turabian annotated bibliography generator

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Free Turabian Citation Generator

Generate accurate Turabian citations quickly and easily, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Turabian Citation Generator?

A Turabian citation generator is a software tool that can automatically create academic citations in the Turabian citation style.

It will usually request key details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official Turabian style guide.

Formatted Turabian citations created by a generator can be used to give credit to others' work that you reference in your own.

🤓 What is the Turabian citation style?

The Turabian citation style is largely based on the Chicago style, but aims to be simpler for students who are not writing for publication. It was created by Kate Turabian, and the rules are published in the Manual for Writers .

The Manual for Writers specifies how to research and compose an academic paper, and includes guidelines to:

• Design a strong research question
• Construct an evidence-based argument
• Structure academic papers in a logical way
• Cite sources (this is the part we can help with!)

Like Chicago, there are two ways to cite sources in Turabian style: 'notes and bibliography', and 'author-date'--your instructor will usually tell you which one to use. More information about the differences between the two can be found in the official Citation Quick Guide .

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Turabian Citation Generator?

Turabian is mostly used by students studying the humanities, literature, history, arts, and also across the sciences. Students in these areas looking to manage and correctly cite their sources will use a Turabian Citation Generator to aid them.

🙌 Why should I use an Turabian Citation Generator?

Every academic field will recommend using a tool to record the sources cited in your writing. A citation generator like MyBib can store this data, and can also automatically create an accurate Turabian style bibliography or reference list from it (including the necessary in-text citations too), which should be appended to your document.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Turabian Citation Generator?

MyBib's Turabian citation generator was designed to be fast and easy to use. Follow these steps:

• Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page.
• Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work.
• Make sure the details are correct, and fix any that are not. Then click Generate!

The generator will produce a formatted Turabian citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall bibliography or reference list (which can be downloaded fully later!).

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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BibGuru Turabian Citation Generator

Cite websites, books, articles, ...

What is a Turabian citation generator and how can it help you?

Getting citations and reference lists correctly done can be very confusing and time-consuming.

The good news is that our Turabian citation generator can do it automatically for you and it is FREE to use! 🎉

The Turabian style is a simplified version of the Chicago citation style. Just like the Chicago citation style, Turabian comes in two variations: note and bibliography and author-date.

Not convinced yet? Here are 5 reasons why you are going to love the BibGuru Turabian citation maker :

😌 No flood of distracting ads

👌 Simple and intuitive interface

🎓 Turabian, APA, MLA, Chicago and thousands of other citation styles

🥇 Most accurate citation data

With BibGuru we have made a citation tool that truly helps students to focus on the content of their work instead of worrying about how to get their reference list correctly done.

Those days of wasting time entering data manually or losing grades on incorrect bibliographies are finally gone!

If you need to know more about Turabian citations check out our How do I cite in Turabian style? section.

Why, when, and what do I have to cite?

Why The broad scientific knowledge we have today is the accomplishment of many researchers over time. To put your own contribution in context , it is important to cite the work of the researchers who influenced you. Cited sources can provide key background information, support or dispute your thesis, or offer important definitions and data. Citing also shows that you have personally read the work.

When In addition to crediting the ideas of others that you used to build your own argument, you need to provide documentation for all facts and figures that are not common knowledge. Common knowledge is knowledge that is known by everyone, or nearly everyone, and can basically concern any subject. An example for common knowledge would be "There are seven days in a week".

What The number of sources you cite in your work depends on the intent of the paper. In most cases, you will need to cite one or two of the most representative sources for each key point. However, if you are working on a review article, the aim is to present to the readers everything that has been written on a topic, so you will need to include a more exhaustive list of citations.

What is the Turabian citation style?

The Turabian Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is a style guide for writing and formatting papers published by the University of Chicago Press. The citation style is named after Kate L. Turabian, an American educator who developed this style. In 2018, the ninth edition of the Turabian style was published.

Except for a few minor differences, the citation style is the same as the Chicago style (published in the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style ). The main difference is that while the Chicago Manual of Style focuses primarily on providing guidelines for publishing, the Turabian M anual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses and Dissertations mainly focuses on the creation and submission of academic work. Therefore, the University of Chicago Press describes it as "the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic areas".

How do I cite in Turabian style?

Just like the Chicago style ( link to Chicago citation generator ), the Turabian style comes in two varieties:

• Author-date: Often used in the sciences (physical, natural) and social sciences. Sources are briefly cited in the text (usually in parentheses, author's last name and year of publication), and matched up with an entry in a reference list with full bibliographic information.
• Notes and bibliography: Preferred by many working in the humanities (literature, history, the arts,..). Sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes in the text and listed in a separate bibliography.

Here is an example for a citation in the notes and bibliography system:

David Halliday, Robert Resnick, and Jearl Walker, Fundamentals of Physics (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2013), 18.

Bibliography:

Halliday, David, Robert Resnick, and Jearl Walker. Fundamentals of Physics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2013.

Aside from the way they cite sources in the text, the two styles are very similar. If you're not sure which style to use, ask your instructor.

While all the specific rules of the Turabian citation style might sound very complicated, you don't need to worry about getting them wrong with BibGuru.

Use our Turabian citation generator above to create the fastest and most accurate Turabian citations possible.

The BibGuru Turabian citation generator is a software that creates citations and references in Turabian style 9th edition. This online tool is fast, 100% accurate, with a simple and intuitive interface, and completely free. The BibGuru Turabian citation generator helps you focus on the content of your work instead of worrying about getting your reference list done.

You can create a reference in the BibGuru Turabian citation generator by entering the URL/title/doi or any other identifier of your source into the search box, choose a category, click enter, and that's it. You have a 100% correct reference in Turabian style in seconds.

Yes, the BibGuru Turabian citation generator creates in-text citations for every reference. All you have to do is click the 'Bibliography and in-text citations' view option, and this will automatically create an accurate in-text citation for each source.

Yes, the BibGuru Turabian citation generator stores all your references. Once you are done adding all your references, you only have to copy and paste the list into your paper.

Turabian style was developed by Kate L. Turabian, an American educator, and the style is based on the citation guidelines of the Chicago format. Therefore, the official inventors of the Turabian style are Kate L. Turabian, and the University of Chicago Press.

The Turabian citation style is the same as the Chicago style except for a few minor differences published in the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style . The main difference is that while the Chicago Manual of Style focuses primarily on providing guidelines for publishing, the Turabian M anual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses and Dissertations mainly focuses on the creation and submission of academic work. Therefore, the University of Chicago Press describes it as "the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic areas".

While all the specific rules of the Turabian citation style might be complicated, you don't need to worry about getting them wrong with BibGuru. Use our Turabian citation generator above to create the fastest and most accurate Turabian citations possible.

Before taking the decision on whether to use Chicago or Turabian style , take a look at both guidelines. Having said that, the Turabian style is a simplified version of the Chicago citation style, so you be the judge.

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Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper

Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?

MLA Format: Everything You Need to Know and More

Filled with a wide variety of examples and visuals, our Citation Machine® MLA guide will help you master the citation process. Learn how to cite websites, books, journal articles, magazines, newspapers, films, social media, and more!

MLA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Comprehensive Guide to APA Format

Our Citation Machine® APA guide is a one-stop shop for learning how to cite in APA format. Read up on what APA is, or use our citing tools and APA examples to create citations for websites, books, journals, and more!

APA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Everything You Need to Know About Chicago Style

Creating citations in Chicago style has never been easier thanks to our extensive Citation Machine® Chicago style guide and tools. Learn about footnotes, endnotes, and everything in between, or easily create citations for websites, books, journal articles, and more!

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Turabian Referencing Generator

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What are Turabian citations?

Turabian citation is a system used by academics to show where another author’s finding or theory has contributed to their work. It is a simplified version of the Chicago referencing style and is named after Kate Turabian from the University of Chicago who wrote the style manual. Turabian style 8th edition is the latest available version and was originally intended for in-class assignments rather than for publications.

The system works by showing the reader where the author has used a finding, or theory from another source and author. This adds credibility to the paper and gives deserved credit to the original author.

How to create Turabian citations

When citing sources in Turabian style, you can use one of two different formats. The first is the Notes-Bibliography style, where a note is shown at the bottom of the page where the source has contributed and a full reference is given at the end of the paper.

The second is the Author-Date style, where a citation is shown within the sentence where the source is referenced and a full reference is listed at the end of the paper. Whichever style you choose; make sure you are consistent throughout your paper.

The format of a both types of Turabian references should change depending on the source type. For example, a book should be referenced differently to a website or journal article.

A lot to think about? You can generate your Turabian citations and references using Cite This For Me’s Turabian reference generator. Simply search for the book, journal or website you want to reference, set it to the correct style and have all of your Turabian references generated automatically for you.

Popular Turabian 8th edition (full note) style Citation Examples

How to cite a book in turabian 8th edition (full note) style.

Use the following template to cite a book using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

Reference List

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

How to cite a Journal in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a journal using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite Film or Movie in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite an Online image or video in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a Website in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a website using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

Additional Turabian 8th edition (full note) style Citation Examples

How to cite a blog in turabian 8th edition (full note) style.

Use the following template to cite a blog using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a Court case in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a court case using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a Dictionary entry in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite an E-book or PDF in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite an Edited book in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite an edited book using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite an Email in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite an email using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite an Encyclopedia article in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite an Interview in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite an interview using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a Magazine in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a magazine using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a Newspaper in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a Podcast in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a podcast using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a Song in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a song using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite The Bible in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite The Bible using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a TV Show in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a TV Show using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

Chicago/Turabian Citation Guide (17th Edition): Annotated Bibliography

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Annotations.

• Video: What is an Annotated Bibliography?

Writing an Evaluative Annotation

Basic tips on writing and formatting, sample evaluative annotation, useful links for annotated bibliographies.

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a Works Cited page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.

Types of Annotations

 A summary annotation describes the source by answering the following questions: who wrote the document, what the document discusses, when and where was the document written, why was the document produced, and how was it provided to the public. The focus is on description. 

 An evaluative annotation includes a summary as listed above but also critically assesses the work for accuracy, relevance, and quality. Evaluative annotations can help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a specific source will be useful for your assignment, and determine if there is enough valid information available to complete your project. The focus is on description and evaluation.

What is an Annotated Bibliography?

• Cite the source using Chicago style.
• Describe the main ideas, arguments, themes, theses, or methodology, and identify the intended audience.
• Explain the author’s expertise, point of view, and any bias he/she may have.
• Compare to other sources on the same topic that you have also cited to show similarities and differences.
• Explain why each source is useful for your research topic and how it relates to your topic.
• Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each source.
• Identify the observations or conclusions of the author. 
• Each annotation should be one paragraph, between three to six sentences long (about 150- 200 words).
• Start with the same format as a regular Works Cited list.
• All lines should be double-spaced. Do not add an extra line between the citations.
• If your list of citations is especially long, you can organize it by topic.
• Try to be objective, and give explanations if you state any opinions.
• Use the third person (e.g., he, she, the author) instead of the first person (e.g., I, my, me)

London, Herbert. “Five Myths of the Television Age.” Television Quarterly , 10, no. 1 (March 1982): 69-81. Herbert London, the Dean of Journalism at New York University and author of several books and articles, explains how television contradicts five commonly believed ideas. He uses specific examples of events seen on television, such as the assassination of John Kennedy, to illustrate his points. His examples have been selected to contradict such truisms as: “seeing is believing”; “a picture is worth a thousand words”; and “satisfaction is its own reward.” London uses logical arguments to support his ideas which are his personal opinion. He does not refer to any previous works on the topic. London’s style and vocabulary would make the article of interest to any reader. The article clearly illustrates London’s points, but does not explore their implications leaving the reader with many unanswered questions.

Adapted from:

"How to Write Annotated Bibliographies."  Memorial University Libraries , www.library.mun.ca/researchtools/guides/writing/annotated_bibl/. Accessed 29 June 2016.

• Annotated Bibliographies Overview of purpose and form of annotated bibliographies from the Purdue OWL.
• Sample Annotated Bibliographies Sample annotated bibliographies from the OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue University.

Style Guides

The Chicago Manual of Style

A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

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TURABIAN Citation Generator

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Keep all of your citations in one safe place

Create an account to save all of your citations

Check your paper before your teacher does!

Avoid plagiarism — quickly check for missing citations and check for writing mistakes., is this source credible consider the criteria below..

Is the purpose to entertain, sell, persuade, or inform/teach ? Journal articles are often designed to inform or teach. Books and websites could have any of these or a combination of the purposes above. So it is important to determine why the source was created and if it is appropriate for your research. For websites in particular, looking at their "About Us" page or "Mission Statement" can help you evaluate purpose.

Accuracy is the reliability and truthfulness of the source. Here are a few indicators of an accurate source:

• Citations or a works cited list. For websites, this can be links to other credible sites.
• Evidence that backs up claims made by the author(s).
• Text that is free of spelling and grammatical errors.
• Information that matches that in other, credible sources.
• Language that is unbiased and free of emotion.

Based on the above the source could be accurate, inaccurate, a mixture of accurate and inaccurate, or hard to tell.

Authority: Author

The author is the individual or organization who wrote the information in the book, in the journal article, or on the website. If no author is listed, there may be another contributor instead. For example, an editor or a translator. A credible author has:

• Written several articles or books on the topic.
• Provided contact information. For example, an email address, mailing address, social media account, etc.
• The experience or qualifications to be an expert on the topic.

Authority: Publisher

The credibility of the publisher can contribute to the authority of a source. The publisher can be a person, company or organization. Authoritative publishers:

• Accept responsibility for content.
• Are often well-known.
• Often publish multiple works on the same or related topics.

Relevance describes how related or important a source is to your topic. While a source may be credible, it does not necessarily mean it is relevant to your assignment. To determine relevance, you should:

• Determine the website's intended audience. Look at the level of the information and the tone of the writing. For example, is it meant for academics or the general public?
• Make sure that the information is related to your research topic.
• Make sure that the information helps you answer your research question.

A publication date is an important part of evaluating the credibility of a source and its appropriateness for your topic. It is generally best to use content that was recently published or updated, but depending on your assignment, it may be appropriate to use older information. For example, a journal entry from Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War is too outdated to use in a discussion about modern politics and war, but would be appropriate for a paper about the Civil War. Consider the following when evaluating currency:

• Was it published or updated recently? If a website, is there even a publication date listed?
• Is the date of the source appropriate or inappropriate for my assignment?

After analyzing your source, do you believe it is credible, not credible, partially credible, or are you unsure? If you are still unsure, it may help to ask your instructor a librarian for assistance.

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Annotated Bibliographies

• Annotated Bibliography Using RefWorks

Sample Annotated Bibliography

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Formatting Annotated Bibliographies

• Title your annotated bibliography "Annotated Bibliography." Make the title centered on the page. Confirm title requirements with your instructor.
• Format your sources according to the guidelines for a typical Chicago/Turabian style  Bibliography or Reference List .
• According to the Chapter 14.64 of the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition , "Annotations may simply follow the publication details (sometimes in brackets if only a few entries are annotated), or they may start a new line (and are often indented from the left margin)." So, ask your instructor what formatting guidelines they would like you to follow for annotations in terms of line breaks and indentations. 
• Generally, annotations should be a paragraph long. Confirm length and spacing requirements with your instructor.

Writing Annotations

• Always check with your instructor to confirm whether they would like your annotation to be  summative  (describing a source's content),  evaluative  (evaluating the usefulness or relevance of the source to your work), or for it to include  both description and evaluation .
• Always check with your instructor to confirm the required length of annotations, and whether you should use phrases or complete sentences.

Demir, Kadir and Gür E. Güraksin. "Determining Middle School Students' Perceptions of the Concept of Artificial Intelligence: A Metaphor Analysis."  Participatory Educational Research 9, no. 2(2022): 297-312.  https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.41.9.2 .                                                                                                                    In this article, Demir and Güraksin report on a study completed in 2019-2020 in Turkey. The researchers collected data on 339 middle school students' perceptions of AI. While this study was completed before the rise of popular generative AI chatbots such as ChatGPT, it can still give me important context and background on middle school students' perspectives on AI and could serve as a point of comparison to current attitudes.

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Turabian Citation Generator

If you’re looking for the best Turabian citation generator, you're in the right place! This free tool will help you make Turabian-format notes, references, and in-text citations easily.

• Journal article
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To use this Turabian-format citation generator, take the following steps:

• Pick the type of your source: book, journal article, website, etc.
• Search for the details or enter the required information manually.
• Get a properly formatted citation and a reference entry.
• Create , save, edit, and download your bibliography lists.
• ✅ The Tool’s Benefits
• 📖 Turabian Style Explained
• In-text Citations

🔗 References

✅ turabian citation generator benefits.

A Turabian citation generator is an efficient tool that helps students and researchers generate accurate citations quickly.

Below, you’ll find some of the benefits of this Turabian citation generator:

• It is a free online tool that will generate as many references and in-text citations as you might need.
• Our Turabian format citation generator is fast , user-friendly, and easily accessible regardless of time and location as long as you have a device and an Internet connection.
• You can be sure that the tool is absolutely accurate : it generates flawless Turabian-format citations and references for various source types.

📖 Turabian Format Explained

Turabian formatting style is a version of Chicago modified to suit the needs of students. It follows most Chicago guidelines but adds some extra recommendations.

Many students who write academic papers often use the Turabian formatting style since their papers are mainly for research and not publishing.

It uses 2 formatting methods:

• Author-date citation method entails adding In-text citations and reference lists at the end of your paper.
• Notes and bibliography method involves appending footnotes and endnotes while adding entries to the bibliography.

The Turabian formatting guidelines were first created by Kate L. Turabian , who was the dissertation secretary of the University of Chicago graduate school . She wrote a book that later became an effective guide for academic paper writers.

It is now known as the Turabian style guide .

The University of Chicago published the 9th edition in 2018. It is almost similar to the Chicago style, only that the Turabian has a narrower scope and is a simpler version.

Turabian vs. Chicago Citation

While Turabian and Chicago citation styles are almost similar, they have some differences in formatting. Unlike the Chicago style, the Turabian citation format has several formatting guidelines for writing academic papers.

Let us look at the guidelines that make the Turabian style different from Chicago :

• The recommended font is Times New Roman 12pt size.
• The references are double-spaced.
• The citations have margins of 1 inch.
• New paragraphs have 0.5-inch indents.

The above pointers are standard formatting guidelines unless your professor issues different rules.

💬 Turabian Citation Format

There are two essential element groups in the Turabian citation format – the author data style and the notes and bibliography format.

Generating Turabian Author-Date Citations

The author-date citation entails adding short in-text citations in parentheses that match the reference list entries . It is usually used when formatting academic papers.

Let us explore the in-text citations and reference list entries together with examples.

Turabian AD In-text Citations

This citation entails adding:

• The author’s last name
• The publication year
• The page number, if necessary

This information is to be added at the end of a relevant statement or sentence. Ensure you close the citation in one parenthesis.

Turabian AD Reference List Entries

The reference list is a separate document providing detailed entries of the sources you have cited in your paper. After the author’s name, you should place the year of publication so you can easily cross-reference with the in-text citations.

Journal Article

Generating Turabian Notes and Bibliography Citations

Regarding Turabian notes and bibliography, you can cite your work using footnotes or endnotes and a bibliography at the end of your document. What’s interesting is that you can include citations for all the sources you have used in your text – primary, secondary, and tertiary sources .

Turabian NB Footnotes and Endnotes

In Turabian style, you can add footnotes or endnotes in your citation. Sometimes you can include several sources in your paper.

The first note of every reference source has complete information, while the following citations are placed in short forms to save space.

You should add a superscript signaling the presence of a note at the end of a sentence or phrase related to the citation.

What is the difference between footnotes and endnotes?

• Footnotes should be at the bottom section of a page
• Endnotes are placed at the end of the document

It is imperative to note that you CAN’T use both the footnotes and endnotes in your text. You must choose one.

Turabian NB Bibliography

The bibliography is a list of detailed entries of the citation sources you included in your text. Normally, the list is a separate document placed at the paper's end.

Here are the key requirements:

• Ensure you arrange the entries alphabetically using the authors' last names.
• Separate the names with a comma (e.g., Johnson, Adam).
• List each source on a new line and include a hanging indent if the entry has extra lines.

Turabian NB Citation Examples

Bibliography

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The page contains a free Turabian citation generator with no registration or intrusive commercials. With this easy-to-use online tool, you’ll create a note or bibliography entry quickly and efficiently. There are also valuable tips and examples that will help you understand the basics of Turabian citation style.

CITATION QUICK GUIDE

Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography style. Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened forms that would be used after the first citation. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes. For more details and many more examples, see chapters 16 and 17 of Turabian. (For examples of the same citations using the author-date system, go to Author-Date: Sample Citations .)

1. Katie Kitamura, A Separation (New York: Riverhead Books, 2017), 25.

2. Sharon Sassler and Amanda Jayne Miller, Cohabitation Nation: Gender, Class, and the Remaking of Relationships (Oakland: University of California Press, 2017), 114.

SHORTENED NOTES

3. Kitamura, Separation , 91–92.

4. Sassler and Miller, Cohabitation Nation , 205.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRIES (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER)

Kitamura, Katie. A Separation . New York: Riverhead Books, 2017.

Sassler, Sharon, and Amanda Jayne Miller. Cohabitation Nation: Gender, Class, and the Remaking of Relationships . Oakland: University of California Press, 2017.

CHAPTER OR OTHER PART OF AN EDITED BOOK

In a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part.

1. Mary Rowlandson, “The Narrative of My Captivity,” in The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 19–20.

SHORTENED NOTE

2. Rowlandson, “Captivity,” 48.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY

Rowlandson, Mary. “The Narrative of My Captivity.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 19–56. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

To cite an edited book as a whole, list the editor(s) first.

1. John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 19–20.

2. D’Agata, American Essay, 48.

D’Agata, John, ed. The Making of the American Essay. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

TRANSLATED BOOK

1. Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words , trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.

2. Lahiri, In Other Words , 184.

Lahiri, Jhumpa. In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016.

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes or, if possible, track down a version with fixed page numbers.

1. Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment , trans. Constance Garnett, ed. William Allan Neilson (New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1917), 444, https://archive.org/details/crimepunishment00dostuoft.

2. Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the American Meal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 88, ProQuest Ebrary.

3. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 3, Kindle.

4. Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment , 504–5.

5. Schlosser, Fast Food Nation , 100.

6. Austen, Pride and Prejudice , chap. 14.

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle.

Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment . Translated by Constance Garnett, edited by William Allan Neilson. New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1917. https://archive.org/details/crimepunishment00dostuoft.

Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the American Meal . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. ProQuest Ebrary.

THESIS OR DISSERTATION

1. Guadalupe Navarro-Garcia, “Integrating Social Justice Values in Educational Leadership: A Study of African American and Black University Presidents” (PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2016), 44, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

2. Navarro-Garcia, “Social Justice Values,” 125–26.

Navarro-Garcia, Guadalupe. “Integrating Social Justice Values in Educational Leadership: A Study of African American and Black University Presidents.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2016. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

1. Ashley Hope Pérez, “Material Morality and the Logic of Degrees in Diderot’s Le neveu de Rameau ,” Modern Philology 114, no. 4 (May 2017): 874, https://doi.org/10.1086/689836.

2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

3. Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.

4. Pérez, “Material Morality,” 880–81.

5. Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.

6. LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Pérez, Ashley Hope. “Material Morality and the Logic of Degrees in Diderot’s Le neveu de Rameau .” Modern Philology 114, no. 4 (May 2017): 872–98. https://doi.org/10.1086/689836.

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al. (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by et al.

7. Jesse N. Weber et al., “Resist Globally, Infect Locally: A Transcontinental Test of Adaptation by Stickleback and Their Tapeworm Parasite,” American Naturalist 189, no. 1 (January 2017): 45, https://doi.org/10.1086/689597.

8. Weber et al., “Resist Globally,” 48–49.

Weber, Jesse N., Martin Kalbe, Kum Chuan Shim, Noémie I. Erin, Natalie C. Steinel, Lei Ma, and Daniel I. Bolnick. “Resist Globally, Infect Locally: A Transcontinental Test of Adaptation by Stickleback and Their Tapeworm Parasite.” American Naturalist 189, no. 1 (January 2017): 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1086/689597.

NEWS OR MAGAZINE ARTICLE

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

1. Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times , March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

2. Erin Anderssen, “Through the Eyes of Generation Z,” Globe and Mail (Toronto), June 25, 2016, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/through-the-eyes-of-generation-z/article30571914/.

3. Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post , July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.

4. Vinson Cunningham, “You Don’t Understand: John McWhorter Makes His Case for Black English,” New Yorker , May 15, 2017, 85.

5. Dara Lind, “Moving to Canada, Explained,” Vox , September 15, 2016, http://www.vox.com/2016/5/9/11608830/move-to-canada-how.

6. Manjoo, “Snap.”

7. Anderssen, “Generation Z.”

8. Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”

9. Cunningham, “Black English,” 86.

10. Lind, “Moving to Canada.”

Anderssen, Erin. “Through the Eyes of Generation Z.” Globe and Mail (Toronto), June 25, 2016. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/through-the-eyes-of-generation-z/article30571914/.

Cunningham, Vinson. “You Don’t Understand: John McWhorter Makes His Case for Black English.” New Yorker , May 15, 2017.

Lind, Dara. “Moving to Canada, Explained.” Vox , September 15, 2016. http://www.vox.com/2016/5/9/11608830/move-to-canada-how.

Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.

11. Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.”

BOOK REVIEW

1. Fernanda Eberstadt, “Gone Guy: A Writer Leaves His Wife, Then Disappears in Greece,” review of A Separation , by Katie Kitamura, New York Times , February 15, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/books/review/separation-katie-kitamura.html.

2. Eberstadt, “Gone Guy.”

Eberstadt, Fernanda. “Gone Guy: A Writer Leaves His Wife, Then Disappears in Greece.” Review of A Separation , by Katie Kitamura. New York Times , February 15, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/books/review/separation-katie-kitamura.html.

WEBSITE CONTENT

Web pages and other website content can be cited as shown here. For a source that does not list a date of publication, posting, or revision, include an access date (as in the Columbia example).

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

2. “History,” Columbia University, accessed May 15, 2017, http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html.

3. Google, “Privacy Policy.”

4. Columbia University, “History.”

Columbia University. “History.” Accessed May 15, 2017. http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html.

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

AUDIOVISUAL CONTENT

1. Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross, Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

2. Beyoncé, “Sorry,” directed by Kahlil Joseph and Beyoncé Knowles, June 22, 2016, music video, 4:25, https://youtu.be/QxsmWxxouIM.

3. Stamper, interview.

4. Beyoncé, “Sorry.”

Beyoncé. “Sorry.” Directed by Kahlil Joseph and Beyoncé Knowles. June 22, 2016. Music video, 4:25. https://youtu.be/QxsmWxxouIM.

Stamper, Kory. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed or to include a link. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Sloane Crosley offers the following advice: “How to edit: Attack a sentence. Write in the margins. Toss in some arrows. Cross out words. Rewrite them. Circle the whole mess and STET” (@askanyone, Twitter, May 8, 2017).

NOTES 

1. Pete Souza (@petesouza), “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit,” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016, https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

2. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

SHORTENED NOTES 

3. Souza, “President Obama.”

4. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Personal interviews, correspondence, and other types of personal communications—including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media—are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017.

2. Interview with home health aide, July 31, 2017.

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Citation Styles: A Brief Guide to APA, MLA and Turabian

Sample bibliography: turabian.

• Journal Articles
• Magazine Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Government Publications
• Other Materials
• In Text Citations
• Sample Bibliography: APA
• Sample Bibliography: MLA
• Creating an Annotated Bibliography This link opens in a new window

The basic format for a book citation requires listing the author's name, the title of the book, the publisher's name, and the date of publication. Edited books, when cited in full, will list the editor's name instead of an author’s name. 

Bibliography

Clemens, Lieselotte. Old Lutheran Emigration from Pomerania to the U.S.A. : History and Motivation, 1839-1843 . Kiel, West Germany: Pomeranian Foundation, 1976.

Detzler, Jack J. "'I Live Here Happily': A German Immigrant in Territorial Wisconsin." Wisconsin Magazine of History 50, no. 3 (2007): 254-259.

Gruenwald, Myron Eugene. Baltic Teutons : Pioneers of America's Frontier . Oshkosh, WI: Pommerschen Leute, 1988.

------. Two Worlds for Our Children . Oshkosh, WI: Pommerschen Leute, 1985.

Kuyper, Susan Jean. The Americanization of German Immigrants : Language, Religion and Schools in Nineteenth Century Rural Wisconsin , 1981.

Marth, Elmer H. "Gustav Adolph Kindermann - Leader of a German Lutheran Immigration and Pioneer Southeastern Wisconsin Pastor." Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly 38, no. 3 (1965): 135-145.

Ostergren, Robert Clifford, Cora Lee Kluge, and Heike Bungert. Wisconsin German Land and Life . Madison, WI: Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies, University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2006.

Reppmann, Joachim. Freedom, Education and Well-Being for All : North Germans in the USA, 1847-1860 . Davenport, Iowa; Germany: Hesperian Press; Verlag für Amerikanistik, 1999.

Schlemper, M. B. “From the Rhenish Prussian Eifel to the Wisconsin Holyland: Immigration, Identity and Acculturation at the Regional Scale.” Journal of Historical Geography 33, no. 2 (2007): 377-402. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJN-4KRY3YV-1/2/e32171402b1650a576a754073 76ef15d (accessed April 28, 2009).

Strohschänk, Johannes. 2001. "The Official Word vs. the Horse's Mouth: Descriptions of Wisconsin for the German Emigrant in the 1850s." Yearbook of German-American Studies 36 (2001): 129-156.

Strohschänk, Johannes, William G. Thiel, and Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies (University of Wisconsin--Madison). The Wisconsin Office of Emigration, 1852-1855, and Its Impact on German Immigration to the State . Madison, WI: Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies, 2005.

Tabbert, Ronald. "Milwaukee's Trinity Designated a 'Landmark'." Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly 41, no. 4 (1968): 153-155. Zucker, A. E. 1958. "Roesler, Doughty Forty-Eighter." American-German Review 24, no. 6: 25-27.

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Turabian Style

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Formatting Guidelines

Margins (a.1.1).

• Paper size - 8 1/2 x 11 inches
• 1 inch at top, bottom, and both sides

Font (A.1.2)

• Use easy to read font, such as Times New Roman
• 12-point font size

Spacing and Indentation (A.1.3)

• Block quotations
• Table elements (titles and captions)
• Lists in appendixes
• Footnotes/endnotes and bibliography lists are single-spaced but with a blank line between items.

Pagination  (A.1.4)

• Do not number the title page
• Page numbers start on the first page of the text using arabic numbers
• Can be placed in the center or right side of top or bottom of the paper

Title Page (A.1.5)

• Center all elements on the page
• Font size can increase slightly for the title.
• Preferred format is  boldface  for  title          
• Title placed approximately 1/3 down page.
• Two-thirds down page place name, class title, and date

Text  (A.2.2)

• Align the text to the left with a 1/2-inch left indent
• Double-space
• Include sections:  introduction, chapters/sections , and conclusion
• Spell out long organization names and add the abbreviation in parenthesis, then just use the abbreviation
• Write out numbers up to nine and use a number for 10 or more
• Use a number for units of measurement, in tables, to represent statistical or math functions, and dates or times
• Capitalize major words in the titles of books and articles

Bibliography  (A.2.3.5)

Begins on a new page following the text of your paper and includes complete citations for the resources you've used in your writing.

• Center "Bibliography" at the top of the new page, leaving two spaces between title and first entry
• Single-space and use hanging indents (where the first line is on the left margin and the following lines are indented a half inch from the left)
• List authors' last name first followed by the first and middle initials (ex. Skinner, B.F.) t
• Alphabetize the list by the first author's last name of of each citation, hen alphabetically by title if you list multiple works by one author. 
• Add full-sentence annotations on a new line indented from the left margin.
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What Is Annotated Bibliography Turabian Style in General?

When conducting research, students usually focus only on completing this task. Everything is aimed to convey the main idea, define knowledge gaps, and answer the research question. However, following work on Turabian style annotated bibliography is a non-less critical stage. Here, you should reveal all the sources used and briefly describe each one. By completing this task, you present a scientific background of your research, which is important even if you won’t publish it. Plus, inappropriate formatting can impact the total grade if you make an annotated bibliography for academia.

Annotated bibliography Turabian format is usually used when writing about business, history, and fine arts. Having simplified publishing guidelines, this format also becomes very valuable for college and high school students. See the Turabian style quick-guide for more details.

The Two Systems of Annotated Bibliography Turabian Format to Use

You may need to choose from two citation styles when working with the Turabian annotated bibliography format. These are the Author-Date and Notes-Bibliography styles. It’s important to decide which type suits your work the most, as you can’t mix these types. If you are not sure about what option to use, check the assignment requirements or ask your professor.

The Author-Date style of the Turabian annotated bibliography is more familiar for the social, physical, and natural sciences. When you use this method, you must mention the resource’s name and add the author’s last name and the year of publication in the parentheses afterward. This makes searching for information much easier.

Notes-Bibliography style is often associated with humanitarian majors like history or art. Unlike the previous annotated bibliography Turabian format, you use footnotes instead of parentheses, providing complete information about the source after mentioning it.

Why Do I Need Turabian Annotated Bibliography Example to Do Well?

The simplest way to explore formatting style and learn how to use it is to have a good Turabian annotated bibliography example. Ensure only that it’s of the required style. Such examples greatly visualize writing guidelines and simplify the work overall.

When working with an annotated bibliography example Turabian, pay attention to its formatting.

• The title is one inch centered from the top of the page without italicization or quotation marks.
• The font is Times New Roman, pt.12.
• The first line always begins at the left margin and has a hanging indentation.
• There should also be double space between entries but a single space within them.

This way, you must cite all the sources used in your assignment. All descriptions in the annotated bibliography example Chicago Turabian style, should have less than 150 words. It’s not an abstract, so keep it brief.

If you make multiple-author references, write the surname after the author’s name in the first case and, on the contrary, for the next. Moreover, if you mention multiple-author resources, write all authors regardless of their number. These are the basic rules you need to know how to write an annotated bibliography Turabian style.

Diversities Between Annotated Bibliography Chicago Turabian Kinds

This format is almost equivalent to the Chicago style annotated bibliography , as these two types are based on the Chicago Manual of Style. Turabian style was found by Kate Turabian for the University of Chicago, so it has only one major difference from the standard Chicago formatting. Turabian is usually used to complete tasks for undergraduate research. The rules are made to format pieces that will not be published. Thus, Turabian is free of complicated publishing details.

Peculiarities of Turabian Annotated Bibliography Format You Must Know

Once you need to compose a work in Turabian annotated bibliography format, you must choose between Author-Date or Notes-Bibliography format. After that, select the resource category and specify it according to the type you decide to use.

It will be harder to arrange in-text citations using the Note-Bibliography annotated bibliography Chicago Turabian style because you will work with larger amounts of information, indicating author, title, page number, and publication details. Notice that there is no more “ibid” reduction in the Turabian method relating to the previous quotation.

All this doesn’t sound easy to understand. Especially if you are new to annotated bibliography Turabian for the first time or don’t have enough time to delve into its peculiarities. That’s why we are here. Our reputable experts have all the capabilities to provide you with comprehensive writing help with tasks of any topic and complexity. Working on annotated bibliographies is our main specialization, so we know all the ins & outs of creating a good one.

So, why not entrust your academic hassles to us? We’ll match you with an experienced topic-relevant writer who will solve them quickly & quality!

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Book Citations / Learn how to cite “The things they carried” by Tim O’Brien

Learn how to cite “The things they carried” by Tim O’Brien

Learn how to create in-text citations and a full citation/reference/note for The things they carried by Tim O’Brien using the examples below. The things they carried  is cited in 14 different citation styles, including MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, APA, ACS, and many others.

If you are looking for additional help, try the EasyBib citation generator .

Popular Citation Styles

Here are The things they carried citations for five popular citation styles: MLA, APA, Chicago (notes-bibliography), Chicago (author-date), and Harvard style.

Additional Styles

Here are The things they carried citations for 14 popular citation styles including Turabian style, the American Medical Association (AMA) style, the Council of Science Editors (CSE) style, IEEE, and more.

Find citation guides for additional books linked here .

Popular Book Citations

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Are you using a LaTex editor like Overleaf? If so, you can easily export your references in Bib(La)TeX format with a single click.

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Change the typeface used for your reference list to match the rest of your document. Options include Times New Roman, Arial, and Calibri.

Industry-standard technology

Scribbr’s Citation Generator is built using the same citation software (CSL) as Mendeley and Zotero, but with an added layer for improved accuracy.

Annotations

Describe or evaluate your sources in annotations, and Scribbr will generate a perfectly formatted annotated bibliography .

Citation guides

Scribbr’s popular guides and videos will help you understand everything related to finding, evaluating, and citing sources.

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• Introduction
• Finding sources

Evaluating sources

• Integrating sources

Citing sources

Tools and resources, a quick guide to working with sources.

Working with sources is an important skill that you’ll need throughout your academic career.

It includes knowing how to find relevant sources, assessing their authority and credibility, and understanding how to integrate sources into your work with proper referencing.

This quick guide will help you get started!

Finding relevant sources

Sources commonly used in academic writing include academic journals, scholarly books, websites, newspapers, and encyclopedias. There are three main places to look for such sources:

• Research databases: Databases can be general or subject-specific. To get started, check out this list of databases by academic discipline . Another good starting point is Google Scholar .
• Your institution’s library: Use your library’s database to narrow down your search using keywords to find relevant articles, books, and newspapers matching your topic.
• Other online resources: Consult popular online sources like websites, blogs, or Wikipedia to find background information. Be sure to carefully evaluate the credibility of those online sources.

When using academic databases or search engines, you can use Boolean operators to refine your results.

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In academic writing, your sources should be credible, up to date, and relevant to your research topic. Useful approaches to evaluating sources include the CRAAP test and lateral reading.

CRAAP is an abbreviation that reminds you of a set of questions to ask yourself when evaluating information.

• Currency: Does the source reflect recent research?
• Relevance: Is the source related to your research topic?
• Authority: Is it a respected publication? Is the author an expert in their field?
• Accuracy: Does the source support its arguments and conclusions with evidence?
• Purpose: What is the author’s intention?

Lateral reading

Lateral reading means comparing your source to other sources. This allows you to:

• Verify evidence
• Contextualize information
• Find potential weaknesses

If a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable.

Integrating sources into your work

Once you have found information that you want to include in your paper, signal phrases can help you to introduce it. Here are a few examples:

Following the signal phrase, you can choose to quote, paraphrase or summarize the source.

• Quoting : This means including the exact words of another source in your paper. The quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks or (for longer quotes) presented as a block quote . Quote a source when the meaning is difficult to convey in different words or when you want to analyze the language itself.
• Paraphrasing : This means putting another person’s ideas into your own words. It allows you to integrate sources more smoothly into your text, maintaining a consistent voice. It also shows that you have understood the meaning of the source.
• Summarizing : This means giving an overview of the essential points of a source. Summaries should be much shorter than the original text. You should describe the key points in your own words and not quote from the original text.

Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author.

Citing your sources is important because it:

• Allows you to avoid plagiarism
• Establishes the credentials of your sources
• Backs up your arguments with evidence
• Allows your reader to verify the legitimacy of your conclusions

The most common citation styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago style. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations.

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Scribbr offers tons of tools and resources to make working with sources easier and faster. Take a look at our top picks:

• Citation Generator: Automatically generate accurate references and in-text citations using Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator, MLA Citation Generator , Harvard Referencing Generator , and Chicago Citation Generator .
• Plagiarism Checker : Detect plagiarism in your paper using the most accurate Turnitin-powered plagiarism software available to students.
• AI Proofreader: Upload and improve unlimited documents and earn higher grades on your assignments. Try it for free!
• Paraphrasing tool: Avoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better.
• Grammar checker : Eliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes.
• Summarizer: Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points.
• AI detector: Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported.
• Proofreading services : Have a human editor improve your writing.
• Citation checker: Check your work for citation errors and missing citations.
• Knowledge Base : Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.