICAL PROCESS

D . responses of the caribbean people to oppression and genocide: resistance, revolution, development of peasant groups.

Chronology of Resistance in the British West Indies
Virgin Islands Slave Revolt of 1733

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=slave+revolt+in+the+west+indies&qpvt=slave+revolt+in+the+west+indies&view=detail&mid=893AFF6E8F3DE0E63962893AFF6E8F3DE0E63962&&FORM=VRDGAR&ru=%2Fvideos%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dslave%2Brevolt%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bwest%2Bindies%26qpvt%3Dslave%2Brevolt%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bwest%2Bindies%26FORM%3DVDRE

Morant Bay Rebellion

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=slave+revolt+in+the+west+indies&qpvt=slave+revolt+in+the+west+indies&view=detail&mid=85FC735B8086A85A666D85FC735B8086A85A666D&&FORM=VRDGAR&ru=%2Fvideos%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dslave%2Brevolt%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bwest%2Bindies%26qpvt%3Dslave%2Brevolt%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bwest%2Bindies%26FORM%3DVDRE

Conditions in the British Caribbean between 1900 and 1935

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=peasantry+in+the+caribbean&docid=608018612675873417&mid=C3E611F870CF846589C5C3E611F870CF846589C5&view=detail&FORM=VIRE

Peasant Revolts

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=peasantry+in+the+caribbean&docid=608047977389557829&mid=8D44EEC7F

Caribbean Slave Revolts and the British Abolitionist Movement

https://books.google.tt/books?id=gXUf-wAqvfcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=slave+revolts+in+the+west+indies&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGwrP-g_PpAhXOmuAKHeBBCioQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=slave%20revolts%20in%20the%20west%20indies&f=false

Slaves who Abolished Slavery

https://books.google.tt/books?id=lWYzF1VWbUkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=slave+revolts+in+the+west+indies&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGwrPg_PpAhXOmuAKHeBBCioQ6AEIRTAE#v=onepage&q=slave%20revolts%20in%20the%20west%20indies&f=false

The Abolition Project

http://abolition.e2bn.org/resistance_54.html

Resistance to Slavery

http://www.discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/routes/places-involved/west-indies/slavery-resistance/

The Caribbean and Resistance

https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/africa_caribbean/caribbean_resistance.htm

Resistance and Rebellion

http://www.understandingslavery.com/index.php-option=com_content&view=article&id=310_resistance-and-rebellion&catid=125_themes&Itemid=222.html

Factors responsible for Peasant Agriculture in the Caribbean

https://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/390.html

Peasant Farming : Advantages and Disadvantages

https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/agricultural-economics/peasant-farming-advantages-and-disadvantages/21412

The Effects of Indo Caribbean Peasantry on the Social and Economic Life of Trinidad between 1845 and 1917

https://graduateway.com/the-effects-of-the-indo-caribbean-peasantry-on-the-social-and-economic-life-of-trinidad-between-1845-and-1917/

Peasant Development in the (British) West Indies since 1838 [SLIDES]

https://www.slideshare.net/notesmaster/caribbean-freedom-peasantry-w-k-marshall

Independent Peasantry Caribbean Studies [SLIDES]

https://www.slideshare.net/capesociology/independent-peasantry-caribbean-studies-30166116

E . MOVEMENTS TOWARD INDEPENDENCE

Movements towards Independence [SLIDES]

https://www.slideshare.net/Veeshalla100/movements-toward-independence

Ordering Independence: The End of Empire in the Anglo-phone Caribbean

https://books.google.tt/books?id=v0FFDSEUGOsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=independence+in+the+caribbean&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip-Jq_-IjqAhVEQTABHYB7BvsQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=independence%20in%20the%20caribbean&f=false

We dream together Dominican Independence, Haiti, and the Fight for Caribbean Freedom

https://books.google.tt/books?id=WXZ6DQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=independence+in+the+caribbean&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip-Jq_-IjqAhVEQTABHYB7BvsQ6AEIRTAE#v=onepage&q=independence%20in%20the%20caribbean&f=false

Caribbean Movements: Then and Now

https://nacla.org/article/caribbean-movements-then-and-now-labor-view

Caribbean Revolutionary Movements and 1968

https://www.newframe.com/caribbean-revolutionary-movements-and-1968/

The Twilight Years: Caribbean Social Movements, 1940 – 1960

http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-caribbean-40.html

The Road to Independence

http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/40.htm

Independence in Trinidad and Tobago

http://www.caribbeanelections.com/education/independence/tt_independence.asp

Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Independence_Act_1962#Content

Barbados Independence

https://www.totallybarbados.com/articles/about-barbados/barbados-independence/#.XuonINVKjIU

Barbados Independence Act 1966

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados_Independence_Act_1966

Independence in Barbados

http://caribbeanelections.com/education/independence/bb_independence.asp

Cuban Independence Movement

https://www.britannica.com/event/Cuban-Independence-Movement

History of Cuba

https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/History/Cuba-history.htm

1895 : Cuban war for Independence

https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl3.html

Haitian Independence Proclaimed

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/haitian-independence-proclaimed

Haitian independence 1804 – 1805

https://library.brown.edu/haitihistory/11.html

Haitian Revolution- Part 1

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/1600s-1800s/haitian-revolution/v/haitian-revolution-part-1

Haitian Revolution- Part 2

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/1600s-1800s/haitian-revolution/v/haitian-revolution-part-2

Dominican Republic declares Independence as a Sovereign State

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/dominican-republic-declares-independence

Puerto Rican Independence Movement, 1898 – present

https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-8/history-independence-movement.pdf

Popular Uprising and the Fight for Independence in Puerto Rico

https://www.leftvoice.org/popular-uprising-and-the-fight-for-independence-in-puerto-rico

4 Reasons Independence is the right path for Puerto Rico

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/4-reasons-independence-is-the-right-path-for-puerto-rico_b_7907434

Jamaica – the Struggle for Independence

http://www.nlj.gov.jm/Ja50/1945-1962%20Jamaica%20Struggle%20for%20Independence.htm

Jamaican Independence – Free since August 6, 1962

https://www.jamaica-land-we-love.com/jamaican-independence.html

Independence in Jamaica

http://caribbeanelections.com/education/independence/jm_independence.asp

The 1965 Independence Conference [Guyana]

http://www.guyana.org/features/guyanastory/chapter179.html

Independence granted to Guyana

http://www.guyana.org/features/guyanastory/chapter182.html

Independence in Guyana

http://caribbeanelections.com/education/independence/gy_independence.asp

Suriname Celebrates Its’ Independence
Independence Day in Suriname

https://anydayguide.com/calendar/2713

UNIT 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY AND CULTURE

SparkNotes. Society and Culture

https://www.sparknotes.com/sociology/society-and-culture/section1/

Study.Com. How Globalization impacts Local Culture and Society

https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-globalization-impacts-local-culture-society.html

Social and Cultural Characteristics

http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/17.htm

Characteristics of Society and Culture: Caribbean Studies Course

Characteristics of Caribbean Society and Culture

https://dokumen.tips/documents/characteristics-of-caribbean-society-and-culture-56ce5764b02b9.html

The Contemporary Caribbean

http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-caribbean-2000.html

Caribbean Civilization?

http://www.theintegrationistcaribbean.org/functional-cooperation/caribbean-civilisation/

Caribbean Traditions and Customs
Caribbean Families

https://family.jrank.org/pages/203/Caribbean-Families-Family-Structure.html

https://www.caribbeanandco.com/facts-about-the-caribbean-region/

What’s it mean to be Caribbean?

http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/03/070302_caribbeanidentity.shtml

What do you mean by “Caribbean” anyway?

https://blogs.iadb.org/caribbean-dev-trends/en/mean-caribbean-anyway/

Cultural Forms

https://www.peepaltreepress.com/discover/cultural-forms

African Culture and the Caribbean
Caribbean Studies Notes. Module 1. Caribbean Society and Culture

http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/9319/93197754.pdf

Caribbean Studies; Module 1 Notes

https://viewer.pdfrock.com/view.php?hash=b839bbcabfe798390afaa204dc7226e4&title=%5BPDF%5D+Caribbean+Studies+Module+1+Notes+ALL&source=dl

Creolization in the Caribbean

https://folklife-media.si.edu/docs/festival/program-book-articles/FESTBK1989_09.pdf

Stratification in Plural Societies

https://escholarship.org/content/qt5d49x8qd/qt5d49x8qd.pdf?t=lnq510

Caribbean Families, Social Capital and Young People’s Diasporic Identities
Ethnicity and Identity in the Caribbean: Decentering a Myth/ Ralph R. Premdas

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/da4d/3e0672b8760742e0c9b3a14baf70704b8c35.pdf

The Renewed Relevance of the Caribbean Plantation School/ Duane Edwards

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301882282_The_Renewed_Relevance_of_the_Caribbean_Plantation_School

Religion as space for the expression of Caribbean identity in the United Kingdom/ Christine Chivallon
The Importance of Reggae Music in the Worldwide Cultural Universe/ Jérémie Kroubo Dagnini

https://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/4740?lang=en

Chapter 6. Special Feature: The Caribbean Small States

http://www.oecd.org/dev/americas/LEO-2019-Chapter-6.pdf

[The] English in the Caribbean

https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/English_in_the_Caribbean.pdf

United States Cultural Influences on the English-Speaking Caribbean during the Twentieth Century/ by Franklin W. Knight

http://dspace.cai.sg.inter.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/15237/CISCLA-11.pdf?sequence=1

Is there a Distinctive Caribbean Cultural Identity? / Kheera Daly-Novoa
“In Plenty and In Time of Need”: Popular Culture and the Remapping of Barbadian Identity (Thesis) / by Lia Tamar Bascomb

https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/etd/ucb/text/Bascomb_berkeley_0028E_13381.pdf

Future-Relics: Monumentalizing Afro-Caribbean Identity (Thesis) / by Greg Bailey

https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1132&context=samfox_art_etds

Burnett Virtual Classrooms- Caribbean Studies

http://www.burnettvirtualclassrooms.com/caribbean-studies

Societies at risk? The Caribbean and Global Change/ Norman Girvan (Discussion Paper)
12 Aspects of Culture Caribbean

https://prezi.com/opat26neangf/12-aspects-of-culture-caribbean/

Caribbean People: Culture, Traditions and Customs

E- NEWSPAPER

Caribbean Society and Culture (Jamaica Gleaner)

https://www.pressreader.com/jamaica/jamaica-gleaner/20171003/282759176873405

Characteristics of Caribbean Society and Culture [SLIDES]

https://slideplayer.com/slide/6889134/

Caribbean Studies: Hybridization [SLIDES]

https://slideplayer.com/slide/4141730/

Caribbean Society and Culture: the Role of Historical Experiences [SLIDES]

https://www.slideserve.com/arnav/caribbean-society-and-culture

Caribbean Culture Presentation [SLIDES]

https://prezi.com/ipxtrimjgxx_/caribbean-culture-presentation/

Theories of Caribbean Societies

https://www.academia.edu/8325543/Theories_of_caribbean_societies

Colour and Contemporary Society in the Caribbean/ by Fernando Henriques, in, Journal de la société des américanistes , Volume 58 (1969); pp. 207-221. Retrieved from:

https://www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1969_num_58_1_2103

Identity, Ethnicity and the Caribbean Homeland in an era of Globalization/ Ralph R. Premdas, in, Journal of Social Identities , Volume 17 No.6 (November 2011); pp. 811-832. Retrieved from:

https://sta.uwi.edu/iir/normangirvanlibrary/sites/default/files/normangirvanlibrary/images/Identity%2C%20ethnicity%2C%20and%20the%20Caribbean%20homeland%20in%20an%20era%20of%20globalization.pdf

Creole in the Caribbean: How Oral Discourse creates Cultural Identities/ Maria Grazia Sindoni, in, Journal des Africanistes , Volume 80 Issue 1-2 (2010); pp. 217-236. Retrieved from:

https://journals.openedition.org/africanistes/2563?file=1

Caribbean Popular Culture: Everyday Lives, Racial Politics and Transnational Movements- Review Essay/ by Emiel Martens, in, European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies , No. 102 (2016); pp. 101-108. Retrieved from:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309166427_Caribbean_Popular_Culture_Everyday_Lives_Racial_Politics_and_Transnational_Movements/fulltext/58022d0f08ae23fd1b6708e6/Caribbean-Popular-Culture-Everyday-Lives-Racial-Politics-and-Transnational-Movements.pdf

Popular Culture, National Identity, and Race in the Caribbean/ Helen I. Safa, in, New West Indian Guide, Volume 61 No. 3-4 (1987); pp. 115-126. Retrieved from:

https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/09/94/61/00076/Volume_62_Number_3_and_4_1988.pdf

Cultural Identity and Education: A Critical Race Perspective/ by Theodorea Regina Berry & Matthew Reese Candis, in, Educational Foundations , Summer-Fall (2013); pp. 43-64. Retrieved from:

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1065655.pdf

Economic Integration and Caribbean Identity: Convergences and Divergences /Emilio Pantojas Garcia, in, Caribbean Studies , Vol. 36, No. 1 (2008); pp. 53-74. Retrieved from:

https://sta.uwi.edu/iir/normangirvanlibrary/sites/default/files/normangirvanlibrary/images/Economic%20Integration%20and%20Caribbean%20Identity.pdf

The Caribbean- Cultural History
Caribbean Lands and Cultures
Caribbean Culture

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKnxgl3tQaM

Study.com. Cultural Patterns of the Caribbean, Central & South America: Afro-Caribbean

https://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural-patterns-of-the-caribbean-central-south-america.html

Caribbean Culture explained with Food

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvbG26i5ovg

Traditional Dresses of the Caribbean

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yk_GAYSRVG0

Caribbean Folk Dance
Folk Dances of the Caribbean Vol 1.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ng7Idq89HHk

Folk Dances of the Caribbean Vol 2.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udvQi_AKn-g

Taratibu- ‘Jamaican Folk Dance’

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZa9Fqqz-CM

Traditional Jamaican Dances

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOux_Y6tFgU

Trinidad African Dance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Si13ulMyegs

Trinidad Limbo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kECsYL3L7U4

Trinidad Bele Dancers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkQHznO_K0I

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lea0VoSrjoI

Bele/ Reel-Jig (Tobago)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXRd6eMAoXA

Drumology: Part 1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UHDk9fbLnY

Drumology: Part 2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMxJ_TIcs_0

The Caribbean: One and Divisible/ Jean Casimir. (United nations, 1992)

https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/27960/S9200561.pdf?sequence=1

Family forms such as nuclear, extended, visiting

Family in the Caribbean

https://www.slideshare.net/Poeticlicious/family-in-the-caribbean

Caribbean Families – Family structure

http://www.globaldialoguefoundation.org/files/FAM.2009-mar.CaribbeanFamilies.pdf

What are the family types

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajLqOJrRLqI

CBNS101 – Family in the Caribbean

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRv0LTwNRiM

Family types and unions found in the Caribbean

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X60dh2flLd8

7 advantages of extended family living

https://www.rossnorthhomes.com.au/7-advantages-of-extended-family-living/

The advantages and disadvantages of extended family system

https://www.virtualkollage.com/2019/02/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-the-extended-family-system.html

4 benefits of the extended family model

https://www.hyunjinmoon.com/4-benefits-extended-family-model/

The advantages and disadvantages of living in a nuclear family

https://www.parentcircle.com/article/is-living-in-a-nuclear-family-good-for-children-and-parents/

Advantages and disadvantages of long distance relationships

https://informationparlour.com/article-dating-relationships-advantages-and-disadvantages-long-distance-relationship

Advantages and disadvantages for children in a single parent family

https://www.modernmom.com/advantages-disadvantages-for-children-in-a-single-parent-family/

Pros and Cons in single parent families

https://www.universalclass.com/articles/self-help/pros-and-cons-in-single-parent-families.htm

The 10 advantages and disadvantages of the nuclear family

https://www.indiasstuffs.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-nuclear-family/#:~:text=%20Top%2010%20Advantages%20and%20Disadvantages%20of%20Nuclear,%E2%80%9Living in 3%20Nuclear%20families%20have%20sufficient%20financial...%20More

The advantages and disadvantages of living in a Nuclear Family

https://www.parentcircle.com/is-living-in-a-nuclear-family-good-for-children-and-parents/article

Education: How has education impacted societal institutions in the region (colonial vs. pre-colonial; gender).

Education in the Caribbean
Some challenges to Caribbean Education
Educational developments in the British West Indies: A Historical Overview

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED567093.pdf

Secondary Education in the Caribbean : A 21 st century perspective

https://errolmiller.com/secondary-education-in-the-caribbean/

Rethinking education in the Caribbean

https://www.stabroeknews.com/2011/02/01/guyana-review/rethinking-education-in-the-caribbean/

Achieving inclusive education in the Caribbean and beyond

https://books.google.tt/books?id=0KGaDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=education+in+the+caribbean&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbtsiv9rfsAhUq2FkKHfmbDuUQ6AEwA3oECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=education%20in%20the%20caribbean&f=false

Education plays a key role in the Caribbean

https://www.caribbeanjobs.com/careeradvice/education-plays-a-key-role-in-the-caribbean

https://www.caribjournal.com/2016/05/22/education-in-the-caribbean/

How to improve quality of education in the Caribbean for the next generation?

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/09/18/caribbean-quality-education-improvements-next-generation

The Cuban Educational System

https://www.cubatreasure.com/cuban-educational-system/

Religion in the Caribbean

Chapter 15: Religion
The role of Religion in the Caribbean

https://essayswriters.com/essays/History/the-role-of-religion-in-caribbean-history.html

Religious beliefs in Jamaica

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-jamaica.html

Religious beliefs in Antigua and Barbuda

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-antigua-and-barbuda.html

Religious beliefs in Belize

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-belize.html

An historical profile of Religion in Belize

http://www.prolades.com/cra/regions/cam/bel/belize.html

Religious beliefs in Colombia

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-colombia.html

Religion in Colombia

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Colombia

Religious beliefs in Costa Rica

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-costa-rica.html

church and state: the role of Religion in Cuba

https://time.com/3787256/church-and-state-the-role-of-religion-in-cuba/

The religion in Cuba

https://www.thecubanhistory.com/2012/03/religion-in-cuba/

Religious beliefs in the Dominican Republic

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-the-dominican-republic.html

Religious beliefs in Dominica

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-dominica.html

Dominica religions

https://www.indexmundi.com/dominica/religions.html

Religions in Guadeloupe

https://www.religion-facts.com/en/191

Caribbean influences on extra-regional countries

The Interconnections of Caribbean Music to NYC

https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/lutton16music/diasporic-festivals-and-carnivals/

Articulations in the Caribbean Diaspora: London’s Carnival Arts Scene and the Cultural politics of space, Place and Value

https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3v028679

3 International Caribbean Carnivals

https://www.caribbeanandco.com/3-international-caribbean-carnivals/

The street party that revolutionized Britain

https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200826-the-street-party-that-revolutionised-britain

Toronto Caribbean Carnival (Caribana)

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/caribana-emc

West Indian Day Parade

https://maap.columbia.edu/place/54.html

Uniquely NYC West Indian Carnival Parade

https://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/uniquely_nyc/westindian-carnival.htm

MODULE 2: ISSUES IN CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT

Unit 1: concepts and indicators of development.

Development assistance and economic development in the Caribbean Region : Is there a correlation?

https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/163441468769533969/pdf/multi0page.pdf

Latin America and the Caribbean: Impact of COVID 19

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF11581.pdf

INTERACTIVE:

Economic Development Challenges in the Caribbean: Looking towards 2030

http://conferences.sta.uwi.edu/cote/2018/documents/Downes-ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTCH

WEBSITE:

3 characteristics of Caribbean Economies

https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/082015/3-characteristics-caribbean-economies.asp

Gross National Product (GNP)

Association of Caribbean States: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in current prices in 2020 by country

https://www.statista.com/statistics/806481/gross-domestic-product-gdp-per-capita-in-the-association-of-caribbean-states/

America and Caribbean GDP 1960 – 2021

https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/LCN/latin-america-caribbean-/gdp-gross-domestic-product

Bahamas averaged 1.1% growth in GDP in two decades
GDP per capita (Current US$) – Dominica

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?end=2019&locations=DM&start=2019&view=bar

Domnica: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in current prices from 1986 to 2026

https://www.statista.com/statistics/730496/gross-domestic-product-gdp-in-dominica/

Puerto Rico GDP

https://tradingeconomics.com/puerto-rico/gdp

Jamaica : Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in current prices from 1986 to 2026

https://www.statista.com/statistics/527074/gross-domestic-product-gdp-in-jamaica/

GDP of Trinidad and Tobago

https://statisticstimes.com/economy/country/trinidad-and-tobago-gdp.php

GDDP Per capita in Guadeloupe compared to Caribbean

Top 10 Causes of Environmental Damage

Factors that Promote or Hinder Development (a) Gender inequality

https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2012/01/top-10-causes-of-environmental-damage/

Youth Masculinities and Violence in the Caribbean
Gender Tension and Change in the Contemporary Caribbean:
NATIONAL POLICY FOR GENDER EQUALITY (NPGE) JAMAICA
UNESCO: gender inequality in education major challenge in Latin America and the Caribbean:
Gender differentials in Caribbean education system

https://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/70-72-2010.pdf

Gender Differences in Participation and Achievement in Science: Implications and Intervention Strategies for Scientific and Technological Development in the Caribbean

https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/cc/article/viewFile/622/553

Exploring the Differences in Girls’ and Boys’ Learning from Their Teachers’ Perspectives in a Coed High School in Kingston Jamaica

https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1494&context=etd

MALE UNDERPERF0RMANCE IN GRENADA

https://cxc.org/SiteAssets/Grenada%20Boys%20Underperformance%2022%20June%202010.pdf

Effects of familie

https://tsshomework.weebly.com/uploads/8/0/8/3/80833180/l8_changing_roles.pdf

Caribbean Families - Family Structure:

www.globaldialoguefoundation.org/files/FAM.2009-mar.CaribbeanFamilies.pdf

The new roles of men and women and implications for families and societies/Livia Sz. Oláh, Rudolf Richter and Irena E. Kotowska

www.familiesandsocieties.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/WP11OlahEtAl2014.pdf

National policy on gender and development of the republic of Trinidad and Tobago

https://oig.cepal.org/sites/default/files/trinidad_y_tobago_2009_genero_y_desarrollo.pdf

Gender Earnings Gaps in the Caribbean: Evidence from Barbados and Jamaic

https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Gender-Earnings-Gaps-in-the-Caribbean-Evidence-from-Barbados-and-Jamaica.pdf

Women and Men in CARICOM: Isiuwa Iyahen Programme Specialist: Economic Empowerment & Statistics UN Women MCO-Caribbean “Capitalizing on windows of opportunity for achieving gender equality in the world of wor

https://parlamericas.org/uploads/documents/UNWomen_S3_PPT_ENG.pdf

Female Labour Force Participation: The Case of Trinidad and Tobago

https://www.central-bank.org.tt/sites/default/files/page-file-uploads/Female%20Labour%20Force%20Participation%20-%20The%20Case%20of%20Trinidad%20and%20Tobago%20-%20K.%20A.%20Roopnarine%20and%20D.%20Ramrattan%20-%20June%202011.pdf

Gender Inequality Remains Persistent in the Caribbean - CDB Repor

https://www.caribank.org/newsroom/news-and-events/gender-inequality-remains-persistent-caribbean-cdb-report

Education from a gender equality perspectiv

https://www.mona.uwi.edu/cop/library/education-gender-equality-perspective

Rethinking Masculinity, Understanding Gender Equality as a Means of Ending Gender-Based Violence in Caribbean Schools

https://today.caricom.org/2019/09/10/rethinking-masculinity-understanding-gender-equality-as-a-means-of-ending-gender-based-violence-in-caribbean-schools/

The crucial role of media in achieving gender equality

https://www.mediasupport.org/the-crucial-role-of-media-in-achieving-gender-equality/

How Technology Is Changing the Way Children Think and Focu

https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-power-prime/201212/how-technology-is-changing-the-way-children-think-and-focus

How Has Technology Changed Our Lives

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1Dxq0cOPcs

Changing male-female relationships in the Caribbean - causes and characteristic

Rethinking Masculinity, Understanding Gender Equality as a means of ending Gender based violence in Caribbean schools

https://today.caricom.org/2019/09/10/rethinking-masculinity-understanding-gender-equality-as-a-means-of-ending-gender-based-violence-in-caribbean-schools/

Major Trends Affecting Families in Central America and the Caribbea

https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/family/Publications/mtstbernard.pdf

Caribbean Families - Family Structure
Gender differentials in Caribbean education systems
Education

http://www.genderequality.gov.ky/resources/education-0

Sustainable development

Sustainable development of Agriculture in the Caribbean https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5404379cafan2.pdf

Entrepreneurial drive and activity

Challenges women entrepreneurs face and how to overcome them https://newsday.co.tt/2018/07/26/4-challenges-women-entrepreneurs-face-and-how-to-overcome-them/
Driving entrepreneurship – Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) development policy for Trinidad and Tobago http://www.sice.oas.org/SME_CH/TTO/Final_MSE_Development_Policy_MVG_ALC_20140605_1_e.pdf
The digital landscape for young entrepreneurs in Latin America and the Caribbean : YBI insights for success. https://www.youthbusiness.org/file_uploads/YBI-Digital-Landscape-English.pdf
Youths push entrepreneurship in the Caribbean (Website https://www.yourcommonwealth.org/economic-development/entrepreneurship-employment/youths-push-entrepreneurship-in-the-caribbean/
Entrepreneur https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp

Use of technology

How technology impacts manufacturing –TTMA https://ttma.com/assets/PDFs/000-FAW-SignOff-ManufacturerV36-Jun-2014-NL-PF5.pdf
Positive technology-designing work environments for digital well-being https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/focus/behavioral-economics/negative-impact-technology-business.html
How does technology affect the work environment today https://smallbusiness.chron.com/technology-affect-work-environment-today-27299.html
10 ways technology has reshaped the modern workplace https://www.quickfms.com/blog/how-technology-has-reshaped-the-workplace
The future of work in the Caribbean https://www.republictt.com/republic-journal/future-work-caribbean
Will automation create or kill jobs in Latin America and the Caribbean https://www.thedialogue.org/analysis/will-automation-create-or-kill-jobs-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/

Tourism: (i) contribution; (ii) challenges; (iii) Caribbean Tourism Organisation (CTO)

Travel and tourism in the Caribbean https://books.google.tt/books?id=LVdxDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=tourism+in+the+caribbean&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=tourism%20in%20the%20caribbean&f=false
Tourism in the Caribbean – the way forward to recovery https://www.caribbean-council.org/tourism/
Types of tourism in the Caribbean https://getawaytips.azcentral.com/types-of-tourism-in-the-caribbean-12385247.html
The Caribbean Ecotourism destinations https://www.tripsavvy.com/caribbean-ecotourism-destinations-1488609
Tourism is rebounding in the Bahamas https://www.caribjournal.com/2021/06/21/bahamas-tourism-rebounding-2021-data/
Caribbean Tourism Organisation https://caricom.org/institutions/caribbean-tourism-organisation-cto/

Globalisation and Development

Definition and forms of globalisation.
Globalisation https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/globalization/
What is Globalization? https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-globalization-3310370
What is Globalisation? – Definition, effects, examples https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-globalization-definition-effects-examples.html
The effects of globalization on Caricom Caribbean Economie http://www.rrojasdatabank.info/globdev/Globalization-Chap11.pdf

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

1. World Trade Organisation https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/thewto_e.htm
3 ways the WTO keeps your prices low https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-the-world-trade-organization-wto-3306366
World Trade Organisation https://www.britannica.com/topic/World-Trade-Organization

UNIT 5: Contriibutions of sports

Factors influencing the early development of world –class Caribbean track and field athletes: A qualitative investigation. (pdf)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6873121/pdf/jssm-18-758.pdf

Promoting sports education in the Caribbean

https://www.sportanddev.org/en/article/news/promoting-sports-education-caribbean

Women athletes come of age

https://www.caribbeanreview.org/2011/05/women-athletes-come-of-age/

Jamaican women in sports vow to keep on fighting for right of place, respect

MODULE 3: INVESTIGATING ISSUES IN THE CARIBBEAN

Plagiarism:

Plagiarism: What is it? Why is it important to me?

https://www.slideshare.net/kathykhan/plagiarism-powerpoint-2427193

https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism

What is Plagiarism

https://www.plagiarism.org/article/what-is-plagiarism

Examples of Plagiarism

https://www.niu.edu/academic-integrity/faculty/committing/examples/index.shtml

How to avoid Plagiarism

https://www.scribbr.com/plagiarism/how-to-avoid-plagiarism/

Principles of Copyright

https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/844/wipo_pub_844.pdf

Understanding Copyright, Public Domain and Fair Use

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzzkSZ0Jrko

What is Copyirght? What does Copyright mean?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyE7sJcRc1U

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/copyright.asp

What is Copyright?

https://copyrightalliance.org/faqs/what-is-copyright/

Legal and ethical issues : Copyright and Intellectual Property

https://port.sas.ac.uk/mod/book/view.php?id=1323&chapterid=971 and ethical issues : Copyright and Intellectual Property

Coming to terms with Natural and Human Disasters

Caribbean Regional Disaster Response
Natural Hazards in the Caribbean : Too costly to ignore?

http://www.acs-aec.org/index.php?q=disaster-risk-reduction/natural-hazards-in-the-caribbean-too-costly-to-ignore

Fact Sheet: The economic impact of Natural Disaster in Latin America and the Caribbean.

https://www.iadb.org/en/news/fact-sheet-economic-impacts-natural-disasters-latin-america-and-caribbean

The Mass Media

Impact of New Technologies on the development Process in the Caribbean

https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/27524/LCcarG719_en.pdf

Technology and Inequalities

https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/06Chapter4.pdf

Technology in Developing Economie

https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs181/projects/2007-08/developing-economies/

Changing patterns of disease

Report of the Caribbean Commission on Health and Development

https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/9995/9789768082206_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

The impact of cultural habits and value systems

Caribbean resilience building in the face of the Covid 19 pandemic

https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/46629/S2000887_en.pdf

Improving the health status of Caribbean People: Recommendations from the Triangulating on Health Equity Summit

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4140953/

Traditional/modern medicine.

Integrating modern and traditional medicine: facts and figures

https://www.scidev.net/global/features/integrating-modern-and-traditional-medicine-facts-and-figures/#:~:text=Modern%20medicine%20demands%20standard%20dosages,on%20the%20patient's%20symptoms.%20%3C%2F

Contributions made by individuals in the field of arts

Beryl Mc Burnie: The first lady of dance

https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-20/beryl-mcburnie-first-lady-dance#axzz6usDfFB2p

Nettleford, Rex

Louise Bennet – Coverly, 86, helped preserve culture and language of Jamaica

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-aug-02-me-bennett-coverly2-story.html

Remembering Miss Lou

https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-82/remembering-miss-lou#axzz6usDfFB2p

Paule Marshall

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paule-Marshall

Paule Marshall, Influential Black Novelist, Dies at 90

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/16/books/paule-marshall-dead.html

Aubrey Cummings –Musician and Vocalist

https://www.guyanagraphic.com/edutainment/guyanese-edutainment/aubrey-cummings-musician-and-vocalist#:~:text=His%20guitar%20work%20also%20attracted,and%20can%20do%20so%20again

Aubrey Cummings passes on

https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2010/04/16/aubrey-cummings-passes-on/

Martin Carter

https://www.peepaltreepress.com/authors/martin-carter

Martin Carter the poems man

https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-13/martin-carter-poems-man#axzz6v4QVqY4U

Education as a function of changing social structure

https://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2139/8864/Raymond%20Hackett11.pdf?sequence=1

Education play a key Role in the Caribbean

Social factors shaping music in the Caribbean

Social factors shaping music in the Caribbean.

https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1617&context=srhonorsprog

Social and Emotional Function of Music Listening: Reasons for Listening to Musi

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1149015.pdf

Globalisation and Commercialisation of Caribbean Musi

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/14920521.pdf

Impact of dancehall music in society

Dancehall and Hip – Hop Youth perceptions of sexuality and violence

https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/cd/index.asp?action=downloadArticle&articleId=258&galleyId=234

The effects of dancehall genre on adolescent sexual and violent behavior in Jamaica :A public health concern

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3354427/

Types of music in Caribbean Society

The rise of reggae: How a uniquely Jamaican sound conquered the world

https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/bring-the-noise/the-rise-of-reggae/zdkxqp3

The subversive power of calypso music

https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20171010-the-surprising-politics-of-calypso

Impact of technology on the development of music in the region

The impact of Technology on the Musical Experience

https://www.music.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2675:the-impact-of-technology-on-

The impact of Technology on the Music Industry

https://online.suu.edu/degrees/business/master-music-technology/tech-impact-music-industry/

The impact of new technologies on the music industry, 1997 – 2021

https://usir.salford.ac.uk/2027/1/DX218737.pdf

Caribbean Festival of Arts (CARIFESTA)

CARIFESTA An embodiment of Caribbean Integration

http://www.theintegrationistcaribbean.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/CARIFESTA-An-Embodiment-of-Caribbean-Integration.pdf

Carifesta XIV – the opening

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ehvLK7pClw

CARIFESTA An embodiment of Caribbean Integration

https://caricom.org/carifesta-through-the-years/

History of CARIFESTA

https://caricom.org/history-of-carifesta/

The first CARIFESTA

https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-62/first-carifesta#axzz6uVYRz5Qp

The Caribbean Festival of the Arts (CARIFESTA)

https://en.unesco.org/creativity/policy-monitoring-platform/caribbean-festival-arts-carifesta

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A list of digital libraries, bibliographies, and databases to begin your research.

Digital Library of the Caribbean (dLOC) The Digital Library of the Caribbean (dLOC) is a cooperative digital library for resources from and about the Caribbean and circum-Caribbean. dLOC provides access to digitized versions of Caribbean cultural, historical and research materials currently held in archives, libraries, and private collections.
The University of Miami's Cuban Heritage Collection's Digital Libraries Provides access to digitized manuscripts, photographs, letters, maps, lectures, oral histories, and other resources held in the University of Miami Libraries Cuban Heritage Collection, which is a repository for primary and secondary sources of Cuba and the Cuban diaspora from colonial times to the present.
Handbook of Latin American Studies Online (1936-1989) A bibliography on Latin America consisting of works selected and annotated by scholars. Edited by the Hispanic Division of the Library of Congress, the multidisciplinary Handbook alternates annually between the social sciences and the humanities. Each year, more than 130 academics from around the world choose over 5,000 works for inclusion in the Handbook.
Handbook of Latin American Studies Web (1990 to present) bibliography on Latin America consisting of works selected and annotated by scholars. Edited by the Hispanic Division of the Library of Congress, the multidisciplinary Handbook alternates annually between the social sciences and the humanities. Each year, more than 130 academics from around the world choose over 5,000 works for inclusion in the Handbook.
Latin American Network Information Center (LANIC) Administered by the University of Texas Austin, provides access to official (government), scholarly, and popular internet portals to information on Latin America for virtually every subject available. more... less... The site also has special collections accessible on the left-hand side menu of the homepage, including: - LAGDA Gov Docs Archive (full-text versions of official documents and video and audio recordings of key regional leaders) – can browse by country - LAOAP Open Archives Portal (Collaborative Project between Latin Americanist Research Resources Project - LARRP and LANIC, to improve access to social sciences grey literature produced in Latin America.) - LAPTOC (Latin American Periodicals Tables of Contents). Provides access to tables of contents for different journals – can browse list of journal titles by country and link to Tables of Contents) - Electoral Observatory (reports on latest elections – news, overseeing agencies) - TILAN Networking Trends (resource center that seeks to document trends regarding expansion of the Internet throughout the countries of Latin America. Includes full text of research reports and articles; statistics: tables containing data on a variety of indicators typically sought by individuals interested in Internet growth in Latin America; summaries of basic networking statistics and key resources for further information for each Latin American country; subject directory of links to related resources throughout the Web - Zapatistas! - Etext Collection (conference papers from Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies, Latin American Studies Association, Association for the Study of Cuban Economy, Presidential Messages, The Sustainable Development Reporting Project (year-long endeavor to look at the most promising and important sustainable development programs in Central America, made possible by a grant from the Mexico City office of the Ford Foundation), Individual books, theses, papers, and other publications hosted as part of the Etext Collection
Selected Bibliography of US Government and International Documents on Latin America and the Caribbean Identifies many excellent starting points for research on Latin America and the Caribbean.
Oxford Bibliographies This link opens in a new window Developed cooperatively with scholars and librarians worldwide, Oxford Bibliographies offers exclusive, authoritative research guides. Oxford Bibliographies combines features of an annotated bibliography and a high-level encyclopedia, giving researchers scholarship across a wide variety of subjects. more... less... Subjects : African Studies African American Studies American Literature Anthropology Art History Atlantic History Biblical Studies British and Irish Literature Buddhism Childhood Studies Chinese Studies Cinema and Media Studies Classics Communication Criminology Ecology Education Hinduism International Law International Relations Islamic Studies Jewish Studies Latin American Studies Linguistics Literary and Critical Theory Medieval Studies Military History Music Philosophy Political Science Psychology Public Health Renaissance and Reformation Social Work Sociology Victorian Literature Abbreviation: oxbib Vendor: Oxford University Press Subjects: Religion, Urban and Regional Planning, *General / Multi-Subject, Bibliography Type: Encyclopedias & Dictionaries, Research Starter
MLA International Bibliography This link opens in a new window The MLA International Bibliography provides a subject index for books and articles published on modern languages, literatures, folklore, and linguistics. Works of interest to scholars are included whether they are written for a scholarly or a more general audience, provided that the content or its treatment places them within the scope of the bibliography. Masters' theses, guides that are essentially plot summaries, and other apprentice or simplified works are excluded. more... less... Abbreviation: mla Vendor: EBSCO Coverage: 1921-Current Subjects: African-American Studies, Latin American & Caribbean Studies, Linguistics, Literature, Middle Eastern Studies, Rhetoric & Composition, Russian & Eastern European Studies, Women's and Gender Studies Type: Indexes / Catalogs
Linguistics & Language Behavior Abstracts This link opens in a new window Covers all aspects of the study of language including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. This database abstracts and indexes the international literature in linguistics and related disciplines in the language sciences. Documents indexed include journal articles, book reviews, books, book chapters, dissertations and working papers. more... less... Subject coverage : Anthropological linguistics Applied linguistics Descriptive linguistics Discourse analysis Language - pathological and normal Learning disabilities Nonverbal communication Phonetics Phonology Psycholinguistics Abbreviation: llba Vendor: ProQuest Coverage: 1973-Current Subjects: Anthropology, Asian Studies, Communication, Communication Disorders, Latin American & Caribbean Studies, Linguistics, Middle Eastern Studies, Rhetoric & Composition, Russian & Eastern European Studies, Teacher Education Type: Indexes / Catalogs

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Last Updated: Apr 3, 2024 2:14 PM
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Caribbean Studies IA Shanaski Hyatt

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Caribbean Studies

Primary sources defined, caribbean primary sources, english-speaking caribbean, spanish-speaking caribbean, french-speaking caribbean, dutch and papiamento speaking caribbean, regional cooperative organizations, unesco resources.

Visual & Audiovisual
Reference: Bibliographies, encyclopedias, and more
NYU Special Collections
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Government Resources
Online Resources
Haitian Studies

A primary source is a first-hand record of an event or topic created by a participant in or a witness to that event or topic. Primary sources can be a document, letter, eye-witness account, diary, article, book, recording, statistical data, manuscript, or art object. Primary sources vary by discipline and provide an original source of information about an era or event. Although primary sources can include first-hand accounts that were documented later, such as memoirs or oral histories, primary sources created or written closest to the time of the actual event are considered to be the most useful sources for research purposes (Library of Congress, 2020, FAQ, para. 2)

Archives of Latin American and Caribbean History, Sixteenth to Twentieth Century This link opens in a new window The Archives of Latin American and Caribbean History, Sixteenth to Twentieth Century offer a range of content for the region, providing opportunities for research into issues and events in contemporary Latin American and Caribbean history, as well as historical perspective back to the colonial period. Coverage extends from the 15th to 20th century, providing information about the indigenous peoples of the region, the Conquest (la Conquista), colonial rule, religion, struggles for independence, and political, economic, and social progress and issues in newly independent nations.
Archives Unbound This link opens in a new window Contains the Caribbean collections: Crisis in the Dominican Republic: Records of the U.S. State Department Central Files, February 1963-1966; Federal Surveillance of the Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño; Feminism in Cuba: Nineteenth through Twentieth Century Archival Documents; Mafia in Florida and Cuba: FBI Surveillance of Meyer Lansky and Santo Trafficante, Jr.; U.S. and Castro's Cuba, 1950-1970: The Paterson Collection
Brill Online Primary Sources This link opens in a new window Brill Online Primary Sources consists of thematic collections of unique materials such as rare books and documents from around the world.

Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO) This link opens in a new window Eighteenth Century Collections Online provides access to facsimile page images and full text of works published in the British Isles (plus some from North America) during the 18th century. The collection includes books, pamphlets, and broadsides. Users can search within texts keyword and download them as PDFs.
Global Commodities This link opens in a new window This resource brings together manuscript, printed and visual primary source materials for the study of global commodities in world history. The commodities featured in this resource have been transported, exchanged and consumed around the world for hundreds of years.
Latin American, Caribbean, U.S. Latinx, and Iberian Free E-Resources (LACLI) This link opens in a new window Latin American, Caribbean, U.S. Latinx, and Iberian (LACLI) is an international collaboration to create a repository of free online resources for Latin American, Caribbean, Latinx, and Iberian studies. LACLI is an essential tool for finding websites that provide access to a great variety of resources, such as audiovisual materials, books, data, ephemera, government documents, oral histories, periodicals, reference works, visual materials, web archives and more.
Readex AllSearch This link opens in a new window Readex AllSearch allows users to cross search primary sources: books, pamphlets, newspapers, government documents, and more.
Sabin Americana This link opens in a new window Provides over 14,000 primary source titles based on Joseph Sabin's bibliography, Bibliotheca Americana. Materials describe every aspect of life in the Western Hemisphere from 1500 to the 1890s. Included are books, pamphlets, serials and other documents that provide original accounts of exploration, trade, colonialism, slavery and abolition, the western movement, Native Americans, military actions and much more. Searchable in a variety of ways, including: author, title, year of publication, and subject.
CIRN: Caribbean IRN The Caribbean IRN collection stores various documents, reports, archival clippings, and other materials related to this work. Our general collection includes materials we have been collecting and archiving since the Caribbean IRN's inception in 2009. Thus far, our collection includes a variety of materials (newspaper articles, scholarly papers, activist reports, open letters, creative expressions, interviews, and more) which offers a glimpse into the complexity of LGBT lives and experiences in the Caribbean. This collection presents multiple perspectives from the personal to community and political organizing, from health agencies to academic research.
Biblioteca Digital del Patrimonio Iberoamericano Free access to the Ibero-American digital cultural heritage.
Digital Archive of Latin American and Caribbean Ephemera The Digital Archive of Latin American and Caribbean Ephemera is a steadily growing repository containing a previously unavailable subset of Princeton’s Latin American Ephemera Collection as well as newly acquired materials being digitized and added on an ongoing basis.
Early Caribbean Digital Archive An open access collection of pre-twentieth-century Caribbean texts, maps, and images. Texts include travel narratives, novels, poetry, natural histories, and diaries that have not been brought together before as a single collection focused on the Caribbean.
Empire Online This resource brings together a wide range of primary source materials sourced from more than twenty archives for the study of "Empire", its theories, practices and consequences, dating from the late fifteenth century onwards.
Human Rights Studies Online Human Rights Studies Online is a research and learning database that provides comparative documentation, analysis, and interpretation of major human rights violations and atrocity crimes worldwide from 1900 to 2010. The collection includes primary and secondary materials across multiple media formats and content types.
Latin American Travelogues Digital Collection The goal of this project is to create a digital collection of Latin American travel accounts written in the 16th-19th centuries.
UK Parliamentary Papers U.K. Parliamentary Papers provides complete online coverage of the sessional papers of the British House of Commons and the 19th Century House of Lords. It includes detailed primary source for the history of Britain, its colonies, and the wider world. It covers working documents of government for all areas of social, political, economic and foreign policy.
National Institute of Dutch Slavery History and Legacy
Slavery, Abolition and Social Justice
Slavery Images: A Visual Record of the African Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Early African Diaspora
The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database
Slavery and Anti-Slavery: A Transnational Archive This link opens in a new window Slavery and Anti-Slavery includes documents from the United States and Europe, as well as other parts of the world. In addition to newspaper collections and books published in the antebellum era, Slavery and Anti-Slavery contains documents from several archives originally available only on microfilm.
Slavery in Jamaica, records from a family of slave owners, 1686-1860 This link opens in a new window The Slavery in Jamaica collection contains records detailing the Goulburn family’s ownership of Amity Hall plantation and associated properties in Jamaica during the 17th and 18th centuries. Most of the papers concern the properties when they were administered by Conservative MP Henry Goulburn between 1805 and 1856.
Colonial Caribbean This link opens in a new window Colonial Caribbean makes available materials from 27 Colonial Office file classes from The National Archives, UK. Covering the history of the various territories under British colonial governance from 1624 to 1870, this resource includes administrative documentation, trade and shipping records, minutes of council meetings, and details of plantation life, colonial settlement, imperial rivalries across the region, and the growing concern of absentee landlords.
Belize National Library Service Information System
Jamaica - Institute of Jamaica Virtual Museum
Jamaica - National Library of Jamaica
Trinidad and Tobago - Eric Eustace Williams Collection
US Virgin Islands - Univ. of the Virgin Islands Library The University of the Virgin Islands Collections features materials such as photographs, theses, articles and other media from the University of the Virgin Islands Libraries, University of the Virgin Islands Departments, and organizations that have participated in partner projects with the UVI Libraries. The collections emphasize rare and unique materials.
Braga Brothers Collection (Cuban sugar industry)
The Cuban Genealogy Club of Miami
Cuban Imprints & Ephemera Digital Collection
Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University
Guantánamo Public Memory Project
Romero Family Papers Regarding José Martí

Dominican Republic

Biblioteca Fidel Méndez Núñez de la Universidad APEC
Biblioteca Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra
Biblioteca Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra - Biblioteca Digital
Biblioteca Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra - Recursos Electrónicos
CUNY Dominican Studies Institute The CUNY Dominican Studies Institute at The City College of New York has developed digital open-source resources featuring various educational platforms to enhance teaching and learning on Dominican topics. Below you will find links and respective descriptions for each one of these projects.

Puerto Rico

Pedro Albizu Campos Collection Collection on Puerto Rican nationalism from the Marxist Internet Archive Online Library
CUNY Center for Puerto Rican Studies
Biblioteca Digital Puertorriqueña, Universidad de Puerto Rico
FBI COINTELPRO Puerto Rico file
Puerto Rican Civil Court Documents Collection, University of Connecticut Libraries
Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age, Library of Congress American Memory Collection
MANIOC - Bibliotheque Numerique Caraibe, Amazonie, Plateau des Guyanes
Atlas of Mutual Heritage
The Dutch in the Caribbean World
Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies Digital Image Library
Aruba - National Library
Bonaire - Digital Library of the Caribbean
Curaçao Public Library Foundation
Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración (ALADI) Digital library offering publications from the Association of Latin American Integration. Documents can be found by searching the "Base de Datos" and the "Series de Documentos" for official ALADI materials. Information in Spanish.
Association of Caribbean States Publications of the Association of Caribbean States relating to environmental conservation, sustainable tourism and trade and economic external relations, among other topics.
CARICOM Documents and publications portal.
CARICOM Resources at NYU This link takes you to results in the Libraries' Catalog published by CARICOM.
Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Publications relating to member nations Antigua and Barbuda, Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands. The Organisation deals with regional education, environment and sustainable development, business and trade policy.
Sistema Económico Latinoamericano y del Caribe (SELA) Use "Bases de Datos Documental" to search for information published by the Latin American and Caribbean Economic System. Information in Spanish.
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Publications from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.
Caribbean Development Portal Digital Library Offers a variety of reports and publications from UNESCO and Caribbean governments.
Global Ethics Observatory (GEObs) The observatory is a system of databases with worldwide coverage in bioethics and other areas of applied ethics in science and technology such as environmental ethics, science ethics, and technology ethics.
World Social Sciences Report
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Last Updated: Apr 5, 2024 2:49 PM
URL: https://guides.nyu.edu/caribstudies

Research article
Open access
Published: 28 August 2015

Disparities in cardiovascular disease among Caribbean populations: a systematic literature review

Damian K. Francis 1 ,
Nadia R. Bennett 1 ,
Trevor S. Ferguson 1 ,
Anselm JM Hennis 2 ,
Rainford J. Wilks 1 ,
E. Nigel Harris 3 ,
Marlene MY MacLeish 4 &
Louis W. Sullivan 5

On behalf of the U.S. Caribbean Alliance for Health Disparities Research Group (USCAHDR)

BMC Public Health volume 15 , Article number: 828 ( 2015 ) Cite this article

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the predominant cause of death globally. The large health disparities in the distribution of the burden of disease seen in developed and developing countries are of growing concern. Central to this concern is the poor outcome which is seen disproportionately in socially disadvantaged groups and racial/ethnic minorities. The aim of the study was to conduct a systematic literature review to investigate the nature of cardiovascular disease health disparities among Afro-Caribbean origin populations and identify current knowledge gaps.

A systematic literature review including a detailed search strategy was developed to search MEDLINE and other research databases. Using an a priori protocol peer-reviewed publications and grey literature articles were retrieved and screened and relevant data extracted by two independent review authors. Thematic analysis was done according to CVD outcomes and measures of disparity including age, sex, ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

The search retrieved 665 articles of which 22 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were conducted in the United Kingdom and centered on the prevalence of CVD by ethnicity, age and sex. An important sub-theme identified was the disparities in health service utilization/hospital admission. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) were less prevalent among Afro-Caribbeans compared to Caucasian and South East Asian ethnic groups. The prevalence of CHD ranged from 0–7 % in Afro-Caribbean to 2–22 % in Caucasians. Strokes were more common among Afro-Caribbeans. There are inadequate data on morbidity and mortality from CVD, particularly across the socio-economic gradient, in Afro-Caribbean populations.

Conclusions

There are important differences in morbidity and mortality from CVD across ethnic groups. Important knowledge gaps remain in understanding the social determinants of these disparities in CVD. More research exploring these gaps by varying disparity indicators needs to be undertaken.

Peer Review reports

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been established as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries [ 1 – 3 ]. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are disproportionally affected, with over 80 % of CVD deaths taking place in LMICs [ 2 ]. The WHO in its 2008–2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases draws attention to the rapidity with which the increasing burden of these diseases affects poor and disadvantaged populations, contributing to widening health gaps between and within countries [ 4 ]. These gaps or “health disparities” refer to preventable differences in the indicators of health of different population groups, often defined by race, ethnicity, sex, educational level, socioeconomic status, and geographic location of residence [ 5 ].

Over the last two decades, there has been increased interest and research into health disparities, with the recognition that the unequal allocation of resources and differential access to care are a part of broader systems which may influence health in population sub-groups [ 6 , 7 ]. The growing body of literature on health disparities in CVD suggests that while there has been a steady decline in CVD mortality rates in upper income countries, disparities in the burden of CVD persist, especially with regards to ethnicity, socioeconomic status and gender [ 8 ]. In countries such as the United States, health disparities continues to be pervasive and has become a growing public health concern such that its reduction and elimination is one of the main objectives of the Healthy People 2010 and 2020 campaigns [ 9 ]. Ethnic minorities such as blacks are particularly affected, with data from the United States and the United Kingdom showing higher all-cause mortality among blacks compared to whites [ 10 – 12 ].

Few studies have examined, the effect of social factors such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, geographic location or place of residence on differential disease patterns for cardiovascular disease prevalence and mortality in African origin populations [ 13 , 14 ]. This is important because there are especially high levels of heterogeneity in cause specific mortality among these African origin sub-groups based on geographic location and country of origin [ 10 , 14 ]. Additionally there is a high burden of CVD among blacks living in the Caribbean or the diaspora [ 15 ] but little is known about the social factors contributing to CVD in the region. Understanding potential differences in disease rates by ethnicity and subgroups of diverse populations is important for targeting effective interventions and policies aimed at reducing health disparities. We therefore conducted a systematic literature review in order to examine health disparities in the prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates of CVD among Afro-Caribbean populations and Caribbean immigrants compared to other ethnic groups between and within countries.

Using the methodological framework outlined by Arskey and O’Malley [ 16 ], we examined the literature on health disparities in cardiovascular diseases limited to English-speaking Caribbean origin populations or Caribbean immigrants’ age 18 years and older. For the purposes of this review, the cardiovascular diseases were defined as coronary heart disease; cerebrovascular disease (strokes and transient ischemic attack); and peripheral arterial disease. Disparity measures included age, sex, ethnicity/race, geographic location, sexual orientation, disability status and socioeconomic status as defined by authors of included studies. Outcomes assessed included incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease related mortality and health care utilization.

Studies were excluded if they did not compare cardiovascular disease morbidity or mortality within or across indicators of disparities. We also excluded studies if they reported solely on cardiovascular disease risk factors (e.g. hypertension and obesity) and those within which Caribbean populations were indistinguishably aggregated with other African origin ethnic groups. Studies not published in English were excluded due to unavailability of resources for translation.

A detailed search strategy (shown in Additional file 1) was developed to retrieve publications within major research databases and grey literature sources. The databases searched included Ovid MEDLINE, CENTRAL, LILACS, and PsycINFO. Additionally we searched Science Citation Index, Arts & Humanities Citation Index, Conference Proceedings Citation Index and Proquest. The search strategy included the key concepts ‘Caribbean region’, ‘African ancestry’ and ‘black Caribbean ethnicity’ with specific chronic diseases, and social determinants of health, health disparities, and or health inequity.

Retrieved studies were managed using EndNote X5 where duplicate articles were identified and removed from the database prior to screening. Two independent review authors screened titles and abstracts in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Discrepancies between review authors were resolved through discussion and or arbitrated by a third review author. Included studies were extracted according to a standardized study extraction form shown in Additional file 2.

Information was organized thematically according to the disparity indicators and charted using Microsoft Excel. The charting process followed a narrative approach outlined by Pawson [ 17 ], which included detailed information of population characteristics according to identified indicators of disparities. The synthesis of the charted data was conducted by a numerical analysis and thematic data charting. Numerical analysis was conducted to determine the extent, nature and distribution of the studies included in the review. The included studies were used to create tables and charts, mapping the distribution of studies according to geographic location; study design; publication year; outcome measures used to address disease entity; disparity indicators and outcome. This process subsequently informed the approach to identifying main research themes and developing an illustrative gap map. The review findings were then organized into categories which combined cardiovascular disease prevalence, incidence and mortality and disparity indicators.

Description of included studies

A total of 665 articles were identified from our search strategy. The process of screening and selection of included studies is outlined in a modified Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) diagram (Fig. 1 ). After full-text review 22 papers were included in the final synthesis.

Flowchart of included and excluded papers identified for the systematic literature review

Characteristics of included studies

The characteristics of included studies are outlined in Additional file 3 : Table S1. Fifteen of the included studies were carried out in the United Kingdom [ 18 – 32 ] with the remaining seven conducted in Trinidad and Tobago [ 33 , 34 ], Jamaica [ 35 – 38 ] and the United States of America [ 39 ]. Fifteen studies were of cross sectional design; Six cohort studies [ 20 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 32 , 33 ] and one case series [ 38 ]. The dates of publication ranged from 1964 to 2013 and included ten community/population based studies, ten conducted in clinic or hospital setting and the remaining two carried out in multiple settings (See Additional file 3 : Table S1). The populations of comparison included Afro-Caribbean, Indo-Caribbean, South-Asians, Caucasians, Chinese, African American and African Blacks. The cardiovascular disease outcomes reported on in the included studies were: coronary heart disease; peripheral arterial disease; cerebrovascular disease; and overall CVD.

Themes and disparity indicators

The prevalence of CVD was the most common theme, being reported in 12 of the 22 studies [ 18 , 19 , 21 – 26 , 29 , 31 , 35 , 36 ]. Ten studies reported on mortality [ 20 , 27 – 30 , 32 , 34 , 37 – 39 ] and three reported on incidence of CVD [ 27 , 32 , 33 ]. Only a few sub-themes were identified with three studies reporting the prevalence of smoking, three studies included health service utilization/hospital admission [ 23 , 24 , 26 ] and obesity [ 18 , 19 ], while a single study reported on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome [ 21 ].

Disparities in prevalence of CVD

Overall, the prevalence of coronary heart disease and peripheral artery disease is lower in Afro-Caribbean populations [ 19 , 21 , 24 – 26 , 29 , 31 ] when compared to other ethnic groups except for Immigrant Chinese and African Blacks to the UK [ 19 , 29 ]. Prevalence of CHD ranged from 0–7 % [ 21 , 31 ] in Afro-Caribbean compared to 2–22 % [ 21 , 31 ] in Caucasians. Only two studies [ 23 , 31 ] reported no difference in the prevalence of CVD among Afro-Caribbean compared to other ethnic groups. Two studies reported a higher prevalence of cerebrovascular disease among Afro-Caribbeans, Caucasians and Indo-Asians [ 22 , 24 ]. Wang et al. [ 29 ] reported that Afro-Caribbeans have similar prevalence to African Blacks and Whites in South London. Whereas Gill et al. [ 25 ] reported a higher prevalence of stroke/TIA among South Asians compared to Afro-Caribbeans enrolled in the Ethnic-Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening Study. The prevalence of overall CVD in Afro-Caribbean was not different from other ethnic groups [ 18 , 22 , 23 ] in three out of six studies. Few studies reported on differences in CVD morbidity and mortality by age and socioeconomic status among other measures of disparities.

The prevalence of coronary heart disease was lower among Afro-Caribbean men compared to all ethnic group except Chinese (Afro-Caribbean 0.8 %; Black African 1.6 %; South Asians 2.5 %; Caucasian 2.4 %; and Chinese 0.9 %) [ 19 ]. Within the Afro-Caribbean ethnic group the prevalence of acute coronary syndrome is higher in women compared to men [ 35 ]. Ferguson [ 35 ] also reported that CVD increased with age in the Afro-Caribbean population.

Disparities in the incidence of CVD

The incidence of coronary heart disease was lower in Afro-Caribbeans compared to Indians in Trinidad and Tobago, Caucasians and South Asians [ 27 , 32 , 33 ]. In particular, Khattar et al. [ 27 ] found that the incidence of coronary heart disease was significantly higher among Whites (1.32 per 100 person years) and South Asians (2.86 per 100 person years) compared to Afro-Caribbeans (0.18 per 100 person years) [ 27 ]. Incidence of coronary heart disease increased with age but only in men [ 32 ]. In sex specific analysis Miller reported a higher incidence of coronary heart disease among men compared to women. Differences seen across ethnicity by sex was not statistically significant but of note it was higher in Afro-Caribbean women compared to European counterparts [ 33 ] and one study reported no sex difference in the incidence of CVD [ 33 ]. The UKPDS trial reported that Afro-Caribbean men and women had lower socioeconomic status compared to Caucasians and South Asians living in the UK but provided no report on outcome by this disparity indicator [ 32 ].

Cardiovascular disease mortality

Our systematic literature review found that coronary heart disease mortality is significantly lower among Afro-Caribbean compared to South Asian, Caucasian, US Blacks and East African ethnic groups [ 20 , 27 , 30 , 32 , 39 ]. According to Chaturvedi et al. [ 20 ], when compared to Caucasians, Afro-Caribbeans had a significantly lower sex adjusted mortality rate from ischaemic heart disease HR 0.40 (0.17, 0.92). This difference remained even after adjustment for smoking, though not statistically significant [HR 0.64 (0.26, 1.58)] [ 20 ] and was a recurring sub-theme in our review of disparities in CVD among Afro-Caribbean Populations [ 18 – 20 ].

Place of birth also emerged as a disparity theme in our analyses. In the single study conducted in the United States in this review [ 39 ], Southern born US Blacks had a standardized rate of death from coronary heart disease more than twice that of Caribbean-born Blacks (406.5 vs. 165.2 per 100,000) in the less than 65 years age group [ 39 ]. Coronary heart disease deaths were also lower in Caribbean-born Blacks compared to US Northeastern Whites. On the other hand in all age groups and both sexes, deaths due to stroke were higher among Caribbean-born blacks than among US Northeastern-born Whites [ 39 ].

Three studies found that coronary heart disease mortality was higher among men compared to women [ 30 , 32 , 38 ]. A single study conducted in a mixed ethnic Caribbean population found that 5 year mortality rate from strokes was lower in women compared to men (Incidence 134 vs. 185/100,00 per year) and was in higher in the 35–74 years old group compared to those 75–84 years for both men and women [ 34 ]. One study also reported that Caribbean-born black men had lower rates of death from coronary heart disease than US Northeastern-born whites in all age groups [ 39 ].

The published literature is less clear on ethnic differences in stroke mortality [ 27 – 29 ]. Two studies showed no differences in mortality rates across ethnic groups [ 27 , 29 ], and one found that stroke mortality was higher in the Afro-Caribbean population of Barbados when compared to mortality among mixed Caucasian and Afro-Caribbean immigrants to the UK in the South London Stroke Registry (SLSR) [ 28 ]. One important limitation of the SLSR was that although it included a 15 % Afro-Caribbean group, it was not disaggregated in the analysis so a direct comparison with the Barbados population could not be made.

Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease

Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease was lower in Afro-Caribbeans when compared to Caucasians [ 21 ] but higher than that of South Asians [ 21 , 25 ]. Ferguson and colleagues reported no significant gender differences in peripheral arterial disease in diabetic persons in Jamaica [ 35 ].

Health care utilization and access

Two studies reported health care access through admission rates across ethnic groups and found no difference in access to care for ischemic heart disease, heart attack or stroke by sex [ 23 , 24 ]. Goyal and colleagues also reported no evidence of differences in patterns of referral and or treatment by ethnicity [ 26 ].

Our systematic literature review examined and synthesized the existing literature on disparities in cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality among Caribbean origin populations. The study used a predefined protocol with a systematic approach to identify, retrieve and screen relevant studies for inclusion. Overall this review presents a summary of health disparities in cardiovascular disease prevalence, incidence and mortality as well as emerging themes such as health care utilization and access.

There remain significant knowledge gaps within the CVD literature with very few studies reporting on socioeconomic status and geographic location. There were no studies which reported on CVD by sexual orientation or in the disabled population (Fig. 2 ). Limited data was also reported for the health utilization and access theme.

Gaps in health disparities research literature according to outcomes and disparity indicators

In this review we found that: most of the studies were conducted in the United Kingdom and used a cross sectional design; prevalence and mortality of cardiovascular disease were the most reported outcome and was often stratified by ethnicity, sex and age; the prevalence of coronary heart disease and peripheral artery disease was lower in Afro-Caribbean populations compared to Caucasians and South Asians; the incidence of CHD was lower among Afro-Caribbeans compared to other ethnic groups. Cerebrovascular disease prevalence is higher among Afro-Caribbeans when compared to Caucasians and South Asians but similar to other blacks. Whilst CHD mortality is lower, stroke mortality is higher in Afro-Caribbeans compared to other ethnic groups.

Our findings on the prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease supports previous reports by Yusuf and Colleagues [ 1 ] as well as contributes new information to what is known when comparing Caribbean Blacks to global populations of different ethnicity. The seminal publication on global burden of cardiovascular disease found, that coronary heart disease rates were higher among South Asians compared to other ethnic groups [ 1 ]. Our systematic literature review reports a lower burden of coronary heart disease in Afro-Caribbeans compared to South Asians and Whites.

Earlier reviews [ 1 , 40 ] and data from the US Census Bureau [ 41 ], support our findings that cerebrovascular disease morbidity and mortality remains higher among African origin populations including Afro-Caribbeans. Davis et al. [ 40 ] conducted a systematic review which examined cardiovascular health disparities and found the prevalence of CHD to be lower among black men but the opposite in women. Our findings are largely consistent with these reports but it must be noted that this systematic literature review examined studies comparing Afro-Caribbean populations to other ethnic groups whereas the cited reviews used the African American as a proxy for African origin populations.

Although research in health disparities has received priority over the last several years [ 6 , 7 ], our review has highlighted gaps in well-established markers such as socio-economic status. Socio-economic status, such as income and education, has been consistently reported as an important social determinant of health [ 42 , 43 ]. More recently it is being explored as a modifiable factor to reduce the disparities seen in cardiovascular disease and its risk factors [ 44 ]. This review found very few studies investigating socio-economic status and CVD among Afro-Caribbeans. The gap was even wider in studies exploring less talked about markers such as geographic location, disability status and sexual orientation. These indicators have recently received some attention and are now being reported as part of the CDC health disparities and inequalities report [ 45 ].

One limitation of this review was that nine studies were inaccessible due to historic age of publication. Another limitation was the restriction of the review to studies published in English language which may have resulted in missing potentially relevant studies.

Our systematic literature review found that differences in CVD burden and mortality exist between Afro-Caribbeans and other ethnic groups including African Americans living in similar and different geographic locations. The literature gap on CVD burden by ethnicity has improved over the last 10 years but there is still a dearth of information on other determinants such as disability status and sexual orientation. Differences in health care access and utilization was noted to be an emerging theme but there is little published data on differences in Afro-Caribbeans compared to other ethnic groups. It is important that researchers in health disparities pay attention to indicators such as socio-economic status, geographic location and appropriate definition and classification of ethnic groups to allow for tailored interventions aimed at decreasing health disparities.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the contribution of Ms. Tamara Rader, Library Scientist of the University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, for her assistance with the preliminary data search.

The project described was supported by Grant Number U24MD006959 from the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health, USA. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities or the National Institutes of Health.

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Damian K. Francis, Nadia R. Bennett, Trevor S. Ferguson & Rainford J. Wilks

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Anselm JM Hennis

The University of the West Indies, Kingston, West Indies, Jamaica

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Authors’ contributions

DKF: Developed the protocol; conducted screening and data extraction; led analysis and interpretation of data; drafted manuscript, critically revising for intellectual content and approved final version. NRB: Developed the protocol; conducted screening and data extraction; revised draft manuscript for intellectual content and approved final version. TSF: Developed the protocol; participated in analysis and interpretation of data; critically revised for intellectual content and approved final version. RJW: Conceptualized the project; developed the protocol; participated in analysis and interpretation of data; critically revised for intellectual content and approved final version. AJH: Conceptualized the project; developed the protocol; participated in analysis and interpretation of data; critically revised for intellectual content and approved final version. ENH: Conceptualized the project; critically revising for intellectual content, approved final version. MYM: Conceptualized the project; critically revising for intellectual content, approved final version. LWS: Conceptualized the project; critically revising for intellectual content; approved final version. Members of the USCAHDR Group (AB, IH, CH, AH, LW, NYC): Contributed to the development of the protocol, critically revising for intellectual content, approved final version. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Members of the USCAHDR Group are: Bennett NR, Bidulescu A, Ferguson TS, Francis DK, Hambleton IR, Harris EN, Hassell C, Hennis AJM, MacLeish MY, Sullivan LW, Wilks RJ, Williams L, and Younger-Coleman NO.

Additional files

Additional file 1:.

Search strategy. A detailed description of the search strategy and databases searched to identify relevant papers for inclusion in this systematic literature review. (DOCX 21 kb)

Additional file 2:

Data extraction domains. (DOCX 21 kb)

Additional file 3:

Table outlining the components of the data extraction form to which information was abstracted from included studies for this systematic literature review. (DOCX 24 kb)

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Francis, D.K., Bennett, N.R., Ferguson, T.S. et al. Disparities in cardiovascular disease among Caribbean populations: a systematic literature review. BMC Public Health 15 , 828 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2166-7

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Caribbean nurse migration—a scoping review

Shamel rolle sands.

1 Faculty of Nursing, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada

Kenchera Ingraham

2 Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G5 Canada

Bukola Oladunni Salami

Associated data.

Any data generated during this study is provided within the manuscript or the additional files.

The migration of Caribbean nurses, particularly to developed countries such as Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom, remains a matter of concern for most countries of the region. With nursing vacancy rates averaging 40%, individual countries and the region collectively are challenged to address this issue through the development and implementation of sustainable, feasible strategies. The aim of this scoping review is to examine the amount, type, sources, distribution, and focus of the conceptual and empirical literature on the migration of Caribbean nurses, and to identify gaps in the literature.

Identified records were selected and reviewed using Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping framework. A comprehensive search was conducted of eight electronic databases and the Google search engine. Findings were summarized numerically and thematically, with themes emerging through an iterative, inductive process.

Much of the literature included in our study ( N = 6, 33%) originated in the United States. Publications steadily increased between 2003 and 2016, and half of them ( N = 9) were journal articles. Many ( N = 6, 33%) of the records used quantitative methods. The themes identified were as follows: (1) migration patterns and trends; (2) post-migration experiences; (3) past and present, policies, programs, and practices; and (4) consequences of migration to donor countries. More than half ( N = 11, 56%) of the literature addressed nurse migration policies, programs, or practices, either solely or in part. Several gaps were identified including the need for evaluation of the effectiveness of current nurse migration management strategies and to study policies, trends, and impacts in understudied Caribbean countries.

This review demonstrates the need for future research in key areas such as the impact of nurse migration on health systems and population health. The literature tends to focus on Caribbean countries with higher levels of nurse migration. However, data regarding this phenomenon in other Caribbean countries is needed for a more comprehensive understanding of the plight of the Caribbean region and would answer the call from the International Organization for Migration to study policies, trends, and impacts in understudied Caribbean countries.

Nursing shortages around the world have led to unprecedented rates of international and interregional nurse migration [ 1 ]. Recent findings revealed that 40% of nursing positions in the Caribbean remain vacant, primarily due to nurse migration [ 2 ]. As a result, national and global policy debates have been triggered to address increasing rates of nurse migration and its impact on health care [ 3 ]. While nurse migration is alleviating some of the demand for nurses in receiving or destination countries, it is creating a greater deficit in regions from which nurses are migrating such as the Caribbean [ 4 ].

Researchers have studied the motivating factors, also referred to as push-pull factors, for nurse migration and found that in general nurses migrate for professional growth, financial benefits, and educational advancement [ 5 , 6 ]. While the pull factors included improved working conditions and better opportunities, push factors include poor remuneration, lack of professional development, and stressful working conditions [ 6 ].

Countries such as Canada, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States of America (USA) are considered the primary countries to which Caribbean nurses migrate [ 7 ]. Researchers contend that these countries are contributing to the “brain drain” in donor countries [ 7 , 8 ]. Subsequently, this brain drain is creating short and long-term challenges such as the depletion of economic investments and a health care deficit in human resources for donor countries [ 7 , 9 ]. While the detrimental impacts of migration of Caribbean nurses are inarguable, it is maintained that there are benefits, primarily that of remittances [ 7 , 10 ]. Despite these issues being well researched and documented with reports from organizations such as the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) [ 11 ], this global concern persists with few actionable solutions for regions such as the Caribbean.

A scoping review is helpful for contextualizing the background of this complex phenomenon and to map the literature about this topic. The aim of this scoping review was to examine the amount, type, sources, distribution, and focus of the conceptual and empirical literature on migration of Caribbean nurses and to identify gaps in the literature.

The team for this scoping review was comprised of three researchers experienced in scoping review methodology as well as in the substantive content areas of health policy and nurse migration. Our approach was underpinned by a five-stage framework that provided transparency and rigour, increasing reliability through enabling the replication of the search strategy. Scoping reviews are useful for mapping the literature and identifying gaps in the literature [ 12 – 14 ]. The five stages of our methodological framework are discussed below.

Stage 1: During this stage, we identified the research questions. Our research questions were intentionally broad as scoping reviews are intended to summarize large amounts of literature on a topic [ 14 ]. The following questions were posed to guide our review:

What is the scope of the literature about Caribbean nurse migration including the amount, type, sources, distribution, and focus of the conceptual and empirical literature?
What are the gaps in the literature?

Stage 2: This stage involved the identification of academic and grey literature. This was accomplished using a comprehensive search strategy that was developed in consultation with a senior research librarian.

Inclusion/exclusion criteria

Academic literature was restricted to original (i.e. primary) work. Secondary literature (e.g. systematic or scoping reviews, meta-analysis, or meta-synthesis) were excluded, as were editorials, blogs, opinion pieces, press releases, and symposia proceedings. Grey literature, published and unpublished government and non-government reports and policy briefs, as well as books or book chapters were included. Records whose sample was not exclusive to Caribbean nurses but did contain disaggregated data attributable to Caribbean nurses were included. The full text of the document/article had to be available in English. No date restrictions were applied.

The academic literature was searched through nine electronic databases, including two specific to the Caribbean and the Americas, by combining terms from two themes: (1) Caribbean and (2) nurse migration. Key search terms were used alone and in combination in the title and/or abstract and subject headings as appropriate to yield relevant results.

Grey literature was retrieved via the regular Google search engine using the search statement “nurse migration Caribbean site:.org”. The site:.org limited the retrieval of documents to organizational sites such as Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and World Health Organization (WHO). A complete literature search strategy can be found in Additional File 1. We identified additional studies through hand searches of the reference lists of relevant articles.

Stage 3: This stage involved selection of the peer-reviewed and grey literature. We used a systematic approach to select the literature. Use of the key search terms yielded 237 records which were imported into RefWorks, a reference management program [ 15 ]. Duplicates were identified and discarded. The remaining 174 records were imported into Covidence, a program specifically created for systematic and scoping reviews [ 16 ]. Fourteen (14) additional records were identified and deleted. Two researchers, SRS and KI, screened the remaining 160 records in two phases. Phase 1 included the independent screening of the titles and abstracts of the records to determine their relevance to the review’s purpose and research questions. Records deemed relevant by either or both researchers were included in the full-text review. Ninety-nine (99) records were deemed irrelevant to the review and discarded. Phase 2 included the independent screening of the full text of 61 records. Any conflicts regarding the full-text records were resolved through a second review of the discordant records and discussion between SRS and KI until full consensus was obtained. Twenty-four (24) records were finally brought forward for data extraction and charting. Six of the records were excluded during the data extraction process. See the PRISMA flow diagram [ 17 ] that was used to report the number of records throughout the process in Additional File 2.

Stage 4: This phase involved extracting and charting the data by SRS and KI. Researcher SRS used Microsoft Word to create the data extraction tool, which included categories such as type of record (original journal articles); research methods (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed method) where applicable; geographic location (country or region); and main findings. Prior to its use, the data extraction tool was reviewed by each member of the research team. The data extraction tool ensured standardization of data extraction and charting across the team [ 14 ].

Next, information from the Word document was transferred into the Covidence program, which allowed for additions to the standard template to accurately reflect our research questions. Reliability of the data extraction process defined as consistency with the research questions was ensured through two of the team members (SRS and KI) independently using the tool to extract data and compare results from the first 10 full-text records [ 14 ]. Any coding discrepancies were discussed among the team and the tool was refined before proceeding with full data extraction. The data extraction framework can be found in Additional File 3.

Two researchers, SRS and KI, independently extracted the data from a total of 25 full-text records. Accuracy was ensured with the comparison of each reviewer’s independent abstracted data and any discrepancies were discussed to ensure consistency between the reviewers. Seven records were excluded during data extraction. The data from the remaining records were compiled into the single literature review software program, Covidence, then downloaded into Excel spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel software for validation and coding.

Stage 5: SRS and KI collated the extracted data into numerical and qualitative thematic summaries. Frequencies were used to report the numerical data, and narrative synthesis was used to summarize the qualitative data, thus addressing our research questions. Our findings were then analysed in relation to the purpose of our review and research questions. Various gaps in the literature were identified. Possible gaps were not identified a priori but were identified through the literature and our observations of the lack of attention to or absence of specific themes/topics. A quality assessment of the literature was not deemed necessary [ 12 , 18 ].

A total of 18 published records met the inclusion criteria and are discussed in our review. Presented below are the amount, type, distribution, and sources of the literature, followed by a numerical and qualitative thematic analysis and a summary of the gaps in the literature.

Amount, distribution, sources, and type of evidence

The geographical distribution of the 18 records revealed 33% ( n = 6) were from the United States, 28% ( n = 5) the United Kingdom, 22% ( n = 4) Canada, and 6% ( n = 1) Germany, Trinidad and Tobago, and Switzerland respectively. The records were published between 1985 and 2016, with the greatest number ( n = 3, 17%) published in 2011. Half were journal articles, four (22%) were thesis dissertations, three (17%) were public health global reports, one was a policy brief (6%), and one was a chapter of an edited book (6%).

One third of the records employed qualitative methods. The most common method ( n = 8, 38%) was quantitative methods, followed by qualitative ( n = 7, 33%) and mixed methods ( n = 4, 22%).

Numerical thematic analysis

Most ( n = 14, 78%) of the records did not specify a theoretical framework. Only four (22%) studies identified one or more theoretical frameworks/approaches—social network theory, neoclassical, and neo-Marxist approaches to migration with emphasis on economics, anti-racist feminism, post-colonial and feminist post-structuralism, and a combination of emotional labour, interactive work, structure of regulation, and matrices of domination. Five (28%) records, theses, clearly defined the type of migration. Nurses were the population of interest for each publication. Most ( n = 9, 56%) of the records offered specification to the training levels of the nurses in their studies. Five (28%) of the records focused on nurses trained as registered nurses (RNs), registered midwives (RMs), and licensed practical nurses (LPNs); two (11%) of the sources studied only RMs; three (17%) studied only RNs; and eight (44%) of the sources did not specify the nurses’ training level. The literature discussed two primary migration patterns, interregional (i.e. Caribbean) migration and international migration. International migration was the dominant ( n = 14, 78%) pattern identified, with the United States of America (USA) (22%), the United Kingdom (UK) (22%), and Canada (6%) identified as the destination countries. Interregional migration was identified in 11% of the literature; however, the destination countries were not specified.

We sought to identify the sectors of employment pre- and post-migration. Almost 90% of the literature did not report pre-migration employment. One study reported employment in the public sector (6%) and another reported that the nurses were untrained and seeking certification after migration (6%). Just over 50% ( n = 10) of the literature reported post-migration employment. Approximately 22% ( n = 4) reported the public sector, and another 22% ( n = 4) reported a combination of public and private sector employment. Specifically identified Caribbean donor countries included Jamaica ( n = 2, 11%) and The Bahamas ( n = 1, 6%). The migration experiences of Jamaican, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidadian and Tobagonian, Bajan, Guyanese, and Haitian nurses are discussed ( n = 11, 61%).

Qualitative thematic findings

To follow is a summary of the qualitative thematic findings based on four main themes emerging from the literature. The themes include migration patterns and trends; post-migration experiences; past and present policies, programs, and practices; and consequences of migration to donor countries. We close this section by presenting identified gaps in the literature.

Migration patterns and trends

The complexity of migration patterns cannot be overstated and may be shaped by political and economic circumstances. Of the 18 records included in our review, 7 ( n = 39%) provide a snapshot of either past and/or current migratory patterns and trends of Caribbean nurses over the last 60 years.

Caribbean nurses migrate from rural to urban areas, between Caribbean countries, and most notably internationally [ 19 – 21 ]. While the majority of Caribbean nurses migrate or plan to migrate internationally with the USA, Canada, and the UK as top destination countries, many migrate or plan to migrate to another Caribbean country [ 21 ]. Some of these nurses have migrated more than once [ 22 ]. At the turn of the century, a staggering 83% of the total stock of registered nurses in the Caribbean had emigrated to industrialized countries [ 23 ].

Our review highlights the fact that migration patterns of Caribbean nurses have not changed considerably over time regarding return migration. Many of the nurses who move abroad have no intention of returning to their home country, at least not to work in the nursing profession [ 22 , 24 ]. Nurses who have expressed a desire to return to their home country plan to return to retire or after retirement from nursing positions abroad [ 22 , 24 ]. This point may be further compounded when those who do return are not certain that they will remain [ 20 ].

Migration trends regarding nurses from the Caribbean are similar in many respects yet demonstrate considerable variance. While the majority of Caribbean nations experience migration of its nursing personnel, it appears that countries such as Jamaica, Haiti, Trinidad and Tobago, and Guyana experience much higher migration rates than other Caribbean countries [ 20 , 21 , 25 , 26 ]. These nurses migrate for multifactorial reasons, but primarily for better remuneration (though not always the case), improved work conditions and career advancement, and professional development, also referred to as “push” factors [ 27 ]. Nurse migration, while evident, seems to be less problematic in Caribbean countries such as The Bahamas and the Cayman Islands [ 19 , 25 ]. In fact, next to the three main industrialized destination countries of the USA, UK, and Canada, these islands become destination countries for many nurses from surrounding countries [ 20 , 21 , 25 ]. Interestingly, we found that prior to the turn of the century the main destination country for Caribbean nurses was the UK [ 21 ]. However, more recent findings indicate that nurses identified Canada as their main destination country of choice, followed by the USA, and another Caribbean country. The UK was fourth, garnering less than 5% of the responses [ 20 ].

Other trends identified through our review included the fact that more experienced nurses, as well as nurses with higher levels of specialization, were targeted for recruitment and eventually migrated; many nurses joined family and friends abroad, who in fact acted as their network for migration and employment opportunities [ 20 ]. The latter point may be an emerging trend as it appears that Caribbean nurses are becoming less reliant on recruitment agencies for emigration assistance [ 22 ].

Post-migration experiences

Half of the records in our review ( n = 9, 50%) describe the experiences of the nurses once they migrate. The majority of these post-migration records ( n = 7, 78%) related experiences of how Caribbean nurses were disadvantaged and continue to be disadvantaged through clear patterns of institutionalized racism, marginalization, discrimination, and devaluing of prior credentialing and knowledge [ 22 , 24 , 28 – 32 ]. Barriers were presented by nursing colleagues, nurse managers, and patients [ 22 , 29 , 31 , 32 ]. Some Caribbean nurses were manipulated into accepting enrolled or licensed practical nurse positions instead of registered nurse positions [ 28 ] and those who had received education in Canada as opposed to the Caribbean were treated differently.

Caribbean nurses were required to work in subsidiary positions until upgraded. This was not the case for Caribbean colleagues educated in Canada, who often retired in leadership positions, or those educated in Britain who seemed to also enjoy more upward mobility on the job [ 32 ]. Caribbean nurses were often relegated to positions in public versus private hospitals, nursing homes, and clinics in New York [ 24 ]. These places of employment were seen to have lower occupational status [ 24 ]. It has also been suggested that the Caribbean nurses who worked in semi-private hospitals, where salaries were thought to be higher, made similar salaries to their Caribbean counterparts employed in government-operated hospitals and nursing homes [ 24 ].

Only one (11%) of the records describing the post-migration experiences of Caribbean nurses offers a comparison between them and those of nurses from the host country. Wheeler et. al [ 22 ] found that both groups had similar experiences and noted concerns with the differences in technology in US hospitals and in Caribbean hospitals as well as concerns regarding being given heavier workloads than colleagues. The majority of the Caribbean nurses did not report either exploitation by recruitment agencies or language as an issue upon arrival to the destination country (USA). They did report feeling overwhelmed with having to provide total patient care as opposed to the team nursing care approach and with facing negative responses or reactions to their accented English. The US RNs reported their challenges with understanding the accented English of Caribbean colleagues [ 22 ].

In addition to Caribbean nurses’ experiences of struggles, studies in our review relate their experiences of strategizing in response to barriers and discriminatory and racist practices to succeed through individual or group actions. Their resistance and resilience in navigating the dynamics of power relations socially and professionally led to access and integration into their workplaces [ 28 , 29 , 31 ].

Finally, only one (11%) of the studies describing post-migratory experiences of Caribbean nurses discussed the theme of “building ties”. The researchers asserted that at the time of the study, this was a novel finding. It added to the body of knowledge and was relatively new and unexplored in the nursing literature that explored the experiences of overseas nurses in the NHS and indeed throughout the developed world [ 33 ].

Migration policies, programs, or practices

Some assert that the inadequacy of country governments’ policy responses to the root causes of nursing shortages has driven the dynamics of international recruitment. While free trade agreements or blocs may facilitate flows, these only happen when there is a pull-push imbalance, with pull of the destination countries being most important [ 21 , 27 ]. More than half of the records included in our review ( n = 11, 56%) discuss various international, regional, and national migration policies, programs, or practices.

International

Of the 11 records addressing various migration policies, programs, and practices, only three (27%) discuss how destination countries addressed the immigration of Caribbean nurses. Despite nursing shortages in the 1950s and early 1960s, the Canadian Immigration Department did not want an influx of Caribbean nurses. The immigration department adopted what it called “Women of Exceptional Merit”, which resulted in Caribbean nurses encountering significant barriers in navigating their careers as RNs. These barriers appeared to be related to systemic practices that influenced the regulation of nursing, as well as relationships in work environments [ 30 ]. Interestingly, were it not for nursing shortages in Canada, immigration of these nurses would not have been necessary [ 34 ].

Technological advancements and an increased budget through the 1965 Medicare and Medicaid legislation in the United States resulted in expansion of the healthcare industry and the changing roles of nurses. These reasons were partly responsible for the need to recruit to fill the growing demand in the United States. Medicaid and Medicare legislature coincided with the Immigration Act in 1965 to increase the emigration prospects of Caribbean nurses. Hence, Nicholson [ 24 ] expected and did find the majority ( n = 125, 89%) of the sample had migrated between the years 1960 and 1980, and more than 75% ( n = 103) of the nurses were sponsored based on occupation versus relationship.

Caribbean Forum-European Commission Economic Partnership Agreement

The Caribbean Forum-European Commission Economic Partnership Agreement (CARIFORUM–EC EPA) is meant to achieve three overarching objectives: (1) to alleviate poverty in CARIFORUM; (2) to promote regional integration and economic cooperation; and (3) to foster the eventual integration of the CARIFORUM states into the world economy by improving their trade capacity and creating an investment-conducive environment [ 35 ]. CARICOM negotiated greater access for various skilled workers, inclusive of nurses, to European Union (EU) countries on a temporary basis. This agreement came into effect in 2009 and has been heralded as a landmark agreement. However, the effect of such an agreement on stemming nurse migration is questionable. Language constraints largely limit their services to the UK and their services are already in high demand; hence, such programs are not needed to facilitate their access [ 25 ].

One (10%) of the records provides insight into numerous initiatives undertaken at the regional level (although discussed in the Jamaican context) to address emigration of nurses and its impacts. The Caribbean Single Market and Economy (CSME) is believed to have the potential to encourage the flow of nurses throughout the region; however, the prospects of better remuneration in traditional destination countries as well as in non-CSME member states such as The Bahamas and the Cayman Islands could thwart expected results [ 25 ]. Another policy initiative has been the Managed Migration Program that is supported by the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). This Managed Migration Program includes the economic partnership agreement between CARICOM and the Dominican Republic, which has provided for the temporary movement of skilled persons, including nurses, since 2009 [ 25 ]; the Homecoming Program (in 2003), which encouraged Caribbean nurses who practiced abroad to return to their home countries to volunteer and share their skills with local nursing colleagues; and the health and tourism model, which attempted to recruit nurses from destination countries such as Canada, the UK, and the USA to practice in the Caribbean for up to 6 months per year [ 20 ].

Several Caribbean nations have responded to the emigration of nursing personnel by implementing “bonding” of those whose education was subsidized by the government. This policy approach requires nurses to serve the stipulated time of the bond before migrating or repay the cost of their education. Countries have enjoyed varying success, with some recruiting companies opting to pay off the bonds of nurses [ 25 , 36 , 37 ].

Another policy approach adopted by Caribbean countries such as Jamaica and St. Kitts was what some would call “training for export”. This approach would be considered part of the Managed Migration approach, but at a national level, and entails increasing the training of nurses to meet internal and external demands. St. Kitts’ program trains nurses for employment in the USA, and the USA provides reimbursements for training costs [ 37 ]. This approach, however, does not appear promising in the Jamaican context with nursing faculty targeted by recruitment agencies, reducing nursing education capacity [ 25 ]. What has been heralded as an innovative project is one which allows Jamaican nurses to work in Miami 2 weeks per month while working the remainder of the month in Jamaica [ 37 ].

As Caribbean countries grapple with continued nursing shortages, due in part to emigration of their nurses, they form regional and international alliances to recruit nurses to fill vacant positions. The private and public sectors alike engage in regional and international recruitment. Countries like Jamaica and Guyana look to Cuba and India as source countries, although nurses have been recruited from some countries in Africa, such as Nigeria. Intergovernmental agreements between the Jamaican and Cuban governments guide the recruitment of Cuban nurses [ 25 , 34 ].

Consequences of migration on donor countries

Approximately one third of the records ( n = 6) in our review addressed the negative impacts caused by the emigration of Caribbean nurses. In countries such as St. Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG), women enrol in the midwifery program in adequate numbers; however, many do so with the intent to leave the island with a marketable skill, and recruitment agencies target the nurses as soon as they have completed the program [ 36 ]. The attrition rate of registered nurses from training programs is sometimes in excess of 20% [ 23 ]. The nurses remaining are often adversely affected through even higher patient-nurse ratios and the level and quality of services may be compromised [ 36 ]. There are also concerns regarding the impact of the presence of immigrant nurses on the level and quality of services [ 34 ]. Many Caribbean countries invest substantially in post-basic training of nurses, the migration of whom translates into a loss in investment resources that they cannot afford [ 21 , 25 ].

One study describes the loss of nurses from various Caribbean countries to the UK based on nursing council registrations. Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Jamaica were the top three countries identified as losing 6.10%, 2.17%, and 1.03% of country nurse stock as a result of migration to the UK. The Caribbean’s loss totalled over 9% ( n = 201). Concluding remarks assert that low-income, English-speaking countries involved in high levels of bilateral trade experience greater losses of nurses to the UK [ 26 ].

Gaps in the literature

Several gaps related to the migration of Caribbean nurses, with prospects for future research, have been identified. The literature provides some information regarding migration trends/patterns, post-migration experiences, and strategies to address migration and its impact, as well as consequences of migration to source countries. Several of the Caribbean countries are featured in the literature in varying degrees. However, 61% ( n = 11) of the literature in our review addresses the migration of Jamaican nurses either as its sole focus or along with other Caribbean countries [ 20 , 23 – 26 , 28 – 30 , 32 , 34 , 37 ]. While each Caribbean country should be viewed in the specifics of its context, Pan-Caribbean research comparing and contrasting both patterns/trends and English-speaking Caribbean countries versus non-English-speaking countries could prove useful in the further development of feasible, comprehensive, data-informed policies, programs, or practices to address nurse migration on a regional level. In addition, in the absence of Pan-Caribbean studies, more research is needed to answer the call for “comprehensive, detailed studies on migratory movements, legislation, policy, and other issues” ([ 38 ], p. 104) which remain understudied in numerous islands of the Caribbean. Many of the records in our review were cross sectional; hence, no causal relationships could be claimed. More longitudinal studies on Caribbean nurse migration and its impacts would propose causal relationships, and strategies could then be tailored to specifically address relationships.

Although still predominantly female, the male presence is increasing in nursing, albeit more slowly in Caribbean countries. Much of the migration literature pertaining to Caribbean nurses only address the female perspective. A gendered approach would seek to acknowledge and give voice to the experiences of male nurses; then, comparisons between genders could be made. Once again, strategies be they at the regional, national, or organizational level could benefit from data representative of all nurses.

Our review found that while some studies addressed Caribbean nurses specifically, often this group was lumped together with other black or minority nurses, thus requiring disaggregation of data. While the experiences of these groups may be similar in some respects, there are potential differences, even when Caribbean nurses are compared to black nurses from, for example, African countries.

The literature is either silent or very scarce in several areas: (1) Caribbean nurses’ post-migration experiences to another or other Caribbean countries. Future research could offer a comparison of the immigrant nurse’s experiences with host country nurses (and/or internationally educated nurses [IEN]); (2) the perspective of the recruitment agencies regarding their responsibilities and roles in nurse migration and its impacts; (3) the ethics of continued recruitment of nurses from Caribbean islands, which themselves are experiencing severe nurse shortages; (4) the perspective of employers of Caribbean nurses in destination countries of the Caribbean and internationally; (5) remuneration of Caribbean nurses post-migration, specifically in comparison to that of dominant groups/colleagues in destination countries; and (6) the impact of nurse migration on the level and quality of services in countries of the Caribbean.

Our scoping review provides a summary of primary, peer-reviewed, and grey literature related to the migration of Caribbean nurses spanning over 60 years and offers an important contribution to nursing and migration literature through the collating of the relevant research on the topic. A criticism of the literature in our review is the absence of an identified theoretical approach/framework in most of the records. While we acknowledge Vaughan’s caution as cited by Yin [ 39 ], p. 35 that the use of theory guides our search, yet simultaneously limits what we find, we also acknowledge that the appropriate use of theory/theories clarifies our understanding of conceptual connections and overall study findings [ 40 ]. Use of theory is particularly useful when the area of inquiry is considered complex/multi-faceted [ 40 ]. Two or more of the themes were noted in 44% ( n = 8) of the records in our review, demonstrating the complexity of addressing this phenomenon. The literature is dominated by past and current strategies to address the nursing shortages in Caribbean nations, perhaps in response to calls for country governments to address nurse migration through policies that adequately address the root causes [ 41 – 43 ].

Most of the literature pertaining to nurse migration policies or strategies focuses on the Managed Migration Program of the Caribbean along with interesting country-specific initiatives aimed at minimizing costs while maximizing benefits by managing nurse migration. Salmon et al. [ 44 ] also discuss the initiatives we found in our review: The St. Vincent Model: nurses training for export; Jamaican nurses working in Miami: temporary migration—the best of two worlds; the Homecoming Program: brain gain, as part of the “Year of the Caribbean Nurse” (2003); and International nurse recruitment: health and tourism model, and hailed them as country-specific innovations with great potential for developing and maintaining an adequate nursing supply for the Caribbean. Our preliminary assessments indicate that these policies and programs to address migration through short-term strategies have not been very successful or sustainable long term [ 25 , 27 , 36 ]. Murphy et. al. [ 20 ] suggest that more is required regarding documentation of the degree to which strategies to manage health care worker migration have been implemented, as well as regarding the analysis of strategies in place for their impacts, if any, or consequences. Countries such as Trinidad and Tobago, Haiti, St. Kitts, Guyana, and especially Jamaica comprise much of the literature, perhaps due to the higher nurse migration levels in the region. However, data from other Caribbean countries could prove useful for cross-sectional analysis and collaboration for possible strategies. IOM [ 38 ] suggests further research regarding the policy impacts in the Caribbean, specifically in understudied countries.

The development and implementation of various policies and programs is encouraging; however, what remains less evident is the development and implementation of policies aimed at mitigating “push” factors and the overall improvement of the personal and professional lives of nurses through, for instance, providing better remuneration, improved work conditions, and greater opportunity for professional development and advancement at home. George, Rhodes, and Laptiste [ 45 ] found that wage differentials between donor and destination countries are so great that small reductions are unlikely to affect emigration, which suggests that other factors, such as better working conditions and opportunities for professional development and advancement will have to be addressed to influence the decision to migrate. Joint reports from international organizations such as OECD and WHO [ 46 ] consistently call for increase in retention efforts, particularly in lower-income countries losing large numbers of their skilled healthcare professionals. Such countries need to attend to some of the “push” factors by increasing their retention efforts by increasing pay rates and improving working conditions [ 47 ].

Migration generally, and nurse migration specifically, may be moderated by international and intra-regional policies and agreements in concert with national strategies, making the phenomenon multi-faceted, nonlinear, and reciprocal, as demonstrated in the previous discussion. Caribbean countries act as donor, host, and transit countries to Caribbean nurses, with many of the nurses migrating or intending to migrate internationally [ 37 ].

Additionally, previous findings suggest that Caribbean nurses migrate for various personal and professional reasons, with senior specialist nurses targeted by international recruiters [ 48 , 49 ]. These patterns and trends are similar to those of our review. Future research can include investigating emerging trends, such as the movement of nurses without the aid of recruitment agencies. Additionally, more empirical evidence is needed regarding (1) the effectiveness and (2) the main challenges of policies, programs, and practices currently in use, which is required to inform the development of evidence-based strategies to support and retain Caribbean nurses. However, this could pose numerous challenges since health human resource databases and other migration-tracking mechanisms are either non-existent or functioning at suboptimal levels.

Our review also illuminates post-migration experiences of Caribbean nurses, specifically their encounters with system-wide discriminatory practices, resulting in devaluing, deskilling, and limited upward mobility. In a review of quantitative and qualitative studies from Canada, UK, and the USA, [ 50 ] found that internationally educated nurses (IENs) reported frequently experiencing varied forms of discrimination and lack of opportunity in their places of work, with particularly strong evidence in the UK context. Additionally, findings indicated that covert forms of discrimination were more commonly experienced than overt forms [ 51 ]. However, the literature does not compare the degree, types, frequency, and responses of male and female nurses to discriminatory practices. This may be the case since male representation in nursing remains comparatively small when compared to female colleagues.

The mass and protracted exodus of Caribbean nurses from the countries in the region has taken a steady toll over time. The major concern articulated through our review and supported by researchers such as George, Rhodes, and Laptiste [ 45 ] is the decline of the amount and quality of health care services at all levels including the organizational and national levels. The remaining nursing personnel endure further hardships with increased patient loads and workloads, which may adversely affect the quality of patient care and extend to community and national levels. Additional empirical evidence is imperative to better determine the true extent of migration on society as a foundation on which to develop and implement feasible, sound labour policy planning [ 25 ].

While numerous gaps are identified, we suggest more immediate attention to three areas related to nurse migration in the Caribbean: (1) policies, (2) trends, and (3) impacts, particularly, in Caribbean countries previously understudied [ 38 ]. Countries such as Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, Guyana, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and The Bahamas are identified as countries lacking comprehensive studies on migration patterns and trends, legislation, and policies [ 38 ]. As Dumont and Lafortune [ 47 ] note, countries are encouraged to negotiate mutually beneficial agreements in their attempt to better manage health workforce migration; however, the impact of these agreements and related policies requires evaluation. Finally, we support the use of more qualitative research to explore various issues related to nurse migration in the Caribbean, as this method could potentially provide a deeper understanding of migration flows and policies’ impacts and identify policy gaps [ 38 ].

Strengths and limitations

Strengths of our review include that the study was conducted by a team of researchers with expertise in scoping review methodology and international nurse migration and used an exhaustive search strategy with multiple electronic databases including two specific to the Caribbean to identify the peer-reviewed and grey literature. Additionally, we pilot tested and then used standardized screening and extraction forms to ensure consistency in the identification and coding of the data. Two researchers completed the selection of the articles for inclusion as well as data extraction. Despite the rigorous methodological framework utilized, limitations include the exclusion of articles whose full text was not available in English or which could not be located; the possibility of missed literature, particularly grey literature, despite our extensive literature search; and the omission of a quality assessment of the studies [ 12 ].

Our review highlights Caribbean nurse migration. As such, literature in this review focuses on patterns, trends, and past and current strategies from international, regional, and national perspectives of this phenomenon. In addition, through the literature, we synthesize post-migration experiences of Caribbean nurses and the impact of nurse migration on donor countries. This review also demonstrates the need for appropriate use of theory in health workforce research to facilitate a better understanding of concepts and their connections and overall study findings. To address nurse migration adequately, stakeholders must commit to the collection and utilization of empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of current strategies. Finally, while researchers tend to focus on countries with the greatest levels of nurse emigration, data regarding this phenomenon in other Caribbean countries is needed for a more comprehensive understanding of the plight of the Caribbean region and would answer the call from the IOM [ 38 ] to study policies, trends, and impacts in understudied Caribbean countries.

Acknowledgements

We wish to acknowledge the contributions of Linda Slater, senior research librarian, and Jenna Hoff for her editorial services.

Group authorship

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

Authors’ contributions.

SRS conceptualized the study. SRS and KI collected and interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. BO supervised the study and contributed to critical reviews of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the contents of the manuscript.

This study was unfunded.

Availability of data and materials

Ethics approval and consent to participate, consent for publication, competing interests.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Cijara Leonice Freitas 1 ,
Ayane Cristine Alves Sarmento 1 , 2 ,
Nicoli Serquiz 1 ,
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0969-4806 Maria Luisa Nobre 3 ,
Ana Paula Ferreira Costa 1 , 4 ,
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4105-7535 Kleyton Santos Medeiros 4 ,
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8351-5119 Ana Katherine Gonçalves 1 , 5
1 Postgraduate Program student in Health Science , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil
2 Department of Clinical Analysis and Toxicology , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil
3 Surgery Department , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil
4 Institute of Teaching, Research and Innovation, League Against Cancer , Natal , Brazil
5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil
Correspondence to Dr Ana Katherine Gonçalves; anakatherineufrnet{at}gmail.com

Introduction The paediatric population represents a quarter of the world’s population, and like adult patients, they have also suffered immeasurably from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Immunisation is an effective strategy for reducing the number of COVID-19 cases. With the advancements in vaccination for younger age groups, parents or guardians have raised doubts and questions about adverse effects and the number of doses required. Therefore, systematic reviews focusing on this population are needed to consolidate evidence that can help in decision-making and clinical practice. This protocol aims to assess the safety of COVID-19 vaccines in paediatric patients and evaluate the correlation between the number of vaccine doses and side effects.

Methods and analysis We will search the PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Scopus and Cochrane databases for randomised and quasi-randomised clinical trials that list the adverse effects of the COVID-19 vaccine and assess its correlation with the number of doses, without any language restrictions. Two reviewers will select the studies according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extract data and asses for risk of bias using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. The Review Software Manager (RevMan V.5.4.1) will be used to synthesise the data. We will use the Working Group’s Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluations to grade the strength of the evidence of the results.

Ethics and dissemination Formal ethical approval is not required as no primary data are collected. This systematic review will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication.

PROSPERO registration number CRD42023390077.

Child protection

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ .

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076064

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STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY

A comprehensive search strategy was developed by a librarian.

The possible heterogeneity among the included studies and comparisons between different types of vaccines can be challenging.

The risk of bias will be evaluated using a validated tool.

The protocol employed by pairs of independent researchers for the selection of studies increases the reliability of the results.

No language restrictions will be adopted.

Introduction

With more than 6 million deaths reported worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an urgency to expand immunisation. 1 According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, unlike the adult population, paediatric patients, who represent a quarter of the world’s population, have a higher number of critical or severe cases (>5 years). 2 WHO defines paediatric patients as persons aged >2 to <19 years at the time of their diagnosis or treatment. 3

Vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and used in a relatively short period compared with other vaccines. Therefore, their efficacy, safety and side effects require continuous and extensive surveillance and research. Since then, randomised controlled trials have been conducted to confirm the efficacy of the existing vaccines against new variants. 4 5

The primary hurdle in accepting the COVID-19 vaccine has been the lack of confidence in the safety of newly discovered vaccines. The most common reactions observed in adult patients are local pain, erythema, swelling and lymphadenopathy at the injection site. The most common systemic side effects associated with the COVID-19 vaccines are headache, fatigue, myalgia and nausea. 6 7

Currently, with the efforts of regulatory agencies, the scientific community and government, the vaccinations for younger age groups have advanced, in addition to the administration of existing vaccines and emergence of others with different mechanisms of action. 8–10

The benefits and security of vaccines in the paediatric population are yet to be widely publicised. Furthermore, this population has particular characteristics, and the behaviours adopted by parents or guardians directly affect childhood vaccination. 11 12

This systematic review protocol aims to evaluate the safety of COVID-19 vaccines in paediatric patients and identify the correlation between the number of doses and side effects.

Materials and methods

This systematic review protocol was developed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRIDMA) Protocol. 13 This review was registered in PROSPERO (No: CRD42023390077).

Inclusion criteria

Randomised and quasi-randomised clinical trials that evaluated COVID-19 vaccine side effects in paediatric patients and were published from January 2020 in any language will be included in the study.

Exclusion criteria

Articles that are not peer-reviewed and that are observational studies, review articles, reports and case series will be excluded. Additionally, studies that did not have paediatric patients as a population will be excluded.

Patients, intervention, comparison, outcome strategy and types of studies

Patients: children and adolescents (0–17 years) who were healthy and previously SARS-CoV-2 infection-free.

Intervention: COVID-19 vaccine or a combination of vaccines against COVID-19.

Comparator/control: placebo or no vaccination.

Outcome: Side effects, safety and tolerability of the COVID-19 vaccine or the combination of vaccines against COVID-19.

Types of studies: Clinical trials.

Primary outcome

Side effects, safety and tolerability of the COVID-19 vaccine or the combination of COVID-19 vaccines.

Secondary outcomes

Correlation between the number of vaccine doses and side effects, and death caused by adverse events of vaccination.

Patient and public involvement

Search strategy.

The following databases will be searched: PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). In addition, the reference lists of the retrieved articles will be manually searched to identify eligible studies. No language restrictions will be imposed.

Our search keywords will be based on Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) in the following combinations: “Pediatrics”, “Infant”, “Child”, “Adolescents” “vaccines”, “vaccination”, “vaccine COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV-2 vaccine”, “toxicity”, “side effects”, “adverse events”, “clinical trial”, “controlled clinical trial”. The search strategy to be used in PubMed is presented in table 1 . The search strategy for all databases is available in online supplemental file .

Supplemental material

View inline

Search strategy for PubMed

Data collection and analysis

Study selection.

Three researchers (CLF, ACAS and KSM) will independently select the studies of interest. Initially, the Rayyan (Mourad Ouzzani, University of Oxford, UK) will be used to identify duplicates. Subsequently, the titles and abstracts of the selected articles will be analysed to identify relevant papers. The same authors will analyse the whole texts according to the inclusion criteria. Discrepancies will be resolved by a fourth author (AKG). The study selection process is summarised in the PRISMA flow chart ( figure 1 ).

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PRISMA flow diagram for systematic review and meta-analysis. PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.*Consider, if feasible to do so, reporting the number of records identified from each database or register searched (rather than the total number across all databases/registers).**If automation tools were used, indicate how many records were excluded by a human and how many were excluded by automation tools.

Data extraction

The authors developed and tested a data collection form. Data from each included study will be extracted independently by two authors (CLF and ACAS), and any subsequent discrepancies will be resolved through discussion with a third author (AKG). The extracted data will include authors, year of publication, study site, study type, main objectives, mean age of the population, vaccination schedule, follow-up of participants and side effects.

Missing data

For studies with incomplete or missing data, the authors will contact the article authors by telephone or email. In case of no response, the data will be excluded from the analysis and discussed in the discussion section.

Data synthesis

Data will be entered and analysed using Review Manager (RevMan, V.5.4, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2020). We will evaluate the heterogeneity between studies using the I 2 statistic (<25%, low heterogeneity; 25%–50%, moderate heterogeneity and >50%, high heterogeneity). Fixed-effects models will be used, except when significant heterogeneity exists in the included studies (I 2 >50%). ORs with 95% CI will be estimated to determine the corresponding risk. Dichotomous data from each eligible study will be combined for meta-analysis using the Mantel/Haenszel model.

A sensitivity analysis will be performed to verify the possible sources of heterogeneity, removing one study at a time and verifying whether there is a considerable change in the 95% CI. Studies with high risks of bias will be excluded.

Quality assessment

KSM, ACAS and CLF will independently assess the risk of bias in eligible studies using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. 14 Bias will be assessed as high, low or unclear for individual elements from five domains (selection, performance, attrition, reporting and others). Publication bias will be assessed by inspecting the funnel plot and asymmetry of the funnel plot will be tested using Egger’s test.

Assessing certainty in the findings

The quality of the evidence will be assessed based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). The GRADE tool classifies studies as low, moderate or high quality. 15

Ethics and dissemination

The result of this systematic review will be disseminated through publication in an open-access peer-reviewed journal, scientific publications and reports. Ethical review is not required because we will only search and evaluate against publicly available literature.

The decision to vaccinate paediatric patients raises several questions even though the rigour of vaccine production and release is constantly being disclosed. 16 According to the WHO emergency list, 13 vaccines have been approved, and more than 90 are still under development and exploration. 17 Even with the approval and clearance by regulatory health agencies, legal guardians or parents of children still have doubts about the safety and possible adverse reactions. 18 19

In a systematic review of the safety and efficacy of vaccinations against COVID-19 in children and adolescents, local reactions had a low occurrence, with some reports of myocarditis and pericarditis. 20 However, this review only evaluated English-language publications and did not include children younger than 1 year.

Currently, vaccinations continue to develop for younger age groups (from the age of 6 months), as new cases and virus variants continue to emerge every day. 21

It is not possible to measure all the effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the paediatric population. The suspension of face-to-face classes and social distancing has damaged cognitive and social development. In addition, the WHO warns of a reduction in childhood vaccination coverage; in 2021, about of 25 million children were not vaccinated. 22 Non-adherence to the schedule of other vaccines may affect susceptibility to other diseases. During the pandemic outbreak, some children developed multisystem inflammatory syndrome after contact with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which had symptoms similar to incomplete Kawasaki disease; it was reported in several countries 23–25 with a mortality rate of approximately 1%–2%. 16

Postmarketing pharmacovigilance, especially in the paediatric population, will help parents or guardians in decision-making. This protocol is designed to include large numbers of vaccinated paediatric patients across all age groups and different vaccines, to provide reliable results on childhood COVID-19 vaccination.

Ethics statements

Patient consent for publication.

Not applicable.

↵ Coronavirus COVID-19 global cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) . 2022 . Available : https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
Chen C , et al
World Health Organization (WHO)
Wei Y , et al
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Zimmermann P ,
Pittet LF ,
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Clarke M , et al
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Chandler J , et al
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Contributors Conceptualisation: CLF, ACAS, KSM and AKG. Data curation: CLF, NS and MLN. Formal analysis: CLF, KSM, APFC and ACAS. Methodology: CLF, KSM, APFC and ACAS. Supervision: CLF, KSM and AKG. Validation: CLF, KSM, ACAS and AKG. Writing–original draft: CLF, NS, MLN and KSM. Writing–review and editing CLF, ACAS, KSM and AKG.

Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Competing interests None declared.

Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.

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LITERATURE REVIEW (8 marks) approx. 350 words Write about one paragraph on each book/article: 1. State the author, title and date of the book/article and the main point of the article N. it must be closely related to your problem statement/topic 2. A summary of methods and results used by the writer. Compare with each other and your own study.
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Disparities in cardiovascular disease among Caribbean populations: a systematic literature review

On behalf of the U.S. Caribbean Alliance for Health Disparities Research Group (USCAHDR)

Conclusions

Description of included studies

Characteristics of included studies

Themes and disparity indicators

Disparities in prevalence of CVD

Disparities in the incidence of CVD

Cardiovascular disease mortality

Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease

Health care utilization and access

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