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Difference Between Reference and Bibliography

reference vs bibliography

Reference and Bibliography is an important part of any project under study because it helps in acknowledging other’s work and also help the readers in finding the original sources of information. It not only prevents plagiarism but also indicates that the writer has done good research on the subject by using a variety of sources to gain information.

Read out the article to know the differences between reference and bibliography.

Content: Reference Vs Bibliography

Comparison chart, definition of reference.

Reference can be understood as the act of giving credit to or mentioning the name of, someone or something. In research methodology, it denotes the items which you have reviewed and referred to, in the text, in your research work. It is nothing but a way to acknowledge or indirectly showing gratitude, towards the sources from where the information is gathered.

While using references, one thing is to be noted that you go for reliable sources only, because it increases credence and also supports your arguments. It may include, books, research papers, or articles from magazines, journals, newspapers, etc., interview transcripts, internet sources such as websites, blogs, videos watched, and so forth.

These are used to inform the reader about the sources of direct quotations, tables, statistics, photos etc. that are included in the research work.

Definition of Bibliography

At the end of the research report, bibliography is added, which contains a list of books, magazines, journals, websites or other publications which are in some way relevant to the topic under study, that has been consulted by the researcher during the research. In finer terms, it comprises of all the references cited in the form of footnotes and other important works that the author has studied.

The bibliography is helpful to the reader in gaining information regarding the literature available on the topic and what influenced the author. For better presentation and convenient reading, the bibliography can be grouped into two parts, wherein the first part lists out the names of books and pamphlets consulted, and the other contains the names of magazines and newspapers considered.

Types of Bibliography

  • Bibliography of works cited : It contains the name of those books whose content has been cited in the text of the research report.
  • Selected Bibliography : As it is evident from the name itself, selected bibliography covers only those works which the author assumes that are of major interest to the reader.
  • Annotated Bibliography : In this type of bibliography, a small description of the items covered is given by the author to ensure readability and also improve the usefulness of the book.

Key Differences Between Reference and Bibliography

The difference between reference and bibliography can be drawn clearly on the following grounds:

  • Reference implies referring to someone or something, that means it provides the list of sources, whose text is used in the assignment or research work. Conversely, bibliography represents the list of all the sources, from which the research has gained some information about the topic, irrespective of the work cited or not.
  • References are based on primary sources, whereas bibliography is created on the basis of primary and secondary sources.
  • References used in the assignment can be arranged alphabetically or numerically. On the contrary, list of sources used in the bibliography is arranged numerically.
  • The bibliography is used to list out everything you go through to obtain the information relating to the assignment, no matter if you specifically cite it in your assignment or not. Now coming to references, it only takes into account those sources which have been cited in the assignment.
  • The main objective of adding a reference at the end of the document is to improve credence or support an idea or argument. As against, the bibliography is not used for supporting an argument.
  • While reference is used in thesis and dissertation. On the other hand, bibliography is used in case of journal paper and research work.

To sum up, references and bibliography are almost same, but there are only subtle differences between the two, which lies in the items which are included in them. The primary use of references is to get recognition and authentication of the research work, whereas bibliography is appended with the aim of giving the reader the information on the sources relating to the topic.

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footnote vs endnote

manjitha says

October 5, 2019 at 9:56 am

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November 5, 2019 at 6:41 am

Thanks for the work.

Amirjan Samim says

November 11, 2019 at 11:22 pm

All of the descriptions and information about the “reference and bibliography” and the difference between them are useful for the readers. Since both terms are closely related, this is why both terms are sometimes confusing for some people. Thanks for the helpful explanations you have given about the two terms mentioned above.

Chiranjit Singha says

January 20, 2020 at 8:01 pm

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Maya Zita says

February 10, 2020 at 2:19 pm

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May 6, 2020 at 8:07 pm

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June 27, 2020 at 9:40 am

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Ishaka Ibrahim says

March 2, 2021 at 2:07 pm

Very interesting and educative write up but would like to see reference/source of the work.

hassan sakaba says

March 25, 2021 at 5:23 pm

April 8, 2021 at 3:29 pm

Very helpful However I had a doubt regarding the placement of bibliography. Usually references are placed after the main body and conclusion. But where is bibliography placed?

Aladuge says

August 28, 2021 at 1:39 pm

This is a wonderful piece. Thanks for a job well done

Darlington mwape says

September 8, 2022 at 2:17 pm

Thanks for this wonderful piece of information but iam going with S. N says

I had a doubt regarding the placement of bibliography. Usually references are placed after the main body and conclusion. But where is bibliography placed?

OMVITI NOBERT says

January 13, 2023 at 4:41 pm

The comparisons are very good. Thank you. Be blessed more in wisdom.

March 25, 2023 at 4:32 am

So for my podcast, which is mainly audio essays, which should I use?

Pias Hebal Karmakar says

June 9, 2023 at 2:50 pm

I am much more pleased with this work. I helped me a lot in my study. Thanks.

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Citing Sources - References vs Bibliography

References and Bibliographies - What's the difference?

When you write academic papers, you will need to include a list of sources you used to write the paper. There are two main ways to list your sources, with a reference list or a bibliography.

References include sources that have been directly cited in your paper. For each source, you will have at least one in-text citation in the body of your paper. The citation styles that use reference lists include APA citations, AMA citations, and MLA citations.

Bibliographies, on the other hand, contain all the sources that you have used for your paper, whether they are directly cited or not. In a bibliography, you should include all of the materials you consulted in preparing your paper. Chicago citations and Oxford citations are two citation styles that use bibliographies.

Both reference lists and bibliographies appear at the end of a written work and are usually organized alphabetically. A paper can have both a reference list and a bibliography.

For more information on how to cite your sources, check out the De Paul Library's Citation Guide .

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Home » Education » What is the Difference Between Bibliography and References

What is the Difference Between Bibliography and References

The main difference between bibliography and references is that references contain the sources that you have cited in your paper, whereas a bibliography includes all the sources that you have used for your paper, whether they are cited or not.

Both references and bibliographies appear at the end of a scholarly work and share the same information regarding a source of work. They help writers to avoid plagiarism and allow the readers to refer to the original sources and learn more information.

Key Areas Covered

1.  What is a Bibliography          – Definition, Features  2.  What are References      – Definition, Features 3.  Similarities Between Bibliography and References      – Outline of Common Features 4.  Difference Between Bibliography and References      – Comparison of Key Differences

Difference Between Bibliography and References - Comparison Summary

What is a Bibliography

A bibliography refers to a list of all of the sources you have studied in preparing your research work. A bibliography usually includes all the work you have used, whether they are referenced in in-text citations or not. Generally, a bibliography includes the authors’ names, the titles of the works, the names and locations of the institutes of publication, the dates on which the copies were published and the page numbers of your sources.

Compare Bibliography and References

An annotated bibliography , on the other hand, is an extended version of a bibliography where the bibliographic information includes a brief description of the content, quality, and the relevance of the source to your research work.

If you refer to any books or articles writing your paper, you need to include a bibliography in order to avoid plagiarism, even if you don’t name them or quote them directly inside the content. This would further benefit the readers who read your work, as the bibliography would allow them to track down the original source material for themselves.

What are References

A reference list usually consists of the details of all the sources cited within your paper. We usually arrange a reference list alphabetically, and if any work has no author, we usually cite the work by the title. In such cases, we include that reference item into the alphabetical list using the most significant term of the title.

Bibliography vs References

Just like in a bibliography, we usually arrange the reference list at the end of a particular scholarly work. We use commas to set apart each item of a particular reference. In cases where we refer to more than one scholarly work by the same author, we list such work chronologically, indicating the earliest publication first. Moreover, the way we list the source and its detail would slightly differ according to the citation style we are using. In addition, Chicago citation and Oxford citations are two popular citation styles we use to write bibliographies.

Similarities Between Bibliography and References

  • Both bibliography and references consist of entries arranged alphabetically by the author.
  • They include the same basic information.
  • Similar to a bibliography, a reference list is also generally placed at the end of a scholarly work.
  • Both bibliography and reference list aim to avoid plagiarism and to give credit to the original author/s.
  • Furthermore, both allow the readers to refer to the original sources.

Difference Between Bibliography and References

A bibliography is a list of references you have cited in a scholarly work and background readings or other material that you have read but not actually cited. A reference list, on the other hand, is a list of references you have cited in your work.

A reference list only contains sources you have directly cited in your paper. However, a bibliography consists of all the sources that you have used for your paper in addition to the sources cited in the paper.

Citation Styles

APA citations, MLA citations and AMA citations are common citation styles to write reference lists while Chicago citations and Oxford citations are two popular citation styles we use in bibliographies.

In brief, the main difference between a bibliography and references is that a reference list contains the sources which you have directly cited in writing your paper, while a bibliography includes all the sources that you have used for your paper, whether they are directly cited or not. However, both references and bibliographies appear at the end of a work, share the same information regarding a source of work and include alphabetically arranged citations.

1. “ Annotated Bibliographies .” Purdue Writing Lab. 2. “ Reference List: Basic Rules .” Purdue Writing Lab.

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1. “ Zoonoses: The Lethal Gifts of Livestock: Bibliography slide ” By ILRI (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) via Flickr 2. “ Reference list created from Wikidata ” By Egon Willighagen – Own work (CC0) via Commons Wikimedia

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About the Author: Anuradha

Anuradha has a BA degree in English, French, and Translation studies. She is currently reading for a Master's degree in Teaching English Literature in a Second Language Context. Her areas of interests include Arts and Literature, Language and Education, Nature and Animals, Cultures and Civilizations, Food, and Fashion.

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Harvard: Reference List and Bibliography

A version of the Harvard (author-date) System of referencing has been adopted as the standard for the presentation of academic text at the University of Birmingham.  The examples on this page refer to this version, as found on the  Cite Them Right Online  website.  For detailed guides on how to reference and cite different sources see the right-hand side panel. 

How to list your references

In the Harvard (author-date) System the list of references is arranged alphabetically by author's surname, year (and letter, if necessary) and is placed at the end of the work.

A reference list is the detailed list of references that are cited in your work.   A bibliography is a detailed list of references cited in your work, plus the background readings or other material that you may have read, but not actually cited.  Different courses may require just a reference list, just a bibliography, or even both.  It is better to check with your tutor first.

Example of a reference list

Banerjee, A. and Watson, T.F. (2011)  Pickard’s manual of operative dentistry.  9th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 

Davidson, A. (2013) ‘The Saudi Marathon Man’,  The New Yorker,  16 April. Available at: http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-saudi-marathon-man (Accessed: 22 June 2015).

Guy, J. (2001)  The view across the river: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu struggle against imperialism.  Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia.

Hislop, V. (2014)  The sunrise.  Available at  http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindlestore  (Downloaded: 17 June 2015).

Homer (1997)  The Iliad.  Translated by J. Davies. Introduction and notes by D. Wright. London: Dover Publications.

Knapik, J. J., Cosio-Lima, L. M., and Reynolds, K. L. (2015) ‘Efficacy of functional movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cadets’,  The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 29 (5), pp. 1157-1162.  EDUC 1028: E-learning.  Available at:  http://intranet.bir.ac.uk  (Accessed: 25 June 2015).

Lucas, G. (2004)  The wonders of the Universe.  2nd edn. Edited by Frederick Jones, James Smith and Tony Bradley. London: Smiths.

Medicine in old age  (1985) 2nd edn. London: British Medical Association.

‘Rush (band)’ (2015)  Wikipedia.  Available at  https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Rush_(band)  (Accessed: 18 June 2015).

Example of a bibliography

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (1994)  Epi Info  (Version 6) [Computer program]. Available at  http://www.cdcp.com/download.html  (Accessed: 23 June 2015).

Gregory, S. (1970)  English military intervention in the Dutch revolt.  B.A. Thesis. University of Birmingham. Available at:  http://findit.bham.ac.uk/  (Accessed: 18 June 2015).

Jones, B., (1997) Methods in tumour research.  National Agency for Tumour Research,  volume. 7.

Peart, N. (1976)  Something for Nothing.  Toronto: Toronto Sound Studios.

Rush (2015) [Bishopthorpe Social Club. 29 March].

The University of Birmingham (2010)  The University of Birmingham experience.  Available at:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA  (Accessed: 18 June 2015).

Style notes

  • The date of publication always follows the author(s) name(s).
  • All authors’/editors’ names are given in the reference list (not matter how many there are).
  • If submitting a manuscript for publication, formatting conventions may be stipulated by the publisher. Always check with the publisher before submitting your work. 

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  • If in doubt, consult the  Cite Them Right Online  website.

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What is a Bibliography?

What is an annotated bibliography, introduction to the annotated bibliography.

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  • the authors' names
  • the titles of the works
  • the names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the sources
  • the dates your copies were published
  • the page numbers of your sources (if they are part of multi-source volumes)

Ok, so what's an Annotated Bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is the same as a bibliography with one important difference: in an annotated bibliography, the bibliographic information is followed by a brief description of the content, quality, and usefulness of the source. For more, see the section at the bottom of this page.

What are Footnotes?

Footnotes are notes placed at the bottom of a page. They cite references or comment on a designated part of the text above it. For example, say you want to add an interesting comment to a sentence you have written, but the comment is not directly related to the argument of your paragraph. In this case, you could add the symbol for a footnote. Then, at the bottom of the page you could reprint the symbol and insert your comment. Here is an example:

This is an illustration of a footnote. 1 The number “1” at the end of the previous sentence corresponds with the note below. See how it fits in the body of the text? 1 At the bottom of the page you can insert your comments about the sentence preceding the footnote.

When your reader comes across the footnote in the main text of your paper, he or she could look down at your comments right away, or else continue reading the paragraph and read your comments at the end. Because this makes it convenient for your reader, most citation styles require that you use either footnotes or endnotes in your paper. Some, however, allow you to make parenthetical references (author, date) in the body of your work.

Footnotes are not just for interesting comments, however. Sometimes they simply refer to relevant sources -- they let your reader know where certain material came from, or where they can look for other sources on the subject. To decide whether you should cite your sources in footnotes or in the body of your paper, you should ask your instructor or see our section on citation styles.

Where does the little footnote mark go?

Whenever possible, put the footnote at the end of a sentence, immediately following the period or whatever punctuation mark completes that sentence. Skip two spaces after the footnote before you begin the next sentence. If you must include the footnote in the middle of a sentence for the sake of clarity, or because the sentence has more than one footnote (try to avoid this!), try to put it at the end of the most relevant phrase, after a comma or other punctuation mark. Otherwise, put it right at the end of the most relevant word. If the footnote is not at the end of a sentence, skip only one space after it.

What's the difference between Footnotes and Endnotes?

The only real difference is placement -- footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page, while endnotes all appear at the end of your document. If you want your reader to read your notes right away, footnotes are more likely to get your reader's attention. Endnotes, on the other hand, are less intrusive and will not interrupt the flow of your paper.

If I cite sources in the Footnotes (or Endnotes), how's that different from a Bibliography?

Sometimes you may be asked to include these -- especially if you have used a parenthetical style of citation. A "works cited" page is a list of all the works from which you have borrowed material. Your reader may find this more convenient than footnotes or endnotes because he or she will not have to wade through all of the comments and other information in order to see the sources from which you drew your material. A "works consulted" page is a complement to a "works cited" page, listing all of the works you used, whether they were useful or not.

Isn't a "works consulted" page the same as a "bibliography," then?

Well, yes. The title is different because "works consulted" pages are meant to complement "works cited" pages, and bibliographies may list other relevant sources in addition to those mentioned in footnotes or endnotes. Choosing to title your bibliography "Works Consulted" or "Selected Bibliography" may help specify the relevance of the sources listed.

This information has been freely provided by plagiarism.org and can be reproduced without the need to obtain any further permission as long as the URL of the original article/information is cited. 

How Do I Cite Sources? (n.d.) Retrieved October 19, 2009, from http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_how_do_i_cite_sources.html

The Importance of an Annotated Bibliography

An Annotated Bibliography is a collection of annotated citations. These annotations contain your executive notes on a source. Use the annotated bibliography to help remind you of later of the important parts of an article or book. Putting the effort into making good notes will pay dividends when it comes to writing a paper!

Good Summary

Being an executive summary, the annotated citation should be fairly brief, usually no more than one page, double spaced.

  • Focus on summarizing the source in your own words.
  • Avoid direct quotations from the source, at least those longer than a few words. However, if you do quote, remember to use quotation marks. You don't want to forget later on what is your own summary and what is a direct quotation!
  • If an author uses a particular term or phrase that is important to the article, use that phrase within quotation marks. Remember that whenever you quote, you must explain the meaning and context of the quoted word or text. 

Common Elements of an Annotated Citation

  • Summary of an Article or Book's thesis or most important points (Usually two to four sentences)
  • Summary of a source's methodological approach. That is, what is the source? How does it go about proving its point(s)? Is it mostly opinion based? If it is a scholarly source, describe the research method (study, etc.) that the author used. (Usually two to five sentences)
  • Your own notes and observations on the source beyond the summary. Include your initial analysis here. For example, how will you use this source? Perhaps you would write something like, "I will use this source to support my point about . . . "
  • Formatting Annotated Bibliographies This guide from Purdue OWL provides examples of an annotated citation in MLA and APA formats.

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If you are using Chicago style footnotes or endnotes, you should include a bibliography at the end of your paper that provides complete citation information for all of the sources you cite in your paper. Bibliography entries are formatted differently from notes. For bibliography entries, you list the sources alphabetically by last name, so you will list the last name of the author or creator first in each entry. You should single-space within a bibliography entry and double-space between them. When an entry goes longer than one line, use a hanging indent of .5 inches for subsequent lines. Here’s a link to a sample bibliography that shows layout and spacing . You can find a sample of note format here .

Complete note vs. shortened note

Here’s an example of a complete note and a shortened version of a note for a book:

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 27-35.

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated , 27-35.

Note vs. Bibliography entry

The bibliography entry that corresponds with each note is very similar to the longer version of the note, except that the author’s last and first name are reversed in the bibliography entry. To see differences between note and bibliography entries for different types of sources, check this section of the Chicago Manual of Style .

For Liquidated , the bibliography entry would look like this:

Ho, Karen, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.

Citing a source with two or three authors

If you are citing a source with two or three authors, list their names in your note in the order they appear in the original source. In the bibliography, invert only the name of the first author and use “and” before the last named author.

1. Melissa Borja and Jacob Gibson, “Internationalism with Evangelical Characteristics: The Case of Evangelical Responses to Southeast Asian Refugees,” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17, no. 3 (2019): 80-81, https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1643983 .

Shortened note:

1. Borja and Gibson, “Internationalism with Evangelical Characteristics,” 80-81.

Bibliography:

Borja, Melissa, and Jacob Gibson. “Internationalism with Evangelical Characteristics: The Case of Evangelical Responses to Southeast Asian Refugees.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17. no. 3 (2019): 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1643983 .

Citing a source with more than three authors

If you are citing a source with more than three authors, include all of them in the bibliography, but only include the first one in the note, followed by et al. ( et al. is the shortened form of the Latin et alia , which means “and others”).

1. Justine M. Nagurney, et al., “Risk Factors for Disability After Emergency Department Discharge in Older Adults,” Academic Emergency Medicine 27, no. 12 (2020): 1271.

Short version of note:

1. Justine M. Nagurney, et al., “Risk Factors for Disability,” 1271.

Nagurney, Justine M., Ling Han, Linda Leo‐Summers, Heather G. Allore, Thomas M. Gill, and Ula Hwang. “Risk Factors for Disability After Emergency Department Discharge in Older Adults.” Academic Emergency Medicine 27, no. 12 (2020): 1270–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14088 .

Citing a book consulted online

If you are citing a book you consulted online, you should include a URL, DOI, or the name of the database where you found the book.

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 27-35, https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1215/9780822391371 .

Bibliography entry:

Ho, Karen. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1215/9780822391371 .

Citing an e-book consulted outside of a database

If you are citing an e-book that you accessed outside of a database, you should indicate the format. If you read the book in a format without fixed page numbers (like Kindle, for example), you should not include the page numbers that you saw as you read. Instead, include chapter or section numbers, if possible.

1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), chap. 2, Kindle.

Ho, Karen. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. Kindle.

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  • Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Published on 1 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.

In Harvard style , the bibliography or reference list provides full references for the sources you used in your writing.

  • A reference list consists of entries corresponding to your in-text citations .
  • A bibliography sometimes also lists sources that you consulted for background research, but did not cite in your text.

The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. If in doubt about which to include, check with your instructor or department.

The information you include in a reference varies depending on the type of source, but it usually includes the author, date, and title of the work, followed by details of where it was published. You can automatically generate accurate references using our free reference generator:

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Table of contents

Formatting a harvard style bibliography, harvard reference examples, referencing sources with multiple authors, referencing sources with missing information, frequently asked questions about harvard bibliographies.

Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading ‘Reference list’ or ‘Bibliography’ appears at the top.

Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used:

Harvard bibliography

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Reference list or bibliography entries always start with the author’s last name and initial, the publication date and the title of the source. The other information required varies depending on the source type. Formats and examples for the most common source types are given below.

  • Entire book
  • Book chapter
  • Translated book
  • Edition of a book

Journal articles

  • Print journal
  • Online-only journal with DOI
  • Online-only journal without DOI
  • General web page
  • Online article or blog
  • Social media post

Newspapers and magazines

  • Newspaper article
  • Magazine article

When a source has up to three authors, list all of them in the order their names appear on the source. If there are four or more, give only the first name followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sometimes a source won’t list all the information you need for your reference. Here’s what to do when you don’t know the publication date or author of a source.

Some online sources, as well as historical documents, may lack a clear publication date. In these cases, you can replace the date in the reference list entry with the words ‘no date’. With online sources, you still include an access date at the end:

When a source doesn’t list an author, you can often list a corporate source as an author instead, as with ‘Scribbr’ in the above example. When that’s not possible, begin the entry with the title instead of the author:

Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

  • A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
  • A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:

  • (Smith, 2019a)
  • (Smith, 2019b)

Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .

To create a hanging indent for your bibliography or reference list :

  • Highlight all the entries
  • Click on the arrow in the bottom-right corner of the ‘Paragraph’ tab in the top menu.
  • In the pop-up window, under ‘Special’ in the ‘Indentation’ section, use the drop-down menu to select ‘Hanging’.
  • Then close the window with ‘OK’.

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what is bibliography and reference

Bibliography: Definition and Examples

Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms

  • An Introduction to Punctuation
  • Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
  • M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
  • B.A., English, State University of New York

A bibliography is a list of works (such as books and articles) written on a particular subject or by a particular author. Adjective : bibliographic.

Also known as a list of works cited , a bibliography may appear at the end of a book, report , online presentation, or research paper . Students are taught that a bibliography, along with correctly formatted in-text citations, is crucial to properly citing one's research and to avoiding accusations of plagiarism . In formal research, all sources used, whether quoted directly or synopsized, should be included in the bibliography.

An annotated bibliography includes a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph (the annotation ) for each item in the list. These annotations often give more context about why a certain source may be useful or related to the topic at hand.

  • Etymology:  From the Greek, "writing about books" ( biblio , "book", graph , "to write")
  • Pronunciation:  bib-lee-OG-rah-fee

Examples and Observations

"Basic bibliographic information includes title, author or editor, publisher, and the year the current edition was published or copyrighted . Home librarians often like to keep track of when and where they acquired a book, the price, and a personal annotation, which would include their opinions of the book or of the person who gave it to them" (Patricia Jean Wagner, The Bloomsbury Review Booklover's Guide . Owaissa Communications, 1996)

Conventions for Documenting Sources

"It is standard practice in scholarly writing to include at the end of books or chapters and at the end of articles a list of the sources that the writer consulted or cited. Those lists, or bibliographies, often include sources that you will also want to consult. . . . "Established conventions for documenting sources vary from one academic discipline to another. The Modern Language Association (MLA) style of documentation is preferred in literature and languages. For papers in the social sciences the American Psychological Association (APA) style is preferred, whereas papers in history, philosophy, economics, political science, and business disciplines are formatted in the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) system. The Council of Biology Editors (CBE) recommends varying documentation styles for different natural sciences." (Robert DiYanni and Pat C. Hoy II, The Scribner Handbook for Writers , 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2001)

APA vs MLA Styles

There are several different styles of citations and bibliographies that you might encounter: MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and more. As described above, each of those styles is often associated with a particular segment of academia and research. Of these, the most widely used are APA and MLA styles. They both include similar information, but arranged and formatted differently.

"In an entry for a book in an APA-style works-cited list, the date (in parentheses) immediately follows the name of the author (whose first name is written only as an initial), just the first word of the title is capitalized, and the publisher's full name is generally provided.

APA Anderson, I. (2007). This is our music: Free jazz, the sixties, and American culture . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

By contrast, in an MLA-style entry, the author's name appears as given in the work (normally in full), every important word of the title is capitalized, some words in the publisher's name are abbreviated, the publication date follows the publisher's name, and the medium of publication is recorded. . . . In both styles, the first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and the second and subsequent lines are indented.

MLA Anderson, Iain. This Is Our Music: Free Jazz, the Sixties, and American Culture . Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 2007. Print. The Arts and Intellectual Life in Mod. Amer.

( MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers , 7th ed. The Modern Language Association of America, 2009)

Finding Bibliographic Information for Online Sources

"For Web sources, some bibliographic information may not be available, but spend time looking for it before assuming that it doesn't exist. When information isn't available on the home page, you may have to drill into the site, following links to interior pages. Look especially for the author's name, the date of publication (or latest update), and the name of any sponsoring organization. Do not omit such information unless it is genuinely unavailable. . . . "Online articles and books sometimes include a DOI (digital object identifier). APA uses the DOI, when available, in place of a URL in reference list entries." (Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers, A Writer's Reference With Strategies for Online Learners , 7th ed. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2011)

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Reference List: Basic Rules

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This resourse, revised according to the 7 th  edition APA Publication Manual, offers basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper. Most sources follow fairly straightforward rules. However, because sources obtained from academic journals  carry special weight in research writing, these sources are subject to special rules . Thus, this page presents basic guidelines for citing academic journals separate from its "ordinary" basic guidelines. This distinction is made clear below.

Note:  Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we've highlighted one important difference between APA 6 and APA 7 with an underlined note written in red.  For more information, please consult the   Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , (7 th  ed.).

Formatting a Reference List

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page "References" in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

Basic Rules for Most Sources

  • All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
  • All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).
  • For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with "Smith, J. M."
  • If a middle name isn't available, just initialize the author's first name: "Smith, J."
  • Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors ( this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors ). Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name.
  • Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
  • For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
  • Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.
  • Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).
  • Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.

Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals

  • Present journal titles in full.
  • Italicize journal titles.
  • For example, you should use  PhiloSOPHIA  instead of  Philosophia,  or  Past & Present   instead of  Past and Present.
  • This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources' titles do not.
  • Capitalize   the first word of the titles and subtitles of   journal articles , as well as the   first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and   any proper nouns .
  • Do not italicize or underline the article title.
  • Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.
  • Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication

Please note:  While the APA manual provides examples of how to cite common types of sources, it does not cover all conceivable sources. If you must cite a source that APA does not address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your source and using that format. For more information, see page 282 of the   Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7 th  ed.

Ask Any Difference

Reference vs Bibliography: Difference and Comparison

A reference is a specific citation to a source within the text of a document. At the same time, a bibliography is a list of all the sources used or consulted when creating a document, placed at the end of the document.

Key Takeaways A reference is a citation of a specific source used in a research work, while a bibliography is a comprehensive list of sources consulted during the research process. References are included in the main body of a document, whereas bibliographies are separate sections found at the end. Using a reference indicates that the source was directly quoted or paraphrased, while a bibliography may include quotations that were not now cited but informed the research.

Reference vs Bibliography

A reference is a citation within a text that shows the date, author, and page number, and it appears right below the essay and before the bibliography of the writing. A bibliography is a list that contains different information of the publisher, and it is located below the reference.

Reference vs Bibliography

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Reference is based on a primary source, but bibliography is based on a primary and secondary source.

Comparison Table

What is reference.

A reference, in the context of academic and scholarly writing, is a specific citation to a source within the text of a document, paper, or publication. It acknowledges the source of specific information, ideas, quotations, or data that have been used or referenced in the document. References are essential for several reasons:

  • Credibility : References provide credibility to the claims, arguments, or statements made in the text. They show that the author has conducted research, consulted reliable sources, and built upon existing knowledge.
  • Verifiability : References allow readers to verify the accuracy and legitimacy of the information presented. They provide a way for readers to access and examine the original source for further details or context.
  • Avoiding Plagiarism : Properly referencing sources helps authors avoid plagiarism by crediting the original creators of ideas, theories, or content. Plagiarism is a serious ethical and academic offense.
  • Supporting Arguments : References can be used to support arguments, provide evidence, or offer examples to strengthen the author’s position or claims.

In academic and research writing, proper referencing is a fundamental practice that upholds integrity, accuracy, and the responsible use of source material. It also helps readers trace the origins of information and engage in further research or scholarship.

reference

What is Bibliography?

A bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the sources, references, and works cited in a document, paper, or publication. It provides detailed information about each source used in the research or writing process, allowing readers to access and verify the cited materials. A bibliography appears at the end of a document, paper, or book and provides a valuable resource for further research and reference.

Key characteristics and information included in a bibliography consist of:

  • Author(s) : The names of the author or authors of the source.
  • Title : The source’s title, which may refer to a book, article, report, website, or other types of materials.
  • Publication Information : Details about where and when the source was published. This includes the name of the publisher, place of publication, publication date, and edition (if applicable).
  • Page Numbers : Page numbers or the specific location of the information within the source, especially when referencing specific sections or pages within a larger work.
  • URL (for online sources) : The bibliography may include the web address (URL) to provide a direct link to the source.
  • DOI (Digital Object Identifier) : If applicable, the DOI may be included as a permanent link to an online source.

The purpose of a bibliography is to:

  • Give Credit : Properly acknowledge and credit the original authors and creators of the sources used in the research or writing.
  • Verification : Enable readers to verify the information, data, or claims made in the document by referring to the original sources.
  • Further Research : Provide readers with a list of sources they can consult for further research.
  • Avoid Plagiarism : Demonstrate that the author has conducted research, cited sources, and avoided plagiarism by acknowledging the use of others’ work.

bibliography

Main Differences Between Reference and Bibliography

  • A reference is a specific citation to a source within the text of a document.
  • It is used to acknowledge the source of specific information, ideas, quotations, or data used in the text.
  • References provide immediate source information for specific statements or claims in the document.
  • A bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the sources, references, and works cited in a document.
  • It provides detailed information about each source, allowing readers to access and verify the cited materials.
  • A bibliography serves as a resource for further research and reference.
  • Contains brief details about a source, including the author’s name, publication year, and page number (if applicable).
  • Focuses on the specific information needed for in-text citation or footnote.
  • Includes comprehensive information about each source, including author(s), title, publication details (publisher, place, date), page numbers, and more.
  • Provides a complete bibliographic record of all sources used in the document.
  • References are placed within the body of the text, either as in-text citations or footnotes.
  • They provide immediate source information for specific statements or claims in the text.
  • A bibliography is placed at the end of a document, paper, or book.
  • It lists all the sources cited or consulted during the research or writing process.
  • References are formatted according to a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) and follow consistent formatting rules.
  • The reference format is designed for in-text use and may include brief citations.
  • A bibliography is also formatted according to a specific citation style.
  • The format is more comprehensive and includes full bibliographic details for each source.
  • References are relatively short and contain only the essential information required for in-text citation.
  • Bibliographies are longer and provide extensive information about each source, making them more comprehensive.

Difference Between Reference and Bibliography

Last Updated : 10 December, 2023

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27 thoughts on “reference vs bibliography: difference and comparison”.

Avatar of Courtney06

The article effectively explains the importance and function of both references and bibliographies in academic writing, offering a nuanced understanding of their distinct roles in scholarly communication.

Avatar of Isabelle85

I couldn’t agree more, Courtney06. The article’s comprehensive analysis and emphasis on proper citation enriches readers’ knowledge of academic writing conventions.

Avatar of Griffiths Mohammed

Absolutely, Courtney06. The article’s focus on the purpose, format, and function of references and bibliographies enhances readers’ appreciation of their importance in scholarly discourse.

Avatar of Aiden Miller

While the article effectively distinguishes between references and bibliographies, it would be beneficial to include examples of how to cite different source types within the text.

Avatar of Qlewis

I see your point, Aiden. Examples of in-text citations for sources like books, journals, and websites would enhance the article’s practical utility for writers.

Avatar of Tmurray

I agree, Aiden. Real-world examples of referencing different types of sources directly within the text would be a helpful addition to the article.

Avatar of Jkennedy

The article expertly distinguishes between references and bibliographies, offering a comprehensive guide that aids writers and researchers in maintaining the integrity of their academic work.

Avatar of Bell Ray

Absolutely, Jkennedy. The article’s focus on the purpose and format of references and bibliographies enhances understanding of their vital roles in academic writing.

Avatar of Jade22

I completely agree, Jkennedy. The detailed comparison table and explanatory sections effectively convey the nuances of proper citation practices.

Avatar of Fhunter

This article makes an important and clear distinction between references and bibliographies, highlighting their different functions and purposes in academic writing. It’s a valuable resource for students and scholars alike.

Avatar of Hannah14

I couldn’t agree more. The detailed comparison table really helped me understand the differences between references and bibliographies.

Avatar of Sally White

While the article provides a comprehensive overview of references and bibliographies, some examples of proper citation in different citation styles would have been helpful for practical application.

Avatar of Kprice

That’s a valid point, Sally. Including specific examples in APA, MLA, and Chicago styles would enhance the practical value of the article.

Avatar of Nstevens

I see your point, Sally. The comparison table is informative, but real-world examples would be beneficial for readers applying these concepts in their own writing.

Avatar of Sonia White

The comparison table effectively highlights the key differences between references and bibliographies, aiding readers in understanding their distinct functions in scholarly writing.

Avatar of Carter Sebastian

Indeed, Sonia. The clear delineation between references and bibliographies is a valuable contribution to scholarly discourse on academic citation.

Avatar of Shughes

I couldn’t agree more. The article’s emphasis on precise definitions and placement of references and bibliographies enhances clarity for readers.

Avatar of Jennifer65

This article offers a comprehensive and lucid explanation of references and bibliographies, providing a valuable resource for writers seeking to uphold academic integrity through proper citation practices.

Avatar of Dan Graham

I couldn’t agree more. The article provides insightful guidance on the ethical and practical aspects of referencing, benefiting both writers and readers.

Avatar of Yadams

Well said, Jennifer65. The article’s emphasis on the credibility, verifiability, and role of references in academic writing underscores their significance in scholarly communication.

Avatar of Carter Colin

While the article provides a detailed overview of references and bibliographies, it could benefit from a brief section on the importance of consistent and accurate citation in academic writing.

Avatar of Zward

You raise a valid point, Carter. Exploring the implications of proper citation practices on academic integrity and the avoidance of plagiarism would add further depth to the article’s content.

Avatar of Rdavies

The distinction between references and bibliographies is well articulated in this article, shedding light on the specific roles and formatting conventions of each. It’s a valuable resource for writers and researchers.

Avatar of Maisie41

I couldn’t agree more. The detailed comparison and clear examples help demystify the often confusing aspects of references and bibliographies.

Avatar of Thomas Maria

Absolutely, Rdavies. The clarity of the definitions and the comparison table make this article a useful reference for understanding the nuances of academic citation.

Avatar of Gthompson

This article effectively elucidates the distinctions between references and bibliographies, providing a clear understanding of their respective roles and significance in academic writing. A must-read for students and scholars.

Avatar of Jonathan Hall

I wholeheartedly agree, Gthompson. The article’s comprehensive analysis and examples contribute to a better grasp of the importance of proper citation.

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Citing Sources: What are citations and why should I use them?

What is a citation.

Citations are a way of giving credit when certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again-- it provides an important roadmap to your research process. Whenever you use sources such as books, journals or websites in your research, you must give credit to the original author by citing the source. 

Why do researchers cite?

Scholarship is a conversation  and scholars use citations not only to  give credit  to original creators and thinkers, but also to  add strength and authority  to their own work.  By citing their sources, scholars are  placing their work in a specific context  to show where they “fit” within the larger conversation.  Citations are also a great way to  leave a trail  intended to help others who may want to explore the conversation or use the sources in their own work.

In short, citations

(1) give credit

(2) add strength and authority to your work

(3) place your work in a specific context

(4) leave a trail for other scholars

"Good citations should reveal your sources, not conceal them. They should honeslty reflect the research you conducted." (Lipson 4)

Lipson, Charles. "Why Cite?"  Cite Right: A Quick Guide to Citation Styles--MLA, APA, Chicago, the Sciences, Professions, and More . Chicago: U of Chicago, 2006. Print.

What does a citation look like?

Different subject disciplines call for citation information to be written in very specific order, capitalization, and punctuation. There are therefore many different style formats. Three popular citation formats are MLA Style (for humanities articles) and APA or Chicago (for social sciences articles).

MLA style (print journal article):  

Whisenant, Warren A. "How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX." Sex Roles Vol. 49.3 (2003): 179-182.

APA style (print journal article):

Whisenant, W. A. (2003) How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX. Sex Roles , 49 (3), 179-182.

Chicago style (print journal article):

Whisenant, Warren A. "How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX." Sex Roles 49, no. 3 (2003): 179-182.

No matter which style you use, all citations require the same basic information:

  • Author or Creator
  • Container (e.g., Journal or magazine, website, edited book)
  • Date of creation or publication
  • Publisher 

You are most likely to have easy access to all of your citation information when you find it in the first place. Take note of this information up front, and it will be much easier to cite it effectively later.

  • << Previous: Basics of Citing
  • Next: When should I use a citation? >>
  • Last Updated: Oct 24, 2023 3:46 PM
  • URL: https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/citations

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What’s the Difference Between a Reference List and a Bibliography?

  • Posted on August 16, 2023

Two terms often come to the fore when researching and writing: reference list and bibliography. The difference between the bibliography and references may appear minimal. 

However, they serve distinct purposes. A reference list comprises items specifically supporting ideas referred to and cited within the main body of a paper. In contrast, a bibliography collects all works consulted during the research process, whether directly quoted or not. 

While the reference list vs. bibliography debate is subtle, understanding these terms is crucial for students, teachers, and literature professionals.

Differences: Reference Lists vs Bibliographies

Reference lists and bibliographies play pivotal roles in academic and professional writing. However, distinguishing between them is essential to maintain the integrity of one’s work and adequately credit sources. Here’s a breakdown of their fundamental differences:

Nature of Listing:

Reference List: Comprises sources that are directly cited within the content.

Bibliography: Encompasses all the sources referred to during the research, regardless of whether they are cited in the text.

Reference List: Ensures readers can locate the sources of information and ideas mentioned in the paper.

Bibliography: Offers readers an overview of the breadth and depth of the research conducted, including sources that may provide further reading.

Reference List: Appears at the end of the paper, following any in-text citations.

Bibliography: Typically found at the end of the document, sometimes with an accompanying annotation, known as an annotated bibliography.

Citation Style:

Reference List: Often follows specific citation styles such as APA (American Psychological Association), which has guidelines for listing references.

Bibliography: While it can also adhere to styles like APA, the listing may be more comprehensive, including works that don’t strictly adhere to a specific style guide.

Reference List: Common in research papers, journal articles, and other academic writings where direct citations are made.

Bibliography: Often used in broader research projects, thesis work, or books where the author wants to showcase their research journey.

When conducting academic or professional research, understanding the distinction between a bibliography and references is crucial. It’s not merely a matter of semantics, but of ensuring appropriate credit, demonstrating the breadth of research, and offering readers avenues to further explore subjects.

Whether following the APA style for citations, arranging an alphabetical list of sources, or compiling a comprehensive list in Harvard’s author-date system, the difference between a bibliography vs. endnotes or referencing remains integral to accountable, clear, and impactful writing.

Examples of Reference Lists and Bibliographies

Both reference lists and bibliographies are essential components of academic and research writing. They ensure the writer properly credits the sources they consulted or cited, allowing readers to explore the subject further. 

The format for each varies based on the citation style. Here, we’ll explore examples in the APA (American Psychological Association) style.

Reference List: APA Style

A reference list in APA style comprises all the sources directly cited within the paper’s content. It’s important to note that every in-text citation must have a corresponding complete reference in the reference list. Here’s a brief example:

Smith, J. (2019). The Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Life. Environmental Journal, 45(2), 23-45.

Miller, L., & Brown, R. (2020). Solar Energy: Future Prospects. Renewable Resources, 12(5), 15-29.

Green Technologies. (2018). Advancements in Renewable Energy. 

When citing a research paper, especially in multiple styles, using a guide like the one provided by us can be especially helpful.

Bibliography: APA Style

In contrast to the reference list, a bibliography in APA style will contain all the sources the writer referred to during their research process, regardless of whether they were directly cited in the main content. 

A bibliography might include additional readings or sources that offer more insight into the topic, even if they weren’t explicitly referenced in the paper. Here’s an example:

Green, A. (2017). The Role of Oceans in Climate Regulation. Oceanography Today, 10(3), 45-58.

Renewable Energy Hub. (2016). The Rise of Wind Energy. 

It’s noticeable that while the first two entries appear in the reference list and bibliography, the latter two are unique. They represent additional readings or consulted sources not directly cited in the paper.

Importance of Correct Citation

Maintaining precise citations, whether through the author-date system or referencing a list of references, signifies more than mere avoidance of plagiarism. It demonstrates the depth and thoroughness of the research conducted. In the New York publication manual, FAQs highlight the key differences in citation styles, including how to indent on a reference page. 

These tools guide researchers and keen readers in their quest to understand the subject more profoundly.

Furthermore, the format of both lists can vary widely depending on the chosen citation style. The examples above use the APA style, but there are various other styles, such as MLA and Chicago. Each has its unique set of rules regarding citation. Guides like ours  provide step-by-step instructions on adhering to each format accurately.

In conclusion, understanding the nuances and adhering to the correct format is essential to create a reference list or a bibliography. They ensure the credibility and authenticity of the work and provide a roadmap for those wishing to explore the topic further.

The Critical Role of Formatting in Citations

Formatting goes beyond mere aesthetics; it’s about ensuring clarity and consistency. When a researcher, student, or reader encounters a web page or literature review, having a systematically formatted works cited page or reference list entry aids comprehension. This is vital, as your piece might serve as the foundational literature for another’s research.

Moreover, correct formatting ensures every detail is in its proper spot. For instance, in the Modern Language Association style, headings are used to separate sections, helping readers identify specific parts of the content. This organized approach allows readers to pinpoint where they can find particular information effortlessly.

Diversifying Sources in Bibliographies

In the world of research, relying solely on one type of source can limit the depth of your analysis. Bibliographies, in particular, provide an excellent opportunity to showcase various sources, from books and peer-reviewed articles to reliable online sources and interviews. 

For instance, while *Smith (2019)* might provide a comprehensive study on marine life, a documentary or an expert interview could offer practical insights or real-world observations that complement the data from Smith’s analysis. 

By including diverse sources in your bibliography, you enhance the richness of your research and demonstrate a holistic approach to your investigation.

Potential Pitfalls in Creating Reference Lists and Bibliographies

While both reference lists and bibliographies are essential, they come with potential pitfalls that researchers must be wary of:

  • Incorrect Ordering : Especially in styles like APA, where alphabetical ordering is crucial, even a slight deviation can lead to mark deduction in academic settings.
  • Missing Information : Skipping crucial details like publication dates or page numbers can make it difficult for readers to trace back to the source.
  • Inconsistent Formatting : Using multiple citation styles in one document or not adhering to one type consistently can confuse readers.

These pitfalls can be avoided by regularly consulting citation guides, utilizing citation management tools, or referring to platforms like our Citation Generator or specific guidelines on diverse citation styles.

Deciphering the World of Citations

Navigating the intricate details of academic writing and research can be challenging, especially when understanding the nuanced differences between citations. However, understanding the difference between a bibliography and a reference list is paramount. 

While a reference list enumerates the sources you directly cited in your paper, a bibliography showcases every source you consulted during your research process. 

In today’s digital age, where information is abundant and easily accessible, maintaining the integrity of your research is vital. Avoiding plagiarism is not just about academic honesty; it’s about preserving the research community’s sanctity and recognizing fellow scholars’ hard work. 

Accidental plagiarism can happen, and it’s often a result of mismanaged citations or overlooking specific sources. Here at Quetext, our citation generator can be instrumental in ensuring your work is original and gives due credit. It streamlines the process, ensuring every source gets its rightful acknowledgment.

Moreover, familiarizing oneself with the various facets of plagiarism is equally critical. This understanding ensures you don’t unknowingly tread on dangerous grounds. For a deeper dive into recognizing and avoiding plagiarism in your research, visit this comprehensive guide on recognizing and avoiding plagiarism .

In conclusion, while the distinctions between bibliographies and reference lists may seem subtle, they are crucial in academic and professional writing. By mastering these differences and leveraging tools to maintain citation integrity, you fortify your work’s credibility and contribute meaningfully to the vast world of research and knowledge.

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what is bibliography and reference

Create a bibliography, citations, and references

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Put your cursor at the end of the text you want to cite.

Go to References  >   Style , and choose a citation style.

On the References tab choose a citation style from the Style list

Select Insert Citation .

Point to Insert Citation, and choose Add New Source

Choose  Add New Source  and fill out the information about your source.

Once you've added a source to your list, you can cite it again:

Go to References  >  Insert Citation , and choose the source you are citing.

Insert Citation dropdown

To add details, like page numbers if you're citing a book, select Citation Options , and then Edit Citation .

Select Citation Options, and then Edit Citation

Create a bibliography

With cited sources in your document, you're ready to create a bibliography.

Put your cursor where you want the bibliography.

Go to References > Bibliography , and choose a format.

Tip:  If you cite a new source, add it to the bibliography by clicking anywhere in the bibliography and selecting Update Citations and Bibliography .

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Generate accurate APA citations for free

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How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition) | Guide & Generator

APA 7th edition publication manual

This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020). Scribbr also offers free guides for the older APA 6th edition , MLA Style , and Chicago Style .

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Table of contents

Apa in-text citations, apa references, formatting the apa reference page, free lecture slides, frequently asked questions.

In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct readers to the reference entry at the end of the paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else’s ideas or words to avoid plagiarism .

An APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and the year of publication (also known as the author-date system). If you’re citing a specific part of a source, you should also include a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example: (Smith, 2020, p. 170) .

Parenthetical vs. narrative citation

The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator.

  • Parenthetical citation: According to new research … (Smith, 2020) .
  • Narrative citation: Smith (2020) notes that …

Multiple authors and corporate authors

The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.

Missing information

When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.

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  • Missing reference entries

what is bibliography and reference

APA references generally include information about the author , publication date , title , and source . Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.

Reference examples

Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use Scribbr’s Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization.

Generate APA citations for free

It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.

APA Reference Page (7th edition)

On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order .

Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:

  • Double spacing (within and between references)
  • Hanging indent of ½ inch
  • Legible font (e.g. Times New Roman 12 or Arial 11)
  • Page number in the top right header

Which sources to include

On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation ). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).

Are you a teacher or professor looking to introduce your students to APA Style? Download our free introductory lecture slides, available for Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint.

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When no individual author name is listed, but the source can clearly be attributed to a specific organization—e.g., a press release by a charity, a report by an agency, or a page from a company’s website—use the organization’s name as the author in the reference entry and APA in-text citations .

When no author at all can be determined—e.g. a collaboratively edited wiki or an online article published anonymously—use the title in place of the author. In the in-text citation, put the title in quotation marks if it appears in plain text in the reference list, and in italics if it appears in italics in the reference list. Shorten it if necessary.

When you quote or paraphrase a specific passage from a source, you need to indicate the location of the passage in your APA in-text citation . If there are no page numbers (e.g. when citing a website ) but the text is long, you can instead use section headings, paragraph numbers, or a combination of the two:

(Caulfield, 2019, Linking section, para. 1).

Section headings can be shortened if necessary. Kindle location numbers should not be used in ebook citations , as they are unreliable.

If you are referring to the source as a whole, it’s not necessary to include a page number or other marker.

The abbreviation “ et al. ” (meaning “and others”) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors . Here’s how it works:

Only include the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”, a comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018).

APA Style usually does not require an access date. You never need to include one when citing journal articles , e-books , or other stable online sources.

However, if you are citing a website or online article that’s designed to change over time, it’s a good idea to include an access date. In this case, write it in the following format at the end of the reference: Retrieved October 19, 2020, from https://www.uva.nl/en/about-the-uva/about-the-university/about-the-university.html

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APA (American Psychological Association) Style is most commonly used in the  social and behavioral sciences.

  • APA General Format The guidelines for paper format apply to both student assignments and manuscripts being submitted for publication to a journal. If you are using APA Style to create another kind of work (e.g., a website, conference poster, or PowerPoint presentation), you may need to format your work differently in order to optimize its presentation, for example, by using different line spacing and font sizes. Follow the guidelines of your institution or publisher to adapt APA Style formatting guidelines as needed.
  • In-text Citations In scholarly writing, it is essential to acknowledge how others contributed to your work. By following the principles of proper citation, writers ensure that readers understand their contribution in the context of the existing literature—how they are building on, critically examining, or otherwise engaging the work that has come before.
  • Reference List Check each reference carefully against the original publication to ensure information is accurate and complete. Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher and writer. Consistency in reference formatting allows readers to focus on the content of your reference list, discerning both the types of works you consulted and the important reference elements (who, when, what, and where) with ease. When you present each reference in a consistent fashion, readers do not need to spend time determining how you organized the information. And when searching the literature yourself, you also save time and effort when reading reference lists in the works of others that are written in APA Style.
  • Sample Paper This page contains several sample papers formatted in seventh edition APA Style.
  • DOI Lookup: Crossref Search "Metadata". Crossref makes research outputs easy to find, cite, link, assess, and reuse. We’re a not-for-profit membership organization that exists to make scholarly communications better.
  • Basics of APA Tutorial This tutorial is designed for writers new to APA Style. Learn the basics of seventh edition APA Style, including paper elements, format, and organization; academic writing style; grammar and usage; bias-free language; mechanics of style; tables and figures; in-text citations, paraphrasing, and quotations; and reference list format and order. The Basics of Seventh Edition APA Style tutorial will permanently stay on this site for free.

APA Style from Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL)

  • APA 7th Handout Two page PDF covering common citation and reference types in APA.
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ACC 710: Financial Accounting and Reporting

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Citing Sources

What is endnote basic, using endnote, step 1) setup an endnote basic account, step 2) managing your folder, step 3) exporting articles from a database. importing and viewing articles from endnote, step 4) creating bibliographies, citation is a method of attribution that indicates your work came from another source (acknowledging the source).  it is important to cite sources to avoid plagiarism, but it is also important to cite sources so readers can learn more about your topic or research background.  citation also lets readers know how much effort you put into the research for your paper.  citing other's ideas also lends credibility to your ideas.  it is also important to "distinguish" your ideas from others, and to know that they are supported or differentiated from other's ideas., purdue owl guides for tips on apa format, mla format and more, citation - reflects the information needed to locate a particular source., bibliography - lists citations for all of the relevant resources., annotated bibliography - each citation is followed by a brief note that describes and/or evaluates the source., in-text citation - consists just enough information to correspond to a source's full citation in a works cited list. requires a page number(s) showing exactly where relevant information was found in the original source., ama - (american medical association). used in medicine, health, and biological sciences., apa - (american psychological association). used in social science disciplines, like psychology and education., chicago - used with all subjects in the "real world" by books, magazines, newspapers, and other non-scholarly publications., mla - (modern language association). used in literature, arts and humanities disciplines., endnote basic is a citation management tool.  endnote basic can help you keep track of your research articles, create bibliographies, view your articles, and even share information with colleagues.  .

To set up an EndNote account, go to the EndNote website.  

Click on login at the top right of your screen and then click on the link to access endnote online classic ( not endnote web or endnote 21) to continue with the setup process.  use a non-ssu email., you can create folders to organize your resources for different classes and projects.  to create a folder, click on organize then manage my groups.  click on new group to create a folder., share a folder - go to organize and manage my groups.  click on manage sharing and enter the email addresses you want to share your folder. , now you need to put articles into your endnote account.  to export an article from a library database to endnote, locate the button for exporting citations - this may be variously labeled cite , export , save or something similar.  then follow the instructions to export your article(s) from library databases:  , 1) click on export/save as a ris format.  this ris format will be downloaded and saved to the downloads folder on your computer. , 2) to import an ris format to endnote, go to your endnote account. , 3) click on collect and import references. , 4) click on choose file and a box will appear.  select the downloads folder from your computer and locate your ris file (the name of this file could be " citations " / " delivery " / " savedrecs " / " proquest document ."  this depends on which database you are importing from) and click open. , 5) then under the import option dropdown box in endnote, select refman ris . , 6) choose your folder to save and click on import.  , manually insert a citation - click on collect and new reference.  under the reference type dropdown box, select the source type (book, journal article, webpage, etc.), type in the appropriate fields, and click save.  , citations not in a folder - go to my references and select the citations you want.  under the add to group dropdown box, select your folder., view your articles - mouse over the green circle icon (full-text options) of the article and click on it.  it will direct you to the appropriate library database to view your article (if available in full-text).  , to create a bibliography of your citations, click on format and bibliography.  under the references dropdown box, select your folder.  under bibliographic style dropdown box, select a citation style (apa, mla, etc.). under file format dropdown box, select rtf (rich text file) and save.  this will be saved to your downloads folder on your computer.  locate the rtf file (the name of this file will be " exportlist ").  this will be opened as a word document.  .

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Annotated Bibliographies

  • Annotated Bibliography Using RefWorks
  • Sample Annotated Bibliography
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  • More Help with Chicago/Turabian
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Introduction to Annotated Bibliographies

Always check with your professor to confirm their guidelines and preferences for any annotated bibliography assignments.

The format and content of annotated bibliographies can vary based on citation style and course requirements.

They are essentially a list of citations, each citation followed by an annotation, or a (typically short) piece of writing describing and/or evaluating the source.

Annotations can be descriptive, evaluative, and/or critical, and they are designed to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the cited source.

General Guidelines for Making an Annotated Bibliography

  • Look through more sources than you need
  • Filter out works that don't fit within your topic
  • Choose works that provide you with enough perspective
  • You may use RefWorks and should consult our Citing Sources Guide to ensure correct formatting
  • Citation formatting may vary based on the format of the source (e.g., the citation guidelines for academic journals differ from the guidelines for books or websites)
  • Read each source
  • Comment on the authority of the author
  • Comment on the intended audience
  • Compare and contrast the source to your other source
  • Comment on how this source works with your topic

General Format of an Annotation

Refer to the tabs on the left for specific guidelines for each citation style.

  • Follow the appropriate citation style
  • Add an annotation to the end of the entry​
  • Indent between 0 to 1 inch (depending on citation style) to distinguish from the hanging indent of the source entry
  • Annotations describe or evaluate the source - follow the instructor's guidelines​
  • If you do use more than one paragraph, do not skip a line between paragraphs
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Writing 5: Metamorphosis and Otherness

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Need help citing sources? Ask us!

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Finding Citations in Library Searches

You can find citations for resources in the library in the most common styles within a Library Search record.

  • Click on a title. The "CITATION" button's logo is a quotation mark. (circled below)
  • Choose the citation style you are using and copy the citation into your bibliography.
  • VERY IMPORTANT: These citations are machine-generated and must be checked for errors.

Screen grab from the library catalog showing where the citation button is located in a book's catalog record.

Creating Citations from Scratch

You must check each and every citation for accuracy. To do this, you will need 1) either the MLA 9th Edition Handbook or Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) MLA guide and 2) a physical or digital copy of the source you are citing.

It is ok to start with a computer-generated citation from the Library Search , but you should consider this citation a first draft. You are the editor ensuring accuracy. If you are using any form of machine-generated citation, you will need to manually check that the pagination, publisher information, chapter titles, etc. match the source. If the machine-generated citation and the resource do not match, it is very possible that the machine-generated citation is working from a different edition than the one you have quoted.

Find a sample citation for the format you are citing (book, journal article, YouTube video, etc.) In the MLA Handbook such examples are generally found in Chapter 5, Section 100-103. On the Purdue OWL page , you may scroll down slightly to find examples of some common formats. Compare your citation to your samples and make sure that your citation matches.

MLA Format for Gen AI

Example of the reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:

"Text of your prompt" prompt. ChatGPT, 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 8 Mar. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat.

  • Works Cited example: "Tell me about confirmation bias" prompt. ChatGPT, 12 Apr. version, OpenAI, 12 Apr. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat.
  • In-text citation: ("Tell me about")
  • How do I cite generative AI in MLA style?

Citation a (Very) Brief Introduction

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Citations generated by ChatGPT and from Google searches should be carefully checked for accuracy if you plan to include them in your work. ChatGPT has been known to fabricate citations and database citation tools do not always format the citation correctly.

Use the Library's Multi-Search or Periodical Finder to both verify that a citation exists and to locate the full-text of the source described by the citation. Use the Library's Guide to Citing Your Sources to correctly format your citations. For details about correctly attributing the work of others, see the SNHU Academic Integrity Policy for online students or  for campus students .

Multi-Search (for journal article and book citations)

The Multi-Search on the library home page searches across multiple library databases at the same time. The more databases that are searched, the more likely a search result.

screenshot image of the article title entered in the multi-search box

  • If the search comes back with "no results found", check for typos in the title and try again, or search using a portion of the title (the first four words, for example), or search using the unique keywords (nouns, proper names, jargon) in the title. If you are still not seeing what you want and the citation is to a journal article (not an eBook) use the  Periodical Finder  to find the issue of the journal containing the article you seek. For eBooks, search the Library databases that include  eBooks & eBook Chapters .

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COMMENTS

  1. Difference Between Reference and Bibliography (with Comparison Chart

    References are based on primary sources, whereas bibliography is created on the basis of primary and secondary sources. References used in the assignment can be arranged alphabetically or numerically. On the contrary, list of sources used in the bibliography is arranged numerically.

  2. How to Write a Bibliography, With Examples

    A bibliography is a list of all the sources you consulted while writing your paper. Every book, article, and even video you used to gather information for your paper needs to be cited in your bibliography so your instructor (and any others reading your work) can trace the facts, statistics, and insights back to their original sources.

  3. References vs Bibliography

    In a bibliography, you should include all of the materials you consulted in preparing your paper. Chicago citations and Oxford citations are two citation styles that use bibliographies. Both reference lists and bibliographies appear at the end of a written work and are usually organized alphabetically.

  4. Reference Page vs. Bibliography: What's the Difference?

    A reference page is the term for the bibliography section of academic papers written in the APA format. It fulfills the same functions as other bibliographies: It lists the full citations of the research sources used in the work, including publication details, so readers can track them down.

  5. What is the Difference Between Bibliography and References

    The main difference between bibliography and references is that references contain the sources that you have cited in your paper, whereas a bibliography includes all the sources that you have used for your paper, whether they are cited or not.

  6. Harvard: reference list and bibliography

    A bibliography is a detailed list of references cited in your work, plus the background readings or other material that you may have read, but not actually cited. Different courses may require just a reference list, just a bibliography, or even both. It is better to check with your tutor first. Example of a reference list

  7. Reference lists versus bibliographies

    A reference list contains works that specifically support the ideas, claims, and concepts in a paper; in contrast, a bibliography provides works for background or further reading and may include descriptive notes (e.g., an annotated bibliography).

  8. What is a Bibliography?

    A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used in the process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include: the authors' names the titles of the works the names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the sources the dates your copies were published

  9. Bibliography

    1. Karen Ho, Liquidated, 27-35. Note vs. Bibliography entry The bibliography entry that corresponds with each note is very similar to the longer version of the note, except that the author's last and first name are reversed in the bibliography entry.

  10. What's the difference between a bibliography and a reference list?

    A reference list only includes sources cited in the text - every entry corresponds to an in-text citation. A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited. Frequently asked questions: Knowledge Base What's the difference between method and methodology? Where does the methodology section go?

  11. Harvard Style Bibliography

    In Harvard style, the bibliography or reference list provides full references for the sources you used in your writing. A reference list consists of entries corresponding to your in-text citations. A bibliography sometimes also lists sources that you consulted for background research, but did not cite in your text.

  12. Bibliography: Definition and Examples

    A bibliography is a list of works (such as books and articles) written on a particular subject or by a particular author. Adjective: bibliographic. Also known as a list of works cited, a bibliography may appear at the end of a book, report, online presentation, or research paper.

  13. Reference List or Bibliography: What's the Difference?

    A reference list and a bibliography look a lot alike: They're both composed of entries arranged alphabetically by author, for example, and they include the same basic information. The difference lies not so much in how they look as in what they contain. A bibliography usually contains all the works cited in a paper, but it may also include ...

  14. Reference List: Basic Rules

    Reference List: Basic Rules. This resourse, revised according to the 7 th edition APA Publication Manual, offers basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper. Most sources follow fairly straightforward rules. However, because sources obtained from academic journals carry special weight in research writing, these sources are subject to special ...

  15. Reference vs Bibliography: Difference and Comparison

    A reference is a citation of a specific source used in a research work, while a bibliography is a comprehensive list of sources consulted during the research process. References are included in the main body of a document, whereas bibliographies are separate sections found at the end. Using a reference indicates that the source was directly ...

  16. References

    References References provide the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text. Check each reference carefully against the original publication to ensure information is accurate and complete. Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher and writer.

  17. Citing Sources: What are citations and why should I use them?

    What is a citation? Citations are a way of giving credit when certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again-- it provides an important roadmap to your research process.

  18. What's the Difference Between a Reference List and a Bibliography

    Reference List: Ensures readers can locate the sources of information and ideas mentioned in the paper. Bibliography: Offers readers an overview of the breadth and depth of the research conducted, including sources that may provide further reading. Location: Reference List: Appears at the end of the paper, following any in-text citations.

  19. Understanding Citations vs. References

    References refer to the sources listed within a reference list Now that you know the basics, examine each one in a bit more detail. In-Text Citations All the different styles (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard) include an in-text citation.

  20. Create a bibliography, citations, and references

    Create a bibliography. With cited sources in your document, you're ready to create a bibliography. Put your cursor where you want the bibliography. Go to References > Bibliography, and choose a format. Tip: If you cite a new source, add it to the bibliography by clicking anywhere in the bibliography and selecting Update Citations and Bibliography.

  21. APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.)

    Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).

  22. How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition)

    APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's APA Citation Generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations for free.. This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020). Scribbr also offers free guides for the older APA 6th ...

  23. APA 7th

    Reference List Check each reference carefully against the original publication to ensure information is accurate and complete. Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher and writer. Consistency in reference formatting allows readers to focus on the content of your reference list, discerning both the types of works you consulted and the important ...

  24. How do you format a bibliography in APA Style? (6th edition)

    The requirements of a reference list are that all references cited in the text of a paper must be listed alphabetically by first author's last name in the list of references and that all references listed must be cited within the text. A bibliography, however, typically includes resources in addition to those cited in the text and may include ...

  25. Citation Resources

    Bibliography - Lists citations for all of the relevant resources. Annotated Bibliography - Each citation is followed by a brief note that describes and/or evaluates the source. In-text citation - Consists just enough information to correspond to a source's full citation in a works cited list. Requires a page number(s) showing exactly where ...

  26. Research Guides: Annotated Bibliographies: Welcome

    The format and content of annotated bibliographies can vary based on citation style and course requirements. They are essentially a list of citations, each citation followed by an annotation, or a (typically short) piece of writing describing and/or evaluating the source. ... Create the source entry as you will for the Works Cited / Reference ...

  27. Research Guides: Writing 5: Metamorphosis and Otherness: Citation

    You must check each and every citation for accuracy.To do this, you will need 1) either the MLA 9th Edition Handbook or Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) MLA guide and 2) a physical or digital copy of the source you are citing.. Step 1: It is ok to start with a computer-generated citation from the Library Search, but you should consider this citation a first draft.

  28. How do I use the Multi-Search to locate a citation generated by ChatGPT

    ChatGPT has been known to fabricate citations and database citation tools do not always format the citation correctly. Use the Library's Multi-Search or Periodical Finder to both verify that a citation exists and to locate the full-text of the source described by the citation.