the 7 literary standards

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What Are the Seven Literary Standards?

Outside of school, you probably read for enjoyment, and your favorites could include everything from comic books to the masterpieces of William Shakespeare. Your preferences are your own, but from an academic perspective, some written works are certainly viewed as higher quality than others. Based on criteria developed by author William J. Long in English Literature: Its History and Its Significance for the Life of the English-Speaking World , seven literary elements determine whether a specific work is literary — which translates as quality literature. 

A written work must contain all seven standards to be considered literary. Most works that are considered literary are scholarly articles or classical pieces of writing that are exceptionally well-written and informative. Literary writing is often intellectual and features various hidden meanings and thought-provoking ideas. These pieces sometimes continue to provoke new thoughts and ideas when read again. Let’s take a look at what it takes to qualify.

Get to Know the Seven Literary Standards

Writer William J. Long developed the seven literary standards used to determine if a piece of writing is literary in 1909. The seven characteristics are artistry, suggestiveness, intellectual value, spiritual value, permanence, universality and style.

A rtistry describes literature that is aesthetically appealing and reveals or conveys hidden truth and beauty. This type of literature appeals to broad audiences and possesses a sense of beauty in the writing that could even feel poetic.

A suggestive piece of literature relies on emotional power to convey nuances, symbolism, implied meanings, imagery and messages. The power of suggestion allows the work to inspire and provoke thoughts and understanding beyond the actual words written on the page.

I ntellectual value takes readers into a bit of a gray area as they may have different opinions about what qualifies as intellectual, but from an academic point of view, intellectual works are relevant to society and thought provoking. Literature with intellectual value promotes critical thinking that enhances both abstract and reason-based thought processes and makes readers focus on the fundamental truths of life and nature.

Literature with spiritual value lifts up the inner spirit and soul and has the power to motivate and inspire readers. It typically draws on the suggested lessons and moral codes of society that are depicted in various literary genres.

P ermanence is determined by a written work’s ability to stand the test of time, which makes it impossible to determine at the moment of writing. Novels that continue to be read over and over again across decades, either for enjoyment or for fresh insights and ideas, meet this criteria. Many novels enjoy initial popularity but ultimately fade into obscurity with time, failing the permanence test.

U niversality describes a piece of writing that appeals to the hearts and minds of almost any reader. The appeal is considered universal due to its ability to cross gender, racial and cultural barriers, regardless of the time it’s written.

S tyle refers to the distinct way the author expresses his or her thoughts. Words can be used in unique, creative and entertaining ways that make the work memorable. Style is another element that is subject to interpretation by readers in terms of its appeal.

Qualifying as “Good” Literature

The seven literary standards determine whether a piece of work is considered literary, but you won’t find any set guidance or standards when it comes to determining if a piece of literature is “good.” From inspirational characters to compelling plots to thought provoking themes, different characteristics in a written work play a huge role in determining whether the read is enjoyable and worthy of your time or merely worthy of boring you to tears. 

Aside from the actual creation of characters in a story, the way those characters develop throughout the story are equally crucial to holding readers’ attention. Proper character development means drawing in readers from the beginning and then holding their attention for the rest of the story. Plots can also make or break a story. The most intriguing plots contain events that are exciting, interesting and close to real-life experiences. Vivid and intriguing world-building — the creation of a unique world in readers’ minds — is another hallmark feature of a great piece of literature.

The Complexities of Literary Universals

A literary universal is a feature within a work that recurs too frequently to be considered chance, but it isn’t related genetically or by area. These features could include relationships or other properties. Literary universals take two primary forms: absolute and statistical. An absolute universal consists of a feature that is found in every tradition, such as the creation of some type of art. In contrast, a statistical universal is a feature only found in some traditions, such as the creation of a specific type of art like pointillism.

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The following criteria are suggested and used by literary bards, pundits and critics around the world to evaluate a literary piece. Here are The 7 Literary Standards of Literature that makes a Literary Piece Good:

1. Artistry - a quality which appeals to our sense of beauty.

2. Intellectual Beauty - each literary pieces must stimulate thought. These should enrich our mental life by making us realize about the fundamental truths towards life and human nature.

3. Suggestiveness - this is the quality relevant to the emotional power of literature to make us feel deeply and stir our imagination. It should trigger and evoke visions above and beyond the plane of ordinary life experiences.

4. Spiritual Value - a literary work must elevate the spirit within us by bringing our moral values into the realm of the physical world. It should present moral values necessary for us to reflect and eventually inspire us to become a better person.

5. Permanence - a great literary work endures and can be read again as each readings gives fresh delights and new insights. It should not be ephemeral or merely a passing hype to the audience; it should be long-lasting.

6. Universality - a great literary work is timeless and timely. It is forever relevant, it appeals to one and all, anytime, and anywhere because it deals with an array of

individual's perceptions as well as orientations toward fundamental truths and universal conditions.

7. Style - it is peculiar way in which a writer sees life, form his or her ideas expresses them. Great works are marked as much by their memorable substances as by their distinctive style.

A particular literary piece must possess these seven literary standards in order to be called a peerless epitome of artwork capable of enduring the inexorable gusty tides of alteration. To criticize it is to consider the seven literary standards. Be critical. Ask yourself once in a while. Does it move you?

Does it tickle your imaginations? What does it suggest?

What moral lessons can be drawn out?

Would it still be read and make a good reference hundreds of years from now? Does it possess multifaceted natures for all sorts of audience?

General Types of Literature

Literature can generally be divided into two types; prose and poetry. Prose consists of those written within the common flow of conversation in sentences and paragraphs, while poetry refers to those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and stanza and has a more melodious tone.

There are many types of prose. These include novels or biographies, short stories, contemporary dramas, legends, fables, essays, anecdotes, news and speeches.

1. Novel. This is a long narrative divided into chapters. The events are taken from true-to-life stories…and span a long period of time. There are many characters involved. Example: WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN by Steven Javallena.

2. Short Story. This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one single impression. Example: THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER by Carlos Bulosan.

3. Plays. This is presented on a stage, is divided into acts and each act has many scenes. Example: THIRTEEN PLAYS by Wilfredo M. Guerrero.

4. Legends. These are fictitious narrative, usually about origins. Example: THE BIKOL LEGEND by Pio Duran.

5. Fables. These are also fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate thins who speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes. Example: THE MONKEY AND THE TURTLE. 6. Anecdotes. These are merely products of the writer’s imagination and the main aim is to

bring out lessons to the reader. It can be stories about animals or children. Example: THE MOTH AND THE LAMP.

7. Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event. The best example of this is the Editorial page of a newspaper

8. Biography. This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his autobiography or that of others. Example: CAYETANO ARELLANO by Socorro O. Albert

9. News. This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science and industry, and accidents, happening nationally or not.

10. Oration. This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public. It appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the audience.

There are three types of poetry and these are the following:

1. Narrative Poetry. This form describes important events in life either real or imaginary. The different varieties are:

 Epic. This is an extended narrative about heroic exploits often under supernatural control. Example: THE HARVEST SONG OF ALIGUYON translated in

 Metrical Tale. This is a narrative which is written in verse and can be classified either as a ballad or a metrical romance. Examples: BAYANI NG BUKID by Al Pere

 Ballads. Of the narrative poems, this is considered the shortest and simplest. It has a simple structure and tells of a single incident. There are also variations of these: love ballads, war ballads, and sea ballads, humorous, moral, and historical or mythical ballads. In the early time, this referred to a song accompanying a dance.

2. Lyric Poetry. Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings of the poet. They are usually short, simple and easy to understand.

 Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). These are short poems intended to be sung. The common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow. Example: CHIT-CHIRIT-CHIT

 Sonnets. This is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling, or an idea. These are two types: the Italian and the Shakespearean. Example:

SANTANG BUDS by Alfonso P. Santos

 Elegy. This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and melancholy, and whose theme is death. Example: THE LOVER’S DEATH by Ricaredo Demetillo

 Ode. This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite number of syllables or definite number of lines in a stanza.

 Psalms (Dalit). This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life.

 Awit (Song). These have measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria. Example:

FLORANTE AT LAURA by Franciso Balagtas

 Corridos (Kuridos). These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited to a martial beat. Example: IBONG ADARNA

3. Dramatic Poetry

 Comedy. The word comedy comes from the Greek term “komos” meaning festivity or revelry. This form usually is light and written with the purpose of amusing, and usually has a happy ending.

 Melodrama. This is usually used in musical plays with the opera. Today, this is related to tragedy just as the farce is to comedy. It arouses immediate and intense emotion and is usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character.

 Tragedy. This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he meets death or ruin without success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in a comedy.

 Farce. This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines; situations are too ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be caricatures and the motives undignified and absurd.

 Social Poems. This form is either purely comic or tragic and it pictures the life of today. It may aim to bring about changes in the social conditions.

http://easyliteraturewithtaj.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-literary-standards-of-literature.html http://bihirangpanitikangpilipino.blogspot.com/2013/07/types-of-literature.html

ALBANI, Iman J. CALLANGA, Kamar H. HASHIM, Thidzrada Jane S.

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The Theatre of War pp 221–228 Cite as

Literary Standards

• Heinz Kosok  

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Writing about literature regularly entails making value judgements. While the newspaper review of a play in performance will usually be openly, often blatantly, judgemental, a reference to the same play in a historical study may be more guarded, perhaps even sublimated in its subtlety, but in both cases the evaluation will be based on a set of criteria that the writer considers essential to determine the play’s quality. Even the process of selection, for instance in a literary history, is subject to value decisions, and when, in a study like the present, one play is discussed at some length while another is dismissed in a single sentence, this is clearly due to judgements based on certain standards. While such criteria are not always openly declared and have to be guessed at between the lines, while, moreover, the critic may not even be fully aware of them, they are nonetheless implicit in every literary judgement.

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Kosok, H. (2007). Literary Standards. In: The Theatre of War. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230590649_32

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