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The World Drug Report 2021: UNODC

The World Drug Report 2021: UNODC Source : United Nations GS III : Internal Security

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• AboutThe World Drug Report 2021: UNODC

What are the socio economic impact over drug use ?

Indian and drug use and regulations, why in news .

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) recently released its annual report provides an overview of global drug markets, as well as their impact on people’s health and livelihoods.

• The report named as World Drug Report 2021.
• The launch of the 2021 World Drug Report comes ahead of the International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking , observed on 26 June.
• The 2021 theme of the UNODC-led campaign is “Share facts on drugs, save lives” to achieve a world free of drug abuse.

• Roughly 200 million people used cannabis in 2019 representing 4 per cent of the global population.
• The number of cannabis users has increased by nearly 18 per cent over the past decade.
• An estimated 20 million people used cocaine in 2019, corresponding to 0.4 per cent of the global population.
• Roughly 50,000 people died from opioid overdoses in the United States in 2019, more than double the 2010 figure.
• Fentanyl and its analogues now are involved in most of the deaths.
• The number in global level has been stabilizing in recent years at slightly more than 500 substances (541 in 2019)
• Actual number of NPS identified for the first time at global level declined from 213 to 71 between 2013 and 2019.
• These findings suggest national and international control systems have succeeded in limiting the spread of NPS in high income countries, where the trend first emerged a decade ago.
• A rise in the use of technology during the pandemic has also triggered innovation in drug prevention and treatment services.
• Two pharmaceutical opioids used to treat people with opioid use disorders methadone and buprenorphine have become increasingly accessible, as science-based treatment has become more broadly available.
• Has greatly exacerbated unemployment and inequalities, as the world lost 255 million jobs in 2020.
• Mental health conditions are also on the rise worldwide and these factors have the potential to spur a rise in drug use disorders.
• Underlying socioeconomic stressors have also likely accelerated demand for these drugs.
• India has always taken a firm stand against drug trafficking and drug use.
• Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS Act) , illegal for any person to produce/ manufacture/cultivate, possess, sell, purchase, transport, store, and/or consume any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance.
• To the whole of India
• Applies to all Indian citizens outside India
• All persons on ships and aircraft registered in India.
• Also have the mandate of controlling drug trafficking.

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The World Drug Report 2021: UNODC

• June 28, 2021

UPSC Articles

Part of : GS Prelims and GS-II – health and GS-III – Linkage of organised crime with Terrorism

• Recently, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), in its World Drug Report 2021, has highlighted that the lockdown restrictions during Covid-19 have accelerated drug trafficking using the Internet.

Key findings of the report

• Between 2010-2019, the number of people using drugs increased by 22%, owing in part to an increase in the global population.
• Around 275 million people used drugs worldwide last year, while over 36 million people suffered from drug use disorders.
• Opioids continue to account for the largest burden of disease attributed to drug use.
• A rise in the non-medical use of pharmaceutical drugs was also observed during the coronavirus pandemic.
• In the last 24 years, cannabis potency had increased as much as four times in some parts, even as the percentage of adolescents who perceived the drug as harmful fell by as much as 40%.
• Access to drugs has also become simpler than ever with online sales, and major drug markets on the dark web are now worth some $315 million annually.
• In Asia, China and India are mainly linked to shipment of drugs sold on the 19 major darknet markets analysed over 2011-2020.

About United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

• It was established in 1997 and was named as a United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in 2002.
• It acts as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention by combining the United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division of the United Nations Office at Vienna.

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• Post author: IAS ABHIYAN
• Post published: June 27, 2021
• Post category: Daily Current Affairs for UPSC / Mains Current Affairs for UPSC / Reports and Indices / Society & Social Issues
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Recently, the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime in Vienna has released World Drug Report 2021.

The un general assembly, on december 7, 1987, decided to mark june 26 as the international day against drug abuse and illicit trafficking., key findings of world drug report 2021.

• Around 275 million people used drugs worldwide last year , while over 36 million people suffered from drug use disorders.
• In Asia, China and India are the most frequently mentioned countries linked to shipment of drugs sold on the 19 major darknet markets analysed over 2011-2020.
• Access to drugs has also become simpler than ever with online sales, and major drug markets on the dark web are now worth some $315 million annually. Contactless transactions, such as through the mail, are also on the rise, a trend possibly accelerated by the pandemic.
• About 5.5% of those between 15 and 64 have used drugs at least once in the past year, while 36.3 million people, or 13% of the total number of people who use drugs, suffer from drug use disorders.
• 42% said cannabis use had increased. A rise in the non-medical use of pharmaceutical drugs was also observed in the same period.
• In the last 24 years, cannabis potency had increased as much as four times in some parts , even as the percentage of adolescents who perceived the drug as harmful fell by as much as 40%.
• Lower perception of drug use risks has been linked to higher rates of drug use, and the findings of UNODC’s 2021 World Drug Report highlight the need to close the gap between perception and reality to educate young people and safeguard public health.
• Globally, over 11 million people are estimated to inject drugs, half of whom are living with Hepatitis C. Opioids continue to account for the largest burden of disease attributed to drug use.
• There is a rise in larger shipments of illicit drugs and frequency of overland routes used for trafficking.
• Private planes are being increasingly used for drug trafficking, and even contactless methods have risen to deliver drugs.

Back to Basics

Golden Triangle

• The notorious Golden Triangle represents the region coinciding with the rural mountains of Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand. It is Southeast Asia’s main opium-producing region and one of the oldest narcotics supply routes to Europe and North America. With a 1643km long border with Myanmar, India has been at risk for the longest time, even before the emergence of Golden Crescent.
• States of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland share their border with Myanmar. Drugs including opium, heroin, methamphetamine and many more are smuggled from Myanmar into the northeast. Also, drugs illicitly cultivated in India travel through the same route for trade. Drugs produced in the ‘Golden Triangle’ enter India through Mizoram, Manipur, and Nagaland from Bhamo, Lashio, and Mandalay in Myanmar. The route bifurcates and one channel moves northwards through Moreh in Manipur while other moves southwards to enter Champai in Mizoram. Moreh (Manipur), Champai (Mizoram), Dimapur (Nagaland), and Guwahati (Assam) have become the nucleus of drug trafficking industry in India’s northeast.

Golden Crescent

• The name given to one of Asia’s two principal areas of illicit opium production (with the other being the Golden Triangle), located at the crossroads of Central, South, and Western Asia.
• This space overlaps three nations, Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan, whose mountainous peripheries define the crescent.

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Back to main page, unodc world drug report 2021.

• Published on: 26-Jun-21

Key highlights

• Around 275 million people used drugs worldwide in 2020.
• Between 2010-2019 the number of people using drugs increased by 22 per cent, owing in part to global population growth.
• About 5.5 per cent of the population aged between 15 and 64 years have used drugs at least once in the past year.
• 36.3 million people, or 13 per cent of the total number of persons who use drugs, suffer from drug use disorders.
• Most countries have reported a rise in the use of cannabis during the pandemic.
• A rise in the non-medical use of pharmaceutical drugs has also been observed in the same period.
• The two pharmaceutical opioids commonly used to treat people with opioid use disorders, methadone and buprenorphine, have become increasingly accessible over the past two decades.
• Drug markets on the dark web are now worth at least US$ 315 million in annual sales.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

• The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention.
• It was created by combining the United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division in the United Nations Office.
• It publishes World Drug Report annually that presents a comprehensive assessment of the international drug problem.

Main issues that UNODC deals with

• Alternative Development, anti-corruption, Criminal Justice, Prison Reform and Crime Prevention, Drug Prevention, -Treatment and Care, HIV and AIDS, Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling, Money Laundering, Organized Crime, Piracy, Terrorism Prevention.

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The World Drug Report 2021

Recently, the   United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) , in its  World Drug Report 2021 , has highlighted that the lockdown restrictions during  Covid-19  have accelerated drug trafficking using the Internet.

Key Highlights World Drug Report 2021:

• As per the report, 36 million people suffered from drug use disorders.
• In last 24 years, cannabis potency had increased by four times in some parts of the globe.
• Percentage of adolescents who perceived drug as harmful has reduced by 40 per cent.
• Despite that, cannabis use is associated with a variety of health and other harms, particularly among regular long-term users.
• Drug Report highlight the need to close gap between perception and reality to educate young people about harmful effects of drugs and safeguard public health.
• Percentage of Δ9-THC, main psychoactive component in cannabis, has increased from six per cent to 11 per cent in Europe between 2002-2019.

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC ) :

UNODC is a  United Nations  office that was established in 1997 as the  Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention  by combining the  United Nations International Drug Control Program  ( UNDCP ) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division in the  United Nations Office at Vienna . and was renamed the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 2002.

The agency’s focus is the trafficking in and abuse of illicit drugs, crime prevention and  criminal justice , international terrorism, and political corruption. It is a member of the  United Nations Development Group . In 2016–2017 it had an estimated biannual budget of US$700 million.

• It was established in 1997 and was named as a United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in 2002.
• It acts as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention by combining the United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division of the United Nations Office at Vienna.

Cannabis is More Potent but Fewer Young People See it as Harmful:

• The major psychoactive constituent in cannabis, Δ9-THC, is responsible for the development of mental health disorders, in the long-term.

Which age group is vulnerable?

As per the latest report, about 5.5 percent of population aged 15 and 64 years have used drugs at least once in 2020. While, 36.3 million people (13% of total number of persons who use drugs) suffered with drug use disorders.

Reasons for Increase in Drug Use:

• It is driven in part by a  rise in the use of technology and cryptocurrency payments , operating outside the regular financial system.
• Contactless drug transactions , such as through the mail, are also on the rise, a trend possibly accelerated by the pandemic.
• Vendors play a cat-and-mouse game with law enforcement  by marketing their products as “research chemicals” or advertising “custom synthesis”.

Vulnerability of India

• India is vulnerable to the trafficking of narcotics as it is sandwiched between the  ‘Golden Crescent’ and the ‘Golden Triangle’ , the major opium production regions in the world.
• The Golden Crescent region of the South comprises Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. The Golden Triangle is the area where the borders of Thailand, and meet at the confluence of the Ruak and Mekong rivers.

Relate International Initiatives

• International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking  is celebrated every year on 26 th  June.
• Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961.
• The Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971.
• India is a signatory to all three  and has enacted the  Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985.

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The World Drug Report 2021: UNODC

The world drug report 2021: unodc:.

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), in its World Drug Report 2021, has highlighted that the lockdown restrictions during Covid-19 have accelerated drug trafficking using the Internet.

• By drugs, the Report refers to substances controlled under international drug control conventions, and their non-medical use.

Data Analysis:

• Between 2010-2019, the number of people using drugs increased by 22%, owing in part to an increase in the global population.
• Around 275 million people used drugs worldwide last year, while over 36 million people suffered from drug use disorders. Opioids continue to account for the largest burden of disease attributed to drug use.
• A rise in the non-medical use of pharmaceutical drugs was also observed during the coronavirus pandemic.

Cannabis is More Potent but Fewer Young People See it as Harmful:

• In the last 24 years, cannabis potency had increased as much as four times in some parts, even as the percentage of adolescents who perceived the drug as harmful fell by as much as 40%.
• The major psychoactive constituent in cannabis, Δ9-THC, is responsible for the development of mental health disorders, in the long-term.
• Reason: Aggressive marketing of cannabis products and promotion through social-media channels.

Rising Web-based Sales Could Transform Global Drug Use Patterns:

• Access to drugs has also become simpler than ever with online sales, and major drug markets on the dark web are now worth some $315 million annually.
• In Asia, China and India are mainly linked to shipment of drugs sold on the 19 major darknet markets analysed over 2011-2020.
• Cannabis dominates drug transactions on Dark web and on clear web involves sale of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) and substances used in the manufacture of synthetic drugs.

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World drug report 2021, bibliographic reference.

• Author: UNODC
• Publication Year: 2021
• City: Vienna
• Publisher: United Nations
• Original language: English
• Date accessed: 2022-06-02

©United Nations, June 2021. All rights reserved worldwide.

Consisting of five separate booklets, the  World Drug Report 2021  provides an in-depth analysis of the global drug markets and paints a comprehensive picture of the measurable effects and potential impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the world drug problem.

The  World Drug Report 2021  is aimed not only at fostering greater international cooperation to counter the impact of the world drug problem on health, governance and security, but also, with its special focus on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, at assisting Member States in anticipating and addressing challenges that may arise in the near future.

Attachments

• WDR21_ Booklet_ 1.pdf
• WDR21_ Booklet_ 1_ takeaways.pdf
• WDR21_ Booklet1_ AR.pdf
• WDR21_ Booklet1_ CN.pdf
• WDR21_ Booklet1_ ES.pdf
• WDR21_ Booklet1_ FR.pdf
• WDR21_ Booklet1_ RU.pdf
• WDR21_ Booklet_ 2.pdf
• WDR21_ Booklet_ 3.pdf
• WDR21_ Booklet_ 4.pdf
• WDR21_ Booklet_ 5.pdf
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• UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)’s released World Drug Report 2022.

Highlights of the report

• Cocaine manufacture was at a record high in 2020, growing 11 per cent from 2019 to 1,982 tons. 
• Cocaine seizures also increased, despite the Covid-19 pandemic, to a record 1,424 tons in 2020. 
• Seizure data suggest that cocaine trafficking is expanding to other regions outside the main markets of North America and Europe, with increased levels of trafficking to Africa and Asia.
• Opium production worldwide grew seven per cent between 2020 and 2021 to 7,930 tons – predominantly due to an increase in production in Afghanistan.
• In many countries in Africa and South and Central America, the largest proportion of people in treatment for drug use disorders are there primarily for cannabis use disorders. 
• In Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and in Central Asia, people are most often in treatment for opioid use disorders.
• In the United States and Canada, overdose deaths, predominantly driven by an epidemic of the non-medical use of fentanyl, continue to break records.
• Great inequality remains in the availability of pharmaceutical opioids for medical consumption.
• Report also highlights that illicit drug economies can flourish in situations of conflict and where the rule of law is weak, and in turn can prolong or fuel conflict.
• Information from the Middle East and South-East Asia suggest that conflict situations can act as a magnet for the manufacture of synthetic drugs, which can be produced anywhere. 
• There was a significant increase in the number of reported clandestine laboratories in Ukraine, skyrocketing from 17 dismantled laboratories in 2019 to 79 in 2020. 
• Illicit drug markets, according to the 2022 World Drug Report , can have local, community or individual-level impacts on the environment. 
• Key findings include that the carbon footprint of indoor cannabis is between 16 and 100 times more than outdoor cannabis on average and that the footprint of 1 kilogram of cocaine is 30 times greater than that of cocoa beans.
• Other environmental impacts include substantial deforestation associated with illicit coca cultivation , waste generated during synthetic drug manufacture and the dumping of waste which can affecting soil, water and air directly, as well as organisms, animals and the food chain indirectly.

Drug Trafficking in India

• For the last three decades India has become a transit hub as well as a destination for heroin and hashish produced in the  Golden Triangle  and the  Golden Crescent . 
• In addition, various psychotropic and pharmaceutical preparations and precursor chemicals produced domestically as well as in various parts of the world are also trafficked through Indian Territory. 
• The two-way illegal flow of these drugs and chemicals not only violates India’s borders, but also poses a significant threat to national security .
• India has been a traditional consumer of opium and various cannabis derivatives (bhang, marijuana/ganja and hashish). 
• These narcotics were mostly consumed for medicinal purposes , for recreation or during religious and social ceremonies. 
• Earlier, almost all the demands for these drugs were met locally . 
• Only a small quantity of hashish was smuggled in from Nepal and Pakistan.

Different drug trafficking patterns 

India-Pakistan border: 

• The proximity of the India-Pakistan border to the Golden Crescent’ , the largest producer of opium and cannabis in the world, has made it vulnerable to the trafficking of heroin and hashish.  

India-Nepal border: 

• Hashish and marijuana/ganja are the two cannabis derivatives that have been traditionally trafficked from Nepal into India. 
• Lately, a growing demand for Nepalese and Bhutanese cannabis in India and a corresponding demand for codeine based pharmaceutical preparations as well as low-grade heroin in Nepal and Bhutan have resulted in two way smuggling of narcotics and drugs through the India-Nepal and India-Bhutan borders.

India-Myanmar border: 

• Proximity of the India-Myanmar border to the Golden Triangle ‘, growing demand for drugs among the local population in the North eastern states, political instability and insecurity brought about by numerous insurgencies in the region as well as a porous and poorly guarded border provided a proliferating environment for traffickers to smuggle heroin and psychotropic substances into the country through the India-Myanmar border. 

India-Bangladesh border: 

• The India-Bangladesh border has been susceptible to smuggling of various kinds of drugs ranging from heroin, marijuana/ganja, hashish, brown sugar, cough syrups, etc. 
• High demand for codeine based cough syrups in Bangladesh, a highly porous border, dense settlement along the border, and strong trans-border ethnic ties contribute towards drug trafficking along the India-Bangladesh border.

Approach to reduce supply as well as demand for narcotics and drugs

• India has adopted a comprehensive approach of reducing supply as well as demand for narcotics and drugs. The approach comprises four elements:
• first, enacting legislation;
• second, ensuring physical security of the borders and coasts;
• third, eliciting cooperation from neighbours and;
• fourth , co-operating with voluntary organizations in the national endeavour to prevent abuse of narcotics and synthetic drugs.

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UNODC World Drug Report 2023

Facts for pcrelims (ffp).

Source: UNODC

  Context: The UNODC World Drug Report 2023 (a yearly report) highlights the expanding illicit drug markets and the challenges they pose to health service s and law enforcement.

Key findings:

• Over 296 million people worldwide used drugs in 2021, a 23% increase over the past decade.
• The increasing dominance of synthetic drugs , such as methamphetamine , and fentanyl which have transformed illicit drug markets due to their low cost and ease of production.
• Drug use disorder cases have surged by 45% in the last ten years
• Accelerated environmental devastation and crime caused by drug trafficking in the Amazon Basin.
• Only one in five individuals with drug use disorders received treatment in 2021, with significant regional disparities in access to treatment
• Illicit drug economies exacerbate conflicts, human rights abuses, and environmental devastation.
• Illicit drug economies accelerate conflicts, human rights abuses , and environmental devastation
• Illicit drug trade finances non-state armed and insurgency groups in the Sahel region. Prioritizing public health in regulating med

On South Asia:

The opium ban in Afghanistan had a positive result, but concerns remain about the production of synthetic drugs. Also, farmers’ income has suffered in Afghanistan due to the Opium ban by the Taliban.

Recommendations:

• The report calls for increased monitoring of public health impacts as regulatory changes and clinical trials involving psychedelics progress.
• Prioritizing public health, prevention, and access to treatment services worldwide to ensure that drug challenges do not leave more people behind.

About UNODC:  

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (est. 1997; HQ: Vienna) focuses on the trafficking and abuse of illicit drugs, crime prevention and criminal justice, international terrorism, and political corruption. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group.

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Current Affairs for UPSC IAS

World drug report 2023.

• Category Polity & Governance
• Published 7th Jul, 2023

Recently, the World Drug Report 2023 was launched by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC ).

Key Highlights:

• New estimates of people who inject drugs are higher than previously estimated as treatment services and other interventions fall short, including for record numbers of displaced people due to humanitarian crises.
• About 18 per cent increase has been observed in people consuming drugs, higher than previously estimated.
• Globally, over 296 million people used drugs in 2021, an increase of 23 per cent over the previous decade.
• “ Cheap and easy” synthetics changing drug markets was found.
• Drug trafficking accelerated environmental devastation and crime in the Amazon Basin.
• More monitoring of public health impacts needed amid rapid regulatory changes and clinical trials with psychedelics was poor.
• The report also highlights how social and economic inequalities drive – and are driven by – drug challenges; the environmental devastation and human rights abuses caused by illicit drug economies; and the rising dominance of synthetic drugs .  
• In Africa, 70 per cent of people in treatment are under the age of 35.

What are Drugs?

• They are chemical substances that affect the normal functioning of the body and/or brain .
• Not all drugs are illegal. For example, caffeine (found in coffee or Coca-Cola), nicotine (in cigarettes) and alcohol are all technically legal drugs.
• Medicines, whether prescribed by a doctor or available over the counter at pharmacies, are legal drugs to help us recover from illnesses, although they can also be abused.

Drug menace in India:

• The golden triangle area comprises Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam and Laos .
• The golden crescent area includes Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran .
• India is one of the world's single largest opiate markets in terms of users and would likely be vulnerable to increased supply.
• This is because of the intensification of trafficking in opiates originating in Afghanistan may be taking place eastwards, in addition to southwards and westwards along the traditional Balkan route.

Why controlling drug menace is difficult?

• Over the counter and easy availability
• Porous international borders
• Detached lifestyles : loss of morals and family support
• Variation in Drug control Policy: Cultivation and sale of opium poppy husk is legal in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, accounting for the presence of these two substances in abundance in the districts near Rajasthan, such as Bathinda, Fazilka and Mansa.
• There is hardly any coordination among the police, the BSF, and the state and central intelligence agencies for curbing the problem.

Efforts to combat drug problem :

• The NDPS Act has since been amended thrice – in 1988, 2001 and 2014.
• The Act extends to the whole of India and it applies also to all Indian citizens outside India and to all persons on ships and aircraft registered in India.
• Nasha Mukt Bharat : The ‘Nasha Mukt Bharat’, or Drug-Free India Campaign which focuses on community outreach programs.
• National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR) is an umbrella scheme of the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment (MoSJ&E) under which financial assistance is provided to State Governments/ Union Territory (UT) Administrations for Preventive Education and Awareness Generation.
• United Nations (UN) Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961)
• UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971)
• UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988)
• UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 2000.

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