how to write a bibliography south africa

South Africa

_Abel, Richard L. 1995. Politics by Other Means. Law in the Struggle Against Apartheid, 1980-1994 . New York, NY: Routledge.

_Adam, Heribert. 1995. The Politics of Ethnic Identity: Comparing South Africa. Ethnic and Racial Studies 18 (3):457-475.

_Adam, Heribert. 1997. Africa's Nazis: Apartheid as Holocaust. Indicator South Africa 14 (1):13-16.

_Adam, Heribert, and Kogila Moodley. 1989. Negotiations About What in South Africa? Journal of Modern African Studies 27 (3):367-381.

_Adam, Heribert, and Kogila Moodley. 1993. The Opening of the Apartheid Mind: Options for a New South Africa . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

_Adelman, Sammy. 1994. Accountability and Administrative Law in South Africa's Transition to Democracy. Journal of Law and Society 21 (3):317-328.

_Adler, Glenn, and Eddie Webster. 1995. Challenging Transition Theory: The Labor Movement, Radical Reform and Transition to Democracy in South Africa. Politics and Society 23 (1):75-106.

_Ahwirengobeng, Fred. 1993. Gender, Entrepreneurship and Socio-economic Reparation in South-Africa. Review of Black Political Economy 22 (2):151-165.

_Alexander, Neville. 1993. Some are More Equal Than Others: Essays on The Transition in South Africa . Cape Town, South Africa: Buchn Books.

_Allan, Alfred, and Marietjie M. Alllan. 2000. The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission as a Therapeutic Tool. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 18 (4):459-477.

_Allen, Jonathan. 1999. Balancing Justice and Social Unity: Political Theory and the Idea of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission. University of Toronto Law Journal 49 (3):315-354.

_Allen, Jonathan. 2001. Between Retribution and Restoration: Justice and the TRC. South African Journal of Philosophy 20 (1):22-33.

_Ally, Russell, ed. 1999. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Legislation, Process and Evaluation of Impact . Pretoria, South Africa: Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria.

_Andrews, Molly. 2003. Grand National Narratives and the Project of Truth Commissions: A Comparative Analysis. Media, Culture and Society 25 (1):45-65.

_Anglin, Douglas G. 1995. International Monitoring of the Transition to Democracy in South Africa, 1992-1994. African Affairs 94 (377):519-543.

_Aronson, Jay D.. 2011. The Strengths and Limitations of South Africa’s Search for Apartheid-Era Missing Persons . The International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press.

_Arthur, Paul. 1995. Some Thoughts on Transition. A Comparative View of the Peace Processes in South Africa and Northern Ireland. Government and Opposition 30 (1):48-59.

_Asmal, Kader. 1992. Victims, Survivors and Citizens: Human Rights, Reparations and Reconciliation. South African Journal on Human Rights 8 (4):491-511.

_Asmal, Kader. 2000. Truth, Reconciliation and Justice: The South African Experience in Perspective. Modern Law Review 63 (1):1-24.

_Asmal, Kader, Louise Asmal, and Ronald Suresh Roberts. 1996. Reconciliation through Truth: A Reckoning of Apartheid's Criminal Governance . Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip Publishers.

_Asmal, Kader, Louise Asmal, and Ronald Suresh Roberts. 2000. When the Assassin Cries Foul: The Modern Just War Doctrine. In Looking Back, Reaching Forward, Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa , edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and W. Verwoerd. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press.

_Backer, David. 2004. The Human Face of Justice: Victims' Responses to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Process in South Africa. PhD Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

_Backer, David. November, 2010. Watching a Bargain Unravel? A Panel Study of Victims’ Attitudes about Transitional Justice in Cape Town, South Africa. The International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press.

_Bal, Mieke, Jonathan Crewe, and Leo Spitzer, eds. 1999. Acts of Memory: Cultural Recall in the Present . Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

_Barrie, George. N. 1996. The Norgaard Principles and the Truth Commission. South Africa Now 1 (3):8-10.

_Barrie, George. N. 1997. Amnesty and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. De Rebus 354 (7):493-494.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Ziyad Motala, eds. 1995. The Protection of Human Rights in African Criminal Proceedings . Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

_Bell, Terry, and Dumisa B. Ntsebeza. 2001. Unfinished Business: South Africa Apartheid & Truth . Observatory, South Africa: RedWorks.

_Bennun, Mervyn E., ed. 1995. Negotiating Justice: A New Constitution for South Africa . Exeter, UK: University of Exeter.

_Berat, Lynn. 1993. Prosecuting Human Rights Violators From a Predecessor Regime. Guidelines for a Transformed South Africa. Boston College Third World Law Journal 13 (2):199-231.

_Berat, Lynn. 1995. South Africa: Negotiating Change? In Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice , edited by N. Roht-Arriaza. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Berat, Lynn, and Yossi Shain. 1988. Doctors, Detainees and Torture: Medical Ethics and the Law in South Africa. Stanford Journal of International Law 25.

_Berat, Lynn, and Yossi Shain. 1995. Retribution or Truth-Telling in South Africa? Legacies of the Transitional Phase. Law and Social Inquiry 20 (1):163-189.

_Bhargava, Rajeev. 2000. The Moral Justification of Truth Commissions. In Looking Back, Reaching Forward, Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa , edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and W. Verwoerd. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press.

_Biko, Nkosinathi. 1999. Amnesty and Denial. In Looking Back/Reaching Forward: Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa , edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and W. Verwoerd. Cape Town, South Africa: Cape Town Press.

_Biko, Ntsiki. 1996. Justice First. Index on Censorship 25 (5):67-68.

_Bizos, George. 1998. No One to Blame? In Pursuit of Justice in South Africa . Cabo City, South Africa: David Philip.

_Bonner, Philip. 1994. New Nation, New History. The History Workshop in South Africa, 1977-1994. Journal of American History 81 (3):977-985.

_Boraine, Alex. 1995. Truth and Reconciliation. South African Outlook 55:55-56.

_Boraine, Alex. 2000. A Country Unmasked: Inside South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission . Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press.

_Boraine, Alex. 2000. The Language of Potential. In After the TRC: Reflections on Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa , edited by J. Wilmot and L. Van de Vijver. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philips Publishers.

_Boraine, Alex. 2000. Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: The Third Way. In Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions , edited by R. I. Rotberg and D. Thompson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_Boraine, Alex, and Janet Levy, eds. 1995. The Healing of a Nation? Cape Town, South Africa: Justice in Transition.

_Boraine, Alex, Janet Levy, and Ronel Scheffer, eds. 1994. Dealing with the Past: Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa . Cape Town, South Africa: Institute for Democracy.

_Boraine, Alexander L. 2003. South Africa's Amnesty Revisited. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity , edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

_Boroughs, Don. 1997. Will the Truth Set Them Free? US News and World Report , 42-45.

_Botman, H. Russel, and Robin M. Petersen, eds. 1996. To Remember and to Heal: Theological and Psychological Reflections on Truth and Reconciliation . Cape Town: South Africa: Human & Rousseau.

_Bozzoli, Belinda. 1998. Public Ritual and Private Transition: The Truth Commission in Alexandra Township, South Africa 1996. African Studies 57 (2):167-195.

_Braude, Claudia. 1996. The Archbishop, the Private Detective and the Angel of History: The Production of South African Public Memory and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Current Writing 8 (2):39-65.

_Braude, Claudia, and Derek Spitz. 1997. Memory and the Spectre of International Justice: A Comment on AZAPO. South African Journal on Human Rights 13 (2):269-282.

_Bray, W. 1992. Human Rights and Education. South African Journal of Education 12 (1):16-25.

_Bridgland, Fred. 1997. Katiza's Journey: Beneath the Surface of South Africa's Shame . London, UK: Sidgwick & Jackson.

_Bromley, Daniel W. 1995. South Africa: Where Land Reform Meets Land Restitution. Land Use Policy 12 (2):99-103.

_Brynard, Karen. 1997. The Media and the TRC: My Individual YES to Admitting Culpability. Rhodes Journalism Review 15.

_Buford, Warren, and Hugo van der Merwe. 2003. Reparations in Southern Africa. In Southern Africa Reconciliation Project Workshop . Johannesburg, South Africa.

_Burton, Mary. 2000. Reparation, Amnesty and a National Archive. In After the TRC: Reflections on Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa , edited by J. Wilmot and L. Van de Vijver. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philips Publishers.

_Burton, Mary. 2004. Reparations - It's Still Not Too Late. In To Repair the Irreparable: Reparation and Reconstruction in South Africa , edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Burton, Mary, Dumisa B. Ntsebeza, Albie Sachs, André Du Toit, and James Wilmot. 1997. South African Response. In Dealing with the Past: Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa , edited by J. Levy and R. Scheffer. Cape Town, South Africa: Institute for Democracy in South Africa.

_Cameron, Edwin. 1998. Submission on the Role of the Judiciary Under Apartheid. South African Law Journal 115 (3):436-438.

_Chapman, Audrey R., and Patrick Ball. 2001. The Truth of Truth Commissions: Comparative Lessons from Haiti, South Africa, and Guatemala. Human Rights Quarterly 23 (1):1-43.

_Chapman, Audrey R., and Leonard S. Rubenstein, eds. 1998. Human Rights and Health: The Legacy of Apartheid . Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science.

_Chapman, Audrey R., and Bernard Spong. 2004. Religion and Reconciliation in South Africa: Voices of Religious Leaders . Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.

_Cherry, Janet. 2000. Historical Truth: Something to Fight For. In Looking Back, Reaching Forward, Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa , edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and W. Verwoerd. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press.

_Cherry, Janet. 2000. 'Just war' and 'Just means': Was the TRC Wrong About the ANC? Transformation 42:9-28.

_Cherry, Janet. 2009. Truth and Transitional Justice in South Africa. In Assessing the Impact of Transitional Justice: Challenges for Empirical Research, edited by H. Van Der Merwe, V. Baxter and A. R. Chapman. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.

_Christiansë, Yvette. 1996. At the Fault Line: Writers in the Shadow of Truth and Reconciliation. New Coin: South African Poetry 32 (2):70-75.

_Christie, Kenneth. 2000. The South African Truth Commission . London, UK: MacMillan Press Ltd.

_Christodoulidis, Emilios A. 2000. Truth and Reconciliation as Risks. Social and Legal Studies 9 (2):179-204.

_Chubb, Karin, and Lutz van Dijk. 2001. Between Anger and Hope: South Africa's Youth and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission . Johannesburg, South Africa: Witwatersrand University Press.

_Cobban, Helena. 2007. Amnesty After Atrocity? Healing Nations after Genocide and War Crimes . Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.

_Cochrane, James, John W. De Gruchy, and Stephen Martin, eds. 1999. Facing the Truth: South African Faith Communities and the Truth & Reconciliation Commission . Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Coetzee, Jan K. 1994. South Africa's Transition in a Broader Context. South African Journal of Sociology 25 (1):10-15.

_Coetzee, Martin. 2003. An Overview of the TRC Amnesty Process. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity , edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

_Combrink, N. L. 1998. History and the Commission on Truth and Reconciliation: The Problem of Collective Guilt. Journal of Contemporary History 23 (2):101-119.

_Connor, Bernard F. 1998. The Difficult Traverse: From Amnesty to Reconciliation . Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: Cluster Publications.

_Cuevas, Victor Espinoza, María Luisa Oritz Rojas, and Paz Rojas Baeza. 2002. Truth Commissions: An Uncertain Path? Geneva, Switzerland: Association for the Prevention of Torture.

_Dale, Richard. 2002. The Politics of the Rainbow Nation: Truth, Legitimacy and Memory in South Africa. African Studies Review 45 (3):39-44.

_David, Roman. 2006. In Exchange for Truth: The Polish Lustration and the South African Amnesty Process. Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies 32 (1):81-99.

_Daye, Russell. 2004. Political Forgiveness: Lessons from South Africa . New York, NY: Orbis Books.

_De Gruchy, John W. 1993. Guilt, Amnesty and National Reconstruction: Karl Jaspers' Die Schuldfrage and the South African Debate. Journal of Theology for Southern Africa 83:3-13.

_De Gruchy, John W. 1994. Forgetting or Exorcising the Past. South African Outlook 124 (6):63-65.

_De Gruchy, John W. 2000. The TRC and the Building of a Moral Culture. In After the TRC: Reflections on Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa , edited by W. James and L. Van de Vijver. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philips.

_De Klerk, Frederik W. 1998. The Last Trek - A New Beginning: The Autobiography . London, UK: Macmillan.

_De la Rey, Cheryl, and Ingrid Owens. 1998. Perceptions of Psycho-Social Healing and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa. Peace and Change 4 (3):257-270.

_De Wet, Chris. 1994. Resettlement and Land Reform in South Africa. Review of African Political Economy 21 (6):359-373.

_Dodge, Helen. 1996. The Role of South African Television as an Agent of 'Truth and Reconciliation'. South African Theatre Journal 10 (2):148-154.

_Dowdall, Terry. 1996. Psychological Aspects of the TRC. In To Remember and to Heal: Theological and Psychological Reflections on Truth and Reconciliation , edited by H. R. Botman and R. M. Petersen. Cape Town, South Africa: Human and Rousseau.

_Doxtader, Erik. 2001. Making History in a Time of Transition: The Rhetorical Occasion, Constitution, and Representation of South African Reconciliation. Rhetoric and Public Affairs 4 (2):223-260.

_Doxtader, Erik. 2008. With Faith in the Works of Words: The Beginnings of Reconciliation in South Africa, 1985-1995 . Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Doxtader, Erik, and Philippe-Joseph Salazar, eds. 2007. Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: The Fundamental Documents . Cape Town, South Africa: New Africa Books.

_Doxtader, Erik, and Charles Villa-Vicencio, eds. 2004. To Repair the Irreparable: Reparation and Reconstruction in South Africa . Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Du Bois, Francois, and Antje Du Bois-Pedain, eds. 2008. Justice and Reconciliation in Post-Apartheid South Africa . Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

_Du Bois-Pedain, Antje. 2007. Transitional Amnesty in South Africa . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

_Du Plessis, Max. 2000. The Pinochet Cases and South African Extradition Law. South African Journal on Human Rights 16 (4):669-689.

_Du Toit, André. 1991. Towards Democracy; Building a Culture of Accountability in South Africa . Cape Town, South Africa: IDASA.

_Du Toit, André. 1997. No Rest Without the Wicked: Assessing the Truth Commission. Indicator South Africa 14 (1):7-11.

_Du Toit, André. 1998. Healing the Healers? The TRC's Hearings on the Health Sector. Indicator South Africa 15 (1):13-18.

_Du Toit, André. 2000. The Moral Foundations of the South African TRC: Truth as Acknowledgment and Justice as Recognition. In Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions , edited by R. I. Rotberg and D. Thompson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_Du Toit, Andrew. 1994. Laying the Past to Rest. Indicator South Africa 11 (4):63-69.

_Du Toit, Andrew. 1995. Justice and/or Truth. South African Outlook 125 (7):52-55.

_Dubow, Neville. 2004. On Monuments, Memorials and Memory: Some Precedent Towards a South African Option. In To Repair the Irreparable: Reparation and Reconstruction in South Africa , edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Duffy, Jerrob, and Don Ross. 2001. Bargaining for Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: A Game-Theoretic Analysis. South African Journal of Philosophy 20 (1):66-89.

_Dugard, John. 1976. SWAPO: The Jus ad Bellum and the Jus In Bello. South African Law Journal 93 (2):155-158.

_Dugard, John. 1997. Is the Truth and Reconciliation Process Compatible with International Law? An Unanswered Question. South African Journal on Human Rights 13 (2):258-268.

_Dugard, John. 1997. Retrospective Justice: International Law and the South African Model. In Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies , edited by A. J. McAdams. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

_Dugard, John. 1998. Reconciliation and Justice: The South African Experience. Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems 8 (2):277-311.

_Dullah, Omar. 1996. Introduction to the TRC. In To Remember and to Heal: Theological and Psychological Reflections on Truth and Reconciliation , edited by H. R. Botman and R. M. Petersen. Cape Town, South Africa: Human and Rousseau.

_Durant, Samuel. 1999. Bearing Witness to Apartheid: J.M. Coetzeeʎ6?s Inconsolable Works of Mourning. Contemporary Literature 40 (3):430-454.

_Dyzenhaus, David. 1991. Hard Cases in Wicked Legal Systems: South African Law in the Perspective of Legal Philosophy . Oxford, UK: Clarendon.

_Dyzenhaus, David. 1998. Judging the Judges and Ourselves: Truth, Reconciliation and the Apartheid Legal Order . Oxford, UK: Hart.

_Dyzenhaus, David. 1998. Truth, Reconciliation and the Apartheid Legal Order . Cape Town, South Africa: Juta.

_Dyzenhaus, David. 2000. Survey Article: Justifying the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Journal of Political Philosophy 8 (4):470-496.

_Edelstein, Jillian. 2001. Truth and Lies: Stories from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa . London, UK: Granta Books.

_El Obaid, El Obaid Ahmed, and Kwadwo Appiagyei-Atua. 1996. Human Rights in Africa: A New Perspective on Linking the Past to the Present. McGill Law Journal 41 (4):819-854.

_Esterhuyse, Willie. 2000. Truth as a Trigger for Transformation: From Apartheid Injustice to Transformational Justice. In Looking Back, Reaching Forward, Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa , edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and W. Verwoerd. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press.

_Everett, William Johnson. 1999. Going Public, Building Covenants: Linking the TRC to Theology and the Church. In Facing the Truth: South African Faith Communities and the Truth and Reconciliaton Commission , edited by J. Cochrane, J. W. De Gruchy and S. Martin. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Fernandez, Lovell. 1999. Reparation for Human Rights Violations Committed by the Apartheid Regime in South Africa. In State Responsibility and the Individual: Reparation in Instances of Grave Violations of Human Rights , edited by A. Randelzhofer and C. Tomuschat. The Hague, Netherlands: Martin Nijhoff Publishers.

_Ferrari, Frank. 1997. Forgiving the Unforgivable, An Interview with Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Commonwealth 124 (15):13-22.

_Foner, Eric. 1995. 'We Must Forget the Past': History in the New South Africa. South African Historical Journal 35:163-176.

_Forsyth, Paul. 1992. The Past in the Service of the Present: The Political Use of History by Chief A. N. M. G. Buthelezi 1951-1991. South African Historical Journal 26:74-92.

_Foster, Don. 1987. Detention and Torture in South Africa . London, UK: James Currey.

_Foster, Don, Paul Haupt, and Marésa de Beer. 2005. The Theatre of Violence: Narratives of Protagonists in the South African Conflict . Cape Town, South Africa: HSRC Press.

_Fourie, Ginn. 2000. A Personal Encounter with Perpetrators. In Looking Back, Reaching Forward, Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa , edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and W. Verwoerd. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press.

_Fox, Revel. 2004. Building Sites of Repair: Freedome Park and its Objectives. In To Repair the Irreparable: Reparation and Reconstruction in South Africa , edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Friedman, Steven, and Riaan de Villers. 1999. Comparing Brazil and South Africa: Two Transitional States in Political and Economic Perspective . Johannesburg, South Africa: Centre for Policy Studies Foundation for Global Dialogue.

_Frost, Brian. 1998. Struggling to Forgive: Nelson Mandela and South Africa's Search for Reconciliation . London, UK: Harper Collins Publishers.

_Fullard, Madeleine, and Nicky Rousseau. 2003. Truth, Evidence, and History: A Critical Review of Aspects of the Amnesty Process. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity , edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

_Garman, Anthea. 1997. The Media and the TRC: Fragments of the Truth. Rhodes Journalism Review 15:30.

_Gerloff, Roswith. 1998. Truth, a New Society and Reconciliation: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa from a German Perspective. Missionalia 26 (1):17-53.

_Gerwel, Jakes. 2000. National Reconciliation: Holy Grail or Secular Pact? In Looking Back, Reaching Forward, Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa , edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and W. Verwoerd. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press.

_Geula, Marianne. 2000. South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission as an Alternate Means of Addressing Transitional Government Conflicts in a Divided Society. Boston University International Law Journal 18 (1):57-84.

_Gibson, James L. 2002. Truth, Justice and Reconciliation: Judging the Fairness of Amnesty in South Africa. American Journal of Political Science 46 (4):540-556.

_Gibson, James L. 2003. The Legacy of Apartheid: Racial Differences in the Legitimacy of Democratic Institutions and Processes in the New South Africa. Comparative Political Studies 36 (7):772-800.

_Gibson, James L. 2004. Does Truth Lead to Reconciliation? Testing the Causal Assumptions of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Process. American Journal of Political Science 48 (2):201-217.

_Gibson, James L. 2004. Overcoming Apartheid: Can Truth Reconcile a Divided Nation? New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

_Gibson, James L. 2006. The Contributions of Truth to Reconciliation: Lessons from South Africa. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (3):409-432.

_Gibson, James L. 2009. Taking Stock in South Africa: Assessing Citizen Attitudes Through Surveys. In Assessing the Impact of Transitional Justice: Challenges for Empirical Research, edited by H. Van Der Merwe, V. Baxter and A. R. Chapman. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.

_Gibson, James L., and Amanda Gouws. 1999. Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Attributions of Blame and the Struggle Over Apartheid. American Political Science Review 93 (3):501-517.

_Gibson, James L., and Amanda Gouws. 2000. Social Identities and Political Intolerances: Linkages Within the South African Mass Public. American Journal of Political Science 44 (2):278-292.

_Gibson, James L., and Amanda Gouws. 2003. Overcoming Intolerance in South Africa: Experiments in Democratic Persuasion . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

_Giliomee, H. 1996. Truth Commission: A Struggle for the High Moral Ground . Johannesburg, South Africa: South Africa Institute for Race Relations.

_Gobodo-Madikizela, Pumla. 1997. Healing the Racial Divide? Personal Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. South African Journal of Psychology 27 (4):271-272.

_Gobodo-Madikizela, Pumla. 2003. A Human Being Died That Night . Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip Publishers.

_Golan, Daphna. 1991. Inkatha and its Use of the Zulu Past. History in Africa: A Journal of Method 18:113-126.

_Goldblatt, Beth. 2006. Evaluating the Gender Content of Reparations: Lessons from South Africa. In What Happened to the Women? Gender and Reparations for Human Rights Violations , edited by R. Rubio-Marin. New York, NY: Social Science Research Council.

_Goldblatt, Beth, and Sheila Meintjes. 1998. South African Women Demand the Truth. In What Woman Do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa , edited by M. Turshen and C. Twagiramariya. London, UK: Zed Books.

_Goodman, David. 1999. Why Killers Should Go Free: Lessons From South Africa. Washington Quarterly 22 (2):169-181.

_Govier, Trudy, and Wilhelm Verwoerd. 2004. The Promise and Pitfalls of Apology. In To Repair the Irreparable: Reparation and Reconstruction in South Africa , edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Graybill, Lyn S. 1998. Pursuit of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa. Africa Today 45 (1):103-133.

_Graybill, Lyn S. 1998. South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Ethical and Theological Perspectives. Ethics and International Affairs 12:43-62.

_Graybill, Lyn S. 2002. Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Miracle or Model? Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

_Graybill, Lyn S. 2004. Pardon, Punishment, and Amnesia: Three African Post-Conflict Methods. Third World Quarterly 25 (6):1117-1130.

_Gross, Aeyal M. 2004. The Constitution, Reconciliation, and Transitional Justice: Lessons from South Africa and Israel. Stanford Journal of International Law 40:47-104.

_Hamber, Brandon. 1997. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. 'Hide': Problems of Violence Prevention and Reconciliation in South Africa's Transition to Democracy. In Perspectives on Aggression and Violence in South Africa , edited by E. Bornman, R. Van Eeden and M. Wentzel. Pretoria, South Africa: Human Science and Research Council.

_Hamber, Brandon. 1997. Living with the Legacy of Impunity. Lessons for South Africa about Truth, Compensation and Crime in Brazil . Johannesburg, South Africa: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation.

_Hamber, Brandon. 1999. The Burdens of Truth: An Evaluation of the Psychological Support Services and Initiatives Undertaken by the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission . Johannesburg, South Africa: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation.

_Hamber, Brandon. 2003. Rights and Reasons: Challenges For Truth Recovery in South Africa and Northern Ireland. Fordham International Law Journal 26 (4):1074-1094.

_Hamber, Brandon. 2003. Rights and Reasons: Challenges for Truth Recovery in South African and Northern Ireland. Fordham International Law Journal 26 (4):1074-1094.

_Hamber, Brandon. 2007. Reparations as Symbol: Narratives of Resistance, Reticence, and Possibility in South Africa. In Reparations: Interdisciplinary Inquiries , edited by J. Miller and R. Kumar. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Hamber, Brandon, and Steve Kibble. 1999. From Truth to Transformation: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa . London, UK: Catholic Institute for International Relations.

_Hamber, Brandon, Dineo Nageng, and Gabriel O'Malley. 2000. 'Telling it Like it is.' Understanding the Truth and Reconciliation Commission from the Perspective of Survivors. Psychology in Society 26:18-42.

_Haron, Muhammed. 2009. South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission: An Annotated Bibliography [Circa 1993-2008]. Nova Science Publishers.

_Hawthorne, P. 1998. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Bench, Legal Practitioners and Legal Academics. South Africa Law Journal 115 (1):15-106.

_Hay, Mark. 1998. Ukubuyisana: Reconciliation in South Africa . Pietermaritzberg, South Africa: The Natal Witness, Printing & Publishing Company.

_Hayner, Priscilla B. 2000. Same Species, Different Animal: How South Africa Compares to Truth Commissions Worldwide. In Looking Back, Reaching Forward, Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa , edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and W. Verwoerd. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press.

_Hinds, Lennox S. 1999. The Gross Violations of Human Rights of the Apartheid Regime Under International Law. Rutgers Race and Law Review 1 (2):231-318.

_Hoexter, Cora. 1989. The Administration of Justice, Defence Indemnities and Standing. South African Journal of Criminal Justice 2:346-352.

_Holkeboer, Mieke. 2004. Out of the Crooked Timber of Humanity: Humanising Rights in South Africa. In To Repair the Irreparable: Reparation and Reconstruction in South Africa , edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Howse, Robert, and Jennifer J. Llewellyn. 1999. Institutions for Restorative Justice: The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. University of Toronto Law Journal 49 (3):355-388.

_Huber, Wolfgang. 1991. The Role of the Church in Situations of Transition. Journal of Theology for Southern Africa 74:14-20.

_Hugo, P. J. 1998. The Politics of 'Untruth': Afrikaner Academics for Apartheid. Politikon 25 (1):31-55.

_Ignatieff, Michael. 1997. Digging up the Dead. New Yorker .

_Jaffer, Zubeida. 1995. How the Dutch Dealt with the Traumas of the Second World War: Some Lessons for South Africa . Cape Town, South Africa: Justice in Transition.

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A Research Guide
Research Paper Guide
How to Write a Bibliography - Examples in MLA Style

How to Write a Bibliography – Examples in MLA Style

You definitely have to know the exact bibliography meaning in a paper, because it is too easy to confuse a bibliography with a works cited. The two are similar, but they are not the same. So what’s the difference?

Bibliography Vs. Works Cited

It was mentioned previously that a definition of a bibliography states it is a completed listing of every source used during the research and creation of a paper, whether the source was cited in the text or not. This is not the case with a Works Cited. A Works Cited includes only the material that was cited in the text.

There is another type of bibliography that is worth mentioning – the annotated bibliography. An annotated bibliography definition is, for all intents and purposes, identical to a standard bibliography; however, there is one key difference. The author, publisher and page information is concluded with a short description of the actual content or quality of the source used.

If you ask a question of how to do a bibliography correctly, you should start with the following simple thing which is the most important. In order to gather all of the information necessary to draft a bibliography, you should keep a list of EVERY book, website, magazine or periodical that you read in preparation for your paper. Eventually, this list will comprise your bibliography.

While you are writing down (or even photocopying) the information for your source material, remember to include:

The information that you need to create your bibliography will not always be easy to find. Depending on the type of source material you are using, you might have to do some investigative work to gather everything you need. If you are not sure where to look, try here:

Now that you’ve gathered all of the necessary information, you are ready to create your preliminary bibliography.

The type of bibliography you create will depend largely on the type of citation or writing style that you are following. For example purposes, we will explore APA vs MLA. The two are similar in many ways, but there are some major differences as well.

Here is a chart explaining the differences between the two styles that are important when you have to choose between APA or MLA as a whole, and not just specifically as they relate to bibliographies.

However, before pressing forward, here is a handy checklist that you can use to make sure that you are gathering all of the information needed to create a bibliography, and that a great one! In the proceeding pages, you will find detailed information regarding how to properly write and format the bibliographical sources based on the specifics of the source material. Ie: Is there more than one author? Did the material come from a blog? Did the source material have multiple editors?

Note: In order to develop a strong bibliography, you should have answered yes to all of these questions.

Article in an encyclopedia with an author

Please note that all entries should be typed double-spaced. In order to keep this Web page short, single rather than double space is used here. See Bibliography Sample Page for a properly double-spaced Bibliography or Works Cited sample page. Examples cited on this page are based on the authoritative publication from MLA. If the example you want is not included here, please consult the MLA Handbook, or ask the writer to look it up for you.

Format for entries

A single space is used after any punctuation mark. When dividing a long word or URL onto two lines, put a hyphen, slash, or period at the end of the line. Do not add a hyphen to a URL that was not originally there. Never begin a new line with a punctuation mark. Double-space all lines in a bibliography entry. Do not indent the first line of a bibliography entry, but indent the second and subsequent lines 5 spaces, or 1/2″ (1.25 cm) from the left margin.

In your Bibliography, Works Cited, or References page, you must include all of the above MLA parenthetical citation .

When writing a bibliography, remember that the purpose is to communicate to the reader, in a standardized manner, the sources that you have used in sufficient detail to be identified. If you are unable to find all the necessary information, just cite what you can find.

Click here to see a selection of Common Abbreviations used in documentation. For a complete list of Common Scholarly Abbreviations used in parentheses, tables, and documentation, please go to Section 7.4 of the 6th edition of the MLA Handbook.

You may always refer to the experts, just follow our writing services review:

1. Book with one author or editor:

Bell, Stewart. The Martyr’s Oath: The Apprenticeship of a Homegrown Terrorist . Mississauga, ON: Wiley, 2005.

Biale, David, ed. Cultures of the Jews: A New History . New York: Schocken, 2002.

Bowker, Michael. Fatal Deception: The Untold Story of Asbestos: Why It Is Still Legal and Still Killing Us . N.p.: Rodale, 2003. N.p. = No place of publication indicated. Capodiferro, Alessandra, ed. Wonders of the World: Masterpieces of Architecture from 4000 BC to the Present . Vercelli: White Star, 2004.

Cross, Charles R. Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix . New York: Hyperion, 2005.

Maltin, Leonard, ed. Movie & Video Guide 2002 Edition . New York: New American, 2001.

Meidenbauer, Jörg, ed. Discoveries and Inventions: From Prehistoric to Modern Times . Lisse: Rebo, 2004.

Puzo, Mario. The Family: A Novel . Completed by Carol Gino. New York: Harper, 2001.

Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . New York: Scholastic, 1999.

—. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . Thorndike, ME: Thorndike, 2000.

Suskind, Ron. The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O’Neill . New York: Simon, 2004.

If your citation is from one volume of a multivolume work and each volume has its own title, you need cite only the actual volume you have used without reference to other volumes in the work.

Example: The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud comes in 5 volumes, written by Peter Gay.

(Title of Vol. 1: Education of the Senses )

Gay, Peter. Education of the Senses . New York: Norton, 1999.

(Title of Vol. 2: The Tender Passion)

Gay, Peter. The Tender Passion . New York: Oxford UP, 1986.

(Title of Vol. 3: The Cultivation of Hatred )

Gay, Peter. The Cultivation of Hatred . London: Harper, 1994.

(Title of Vol. 4: The Naked Heart )

Gay, Peter. The Naked Heart . New York: Norton, 1995.

(Title of Vol. 5: Pleasure Wars )

Gay, Peter. Pleasure Wars . New York: Norton, 1998.

2. Book with two authors or editors:

Bohlman, Herbert M., and Mary Jane Dundas. The Legal, Ethical and International Environment of Business . 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: West, 2002.

Bolman, Lee G., and Terrence E. Deal. Leading with Soul: An Uncommon Journey of Spirit . Rev. ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2001.

Calvesi, Maurizio, and Lorenzo Canova, eds. Rejoice! 700 Years of Art for the Papal Jubilee . New York: Rizzoli, 1999.

Cohen, Andrew, and J.L. Granatstein, eds. Trudeau’s Shadow: The Life and Legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau . Toronto: Random, 1998.

Heath, Joseph, and Andrew Potter. The Rebel Sell: Why the Culture Can’t Be Jammed . 2nd ed. Toronto: Harper, 2005.

Llewellyn, Marc, and Lee Mylne. Frommer’s Australia 2005 . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2005.

Summers, Anthony, and Robbyn Swan. Sinatra: The Life . New York: Knopf, 2005.

Book prepared for publication by two editors:

Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark . Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York: Washington Square, 1992.

3. Book with three authors or editors:

Clancy, Tom, Carl Stiner, and Tony Koltz. Shadow Warriors: Inside the Special Forces . New York: Putnam, 2002.

Hewitt, Les, Andrew Hewitt, and Luc d’Abadie. The Power of Focus for College Students . Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, 2005.

Larsson, Mans O., Alexander Z. Speier, and Jennifer R. Weiss, eds. Let’s Go: Germany 1998 . New York: St. Martin’s, 1998.

Palmer, R.R., Joel Colton, and Lloyd Kramer. A History of the Modern World: To 1815 . 9th ed. New York: Knopf, 2002.

Suzuki, David, Amanda McConnell, and Maria DeCambra. The Sacred Balance: A Visual Celebration of Our Place in Nature . Vancouver: Greystone, 2002.

4. Book with more than three authors or editors:

You have a choice of listing all of the authors or editors in the order as they appear on the title page of the book, or use “et al.” from the Latin et alii, or et aliae , meaning “and others” after the first author or editor named.

Nelson, Miriam E., Kristin R. Baker, Ronenn Roubenoff, and Lawrence Lindner. Strong Women and Men Beat Arthritis . New York: Perigee, 2003. or, Nelson, Miriam E., et al. Strong Women and Men Beat Arthritis . New York: Perigee, 2003.

Hogan, David J., et al., eds. The Holocaust Chronicle: A History in Words and Pictures . Lincolnwood, IL: International, 2000.

Pound, Richard W., Richard Dionne, Jay Myers, and James Musson, eds. Canadian Facts and Dates . 3rd ed. Markham, ON: Fitzhenry, 2005. or, Pound, Richard W., et al., eds. Canadian Facts and Dates . 3rd ed. Markham, ON: 2005.

Rogerson, Holly Deemer, et al. Words for Students of English: A Vocabulary Series for ESL . Vol. 6. Advanced Level ESL. Pittsburgh, PA: U of Pittsburgh P, 1989.

5. Book with compilers, or compilers and editors:

McClay, John B., and Wendy L. Matthews, comps. and eds. Corpus Juris Humorous: A Compilation of Outrageous, Unusual, Infamous and Witty Judicial Opinions from 1256 A.D. to the Present . New York: Barnes, 1994.

O’Reilly, James, Larry Habegger, and Sean O’Reilly, comps. and eds. Danger: True Stories of Trouble and Survival . San Francisco: Travellers’ Tales, 1999.

Teresa, Mother. The Joy in Loving: A Guide to Daily Living with Mother Teresa . Comp. Jaya Chaliha and Edward Le Joly. New York: Viking, 1997.

Note abbreviation: comp. = compiler or compiled by.

6. Book with no author or editor stated:

Maclean’s Canada’s Century: An Illustrated History of the People and Events That Shaped Our Identity . Toronto: Key, 1999.

Microsoft PowerPoint Version 2002 Step by Step . Redmond, WA: Perspection, 2001.

The Movie Book . London: Phaidon, 1999.

With Scott to the Pole: The Terra Nova Expedition 1910-1913 . Photographs of Herbert Ponting. New York: BCL, 2004.

If the encyclopedia is well known and articles are arranged alphabetically, it is not necessary to indicate the volume and page numbers. If the encyclopedia is not well known, you must give full publication information including author, title of article, title of encyclopedia, name of editor or edition, number of volumes in the set, place of publication, publisher and year of publication.

Kibby, Michael W. “Dyslexia.” World Book Encyclopedia . 2000 ed.

Midge, T. “Powwows.” Encyclopedia of North American Indians . Ed. D.L. Birchfield. 11 vols. New York: Cavendish, 1997.

11. Article in a magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, or newspaper with no author stated:

“100 Years of Dust and Glory.” Popular Mechanics Sept. 2001: 70-75.

“Celestica to Repair Palm Handhelds.” Globe and Mail [Toronto] 29 Oct. 2002: B6.

“E-Money Slips Quietly into Oblivion.” Nikkei Weekly [Tokyo] 22 Jan. 2001: 4.

“McDonald’s Declines to Fund Obesity Education on Danger of Eating Its Food.” National Post [Toronto] 18 Apr. 2006: FP18.

“Pot Use Doubled in Decade, Study Says: 14% Smoked Up in the Past Year.” Toronto Star 25 Nov. 2004: A18.

“Secondhand Smoke Reduces Kids’ IQs.” Buffalo News 23 Jan. 2005: I6.

12. Article in a magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, or newspaper with one or more authors:

Use “+” for pages that are not consecutive.

Example: When numbering pages, use “38-45” if page numbers are consecutive. Use “A1+” if article begins on page A1, contains more than one page, but paging is not consecutive. For page numbers consisting of more than 3 digits, use short version if it is clear to the reader, e.g. 220-268 may be written as 220-68, but 349-560 must be written in full.

Note also that there is no period after the month. The period in “Mar.” is for the abbreviation of March. If there are 4 or less letters in the month, e.g. May, June, and July, the months are not abbreviated. If the publication date is July 18, 2005, citation will be 18 July 2005.

Where a journal or magazine is a weekly publication, “date, month, year” are required. Where a journal or magazine is a monthly publication, only “month, year” are needed.

Where a newspaper title does not indicate the location of publication, add the city of publication between square brackets, e.g. Daily Telegraph [London]. Square brackets are used to enclose a word (or words) not found in the original but added by you.

An article in a scholarly journal is treated somewhat differently:

Nielsen, Laura Beth. “Subtle, Pervasive, Harmful: Racist and Sexist Remarks in Public as Hate Speech.” Journal of Social Issues 58.2 (2002): 265.

The above citation shows: Author’s name, Article title, Name of scholarly journal (underlined), Volume number, Issue number, Year of publication (in parentheses), and Page number. If the article is accessed online, add Access date and URL at the end.

Bogomolny, Laura. “Boss Your Career.” Canadian Business 13-16 Mar. 2006: 47-49.

Cave, Andrew. “Microsoft and Sun Settle Java Battle.” Daily Telegraph [London] 25 Jan. 2001: 36.

Cohen, Stephen S., and J. Bradford DeLong. “Shaken and Stirred.” Atlantic Monthly Jan.-Feb. 2005: 112+.

Coleman, Isobel. “Women, Islam, and the New Iraq.” Foreign Affairs Jan.-Feb. 2006: 24+.

Daly, Rita. “Bird Flu Targeting the Young.” Toronto Star 11 Mar. 2006: A1+.

Dareini, Ali Akbar. “Iranian President Defends Country’s Nuclear Ambitions.” Buffalo News 15 Jan. 2006: A6.

Hewitt, Ben. “Quick Fixes for Everyday Disasters.” Popular Mechanics Nov. 2004: 83-88.

Johnson, Linda A. “Fight Flu with Good, Old Advice from Mom.” Buffalo News 10 Oct. 2004: A1-2.

Mather, Victoria. “In Tiger Country.” Photos by James Merrell. Town & Country Travel Fall 2004: 102-111.

Mohanty, Subhanjoy, and Ray Jayawardhana. “The Mystery of Brown Dwarf Origins.” Scientific American Jan. 2006: 38-45.

Petroski, Henry. “Framing Hypothesis: A Cautionary Tale.” American Scientist Jan.-Feb. 2003: 18-22.

Plungis, Jeff, Ed Garsten, and Mark Truby. “Caremakers’ Challenge: Green, Mean Machines.” Detroit News and Free Press Metro ed. 12 Jan. 2003: 1A+.

Sachs, Jeffrey D. “A Practical Plan to End Extreme Poverty.” Buffalo News 23 Jan. 2005: I2.

Saletan, William. “Junk-Food Jihad.” National Post [Toronto] 18 Apr. 2006: A18.

Thomas, Cathy Booth, and Tim Padgett. “Life Among the Ruins.” Time 19 Sept. 2005: 28+.

Wolanski, Eric, Robert Richmond, Laurence McCook, and Hugh Sweatman. “Mud, Marine Snow and Coral Reefs.” American Scientist Jan.-Feb. 2003: 44-51. or use “et al.”: Wolanski, Eric, et al. “Mud, Marine Snow and Coral Reefs.” American Scientist Jan.-Feb. 2003: 44-51.

13. Article from SIRS (Social Issues Resources Series):

Suggested citation example from SIRS:

Bluestone, Barry, and Irving Bluestone. “Workers (and Managers) of the World Unite.” Technology Review Nov.-Dec. 1992: 30-40. Reprinted in WORK . (Boca Raton, FL: Social Issues Resource Series, 1992), Article No. 20.

Example in MLA style:

Bluestone, Barry, and Irving Bluestone. “Workers (and Managers) of the World Unite.” Technology Review Nov.-Dec. 1992: 30-40. Work . Ed. Eleanor Goldstein. Vol. 5. Boca Raton: SIRS, 1992. Art. 20.

14. Advertisement:

Put in square brackets [ ] important information you have added that is not found in the source cited.

Build-a-Bear. Advertisement. 7 Feb. 2005.

GEICO. Advertisement. Newsweek 16 Jan. 2006: 92.

IBM. Advertisement. Globe and Mail [Toronto] . 29 Oct. 2002: B7.

Toyota. Advertisement. Atlantic Monthly . Jan.-Feb. 2005: 27-30.

Dillon, Brenda. “Hana’s Suitcase.” Rev. of Hana’s Suitcase , by Karen Levine. Professionally Speaking June 2003: 36.

Foley, Margaret. “Measured Deception.” Rev. of The Measure of All Things: The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World, by Ken Alder. Discover Nov. 2002: 77.

Groskop, Viv. “Chinese Torture – at Five.” Rev. of The Binding Chair, by Kathryn Harrison. International Express 6 June 2000, Canadian ed.: 37.

Hoffman, Michael J. “Huck’s Ironic Circle.” Rev. of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , by Mark Twain. Modern Critical Interpretations of Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, 1986, 31-44.

Iragui, Vicente. Rev. of Injured Brains of Medical Minds: Views from Within , comp. and ed. Narinder Kapur. New England Journal of Medicine 26 Feb. 1998: 629-30.

Neier, Aryeh. “Hero.” Rev. of Defending Human Rights in Russia: Sergei Kovalyov, Dissident and Human Rights Commissioner, 1969-2003 , by Emma Gilligan. New York Review of Books 13 Jan. 2005: 30-33.

Onstad, Katrina. “A Life of Pain and Paint.” Rev. of Frida , dir. Julie Taymor. National Post [Toronto] 1 Nov. 2002: PM1+.

Redekop, Magdalene. “The Importance of Being Mennonite.” Rev. of A Complicated Kindness, by Miriam Toews. Literary Review of Canada Oct. 2004: 19-20.

Simic, Charles. “The Image Hunter.” Rev. of Joseph Cornell: Master of Dreams , by Diane Waldman. New York Review 24 Oct. 2002: 14+.

18. CD-ROM, DVD:

A Place in the Sun . Dir. George Stevens. 1951. DVD. Paramount, 2001 .

Encarta 2004 Reference Library . CD-ROM. Microsoft, 2003 .

Encarta 2004 Reference Library Win32 . Educ. ed. DVD. Microsoft, 2003.

LeBlanc, Susan, and Cameron MacKeen. “Racism and the Landfill.” Chronicle-Herald 7 Mar. 1992: B1. CD-ROM. SIRS 1993 Ethnic Groups. Vol. 4. Art. 42.

Links 2003: Championship Courses . CD-ROM. Microsoft Game Studios, 2002.

YellowPages.city: Toronto-Central West Edition , 1998. CD-ROM. Montreal: Tele-Direct, 1998.

Short forms may be used, e.g. dir. (directed by), narr. (narrated by), perf. (performers), prod. (produced by), writ. (written by). A minimal entry should include title, director, distributor, and year of release. You may add other information as deemed pertinent between the title and the distributor. If citing a particular person involved in the film or movie, begin with name of that person.

Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Dir. Tim Burton. Based on book by Roald Dahl. Perf. Johnny Depp. Warner, 2005.

Depp, Johnny, perf. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Dir. Tim Burton. Based on book by Roald Dahl. Warner, 2005.

Burton, Tim, dir. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Based on book by Roald Dahl. Perf. Johnny Depp. Warner, 2005.

Monster-in-Law . Dir. Robert Luketic. Writ. Anya Kochoff. Prod. Paula Weinstein, Chris Bender, and J.C. Spink. Perf. Jennifer Lopez and Jane Fonda. New Line, 2005.

Nanny McPhee . Dir. Kirk Jones. Based on Nurse Matilda Books Writ. Christianna Brand. Prod. Lindsay Doran, Tim Bevan, and Eric Fellner. Perf. Emma Thompson, Colin Firth, and Angela Lansbury. Universal, 2005.

One Hour Photo . Writ. and dir. Mark Romanek. Prod. Christine Vachon, Pam Koffler, and Stan Wlodkowski. Perf. Robin Williams. Fox Searchlight, 2002.

Titanic . Dir., writ., prod., ed. James Cameron. Prod. Jon Landau. Twentieth Century Fox and Paramount, 1997.

The Tuxedo . Dir. Kevin Donovan. Prod. John H. Williams, and Adam Schroeder. Perf. Jackie Chan and Jennifer Love Hewitt. DreamWorks, 2002.

22. Government publication:

Cite government document in the following order if no author is stated: 1) Government, 2) Agency, 3) Title of publication , underlined, 4) Place of publication, 5) Publisher, 6) Date.

Canada. Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. Gathering Strength: Canada’s Aboriginal Action Plan . Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2000.

United States. National Council on Disability. Carrying on the Good Fight – Summary Paper from Think Tank 2000 – Advancing the Civil and Human Rights of People with Disabilities from Diverse Cultures . Washington: GPO, 2000.

Note: GPO = Government Printing Office in Washington, DC which publishes most of the U.S. federal government documents.

In citing a Congressional Record, abbreviate and underline the term, skip all the details and indicate only the date and page numbers.

United States. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 . PL 104-193. Congressional Record. Washington: GPO, July 31, 1996.

Cite simply as: Cong. Rec . 31 July 1996: 104-193.

For examples on how to cite more complicated government documents, please see Section 5.6.21 in MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed.

23. Internet citations, or citing electronic sources:

a. Internet citation for an advertisement

b. Internet citation for an article from an online database (e.g. SIRS, eLibrary), study guide, magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, newspaper, online library subscription database service, or an article in PDF with one or more authors stated

c. Internet citation for an article from an online encyclopedia

d. Internet citation for an article from an online magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, or newspaper with no author stated

e. Internet citation for an article in a scholarly journal

f. Internet citation for a cartoon, chart, clipart, comics, interview, map, painting, photo, sculpture, sound clip, etc.

g. Internet citation for an e-mail (email) from an individual, a listserver, an organization, or citation for an article forwarded from an online database by e-mail

h. Internet citation for an online government publication

i. Internet citation for an online posting, forum, letter to the editor

j. Internet citation for an online project, an information database, a personal or professional Web site

k. Internet citation for a software download

l. Internet citation for a speech taken from a published work with an editor

m. Internet citation for a work translated and edited by another

Basic components of an Internet citation:

2) “Title of Article, Web page or site” in quotation marks.

3) Title of Magazine, Journal, Newspaper, Newsletter, Book, Encyclopedia, or Project , underlined.

4) Editor of Project.

5) Indicate type of material, e.g. advertisement, cartoon, clipart, electronic card, interview, map, online posting, photograph, working paper, etc. if not obvious.

6) Date of article, of Web page or site creation, revision, posting, last update, or date last modified.

7) Group, association, name of forum, sponsor responsible for Web page or Web site.

8) Access date (the date you accessed the Web page or site).

9) Complete Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or network address in angle brackets.

Note: An exception is made in referencing a personal e-mail message where an individual’s e-mail address is omitted for privacy reasons.

Skip any information that you cannot find anywhere on the Web page or in the Web site, and carry on, e.g. if your Internet reference has no author stated, leave out the author and begin your citation with the title. Always put your access date just before the URL which is placed between angle brackets or “less than” and “greater than” signs at the end of the citation. Generally, a minimum of three items are required for an Internet citation: Title, Access Date, and URL.

If the URL is too long for a line, divide the address where it creates the least ambiguity and confusion, e.g. do not divide a domain name and end with a period such as geocities . Do not divide a term in the URL that is made up of combined words e.g. SchoolHouseRock . Never add a hyphen at the end of the line to indicate syllabical word division unless the hyphen is actually found in the original URL. Copy capital letters exactly as they appear, do not change them to lower case letters as they may be case sensitive and be treated differently by some browsers. Remember that the purpose of indicating the URL is for readers to be able to access the Web page. Accuracy and clarity are essential.

a. Internet citation for an advertisement:

IBM. Advertisement. 23 Mar. 2003.

TheraTears. Advertisement. 2003. 8 May 2004.

Bezlova, Antoaneta. “China to Formalize One-Child Policy.” Asia Times Online . 24 May 2001. 10 Oct. 2005.

Clifford, Erin. “Review of Neuropsychology.” SparkNotes . 10 Oct. 2005 <http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/neuro/review/>.

Machado, Victoria, and George Kourakos. IT Offshore Outsourcing Practices in Canada . Ottawa: Public Policy Forum, 2004. 10 Oct. 2005.

Marshall, Leon. “Mandela in Retirement: Peacemaker without Rest.” 9 Feb. 2001. National Geographic 10 Oct. 2005 .

Thomason, Larisa. “HTML Tip: Why Valid Code Matters.” Webmaster Tips Newsletter . Dec. 2003. NetMechanic. 10 Oct. 2005.

If using an online library subscription database service, add the name of the service, the name of the library or library system, plus the location of the library where the database is accessed, e.g.:

Gearan, Anne. “Justice Dept: Gun Rights Protected.” Washington Post . 8 May 2002. SIRS. Iona Catholic Secondary School, Mississauga, ON. 23 Apr. 2004.

Note: 8 May 2002 = date of publication, 23 Apr. 2004 = date of access. Indicate page numbers after publication date if available, e.g. 8 May 2002: 12-14. Leave out page numbers if not indicated in the source.

Pahl, Greg. “Heat Your Home with Biodiesel”. Mother Earth News . 12 Jan. 2003. eLibrary Canada. Twin Lakes Secondary School, Orillia, ON. 10 Apr. 2006.

Note: If you are citing the above source but information is obtained from accessing eLibrary at home, leave out the location of the school.

Pahl, Greg. “Heat Your Home with Biodiesel”. Mother Earth News . 12 Jan. 2003. eLibrary Canada. 10 Apr. 2006.

c. Internet citation for an article from an online encyclopedia:

Duiker, William J. “Ho Chi Minh.” Encarta Online Encyclopedia . 2005. Microsoft. 10 Oct. 2005.

“Ho Chi Minh.” Encyclopædia Britannica . 2005. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 9 Oct. 2005.

“Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC).” Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . 2005. Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 Oct. 2005.

d. Internet citation for an article from an online magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, or newspaper with no author stated:

“Childcare Industry ‘Should Welcome Men’.” BBC News Online: Education .7 June 2003. 10 Oct. 2005.

“Taiwan: A Dragon Economy and the Abacus.” BrookesNews.Com . 8 Dec. 2003. 10 Oct. 2005

e. Internet citation for an article in a scholarly journal:

Nielsen, Laura Beth. “Subtle, Pervasive, Harmful: Racist and Sexist Remarks in Public as Hate Speech.” Journal of Social Issues 58.2 (2002), 265-280. 7 June 2003.

f. Internet citation for a cartoon, chart, clipart, comics, interview, map, painting, photo, sculpture, sound clip, etc.:

“Islamic State of Afghanistan: Political Map.” Map. Atlapedia Online . 1993-2003. Latimer Clarke. 7 June 2003.

Kersten, Rick, and Pete Kersten. “Congratulations!” Electronic card. Blue Mountain Arts . 2000. 7 June 2003.

Lee, Lawrence. Interview. JournalismJobs.com . Feb. 2003. 10 Oct. 2005.

Schulz, Charles. “Peanuts Collection – Snoopy Cuddling Woodstock.” Cartoon. Art.com . 25 Apr. 2004.

“Woodhull, Victoria C.” American History 102 Photo Gallery. 1997. State Historical Society of Wisconsin. 10 Oct. 2005.

g. Internet citation for an e-mail (email) from an individual, a listserve, an organization, or citation for an article forwarded from an online database by e-mail:

Barr, Susan I. “The Creatine Quandry.” Bicycling Nov. 1998. EBSCOhost Mailer. E-mail to E. Interior. 11 May 2003.

Kenrick, John. “Re: Link to Musicals101.com.” E-mail to I. Lee. 10 May 2003.

“NEW THIS WEEK for September 8, 2005.” E-mail to author. 8 Sept. 2005 LII Team < [email protected] >.

PicoSearch. “Your PicoSearch Account is Reindexed.” E-mail to John Smith. 10 Oct. 2005.

h. Internet citation for an online government publication:

Canada. Office of the Auditor General of Canada and the Treasury Board Secretariat. Modernizing Accountability Practices in the Public Sector . 6 Jan. 1998. 10 Oct. 2005.

United States. National Archives and Records Administration. The Bill of Rights . 29 Jan. 1998. 10 Oct. 2005.

i. Internet citation for an online posting, forum, letter to the editor:

Kao, Ivy. “Keep Spreading the Word.” Online posting. 4 June 2003. Reader Responses, Opinion Journal, Wall Street Journal Editorial Page . 10 Oct. 2005.

Seaside Harry . “My Friend Drove My Car with the Parking Brake On!” Online posting. 10 Oct. 2005. PriusOnline.com Forum Index – Prius – Technical . 10 Oct. 2005.

j. Internet citation for an online project, an information database, a personal or professional Web site:

The MAD Scientist Network . 1995-2001 or 30 Feb. 1906. Washington U School of Medicine. 10 Oct. 2005.

O’Connor, J.J., and E.F. Robertson. “John Wilkins.” Feb. 2002. U of St. Andrews, Scotland. 10 Oct. 2005.

Officer, Lawrence H. “Exchange Rate between the United States Dollar and Forty Other Countries, 1913 -1999.” Economic History Services, EH.Net, 2002. 13 Apr. 2006.

Savill, R. Richard. “Jazz Age Biographies.” The Jazz Age Page . 23 Oct. 2000. 12 Apr. 2006.

Sullivan, Danny. “Search Engine Math.” 26 Oct. 2001. Search Engine Watch . 10 Apr. 2006.

Wurmser, Meyrav, and Yotam Feldner. “Is Israel Negotiating with the Hamas?” Inquiry and Analysis No. 16. 23 Mar. 1999. The Middle East Media and Research Institute. 10 Oct. 2005.

k. Internet citation for a software download:

It is not essential to include the file size. Do so if preferred by your instructor. RAMeSize . Vers. 1.04. 15K. 24 Sept. 2000. Blue Dice Software. 12 Oct. 2004.

l. Internet citation for a speech taken from a published work with an editor:

Lincoln, Abraham. “The Gettysburg Address.” 19 Nov. 1863. The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln . Ed. Roy P. Basler. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 1955. Abraham Lincoln Online. 10 Oct. 2005.

m. Internet citation for a work translated and edited by another:

Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo. Confessions & Enchiridion . Trans. and ed. Albert C. Outler. 1955. Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist U. Digitized 1993. 10 Oct. 2005.

24. Interview:

Blair, Tony. Interview. Prime Minister’s Office. 31 May 2003. 13 Apr. 2006.

Chirac, Jacques. Interview. Time 16 Feb. 2003. 10 Oct. 2005.

Longin, Hellmut. Telephone interview. 3 May 2006.

Neilsen, Jerry. E-mail interview. 28 Apr. 2006.

Wyse, Randall. Personal interview. 24 July 2005.

25. Lecture:

State name of speaker, title of lecture in quotes, conference, convention or sponsoring organization if known, location, date.

Bradley, Vicki. “Marriage.” Agnes Arnold Hall, U of Houston. 15 Mar. 2003.

26. Letter, editorial:

An editorial: Wilson-Smith, Anthony. “Hello, He Must Be Going.” Editorial. Maclean’s 26 Aug. 2002: 4.

Letter to the Editor: Lange, Rick. “U.N. Has Become Ineffective and Ought to Be Disbanded.” Letter. Buffalo News 23 Jan. 2005: I5.

Woods, Brede M. Letter. Newsweek 23 Sept. 2002: 16.

Kolbert, Elizabeth. “Six Billion Short: How Will the Mayor Make Ends Meet?” Letter. New Yorker 13 Jan. 2003: 33-37.

Reply to a letter to the Editor: Geens, Jennifer. Reply to letter of Bill Clark. Toronto Star 29 Sept. 2002: A1.

A letter you received from John Smith: Smith, John. Letter to the author. 15 June 2005.

Published letter in a collection: Twain, Mark. “Banned in Concord.” Letter to Charles L. Webster. 18 Mar. 1885. Letter 850318 of Mark Twain . Ed. Jim Zwick. 2005. 10 Oct. 2005.

27. Map or Chart:

Treat citation as if it is a book with no author stated. Indicate if the citation is for a chart or a map. 2004 Andex Chart . Chart. Windsor, ON: Andex, 2004.

Canada . Map. Ottawa: Canadian Geographic, 2003.

“Dallas TX.” Map. 2005 Road Atlas: USA, Canada, Mexico . Greenville, SC: Michelin, 2005.

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28. Musical composition:

Components: 1) Name of composer. 2) Title of ballet, music piece or opera, underlined. 3) Form, number and key not underlined. Beethoven, Ludwig van. Für Elise.

Strauss, Richard. Träumerei , op. 9, no. 4.

Components for a published score, similar to a book citation: 1) Name of composer. 2) Underlined title of ballet, music, opera, as well as no. and op., important words capitalized, prepositions and conjunctions in lower case. 3) Date composition written. 4) Place of publication: 5) Publisher, 6) Date of publication.

Chopin, Frederic. Mazurka Op. 7, No. 1 . New York: Fischer, 1918.

Ledbetter, Huddie, and John Lomax. Goodnight, Irene . 1936. New York: Spencer, 1950.

Stier, Walter C. Sweet Bye and Bye . London: Paxton, 1953.

Weber, Carl Maria von. Invitation to the Dance Op. 65 . 1819. London: Harris, 1933.

29. Painting, photograph, sculpture, architecture, or other art form

Components for citing original artwork: 1) Name of artist. 2) Title of artwork, underlined. 3) Date when artwork was created. 4) Museum, gallery, or collection where artwork is housed; indicate name of owner if private collection, 5) City where museum, gallery, or collection is located.

Ashoona, Kiawak. Smiling Family . 1966. McMichael Canadian Art Collection, Kleinburg, ON.

Brancusi, Constantin. The Kiss . 1909. Tomb of T. Rachevskaia, Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris.

The Great Sphinx . [c. 2500 BC]. Giza.

Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique. Odalisque . 1814. Louvre Museum, Paris.

Raphael. The School of Athens . 1510-11. Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palace, Rome.

Rude, François. La Marseillaise . 1833-36. Arc de Triomphe, Paris.

Components for artwork cited from a book: 1) Name of artist. 2) Underlined title of artwork. 3) Date when artwork was created (if date is uncertain use [c. 1503] meaning [circa 1503] or around the year 1503). 4) Museum, art gallery, or collection where artwork is housed, 5) City where museum, gallery, or collection is located. 6) Title of book used. 7) Author or editor of book. 8) Place of publication: 9) Publisher, 10) Date of publication. 11) Other relevant information, e.g. figure, page, plate, or slide number.

Abell, Sam. Japan . 1984. National Geographic Photographs: The Milestones . By Leah Bendavid-Val, et al. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 1999. 232.

Carr, Emily. A Haida Village . [c. 1929]. McMichael Canadian Art Collection, Kleinburg, ON. The McMichael Canadian Art Collection . By Jean Blodgett, et al. Toronto: McGraw, 1989. 134.

Käsebier, Gertrude. The Magic Crystal . [c. 1904]. Royal Photographic Society, Bath. A Basic History of Art . By H.W. Janson and Anthony F. Janson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice, 1991. 412.

Leonardo, da Vinci. Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) . [c. 1503-5]. Louvre Museum, Paris. Favorite Old Master Paintings from the Louvre Museum . New York: Abbeville, 1979. 31.

Michelangelo. David . 1501-04. Accademia di Belle Arti, Florence. The Great Masters . By Giorgio Vasari. Trans. Gaston Du C. de Vere. New York: Park Lane, 1986. 226.

Sullivan, Louis. Wainright Building . 1890-91. St. Louis, MO. A Basic History of Art . By H.W. Janson and Anthony F. Janson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice, 1991. 408.

Tohaku, Deme. Ko-omote Female Mask . Edo period [1603-1867], Japan. Náprstek Museum, Prague. The World of Masks . By Erich Herold, et al. Trans. Dušan Zbavitel. London: Hamlyn, 1992. 207.

Vanvitelli, Luigi, and Nicola Salvi. Chapel of St. John the Baptist . 1742-51. São Roque, Lisbon. By Rolf Toman, ed. Baroque: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting . Cologne: Könemann, 1998. 118.

Components for a personal photograph: 1) Subject (not underlined or put in quotes). 2) Name of person who took the photograph. 3) Date of photograph taken.

War in Iraq: Operation Iraq Freedom on CNN. Personal photograph by author. 22 Mar. 2003.

Great Wall of China, Beijing, China. Personal photograph by Cassy Wyse. 28 July 2005.

30. Patent:

Components: 1) Patent inventor(s) or owner(s). 2) Title of patent. 3) Issuing country and patent number. 4) Date patent was issued.

Arbter, Klaus, and Guo-Qing Wei. “Verfahren zur Nachführung eines Stereo-Laparoskope in der minimal invasiven Chirurgie.” German Patent 3943917. July 1996.

“Conversion of Calcium Compounds into Solid and Gaseous Compounds.” US Patent 5078813. 27 Sept. 1988.

Kamen, Dean L., et al. “Transportation Vehicles and Methods.” US Patent 5971091. 26 Oct. 1999.

31. Performance: (ballet, concert, musical, opera, play, theatrical performance)

Disney’s The Lion King . By Roger Allers and Irene Mecchi. Dir. Julie Taymor. Music and lyrics by Elton John and Tim Rice. Princess of Wales Theatre, Toronto. 9 June 2002.

The Hobbit . By J.R.R. Tolkien. Dir. Kim Selody. Perf. Herbie Barnes, Michael Simpson, and Chris Heyerdahl. Living Arts Centre, Mississauga, ON. 20 Apr. 2002.

The Nutcracker . By Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Chor. and Libretto by James Kudelka. Cond. Ormsby Wilkins and Uri Mayer. National Ballet of Canada. Hummingbird Centre, Toronto. 30 Dec. 1999.

Phantom of the Opera . By Andrew Lloyd Webber. Lyrics by Charles Hart. Dir. Harold Prince. Based on novel by Gaston Leroux. Pantages Theatre, Toronto. 20 Sept. 1998.

The Shanghai Acrobats . By Incredible! Acrobats of China. Living Arts Centre, Mississauga, ON. 4 Mar. 2005.

32. Radio, television:

Components: 1) Title of episode, underlined; or in quotes if appropriate. 2) Title of program, underlined. 3) Title of series. 4) Name of network. 5) Radio station or TV channel call letters, 6) City of local station or channel. 7) Broadcast date.

The CFRB Morning Show . By Ted Woloshyn. CFRB Radio, Toronto. 12 Sept. 2003.

Law and Order . Prod. Wolf Film, Universal Television. NBC Television Network. WHEC, Rochester, NY. 16 Oct. 2002.

“New Threat from Osama?” By Jim Stewart. CBS News . WBEN, Buffalo. 13 Nov. 2002.

“New York Museum Celebrates Life of Einstein.” By Martha Graybow. Reuters, New York. WBFO, Buffalo. 13 Nov. 2002.

“The Nightmare Drug.” By Bob McKeown, Linden MacIntyre, and Hana Gartner. The Fifth Estate . CBC, Toronto. 16 Oct. 2002.

“U.S.: Tape Sounds Like Bin Laden.” AP, Washington, DC. On Your Side . WGRZ-TV, Buffalo. 13 Nov. 2002.

33. Recording – Music CD, LP, magnetic tape:

Components: 1) Name of author, composer, singer, or editor. 2) Title of song (in quotation marks). 3) Title of recording (underlined). 4) Publication medium (LP, CD, magnetic tape, etc.). 5) Edition, release, or version. 6) Place of publication: Publisher, Date of publication. If citing from Internet.

Backstreet Boys. Larger than Life . Millennium. CD. Exclusive Management by The Firm, Los Angeles, CA. Mastered by Tom Coyne, Sterling Sound, NYC. Zomba, 1999.

Burch, Marilyn Reesor. Mosaic . CD. Writ., dir. and prod. Marilyn Reesor Burch. Choirs dir. Don and Catherine Robertson. Barrie, ON: Power Plant Recording Studio, n.d. or, Burch, Marilyn Reesor. Mosaic . CD. Writ., dir. and prod. Marilyn Reesor Burch. Choirs dir. Don and Catherine Robertson. Barrie, ON: Power Plant Recording Studio, [c. 1997].

Note: “n.d.” means “no date” available. [c. 1997] means “circa 1997.”

McDonald, Michael. No Lookin’ Back . LP. Prod. Michael McDonald and Ted Templeman. Engineered and mixed by Ross Pallone.

34. Software on floppy disk

ThinkPad ACP Patch for ThinkPad 600, 770, and 770E . Diskette. Vers. 1.0. IBM, 1998.

35. Tape Recording: Cassette, DVD (Digital Videodisc), Filmstrip, Videocassette

Covey, Stephen R. Living the 7 Habits: Applications and Insights . Cassette tape recording read by author. New York: Simon, Audio Div., 1995.

Ginger . Solid Ground. Cassette tape recording from album Far Out . Vancouver: Nettwerk, 1994.

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . Dir. Alfonso Cuar ó n. Based on novel by J.K. Rowling. Perf. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, and Emma Watson. DVD. Warner, 2004.

Jane Austen’s Emma . Videocassette. Meridian Broadcasting. New York: New Video Group, 1996.

Kicking & Screaming . Dir. Jesse Dylan. Writ. Leo Benvenuti and Steve Rudnick. Perf. Will Ferrell and Robert Duvall. DVD. Universal, 2005.

The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants . Dir. Ken Kwapis. Based on novel by Ann Brashares.Perf. Amber Tamblyn, America Ferrera, Blake Lively, and Alexis Bledel. DVD. Warner, Dungaree, 2005.

Super Searching the Web . Videocassette. Lancaster, PA: Classroom Connect, 1997.

The Wizard of Oz . Dir. Victor Fleming. Based on book by Lyman Frank Baum. Perf. Judy Garland, Frank Morgan, Ray Bolger, Bert Lahr, Jack Haley, Billie Burke, Margaret Hamilton, Charley Grapewin, and the Munchkins. MGM, 1939. VHS. Warner, 1999.

36.Unpublished dissertations, theses

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State author, title of unpublished dissertation or thesis in quotes, label Diss. or MA thesis, name of university, and year.

Elmendorf, James. “The Military and the Mall: Society and Culture in Long Beach, California.” BA thesis. Hampshire College, 1995.

Jackson, Marjorie. “The Oboe: A Study of Its Development and Use.” Diss. Columbia U, 1962.

Underline title if dissertation is published:

Chan, Marjorie K.M. Fuzhou Phonology: A Non-Linear Analysis of Tone and Stress . Diss. U of Washington, 1985.

Gregory, T.R. The C-Value Enigma . PhD thesis. U. of Guelph, ON, 2002.

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Academic literature on the topic 'Adult learning – South Africa'

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Adult learning – South Africa":

Coleman, Lynn. "Implementing lifelong learning at a Technikon in South Africa." University of Western Cape, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8497.

Ramlachan, Molly. "Social movement learning: collective, participatory learning within the Jyoti Jivanam Movement of South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4301.

Rhamachan, Molly. "Social movement learning: Collective,participatory learning within the jyoti jivanam movement of south Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4401.

Mackenzie, Elizabeth Anne. "Distant voices : a study of distance education text strategies in relation to adult learning styles." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17182.

Larney, Redewan. "ABET programmes at community learning centres in the Western Cape." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6055_1194348734.

The problem that gave rise to this study was to determine how Adult Basic Education and Training (ABET) was implemented in the Western Cape and to find answers to the question of " what exactly is the nature of the relationship between adult education and training" ?

Mathikithela, Maite Sara. "Towards effective programmes for the mentally disabled adults at Reakgona Adult Learning Centre." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/856.

Mennigke, Stuart Michael. "Reciprocal Learning among educators in two communities in KwaZulu- Natal." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8100_1256898488.

This research sets out to analyze the adult learning practices between two groups of secondary school teachers from historically differently resourced schools in the context of partnership. It seeks to test the nature of the partnership which exists between these schools, and exploe the nature of the learning which takes place between the teachers as adult learners. Reflections on the literature illustrate the issues surrounding the nature of learning among adult learners in shared community relationships. Methodologically this research is qualitative in nature , and has used the wider Social Responsibility Programme of St Agnes College as a field for interaction. Within that wider programme specifically, the mathematics partnership between Umdodo High School (UHS) and St Agnes was used for data colllection...

E, Forrester A. T. A. "Perspectives on literacy in support of lifelong learning." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52996.

Small, Janet. "Practitioner and institutional perspectives on lifelong learning at a South African university." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8220.

Donnelly, Martin Joseph Rhodes. "The effects of level and quality of education on a South African sample of English and African first language speakers, for WAIS-III digit symbol-incidental learning." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002474.

Books on the topic "Adult learning – South Africa":

Gobledale, Ana K. The learning spirit: Lessons from South Africa . St. Louis, Mo: Chalice Press, 1994.

Indabawa, Sabo Amin. The social context of adult learning in Africa . Cape Town, South Africa: Pearson Education and UNESCO, 2006.

Tilton, Douglas J. USAID in South Africa: Learning lessons, continuing debates . Washington, D.C: Africa Policy Information Center, 1996.

Magwaza, A. S. Child aggression in South Africa: Disappearance of child-adult boundaries . KwaDlangezwa, South Africa: University of Zululand, 1985.

Harley, Anne. A survey of adult basic education in South Africa in the 90s . Johannesburg: Sached Books, 1996.

Torres, Rosa María. Lifelong learning: A new momentum and a new opportunity for adult basic learning and education (ABLE) in the South . Bonn, Germany: Institute for International Cooperation of the German Adult Education Association (IIZ/DVV), 2003.

Christie, Pam. Opening the doors of learning: Changing schools in South Africa . Johannnesburg, South Africa: Heinemann, 2008.

Inman, Robert P. Federal institutions and the democratic transition: Learning from South Africa . Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008.

Dagada, Rabelani. Time, space and pace: Computer-integrated learning in corporate South Africa . Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2009.

Ramaru, J. Improving soil fertility management in South Africa: Learning through participatory extension approaches . London: IIED Drylands Programme, 2000.

Book chapters on the topic "Adult learning – South Africa":

Preece, Julia. "South African University Engagement: Lifelong Learning and ‘Socially Robust’ Knowledge." In The Palgrave International Handbook on Adult and Lifelong Education and Learning , 817–37. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55783-4_42.

Aitchison, John, and Peter Rule. "South Africa." In International Perspectives on Older Adult Education , 399–410. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24939-1_35.

Naicker, Inbanathan. "Developing School Principals in South Africa." In International Handbook of Leadership for Learning , 431–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1350-5_25.

Ramsarup, Presha. "Learning pathways into environmental specialisations." In Green Skills Research in South Africa , 81–96. New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429279362-6.

Venter, Elize, and Ulrich Oberprieler. "Zoo Programs in South Africa." In STEM and Social Justice: Teaching and Learning in Diverse Settings , 95–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56297-1_6.

Shizha, Edward, and Ali A. Abdi. "Adult Citizenship Education and Political Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa." In Learning with Adults , 341–54. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-335-5_26.

Coetzee-Van Rooy, Susan. "Motivation and Multilingualism in South Africa." In The Palgrave Handbook of Motivation for Language Learning , 471–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28380-3_23.

Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. "Second/Foreign Language Learning in South Africa." In Second and Foreign Language Education , 237–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02246-8_20.

Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. "Second/Foreign Language Learning in South Africa." In Second and Foreign Language Education , 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02323-6_20-1.

Kapoor, Dip. "Globalization, Dispossession, and Subaltern Social Movement (SSM) Learning in the South." In Global Perspectives on Adult Education , 71–92. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230617971_5.

Conference papers on the topic "Adult learning – South Africa":

Mangwegape, Bridget. "TEACHING SETSWANA PROVERBS AT THE INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING IN SOUTH AFRICA." In International Conference on Education and New Developments . inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end118.

"The Role of E-Learning in Tertiary Institutions." In Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa . EARES, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares.eph1117012.

Amanjee, Bashir, and Teresa Carmichael. "Cooperative learning amongst MBA students in South Africa." In 3rd Annual International Conference on Business Strategy and Organizational Behaviour (BizStrategy 2013) . Global Science and Technology Forum Pte Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-1970_bizstrategy13.33.

Cilliers, J. A., and I. Basson. "Distance learning for University Physics in South Africa." In The changing role of physics departments in modern universities . AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.53203.

Monamo, Patrick, Vukosi Marivate, and Bheki Twala. "Unsupervised learning for robust Bitcoin fraud detection." In 2016 Information Security for South Africa (ISSA) . IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issa.2016.7802939.

Masonta, Moshe T., Tlou M. Ramoroka, and Albert A. Lysko. "Using TV White Spaces and e-Learning in South African rural schools." In 2015 IST-Africa Conference . IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istafrica.2015.7190564.

Luggya, Simon Kiyingi, Ellen Kereng Luggya, and Melikhaya Skhephe. "TEACHER MOTIVATION ON SCHOOL PERFORMANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA." In 12th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies . IATED, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2020.2168.

Strydom, Kariena. "DIVERSITY CHALLENGES FOR FEMALE ACADEMICS IN SOUTH AFRICA." In 10th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies . IATED, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2018.0683.

"A Multi-Disciplinary Approach for Excellence in Research and Teaching and Learning in Higher Education." In Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa . EARES, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares.eph1117005.

"Approaches to the Evaluation of Teaching and Learning Methods at a University: Evidence from South Africa." In Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa . EARES, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares.eph1117016.

Reports on the topic "Adult learning – South Africa":

Inman, Robert, and Daniel Rubinfeld. Federal Institutions and the Democratic Transition: Learning from South Africa . Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13733.

McEwen, Hayley, and Ingrid Woolard. The changing dynamics of child grants in South Africa in the context of high adult mortality: a simulation to 2015 . Unknown, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii124.

Cilliers, Jacobus, Brahm Fleisch, Janeli Kotzé, Nompumelelo Mohohlwane, Stephen Taylor, and Tshegofatso Thulare. Can Virtual Replace In-person Coaching? Experimental Evidence on Teacher Professional Development and Student Learning in South Africa . Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/050.

Ndhlovu, Lewis, Catherine Searle, and Johannes van Dam. Strengthening STI treatment and HIV/AIDS prevention services in Carletonville, South Africa . Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv15.1001.

Brady, Martha, Saiqa Mullick, Barbara Friedland, Marlena Plagianos, Linda Du Plessis, and Thabiso Mango. Learning from women about HIV risk, HIV testing behaviors, and prevention practices in Mpumalanga, South Africa: A descriptive study to inform microbicides introduction . Population Council, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv8.1004.

The Africa Regional SGBV Network Learning Brief Series: Learning updates from South Africa (Brief #1) . Population Council, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh8.1017.

Social Capital in South Africa: A Data-Driven Learning Guide . Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/soccapsa.

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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Lev Vygotsky and His Cultural-historical Approach to Development

Introduction, vygotsky’s basic works.

Other Subject Areas

Forthcoming articles expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section.

Lev Vygotsky and His Cultural-historical Approach to Development by Vera John-Steiner LAST REVIEWED: 28 April 2017 LAST MODIFIED: 28 May 2013 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199791231-0128

The impact of the Russian psychologist L. S. Vygotsky on the study of children’s development happened only very slowly because cultural and political events interfered with an exchange of ideas between Russian and Western theorists. After his untimely death, his worldwide impact was aided by the publication of his writings in English and other languages. He is increasingly cited as a key figure of the 20th century in developmental psychology and related disciplines. Vygotsky was born in 1896 and spent his childhood in Gomel as a much loved son of a large nonreligious Russian Jewish family. As a young man he experienced World War I and various occupations occasioned by the world war and the Russian civil war. He possibly witnessed pogroms and, at the end of his life, political repression. These traumatic events affected Vygotsky deeply. During his university studies, he became increasingly interested in psychology. Subsequently, he taught in a public school in Gomel and began to think systematically about a new approach to the field of psychology. In 1924, he and his wife moved to Moscow. During the following decade Vygotsky worked closely with a group of young psychologists who shared his interests. His theoretical focus included human cognitive processes and the construction of social artifacts, such as language. In his voluminous writings, Vygotsky explored the active nature of young learners, their play and creativity, the importance of the distinction between lower (biologically rooted) functions and higher (meaning-oriented) activities, the relationships between learning and development and between thought and language. Vygotsky distinguished himself in constructing a system of cultural-historical concepts (CHAT) that are still being developed. The CHAT approach is but one of many interpretations of Vygotsky’s legacy, which has taken somewhat different forms in Western and non-Western scholarly communities. Some of his work was schematic due to his recurrent illness of tuberculosis. His best-known books are Thought and Language , the edited volume Mind in Society , and his Collected Works (six volumes). He died on 11 June 1934 in Moscow. The contemporary impact of his work is due, in part, to his focus on the development of processes rather than the measurement of maturational-driven outcomes. This dynamic approach to learning has been of particular importance to educators, who have used his ideas to create programs that support children’s active construction of knowledge and in which language plays a central role in educational growth.

The most authoritative and complete set of Vygotsky’s writings are in his Collected Works , which include a republication of Thought and Language (renamed Thinking and Speech ) in the first volume of the series (see Vygotsky 1987 ). The volumes are not chronologically presented. R. W. Rieber, the general editor, did not strictly follow the dates of the original Russian publications. The series was published in English by Plenum Press, New York. The contents of some of these volumes were drawn from different manuscripts, a number of them unpublished during Vygotsky’s life. The editors were guided by their goal to present a complete and cohesive collection of Vygotsky’s varied works. Each of the volumes is introduced by a specialist, who places the work into a more contemporary context. Jerome Bruner’s introduction to Volume 1 ( Vygotsky 1987 ) in which he analyzes Vygotsky’s experimental and analytic approach is a good example. Most readers focus on particular topics within the collected volumes, which include both short and manuscript-length text, and rely upon secondary sources to clarify a particularly complex theoretical analysis. In Volume 2 ( Vygotsky 1993 ), Vygotsky presents issues of special education that were of particular importance in the former Soviet Union in the 1920s. Vygotsky aimed to draft a general theory of psychology by bringing together a field that was fragmented into specific areas in Volume 3 ( Vygotsky 1997a ). He addresses this crisis in psychology as well as a number of topics, i.e., the problem of consciousness. He also introduces the works of Western psychologists to a Russian audience in Volume 3. The most predominant topic in Vygotsky’s broad scholarship is language. He approaches this subject in Volume 4 ( Vygotsky 1997b ) by focusing on the differences between the more basic functions (involuntary attention, concrete memory) and those that are constructed throughout the lifespan with the help of culturally developed artifacts. Volume 5 ( Vygotsky 1998 ) is divided into a section on childhood and a section on adolescence. The former explores the various crises, or turning points, that children experience in infancy, preschool, and school years. In the section on adolescence, thinking and creativity are among the topics covered by the author. In the last volume ( Vygotsky 1999 ), the topics range from tools and science in child development to emotions, including an interesting essay on the emotions of actors. Important themes cut across many of these volumes, which are challenging for the novice but essential for the specialist. The publication of Vygotsky’s selected writings, coedited by contemporary Vygotskian scholars— Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes ( Vygotsky 1978 ), provides a useful introduction to many of Vygotsky’s central ideas, including the zone of proximal development, his emphasis on methodology, and his essay on pre-writing, among others. It has been translated into many languages while also criticized for its partial presentation of Vygotsky’s rich legacy. Because he places strong emphasis on development, most of his work has implications for the study of children. Volume 5 is focused most specifically on child development.

Vygotsky, L. S. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes . Edited by Michael Cole, Vera John-Steiner, Silvia Scribner, and Ellen Souberman. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978.

This collection is a useful introduction of Vygotsky’s ideas to beginning scholars. Content ranges between his major theoretical writings on learning and development to play and the early mastery of writing. The book has been widely read in a number of translations, but it has also been criticized for its extensive editing aimed at making it accessible to contemporary Western readers.

Vygotsky, Lev S. Problems of General Psychology: Including the Volume Thinking and Speech (1934) . Vol. 1 of The Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky . Edited by Robert W. Rieber and Aaron S. Carton. Translated by Norris Minick. New York: Plenum, 1987.

This book includes Vygotsky’s classic study, Thought and Language , that first established his reputation. In addition, Volume 1 includes Lectures on Psychology . The topics range from perception to imagination in children. Originally published in Russian in 1932.

Vygotsky, Lev S. The Fundamentals of Defectology (Abnormal Psychology and Learning Disabilities) . Vol. 2 of The Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky . Edited by Robert W. Rieber and Aaron S. Carton. Translated by Jane E. Knox and Carol B. Stevens. New York: Plenum, 1993.

In this book, Vygotsky argues that a child whose development is impeded by a defect is not simply a child who is less developed than his peers but is a child who has developed differently. His orientation has become increasingly influential in the last several decades. Originally published in Russian in 1928.

Vygotsky, Lev S. Problems of the Theory and History of Psychology: Including the Chapter on the Crisis in Psychology . Vol.3 of The Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky . Edited by Robert W. Rieber and Jeffrey Wollock. Translated by Rene van der Veer. New York: Plenum, 1997a.

In this volume, Vygotsky proposes that out of the fragmentation of psychology a unified field needs to be developed. This volume is less relevant to child studies than the previous two. Originally published in Russian in 1930.

Vygotsky, Lev S. The History of the Development of the Higher Mental Functions . Vol. 4 of The Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky . Edited by Robert W. Rieber. Translated by Mary J. Hall. New York: Plenum, 1997b.

The development and structure of higher mental functions, including speech, literacy, and voluntary attention, are carefully explored in this volume. Vygotsky’s description of the prehistory of written language has been a particularly influential part of this set of essays. Originally published in Russian in 1931.

Vygotsky, Lev S. Child Psychology . Vol. 5 of The Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky . Edited by Robert W. Rieber. Translated by Mary J. Hall. New York: Plenum, 1998.

The focus on the different phases of children’s development is presented in this volume together with Vygotsky’s emphasis on the crucial role of social relations. In the part on adolescence he includes discussions on concept formation, personality, and creativity. Originally published in Russian in 1930–1931.

Vygotsky, Lev S. Scientific Legacy: Including Tool and Sign in the Development of the Child (1930) and Teaching about Emotions (1933) . Vol. 6 of The Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky . Edited by Robert W. Rieber. Translated by Mary J. Hall. Historical Psychological Studies. New York: Plenum, 1999.

Vygotsky develops his theory about language and consciousness and the role of internalization. Ideas that first appear here are fully expanded in Thinking and Speech ( Vygotsky 1987 ). There is an extensive discussion of the James-Lange theory of emotion and of Spinoza’s ideas, but Vygotsky died before he was able to present his own contributions to the subject. Originally published in Russian in 1930.

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