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Harvard referencing has a number of rules or conventions that you should follow under various circumstances. This page explains when you should use page numbers in your in-text citation, and what punctuation to include in your full reference. 

Page numbers

When do I need to include page numbers?

With any in-text citations, you must include a page number/s when you cite a source and are either:

• Directly quoting
• Paraphrasing

You must include the specific page (using p.) that the quote is located in the source.  For example:   

The findings that value conflicts are the 'very things that keep people awake at night or drive them away from the profession' (Skelton, 2011, p.266) should be hugely concerning for policy makers ...

Alternatively, you will identify a page range (using pp.) if the quote runs across two pages:

The research included questions that asked participants 'why they wanted to work in a university and what educational values underpinned their teaching' (Skelton, 2011, pp.259-260) in order to identify important internal motivations ...

What about in my References list?

In the References section of your work, you do not include the specific page number/s that you have quoted, because this list is identifying information about the source as a whole.

Your references list will only include page numbers for sources that are 'part of' a larger work, and indicates the first and last page numbers that your source occupies in the original source.  This is helpful for your reader to locate the item, should they wish to go back and read the original.  For example:

References Skelton, A. (2011). ‘Value conflicts in higher education teaching’,  Teaching in Higher Education , 17(3), pp.257-268. doi: 10.1080/13562517.2011.611875.

From the information in the reference we know that the following article begins on page 257 and ends on page 268 of the journal it appears in.  We also know that it was originally printed in issue 3, of volume 17, of the journal Teaching in Higher Education .  These details are important when trying to locate the article, whether online or in hard-copy.

Some source-types that this includes are:

• Journal article - appears in an issue of a journal.
• Newspaper article - appears in an issue of a newspaper.
• Chapter of an edited book - appears in a book that incudes further chapters written by other authors.

Punctuation

You will notice that within a single reference there are commas and full-stops, spaces, ellipses and italics in particular places.  Due to the differences between different sources, and the specific information needed for each type, there is no single rule that can be applied across all references for when to use which specific punctuation, so it is important to follow the guidance and examples for each type and replicate this in your references. 

However, there are some things to look out for that stay fairly consistent that we can illustrate in three examples:

References Great Britain. Department of Education Science. (1991).  History in the national curriculum (England) . London: HMSO. (DES circular no. 4/91). Guy, J. (2001).  The view across the river: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu struggle against imperialism . Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. Skelton, A. (2011). ‘Value conflicts in higher education teaching’,  Teaching in Higher Education , 17(3), pp.257-268. doi: 10.1080/13562517.2011.611875.

Commas break up some parts of the reference.

Full-stops are used at the end of particular parts including author's names, year of publication. 

The title of a source is italicised. However, if a source (journal or newspaper article, chapter of an edited book) is part of a larger work , then the title of the larger work (journal, newspaper, or book) is italicised and the title of the part (article or chapter title) is within single quote marks.

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Harvard Referencing - SETU Libraries Waterford Guide: Paraphrasing and Direct Quotations

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Paraphrasing and Direct Quotations

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Dublin is the capital of Ireland. The Discover Ireland website (Fáilte Ireland, 2013) outlines some of the main tourist attractions in Dublin. The city is ‘small, easy to get around and offers no greater challenge than struggling to be cultural the morning after the night before’ (Davenport, 2010, p. 16). Dublin aims to encourage sustainable tourism and members of the public can help by altering behaviour patterns (Miller et al ., 2010).

Paraphrase or Summary

When you paraphrase or summarise you express somebody else's ideas or theories in your own words.

Paraphrasing is not a direct quote, so there is no need to include quotation marks or page numbers. List the name(s) of the author(s) and the date of publication directly after the paraphrase. Example (see above): Miller et al., 2010.

Direct Quote

A Direct Quote is when you take an actual segment of text from another source and reproduce it word for word in your assignment.

Short quotations should be contained within your paragraph of text, but enclosed within single quotation marks. Example (see above): Davenport, 2010, p. 16.

Longer quotations should be indented as a separate paragraph and do not require quotation marks.

Unless you are quoting from material which does not have page numbers, you will always need a page number as part of your in text citation when quoting.  

Common Knowledge

Only information which is considered general knowledge, or common knowledge within your field of study, does not have to be referenced.

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Harvard Referencing

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Summarising

Summarising involves repeating the main ideas of a passage in your own words.  A summary concentrates on the important points rather than the details.

Original text

'... in order to learn consumers' views on beauty, Dove surveyed girls and women in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.  Some of the results were disturbing; for example, in Britain, more than half of those surveyed said their bodies "disgusted" them.  Six out of ten girls believed they would be happier if they were thinner, but actually fewer than two out of ten were in fact overweight.  Apparently, fashion's images of artificially curvaceous models and celebrities had wreaked not a little havoc on young self-concepts.'

Example of a summary   (1)

The results of a recent survey by Dove of girls and women in Britain indicated that many of the younger respondants had negative attitudes to their bodies and wanted to be thinner, even though a large proportion of them were not overweight (Rath, Bay, Petrizzi & Gill 2008, p. 139).

OR  (2)

Rath, Bay, Petrizzi and Gill (2008, p. 139) report that the results of a survey by Dove of young girls and women in Britain indicate that many young girls have false ideas about whether they are overweight or not. 

Summarising a substantial section or chapter of a book or a complete book: 

The Nazis attempted to control fashions in order to communicate a wide range of propoganda messages (Guenther 2004).

  OR  (3)

In a recent book, Guenther (2004) demonstrates the ways in which the Nazis used women's fashions to strengthen certain images of their ideal world.

Points to note :

There are different ways you can incorporate an in-text citation into your work. Usually, the author's surname/s, the date and page numbers (if necessary) appear in brackets - as in (1) above, but if you want to use the author's name/s  as part of your sentance you can do so as in examples (2) and (3) above.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is expressing what an author writes in another way. 

'For the times when silk stocking were not be had "for love or money," women had to make do.'

Example of a paraphrase

As Kirkham (2005, p. 221) points out, during the War there were times when silk stockings could not be obtained by any means and so women were forced to find alternatives.

During the War, when silk stockings were often not available at all, women were forced to find alternatives (Kirkham 2005, p. 221).

'A lifecycle inventory study confirmed that the use of the b-pak produces lower environmental burdens than a glass wine bottle.'

A b-pak is a more environmentally friendly container for wine than the traditional bottle (Evans 2007, p. 130).

As Evans (2007, p. 130) points out, the b-pak has a smaller environmental impact than a traditional wine bottle.

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In APA style, you use parenthetical citations within the text of your paper to credit your sources, to show how recently your sources were published, and to refer your reader to a more detailed citation of the source in the reference list at the end of your paper. You should use parenthetical citations when you paraphrase, quote, or make any reference to another author's work. A parenthetical citation in APA style includes the author's last name as well as the year in which the work was published, with a comma between them. If you are referring directly to a specific page in the source, you should also include the page number in your parenthetical citation. APA requires you to cite page numbers when you are quoting directly from the source. If you are paraphrasing, which is more common in the social sciences, you generally do not need to include a page number. If you have questions about whether you should include page numbers when citing in APA, you should consult your instructor.

If you mention the author's name and/or the year of publication in the sentence preceding the citation, you do not need to include them in the parenthetical citation. When you name the author in the sentence, you should include the publication year in parentheses right after the author’s name—do not wait until the end of the sentence to provide that information.

When you include a parenthetical citation at the end of a sentence, the punctuation for your sentence appears after the citation.

Citing author and date in a parenthetical citation

When you don’t mention either the author or the date of publication in your sentence, you should include both the author and the year, separated by a comma, in the parenthetical citation. 

Colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students (Jack, 2019).         

Citing when author’s name is mentioned in body of paper

When you mention the author’s name in your sentence, the year of publication should immediately follow the author’s name.

Anthony Jack’s (2019) study of low-income students on an elite college campus revealed that these schools are often unprepared to support the students they admit.

Jack (2019) studied the ways low-income students experience elite college campuses.

Citing page numbers

When you cite a direct quote from the source or paraphrase a specific point from the source, you should include the page number in the parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence. When you refer to a specific page or pages of the text, first list the year of publication and then list "p." followed by the page number or "pp." followed by the range of pages. If you refer to a specific chapter, indicate that chapter after the year.              

The author contends that “higher education in America is highly unequal and disturbingly stratified” (Jack, 2019, p. 4).

Jack (2019) contends that “higher education in America is highly unequal and disturbingly stratified” (p. 4).

Citing sources with more than one author

When you cite a source that has two authors, you should separate their names with an ampersand in the parenthetical citation.

The authors designed a study to determine if social belonging can be encouraged among college students (Walton & Cohen, 2011). 

If a work has three or more authors , you should only include the first author's name followed by et al. ( Et al. is the shortened form of the Latin et alia , which means “and others.”)

The implementation of postpartum contraceptive programs is both costly and time consuming (Ling et al., 2020).

Attributing a point to more than one source  

To attribute a point or idea to multiple sources, list them in one parenthetical citation, ordered alphabetically by author and separated by semicolons. Works by the same author should be ordered chronologically, from oldest to most recent, with the publication dates separated by commas.

Students who possess cultural capital, measured by proxies like involvement in literature, art, and classical music, tend to perform better in school (Bourdieu & Passeron, 1977; Dumais, 2002; Orr, 2003).

Citing multiple works by the same author 

If your reference list includes multiple works by the same author in the same year, identify them in your parenthetical citations and in your reference list by a lowercase letter after the year, assigning each letter in alphabetical order by the title of the work. When establishing the alphabetical order of works in your reference list, do not count the words "A" or "The" when they appear as the first word in a title.

One union-endorsed candidate publicly disagreed with the teachers' union on a number of issues (Borsuk, 1999a).

Citing multiple authors with the same last name        

If your reference list includes sources by multiple authors with the same last name, list each author's initials before their last name, even when the works were published in different years.

The question of whether a computer can be considered an author has been asked for longer than we might expect (B. Sobel, 2017).

Citing when no author is listed           

To refer to a work that is listed in your reference list by title rather than by author, cite the title or the first few words of the title.

The New York Times painted a bleak picture of the climate crisis (“Climate Change Is Not Negotiable,” 2022).

Citing when no date is listed

If the work you are citing has no date listed, you should put “n.d.” for “no date” in the parenthetical citation.

Writing research papers is challenging (Lam, n.d.). 

Citing a specific part of a source that is not a page number

To refer to a specific part of a source other than page number, add that after the author-date part of your citation. If it is not clear whether you are referring to a chapter, a paragraph, a time stamp, or a slide number, or other labeled part of a source, you should indicate the part you are referring to (chapter, para., etc.).

In the Stranger Things official trailer, the audience knows that something unusual is going to happen from the moment the boys get on their bicycles to ride off into the night (Duffer & Duffer, 0:16).

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing / Harvard Referencing Style Examples / Formatting page numbers in Harvard referencing style

Formatting page numbers in Harvard referencing style

Harvard-style referencing is one of the systems that a student, researcher, or writer may use to cite sources in their works.  

Depending on what you are citing, you may or may not need numbered pages in your citation or reference.

In-text citations

In-text citations only require a page number under two conditions:

• The source has page numbers.
• You are citing a direct quotation.

If these two requirements are not both fulfilled, then you do not need to include page numbers in your in-text citation.

If you do need to include page numbers, the page number will go at the end of the in-text citation following a comma. To create the in-text citation, you will need this information:

• Author surname
• Publication year
• Page number(s)

There are two different in-text citation formats you could use:

(Author surname, publication year, p. no.)

Author surname (publication year, p. no.)

Examples:  

“Proper gender roles become boundaries in the national iconography” (Mostov, 2008, p. 42).

In Soft Borders , Julie Mostov argues that “proper gender roles become boundaries in the national iconography” (2008, p. 42).

If you are citing a range of pages instead of one page, use ‘pp.’ in the citation.

“Every quality teacher is both a subject matter expert and good at teaching. These are two different skills. A teacher who connects well with his students but doesn’t know the subject matter isn’t going to be an effective teacher” (Stolar, 2020, pp. 4-5).

Even if page numbers are included in an in-text citation, it doesn’t necessarily mean they need to be included in the reference. In order for page numbers to be required for a reference, the cited source must meet the first criteria and either the second or third criteria:

• The cited source is complete work that is part of a larger work.
• The larger work involves different authors.

Common sources that require page numbers include journals.  

Example scenarios:

• A quote from the book For Whom the Bell Tolls would require page numbers in the in-text citation, but since the book only has one author, the reference would not need page numbers.
• An edited book has several chapters written by various authors. You use information from a single chapter. That chapter would be cited and its reference would include page numbers.
• A single journal has several articles written by different authors. So, usually, when you cite a journal, you must include the page numbers of the particular article you’re using.
• A book is a collection of short stories by a single author, and you use a quote from just one of the stories. You would cite that story within the larger collection and the full reference would include page numbers.

If you do have to add page numbers to the reference, here are a few tips to follow:

• Use ‘p. nn ’ to cite a single page.
• Use ‘pp. nn – nn ’ to cite a range of pages.
• Print sources: place page numbers at the end of the citation for print sources.
• Online sources: place the page numbers before the URL or DOI.

Chapter in an edited book example:

Barondes, S. (2012) ‘ Each of us is ordinary, yet one of a kind’, in Brockman, J. (ed.) This will make you smarter . New York: Harper Perennial, p. 32.

Online journal article example:

Steinkuehler, C. (2010) ‘Video games and digital literacies’,  Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy , 54(1), pp. 61–63. Available at: www.jstor.org/stable/20749077 (Accessed 16 October 2020).

Other cases

Most electronic sources, such as websites, videos, and audio recordings, do not have page numbers. Therefore, you do not need to list a location (page number) within your in-text citations.  

Instead of page numbers, online sources usually have a URL or DOI number, which should be included in the reference to indicate the source location.

Published October 29, 2020.

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A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples

Published on 14 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 15 September 2023.

Referencing is an important part of academic writing. It tells your readers what sources you’ve used and how to find them.

Harvard is the most common referencing style used in UK universities. In Harvard style, the author and year are cited in-text, and full details of the source are given in a reference list .

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Table of contents

Harvard in-text citation, creating a harvard reference list, harvard referencing examples, referencing sources with no author or date, frequently asked questions about harvard referencing.

A Harvard in-text citation appears in brackets beside any quotation or paraphrase of a source. It gives the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication, as well as a page number or range locating the passage referenced, if applicable:

Note that ‘p.’ is used for a single page, ‘pp.’ for multiple pages (e.g. ‘pp. 1–5’).

An in-text citation usually appears immediately after the quotation or paraphrase in question. It may also appear at the end of the relevant sentence, as long as it’s clear what it refers to.

When your sentence already mentions the name of the author, it should not be repeated in the citation:

Sources with multiple authors

When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors’ names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sources with no page numbers

Some sources, such as websites , often don’t have page numbers. If the source is a short text, you can simply leave out the page number. With longer sources, you can use an alternate locator such as a subheading or paragraph number if you need to specify where to find the quote:

Multiple citations at the same point

When you need multiple citations to appear at the same point in your text – for example, when you refer to several sources with one phrase – you can present them in the same set of brackets, separated by semicolons. List them in order of publication date:

Multiple sources with the same author and date

If you cite multiple sources by the same author which were published in the same year, it’s important to distinguish between them in your citations. To do this, insert an ‘a’ after the year in the first one you reference, a ‘b’ in the second, and so on:

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A bibliography or reference list appears at the end of your text. It lists all your sources in alphabetical order by the author’s last name, giving complete information so that the reader can look them up if necessary.

The reference entry starts with the author’s last name followed by initial(s). Only the first word of the title is capitalised (as well as any proper nouns).

Sources with multiple authors in the reference list

As with in-text citations, up to three authors should be listed; when there are four or more, list only the first author followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Reference list entries vary according to source type, since different information is relevant for different sources. Formats and examples for the most commonly used source types are given below.

• Entire book
• Book chapter
• Translated book
• Edition of a book

Journal articles

• Print journal
• Online-only journal with DOI
• Online-only journal with no DOI
• General web page
• Online article or blog
• Social media post

Sometimes you won’t have all the information you need for a reference. This section covers what to do when a source lacks a publication date or named author.

No publication date

When a source doesn’t have a clear publication date – for example, a constantly updated reference source like Wikipedia or an obscure historical document which can’t be accurately dated – you can replace it with the words ‘no date’:

Note that when you do this with an online source, you should still include an access date, as in the example.

When a source lacks a clearly identified author, there’s often an appropriate corporate source – the organisation responsible for the source – whom you can credit as author instead, as in the Google and Wikipedia examples above.

When that’s not the case, you can just replace it with the title of the source in both the in-text citation and the reference list:

Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.

The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

• A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
• A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

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Caulfield, J. (2023, September 15). A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 9 April 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-style/

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Harvard Solent Referencing

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Why do I need to include page numbers?

The Harvard Solent referencing style indicates that when you quote directly or paraphrase a specific piece of text from a source that includes page numbers, the in-text reference can include the page number(s).

Page numbers are included in the in-text reference if you want to direct the reader to the specific page or pages to locate your original source.   

How do I include page numbers?

Page numbers are included in the in-text reference after the year of publication - use a comma to separate the year and the page number/s e.g. (Smith 2013, p.16).  

For a quote/paraphrase from one specific page, i nclude the specific page using p. followed by the page number.

E xample:   using a direct  quote  from one page of a source:

• I t is essential that students "reference with care" when writing their assignments (Smith 2013, p.45).
• Smith (2013, p.45) has highlighted the need to "reference with care" when writing assignments.

For a quotation/paraphrase that spans multiple pages you can identify the page range using pp.

Example:   paraphrasing text from a source spanning two pages:

• It has been stated that all resources used to support your arguments must be included in your reference list (Smith 2013, pp.16-17).
• Smith (2013, pp.16-17) has stated  that all resources used to support your arguments must be included in your reference list.

If the information you wish to reference is on non-consecutive pages, you should still include all of the relevant pages. Use "pp." before the page numbers and a comma between the pages you need to include.

Example: if the information started on page 30 but then continued on page 35:

• Some have argued that... (Taylor 2015, pp.30,35).
• Taylor (2015, pp.30,35) has argued that...  

If you are summarising a large section or the entire work, you do not need to include a page number e.g. (Smith 2013).

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There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database .

For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library’s page on referencing and plagiarism . If you need guidance referencing OU module material you can check out which sections of Cite Them Right are recommended when referencing physical and online module material .

This guide does not apply to OU Law undergraduate students . If you are studying a module beginning with W1xx, W2xx or W3xx, you should refer to the Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules .

Table of contents

In-text citations and full references.

• Secondary referencing
• Page numbers
• Citing multiple sources published in the same year by the same author

Full reference examples

Referencing consists of two elements:

• in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date. If using direct quotations or you refer to a specific section in the source you also need the page number/s if available, or paragraph number for web pages.
• full references, which are given in alphabetical order in reference list at the end of your work and are not included in the word count. Full references give full bibliographical information for all the sources you have referred to in the body of your text.

To see a reference list and intext citations check out this example assignment on Cite Them Right .

Difference between reference list and bibliography

a reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text

a bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignment

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Examples of in-text citations

You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided below. Alternatively you can see examples of setting out in-text citations in Cite Them Right .

Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.

Online module materials

(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).

When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

OR, if there is no named author:

The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633&section=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:

The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014&section=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941&section=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).

Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.

For ebooks that do not contain print publication details

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

Example with one author:

Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).

Example with two or three authors:

Goddard, J. and Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care . Norwich: University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.

Example with four or more authors:

Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.

Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.

Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.

Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.

If accessed online:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).

Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.

Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).

Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).

Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.

Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).

Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.

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Harvard referencing

• Introduction to referencing

Including sources in your work

Direct quotations.

• Secondary referencing
• How to reference books & eBooks
• How to reference journals & newspapers
• How to reference the Internet
• How to reference Government & Legal sources
• How to reference standards & reports
• How to reference audio visual sources
• How to reference live performances
• How ro reference Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools

There are several ways of including sources in your work . You can summarise , paraphrase or directly quote the information. Whichever you use, you let your reader know by setting out the referencing details in a subtly different way as below.

• Summarising - if you are summarising the overall argument or position of a book or article then you only need to insert the author’s name and year of publication, you do not need to put page numbers in the text or in the reference list.
• Paraphrasing - if you are paraphrasing a specific point from your source you should include page numbers in the text, as well as the author’s name and year. This makes it easier for your reader to find the information being referred to.
• Direct quotation - is copying a short or long section of text, word for word, directly from a source into your work.
• Direct quotes (Short)
• Direct quotes (Long)

Longer quotations should be indented from the main text as a separate paragraph. Quotation marks are not required.

In-text example: Most people are biased in one way or another. Person bias, sometimes called the fundamental attribution error, is claimed to be the most common.

So we see a nurse, or a teacher or a policeman or policewoman going about their business and tend to judge them as being particular types of people rather than as people being constrained by the roles that they are playing in their work (Strongman, 2006, p. 94).

Reference example: Strongman, K. T. (2006) Applying psychology to everyday life: a beginner’s guide . Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

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• Last Updated: Oct 11, 2023 4:12 PM
• URL: https://libguides.southwales.ac.uk/harvard

Harvard referencing handbook (2nd edition)

• In-text citation
• Reference list

Quoting, paraphrasing and summarising

• Book with a single author
• Book with two authors
• Book with three or more authors
• eBook with page numbers
• eBook without page numbers
• Edited book
• Chapter in an edited book
• Journal article with a single author
• Journal article with two authors
• Journal article with three or more authors
• Company, organisation or professional body website
• Website | webpage | PDF with a personal author

You need to give an in-text citation whenever you quote, paraphrase or summarise an information source.

Click on the options below for more information.

• Paraphrasing
• Summarising

Quoting is copying a short section of text, word for word, directly from an information source into your work. 

1.  Short quotes should:

• have double quotation marks at the beginning and end of the text
• be followed with the in-text citation
• have ellipses (...) if you omit part of the text.

An example of a short quotation:

...it has frequently been identified that "the search for unattainable perfect could mean missing deadlines" (Williams and Reid, 2011, 94).  The implication of this is...​

2. Long quotations are generally longer than two lines.  You should:

• start the quotation on a new line
• indent the quotation
• follow the quotation with the in-text citation
• start your analysis of the quotation on a new line

An example of a long quotation:

When discussing your findings it is essential that you follow a pattern:

"The important point to remember is that in your review you should present a logical argument...justifying both the need for work and the methodology that is going to be used" (Ridley, 2012, 100).

Without this structure you will struggle to...

Paraphrasing is when you put a short section of text from an information source into your own words.  Although the words are your own, you are still using ideas from the original text.  You must acknowledge the source with an in-text citation.

Summarising gives a broad overview of an information source.  It describes the main ideas in your own words.  You must acknowledge the source with an in-text citation.

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• Last Updated: Jan 31, 2024 1:49 PM
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Harvard Referencing Style Guide

The Swinburne Harvard style guide is an author–date citation style. For example, if you were to reference this guide, you'd write: Snooks and Co. 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers , 6 th  edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld.

The Swinburne Harvard referencing style is an author–date citation style that has two parts: in-text citations that appear in the body of the paper and a reference list at the end. You may also see the term ‘bibliography’ being used, which is similar to a reference list but also includes any background sources you may have read but not actually cited in your paper.

Always check with your lecturer that this is the citation style guide required for your unit.

NOTE: The Swinburne Harvard style is based on the guidelines published in an Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS) manual.  As the AGPS manual is no longer being published, the Swinburne Harvard style will no longer be updated. For an alternative author-date referencing style the library recommends  APA 7 th  edition style  which is supported and maintained by the American Psychological Association but is used in a range of disciplines including design, business and psychology.

How to use the Swinburne Harvard style guide

Learn how to apply Swinburne Harvard style to three types of information sources frequently used by Swinburne students and staff.

Swinburne Harvard — brief guide

Download a printable PDF that covers how to style in-text references, reference lists and bibliographies using Swinburne Harvard style.

Swinburne Harvard — further examples

Find more examples supporting the guidelines outlined in the brief guide.  

Swinburne Harvard — images guide

Find guidelines and examples about citing images (photos, tables, graphs, maps, diagrams, etc.) from various information sources.

Swinburne Harvard — intranet content, internal documents and interviews guide

Learn how to acknowledge intranet content, internal documents used by an organisation, information from formal interviews and similar information sources.

Swinburne Harvard referencing style

This video describes the Swinburne Harvard referencing style. 

Referencing guidelines

In-text references.

• To cite a reference in the text of your work, insert the reference material and then immediately place the author's surname and the year of publication in brackets after it, e.g.  (Dawkins 2012).

You must include the page number(s) if you are paraphrasing the reference or quoting it, e.g. "The universe has..."  (Dawkins 2012, p. 226).

If you use the author's name in your sentence because they are well-known, then place the year of publication and page number in brackets after the name, e.g. . Dawkins (2012, p. 226) rationalises that...

When you quote a single sentence, enclose it in double quotation marks: " ".

When you quote two or more sentences, do not enclose them in double quotation marks — instead, place them on a new line, indent the entire quote and finish with the in-text reference. New text after that quote should commence on a new line and not be indented.

If you wish to quote a quote from within a source, then the in-text reference begins with the author(s) of the quote, then a comma, then the phrase ‘cited in’, then the author(s), year and page number (if applicable) of the source you are using. For example, if you were reading an article by Pavlovski published in 2017 and on page 33 of Pavlovski‘s article it included a quote from one of William Shakespeare’s famous plays, and you wanted to quote that quote by Shakespeare, then the in-text reference would be: (Shakespeare, cited in Pavlovski 2017, p. 33). Your reference list does not need to mention Shakespeare, just Pavlovski.

• Authors may be a single individual, a number of individuals or an organisation.

In-text references use the authors’ surnames only and do not include initials.

Where there is no author, use the title of the work (in italics) instead, e.g. (Hatching and raising brine shrimp 2010, p. 2).

For two or three authors, place an ampersand (&) between the last two authors' names. If you are writing their names directly into your text, replace the ampersand with the word 'and', e.g. McCurley, Lynch and Jackson state that only keen volunteers are productive volunteers (2012, p. 78). Note that this works exactly the same if two or more of the authors are organisations, e.g. …conservation of green spaces increased tourism income threefold (NSW Environmental Trust, Local Community Services Association & NSW Department of Environment and Conservation 2006, p. 75).

For more than three authors, place the first listed author’s surname, then insert ‘et al.’, then the year of publication and page number(s) if paraphrasing or quoting, e.g. …state control thus working against its citizens (Baldino et al. 2011, pp. 137-138). If you are writing their names directly into your text, both the first listed author’s surname and ‘et al.’ are not enclosed in brackets, e.g. Baldino et al. (2011, pp. 137-138) identify two agencies struggling…

If you cite two or more works in a sentence that are by the same author but they were published in different years, list the author's name once and then arrange the years of publication for the in-text citation from oldest to newest e.g. (Flannery 2003, p. 11; 2005, p. 28; 2008, p. 17).

For two or more authors with the same surname publishing different works in the same year, include all author initials after a comma after their surname, e.g. Different research reported the same effects occurring, regardless whether it was in lakes (Nguyen, D 2009, p. 3) or rivers (Nguyen, L 2009, p. 145).

You can cite two or more different information sources in the same single in-text references (especially when those sources all make the same point), e.g. (Comert 2013, p. 59; Faw 2013, p. 374; Li & Gao 2013, p. 475). 

The Harvard Style is based on a combination of author(s) surname(s)/last name(s)/family name(s) and date of publication (year). Most information sources should display either the year the information was published or, with information freely available on the web, the year that the information was most recently updated. For information freely available on the web, if there is only a Copyright date (usually found at the very bottom of the page you are viewing), you are permitted to use that as the date. If a range of Copyright dates is given (e.g. © 2017 – 2019), use the latest date indicated.

If a date of publication cannot be identified, use one of the following substitutes (after examining the information on the page and trying to make an intelligent determination or intelligent guess as to when it was most likely published/uploaded/updated):

c. 2015 = circa 2015 (an approximate date), where you can determine/guess to within a year or two without much effort. You should try to use this whenever possible, e.g. Evidently there is still uncertainty and ongoing debate about the actual colours painted on Tunisian Tigers (Pavlovski c. 2017).

1996? = a dubious / possible date. (Use when you can only determine/guess to within around 20 years or so.)

n.d. = no known date (Almost never use this – it is intended for ancient and obscure texts, such as those dug up by archaeologists. Most dates can be determined or guessed following the recommendations above.)

Page numbers

• In-text references should include page number details (if available) if you are paraphrasing or quoting.
• Page numbers are not required if referencing an entire work, e.g. (Milligan 1985).
• Use p. when citing from a single page, e.g. (Fardipour et al. 2020, p. 107) and pp. for a range of consecutive pages, e.g. (Dawkins 2012, pp. 15-16).
• If an article has an article number, then p. or pp. cannot be used. In that instance, use the article number, a hyphen and the page number that you are citing from, e.g. (Jayawardena et al. 2017, e2600-6) if you are citing from page 6 of Jayawardena et al.’s 2017 article with the article number e2600.
• Additional details such as volume numbers should only be used when necessary to avoid confusion with other volumes of the same series by an author.
• If page numbers are not provided and the information resource is not an article with article number, then use author's name and year of publication.

Reference list

All in-text citations must have fully detailed, corresponding entries placed in a reference list at the end of your assignment, unless an in-text citation is a personal communication that has been fully written into the body of your assignment and your assignment is not significantly comprised of personal communications.

Reference list entries should be arranged  alphabetically by author's surname  (or by organisation name).

If an organisation name begins with 'The', ignore it and arrange their name alphabetically by the next word, e.g. The Centre for Academic Excellence is not arranged by the letter T, but instead the letter C.

Each new information source should begin on a new line. 

Authors may be a single individual, a number of individuals, an organisation, a number of organisations, or any combination of these.

Individuals’ names are presented surname first, initial(s) next. Full names of organisations are used, not abbreviations or acronyms.

Names are arranged in the reference list entry in the same order that they appear on the actual information source you use. Do not re-order them.

If there is no clearly identifiable author(s) for web content, do not use the name of the Copyright owner or website host/website sponsor, as they may not be the same person or organization that authored the work. 

If no author can be identified or determined at all, then the title is placed first in the reference list entry, and the title should be italicised. Next comes the date. Then other details as per normal for the type of information source (e.g. web page with no author, not even an organisation:  Hatching and raising brine shrimp  2010, aquaristscollective.com, viewed 1 April 2019, <http://www.aquaristscollective.com.au/foodnotes/hatch-brine-shrimp>.

Remember that Harvard Style is concerned with attributing primarily by author(s) and by date. Therefore, you are permitted to move around a whole website to try to determine authorship (either individual(s) or organisation(s)) of the content, which you can then assert to be the same author(s) of a particular webpage.

n.d. = no known date (Use this extremely sparingly. Most dates can be determined or guessed following the recommendations above.)

forthcoming = a work to be published in the near future.

Book titles and subtitles, journal names and web document page titles should be in italics.

Place a colon between a title and subtitle.

Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns of book titles, chapter titles, journal article titles and web document titles should be capitalised.

All major words in the titles of journals, newspapers and magazines should be capitalised. 

Chapter titles and journal/newspaper/magazine article titles should be enclosed in single quotation marks; they should not be in italics.

Web document or web page titles are usually shown at or near the top of the web document or page.

Volume/issue/series

Use the abbreviations vol. for volume and no. for issue number.

If there is no volume number, use the issue number.

If there is no volume or issue number, list any available designation such as the day and/or month or season.  

Book in a series

Insert the series title after the title of the work.

The series title is not italicised.

If the series has a number or volume, insert 'vol.' or 'no.' after the series title.

Place of publication

If more than one place of publication is listed, use only the first-listed place.

Do not use full stops in abbreviated place names (e.g. NSW not N.S.W.)

Add extra location information if there is more than one place with the same name, e.g. Melbourne, Victoria versus Melbourne, Florida; Richmond, Victoria versus Richmond, Tasmania.

Page numbers are not usually needed in the reference list for books. If you do use them, add them at the end of the citation, preceded by a comma and followed by a full stop, e.g. Huth, E 2005, 'Fragments of participation in architecture, 1963–2002: Graz and Berlin', in P Blundell Jones, D Petrescu & J Till (eds),  Architecture and participation , Spon Press, London, pp. 141-148.  

• Page numbers (or page number for a one-page article) appear at the end of the citation, preceded by a comma, and followed by a full stop.

For information sources longer than one page

Wang, J, Jiang, C, Han, Z, Ren, Y, Maunder, RG & Hanzo, L 2017, ‘Taking drones to the next level: cooperative distributed unmanned-aerial-vehicular networks for small and mini drones’, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine , vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 73-82.

For one-page information sources

Byrne, F, Coster, A & Deery, S 2010, 'Ugg maker gets his boots on', Herald Sun , 11 March, p. 30.  

• Some articles do not have standard pagination, but are allocated an article number instead. In this case, the article may have its own internal pagination or use the article number as part of the pagination.

If the article number is not used as part of the pagination

Place article number after volume and/or issue details, then finish with a full stop, e.g.:

Jayawardena, R, Thejani, T, Ranasinghe, P, Fernando, D & Verster, JC 2017, ‘Interventions for treatment and/or prevention of alcohol hangover: systematic review’, Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental , vol. 32, no. 5, e2600.

If the article number is used as part of the pagination

List the pagination as it appears on the article’s pages (look at the PDF version of the article to confirm this), e.g.:

Arulrajah, A, Kua, TA, Phetchuay, P, Horpibulsuk, S, Mahghoolpilehrood, F & Disfani, MM 2016, ‘Spent coffee grounds–fly ash geopolymer used as an embankment structural fill material’, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering , vol. 28, no. 5, 04015197-1-04015197-8.

Abbreviations

Referencing examples, reference list entry.

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, Title , Publisher, Place of publication.

Dawkins, R 2012,  The magic of reality, Black Swan, London.

In-text reference

Direct quote

"The universe has ..." (Dawkins 2012, p. 226).

Dawkins (2012, p. 226) asserted that ...  

Note:  In-text references use the authors’ surnames only and do not include initials, unless you are using two or more sources that have an author with the same surname and the sources were all published in the same year.

Two or three authors

Author, Initial(s) & Author, Initial(s) Year of publication,  Title , Publisher, Place of publication.

Tiernan, A & Weller, P 2010,  Learning to be a Minister: heroic expectations, practical realities , Melbourne University Press, Carlton.

Tiernan and Weller (2010, p. 299) state that "... "

A minister's performance will be ... (Tiernan & Weller 2010, p. 299).  

Note:  List author's names in the order they are listed in the book.

Four or more authors

Author, Initial(s), Author, Initial(s), Author, Initial(s) & Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, Title , Publisher, Place of publication .

Gabler, M, Lienhard, J, Cremers, J & Knippers, J 2011,  Construction manual for polymers + membranes: materials semi-finished products, form-finding design , Birkhauser Architecture, Basel.

Gabler et al. (2012, p. 67) recommend "..."

The process involves... (Gabler et al. 2012, p. 68).  

List author's names in the order they are listed in the book.

In-text reference: Only list the name of the first author followed by  et al.  (meaning 'and others')

Reference list: List all authors (do not use et al.).

Title  Year of publication, Publisher, Place of publication.

Higher education in Australia: the facts  2004, Business/Higher Education Round Table, Fitzroy, VIC.

In-text reference

Higher education in Australia: the facts  (2004, p. 23) claims that "Australia is..."

Australia has a role in ... ( Higher education in Australia: the facts  2004).   

Use the title and the year in place of the author. Do not place a comma between the title and year.

List the item alphabetically in your reference list by the title.

Italicise the title, but do not italicise the year of publication.

Do not use Anon or Anonymous.

Organisation as author

Organisation Year of publication,  Title , Publisher, Place of publication.

International Chamber of Commerce 2010,  Incoterms 2010: ICC rules for the use of domestic and international trade terms , ICC Services, Paris.

The "seller is required to ..." (International Chamber of Commerce 2010, p. 105).

The International Chamber of Commerce (2010, p. 105) established that ...

Where the author is an organisation, use the name of the organisation as the author.

Use the same rules as for books with one author.

Chapter in an edited book

Chapter Author, Initials(s) Year of publication, 'Chapter Title', in Editor's Initial(s) Surname (ed./eds),  Book Title , Publisher, Place of publication, page numbers of chapter.

Connell, D 2012, 'Flailing about in the Murray-Darling basin', in K Crowley & KJ Walker (eds),  Environmental policy failure: the Australian story , Tilde University Press, Prahran, pp. 74-87. 

"States have ..." (Connell 2012, p. 80).

Connell (2012, p. 80) suggests ...

Enclose the chapter title in single quotation marks.

After the chapter title, insert the word ' in ' before the name of the editor(s).

Use (ed.) for a single editor and (eds) for multiple editors.

In your reference list, use the editor's name with initials before surname (e.g. K Crowley)

If there is no chapter author, use the title in place of the author in-text and in the reference list.

Author, Initial(s), & Author, Initial(s) Year of publication,  Title , edn (edition), Publisher, Place of publication.

McCurley, S, Lynch, R & Jackson, R 2012,  The complete volunteer management handbook , 3rd edn, Directory of Social Change, London.

"Volunteer programmes are ..." (McCurley, Lynch & Jackson 2012, p. 78).

McCurley, Lynch & Jackson (2012, p. 78) found that ...  

The edition statement is only included if this is not the first edition (e.g.  2nd edn ).

Insert the edition statement after the title.

Use the abbreviation  edn  (no full stop) for edition.

A reprint or revised version is not a new edition and does not need specific mentioning; year of publication is enough to identify a reprint.

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication,  Title of the book , Series Title, vol. (if available), Publisher, Place of publication, page numbers.

Cabrera, M & Malanowski, N (eds) 2009,  Information and communication technologies for active ageing: opportunities and challenges for the European Union , Assistive technology research series, vol. 23, IOS Press, Amsterdam.

"Demographic challenges are ..." (Cabrera & Malanowski 2009, p. 7).

Cabrera & Malanowski (2009, p. 142) explain ...   

Table/graph/image in a book

'Table/graph title' [table], in Initial(s) Author Year,  Title , Publisher, Place of Publication, page number(s).

'Table 1: Personality problems - behaviour predictors' [table], in R de Board 1983,  Counselling people at work: an introduction for managers , Gower, Aldershot, Hants., p. 25.

The graph (de Board, 1983) illustrates ...  

Follow this example for a  table/graph/image  from a book, where no other part of the book is also used in the same assignment. If you use an image from one page and also information or quote from another page, then you don’t need to use this guideline — just follow the relevant guideline for the book as a whole instead.

Provide the bibliographic details of the image first, then the details of the information source in which it appears. If the author of the image is different to the author of the book, then guidelines similar to those for Chapter in an edited book will apply. If the year of publication of the image is different to the year of publication of the book, those different dates must be indicated in the reference list entry. 

Enclose the title of the graph/table/image in single quotes.

After the title, insert an identifier to describe what you are referencing: [table] for tables and flowcharts, [graph] for graphs, [advertisement] for advertisements, and [image] for everything else.

If you have one information source and use an image that was created by one person and a section of text written by a different person, or if you use two images from one source and they were both created by different people, then you will need to create separate reference list entries for each.

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, Title , Publisher, Ebook collection.

Appleby, G, Reilly, A & Grenfell, L 2014,  Australian public law , 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Ebook Central (Proquest).

Appleby, Reilly and Grenfell (2014, p. 282) express it this way: “The High Court's capacity…"

Appleby, Reilly and Grenfell (2014, p. 282) state that it is essential that the High Court must…  

Use this example for ebooks sourced from  Swinburne Library databases . Instead of place of publication, use the name of the ebook collection (e.g Books 24x7, Ebook Central (Proquest), eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost), etc.), as above.

For ebooks sourced from  ereaders , replace the place of publication with the name of the ereader device (e.g. Kindle).

For ebooks sourced  elsewhere online , use the guidelines for webpages.

Journal article

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, 'Article Title',  Journal Title , volume number, issue number, page numbers.

Argibay-losada, P, Suarez-Gonzalez, A, Lopez-Garcia, C & Fernandez-Veiga, M 2010, 'Flow splitting for end-to-end proportional QoS in OBS networks',  IEEE Transactions on Communications , vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 257-269. 

"The main reason ..." (Argibay-losada et al. 2010, p. 263).

Argibay-losada et al. (2010, p. 263) identified that...  

Follow this example for journal and magazine articles from library databases or in print.

For articles freely available online, follow the example for Article on the internet below.

Enclose the article title in single quotes '...'

If there is  no volume number , just list the issue number.

If there is  no volume or issue number , list any available designation such as the day and/or month or season.

Some articles do not have pagination, but are instead allocated an article number. The article may then simply have its own internal pagination, or pagination using the article number as part of the pagination. If the article has an article number, but the article number is not used as part of the pagination, then simply place the article number after the volume and/or issue details, then finish with a full stop, e.g. … vol. 32, no. 5, e2600.If the article has an article number and the article number is used as part of the pagination, list the pagination as it appears on the article, e.g. … vol. 28, no. 5, 04015197-1-04015197-8.

Journal article (no author)

'Article Title' Year of publication,  Journal Title , volume number, issue number, page numbers.

'World's oldest pills treated sore eyes' 2013, New Scientist, vol. 217, no. 2899, p. 15.

According to  World's oldest pills treated sore eyes  (2013, p. 15), "In ancient Rome ..."

... and this treatment has existed since Roman times ( World's oldest pills treated sore eyes  2013, p. 15).

Where there is no author, use the title in place of the author's name.

For the reference list, enclose the article title in single quotes '...'.

In-text, the article title is not enclosed in single quotes, but is in italics instead.

If there is  no volume number , use the issue number.

If there is  no volume or issue number , list any available designation such as the day and/or month or season.

Some articles do not have pagination, but are instead allocated an article number. The article may then simply have its own internal pagination, or pagination using the article number as part of the pagination. If the article has an article number, but the article number is not used as part of the pagination, then simply place the article number after the volume and/or issue details, then finish with a full stop, e.g. … vol. 32, no. 5, e2600. If the article has an article number and the article number is used as part of the pagination, list the pagination as it appears on the article, e.g. … vol. 28, no. 5, 04015197-1-04015197-8.

Newspaper article

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, 'Article Title',  Newspaper Title , Day Month, page numbers.

Crowe, D 2013, 'Big projects ordered to buy local',  The Australian , 17 January, p. 1. 

"Big investors will ..." (Crowe 2013, p. 1)

Crowe (2013, p. 1) claims bigger investors will ....  

Note:  Newspaper articles are referenced the same as journal articles, just replace the vol/issue number with the day and month of publication.

Newspaper article (no author)

'Article Title' Year of publication,  Newspaper Title , Day Month of issue, page numbers.

'Cyclists link up for homeless' 2012,  Herald Sun , 17 November, p. 9.

"Up to 6500 cyclists are expected" ( Cyclists link up for homeless  2012, p. 9)

According to  Cyclists link up for homeless  (2012, p. 9) 6,500 cyclists were ...

Where there is no author, use the article title instead.

Magazine article

Magazine articles, sourced from library databases or in print, are referenced the same as journal articles.

If you are referencing a magazine article you found freely available online, use the example below for  Article on the internet .

Table/graph/image in an article

'Table/graph/advertisement/image title' [table/graph/advertisement/image], in Initial(s) Author Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Title , volume number, issue number, page numbers.

‘Drop bear in its habitat’ [image], in V Janssen 2012, ‘Indirect tracking of Drop Bears using GNSS technology’,  Australian Geographer , vol. 43, no. 4, p. 447.

The front four fangs of the Drop Bear are very long and sharp (Janssen 2012, p. 447) and are able to tear meat...  

Follow this example for a table/graph/image from an article, where no other part of the book is used.

Provide the bibliographic details of the image first, then the details of the information source in which it appears. If the author of the image is different to the author of the article, then guidelines similar to those at Chapter in an edited book blended with Journal article will apply. If the year of publication of the image is different to the year of publication of the article, those different dates must be indicated in the reference list entry.

Article on the internet

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, 'Article Title',  Newspaper/Journal/Magazine Title , Day Month (or volume/issue number if applicable), page number/s (if applicable), viewed Day Month, <URL>.

Khadem, N 2017, ‘Men out-earn women by more than $26,500: WGEA 2017 gender pay gap report’,  The Age , 17 November, viewed 17 November 2017, <http://www.theage.com.au/business/workplace-relations/men-outearn-women-by-more-than-26500-wgea-2017-gender-pay-gap-report-20171114-gzl5jj.html>. 

This has led to urgent action, as “More employers are analysing their pay data for gender pay gaps – it was up nearly 11 percentage points in 12 months to 37.7 per cent of employers” (Khadem 2017).

37.7 per cent of employers have now examined their staff salaries for possible gaps due to gender (Khadem 2017).  

Follow this example for articles freely available on the internet.

For articles from library databases or in print format, follow the example for journal or newspaper articles.

Where there is no author, use the title in place of the author's name — follow the guidelines and examples at Journal Article (no author) and Newspaper Article (no author).

Online sources

Author, Initial(s) Year,  Title of document/webpage/website , Organisation/Host, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Yates, J 2009,  Tax expenditures and housing , Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, viewed 12 November 2013, <https://www.ahuri.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/3117/AHURI_Research_Paper_Tax_expenditures_and_housing.pdf>.

"Most official estimates ..." (Yates 2009).

Yates (2009) looked at the equity implications of tax ...  

No author : Use the title of the webpage.

Organisation as author : The author may be the same as the organisation hosting the website.

Date : The year the webpage was created or last updated. You may use the copyright date if one is mentioned and there is no clear year of creation or year of update. Otherwise, see Dates under guidelines for reference lists above.

Title : The title of the webpage or document (e.g. pdf) should be in italics.

Organisation/Host : The organisation responsible for hosting the website and putting the information on the internet. The organisation/host may be the same as the organisation that is the author of the information.

URL : Include the full URL in angled brackets < > and finish with a full stop.

Author(s) Initial(s) (if different to Author of webpage) Year (if earlier than Year of publication of webpage), 'Title of image' (or [Descriptive title of image]) [identifier], in Initial(s) Author(s) Year,  Title of Webpage , Organisation/Host, viewed Day Month Year, <URL of .jpg/.gif/.png etc., not URL of webpage>.

Geoscience Australia & Murray Darling Basin Authority, '[Map of Murray Darling Basin]' [image], in AustralianFarmers 2019,  5 FAQs about the Menindee fish deaths , National Farmers' Federation, viewed 13 May 2019, <https://mk0australianfa1qtvu.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/murray-darling-basin-map.jpg>. 

The two zones on the map immediately below (Geoscience Australia & Murray Darling Basin Authority 2019) show deoxygenated water…   

Follow this example for a table/graph/image/advertisement from a webpage or web document, where no other part of the webpage or web document book is used.

Provide the bibliographic details of the image first, then the details of the information source in which it appears. If the author of the image is different to the author of the article, then guidelines similar to those at Chapter in an edited book blended with Website will apply. If the year of publication of the image is different to the year of publication of the article, those different dates must be indicated in the reference list entry.

Provide the bibliographic details using the webpage the image is embedded in or viewed from, except the URL must be to the image itself, which may have a different organisation/host to the webpage (common with crosslinking).

If the image does not have a title, create your own descriptive title and enclose it in square brackets, then immediately enclose that in single quotation marks.

If there is no author's name but only a username, use the username as the author name and use it exactly as it appears on the information source.

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, 'Blog Post Title',  Title of Blog , Day Month (of post), viewed Day Month year, <URL>.

Berg, J 2013, 'Failure, organizational culture, and library management',  BeerBrarian , 20 November, viewed 26 November 2013, <http://beerbrarian.blogspot.com.au/2013/11/failure-organizational-culture-and.html>.

Berg (2013) reminds us that "Failure is…"

Library directors will ... (Berg 2013).  

If there is no author's name but there is a username, use the username as the author name and use it exactly as it appears on the blog.

If there is no author name or username, use the blog post title instead.

After the title of the blog, put the day and month of the individual post.

If an author posts multiple entries on the same day, include the time the entry was posted, e.g. 12 August, 1:24 PM.

Author, Initial(s) Year,  Title of podcast , Title of show (if any), Name of Organisation/Website (if any), Day Month (of posting, if any), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Clements, S, Krone, B, Girimaji, J & Denny, M 2012,  E17 – enhancing your wireless with a MSE , No Strings Attached Show, 10 December, viewed 12 November 2013, <http://nostringsattachedshow.com/2012/12/10/e17-enhancing-your-wireless-with-a-mse/>.

"..." (Clements et al. 2013)

Clements et al. (2013) discussed ...  

For  radio podcasts  follow the example for TV and radio under ‘Other Sources’.

Where there is  no identifiable author  or speaker, use the title of the podcast in place of the author. Example:  Ira Flatow and the Teachable Moment 2013, Science Talk, Scientific American, 20 September, viewed 6 November 2013, <http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=ira-flatow-and-the-teachable-moment-13-09-20>.

Social media (Twitter, Facebook, etc.)

Author, Initial(s)/Username Year of post,  Title  (or brief description of post), Day Month (date of post), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Dent, G 2013,  Grace Dent , 13 January, viewed 23 January 2013, <https://twitter.com/gracedent/status/290434401811173376>.

Dent (2013) stated that "..."

(Dent 2013)  

Social media is usually cited as you would reference a website.

If there is no author's name use the username instead.

You do not need to list the name of the platform, e.g. Facebook, Twitter.

If an author posts multiple entries on one day, include the time after the date, e.g. 13 January, 4:25 AM.

Online video (YouTube, TikTok, etc.)

Author Initial(s)/Username Year,  Title of video , Day Month (video was posted), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

INSEADofficial 2010,  Social responsibility in business today , 14 June, viewed 13 November 2012, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qwDQN-b72Y>.

"35% of GDP comes from new remittances" (INSEADofficial 2010).

Chris Taylor's interview on INSEADofficial (2010) was ...

Use this example for video sharing sites such as YouTube and Vimeo.

If there is no author's name but there is a username, use the username as the author name and use it exactly as it appears on the video sharing site.

After the title, include the day and month the video was added.

Government source

Australian bureau of statistics.

Australian Bureau of Statistics Year of publication,  Title Reference period  (if provided), catalogue number (if still used), ABS, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021,  Marriages and divorces, Australia 2020 , ABS, viewed 25 November 2021, <https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/marriages-and-divorces-australia/latest-release#media-releases>. 

The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021) reported that "The marriage rate ..."

The figures showed ... (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021).  

Use ‘Australian Bureau of Statistics’ as the author, unless an individual author or group of authors are clearly identifiable. For instance, individual authors used to write the Australian Bureau of Statistics Yearbooks, and were clearly identified on the cover.

• Include the reference period after the title, if there is one. The reference period should be treated as part of the title.
• Include the ABS catalogue number after the title and reference period, if the item still has one. Use the abbreviation 'cat. no.' for the catalogue number e.g. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Marriages and divorces, Australia , cat. no. 3310.0, ABS, viewed 14 October 2013, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/3310.0Main+Features12011?OpenDocument>.
• Use ABS as the organisation/host details.

Act of Parliament

Title of the Act Year of publication  (Jurisdiction), Location online, Section number (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998  (Cwlth), Federal Register of Legislation, s. 21, viewed 25 March 2019, <https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018C00621>.

"A person who..." ( Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998  (Cwlth), s.21.019)

Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998  (Cwlth) provides for ...  

Italicise both the title and year of publication.

List the abbreviation of the jurisdiction in brackets, e.g. for Commonwealth, use (Cwlth); for Victoria, use (Vic); for Western Australia, use (WA); etc.

Use 's.' or 'ss.' for the section number, e.g. s. 24  or ss. 24-56

Name of the Case  (Year), Report series and first page number, AustLII, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

R v Ramage  (2004) VSC 508, AustLII, viewed 4 April 2012, <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VSC/2004/508.html>.

The judge in  R v Ramage  (2004) VSC 508 stated the "The Court cannot allow…"

The judge in  R v Ramage  (2004) VSC 508 acknowledged …  

For in-text references, write the full details directly into your text — only the year is enclosed in parentheses.

Italicise the name of the case.

List the report series using the abbreviation (e.g. HCA stands for High Court of Australia).

If a case is reported in multiple report series, list all of the report series and starting page numbers, separated by semicolons (e.g. HCA 63; 208 CLR 199; 185 ALR 1; 76 ALJR 1)

Other sources

Conference paper.

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, 'Title of the paper',  Title of the conference , Publisher, Place of publication, page numbers.

Hentschel, C, Wagner, A & Spanner-Ulmer, B 2012, 'Analysis of the application of the assembly-specific evaluation method EAWS for the ergonomic evaluation of logistic processes',  Contemporary ergonomics and human factors 2012 , CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 221-226.

"Evaluation of logistic ..." (Hentschel, Wagner & Spanner-Ulmer 2012, p. 225)

Hentschel, Wagner & Spanner-Ulmer (2012, p. 225) explain that ..

If there is no identifiable author, use the title instead.

Date of publication may differ to the date of the conference — for conferences held in the last third of a year, the publication of the conference proceedings will be in the following year.

If the title of the conference also includes the place and date that the conference was held, then these should also be included in the title.

Dictionary or encyclopedia

Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, 'Title of entry', in Editor's Initial(s) Surname (ed./eds), Title of encyclopedia , Edition (if not the first), Volume number (if any), Publisher, Place of publication, page numbers.

Meadows, M 2011, 'Indigenous media (Australia)', in JDH Downing (ed.),  Encyclopedia of social movement media , SAGE Publications, Los Angeles, pp. 247-250.   

Meadows (2011, p. 248) tells us that "Indigenous media ..."

In Australia ... (Meadows 2011, p. 248)  

List the entry title in single quotation marks and the encyclopedia title in italics.

Authored entry : Use the same layout as a chapter in an edited book (as above).

No author : If there is no author for an entry, use the title of the entry instead. Example: 'Scherenfernrohr' 2011, in P Chamberlain & S Zaloga (eds),  Encyclopedia of WWII field equipment , Wotpress, Minsk.

Online from Swinburne Library : If you are using an encyclopedia from a library database, replace the publisher and place of publication with the database name. Example: 'Naga' 2012, in J Bowker (ed.),  The concise Oxford dictionary of world religions , Oxford Reference.

Film, video or DVD

Title  Year of release [format], Production company, Place of Publication (if any).

Despicable me 2  2013 [DVD], Universal Studios. 

" ... " ( Despicable me 2  2013)

Reformation of criminals in  Despicable me 2  (2013) is explored by…  

Enclose the format in square brackets, e.g. [DVD], [VHS], [Blu-ray].

Any other details you decide are useful to help further identify the particular source you use can be included after the Place of Publication (e.g. Director's cut). Place a full stop after Place of Publication, list the extra details and place full stops between each different set of details.

Industry report

Author, Initial(s)/Organisation Year of publication,  Title , Library database, Report number (if any).

Allday, A 2021, Gold ore mining in Australia , IBISWorld, B0804.

"Changes in world gold prices and in the value of the Australian dollar will ..." (Allday 2021, p. 9).

Allday (2021, p. 5) proposes that changes in ...   

Follow this example for industry and market reports from Swinburne Library databases.

Where there is  no author, use the organisation responsible for the report, e.g.   Morningstar 2021,  Bank of Queensland Limited BOQ , DatAnalysis Premium.

Lecturer, Initial Year, 'Lecture title', Course code and name, Location online, University name, Date of presentation, viewed Day Month Year.

Lei, Z 2021, ‘Lecture 3. Aircraft evaluation and selection’,  AVA10005 Aviation regulation & operation , Learning materials via Canvas, Swinburne University of Technology, 5 April, viewed 12 April 2021. 

This can be summarised as "Passenger data is not the same as seats occupied data" (Lei 2021)

Lei (2021) noted that data is not always …   

• Follow this example for notes you or others made during lectures (either live in a lecture theatre or livestreamed via Confluence on Canvas), or for the Powerpoint slides from the lectures made available via Canvas.

If there are any other unique materials made by the lecturer specifically to support that lecture and made available via Canvas (this does not include journal articles, book chapters, documents from authors or organisations outside of Swinburne, etc.), then replace Lecture Title with the title given for the document e.g. ‘Week 3: List of famous air disasters and summaries of investigation findings’.

Enclose the lecture title in single quotes.

Course code and name are both italicised.

Non-Swinburne content in Swinburne Commons

Treat as per relevant guidelines for information source but add Swinburne Commons, viewed Day Month Year.

Louis, L 2010,  Guide to road tunnels part 1: introduction to road tunnels , (AGRT01/10), Swinburne Commons, viewed 28 April 2017.

"…reinforced by 1020 bright steel mesh” (Louis 2010, p. 78).

…use of reinforced concrete for culverts (Louis 2010, p. 78).

Leaflet or booklet

Author/Organisation Year of publication,  Title  (or description), Publisher, Place of Publication, leaflet/booklet.

Epworth Richmond 2012?,  Allergy challenge procedure , Epworth Richmond, Victoria, leaflet.

" ... " (Epworth Richmond 2012?)

A brochure from the Epworth Richmond (2012?) demonstrated ...  

Use this example for flyers, information sheets, pamphlets, brochures, etc.

A leaflet is a single sheet of paper. A booklet is two or more sheets of paper joined together.

If there is no author, use the title of the pamphlet or the organisation/publisher as the author.

Use c. if you can determine an approximate date; ? for a possible date; and n.d. when no date can be determined at all (Use n.d. very sparingly. Most dates can be roughly determined).

If the publisher and/or place of publication cannot be determined, they can be omitted.

Personal communication

In-text reference — author year, day month.

This was confirmed by email (Kelly 2008, 3 July).

Peter Kelly confirmed this by email (2008, 3 July).  

Includes emails, letters, interviews, phone calls, conversations, presentations/public lectures, private social media communications, personal photographs that have not been published or uploaded onto Facebook or Twitter or similar social media platforms, etc. Personal communications should be written directly into your text.

A reference list entry is not required, unless your information sources are mostly comprised of personal communications.

Get permission from the person you are citing before using their details.

Keep hardcopies/printouts of emails and private social media communications as you may be required to prove their existence.

Author Year of publication,  Title , (Standard Number), Library database.

Standards Australia 2020, Risk management - Risk assessment techniques , (AS/NZS ISO 31010:2020), Techstreet Enterprise.

The recommendation from Standards Australia (2020, p. 41) is to: "(combine) with techniques such as nominal group technique ..."

When determining how to mitigate this problem, the recommendation is to use multiple techniques… (Standards Australia 2020, p. 41). 

Follow this example for Australian standards, IEEE, ASTM and SAE standards.

The standard number should be enclosed in brackets.

You must list the library database used to access the standard.

Author, Initial/s Year of publication, 'Title of thesis', Award, Institution, Location of Institution.

Jiang, J 2013, 'Balancing the roles of paid employment and unpaid caregiving', PhD thesis, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne. 

"A caregiver's propensity to leave the workforce ..." (Jiang 2013, p. 40)

Jiang's (2013) research found...   

Theses are unpublished works, so the title is in single quotes, not italics.

For  Award , you can use relevant qualification sought, e.g. PhD thesis, Masters thesis, Honours thesis.

For a thesis accessed freely online, blend these guidelines with the guidelines for websites, e.g. Taylor, J 2017, 'The role of emotion regulation in compulsive hoarding',  PhD thesis, Swinburne University of Technology, viewed 21 November 2017, <https://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/file/d48bf08d-c4dd-4d08-ae2b-239203d9037e/1/Jasmine%20Taylor%20Thesis.pdf>.

TV or radio

Series title (if any) Year of broadcast [format], Broadcasting station, Day and Month of broadcast .

RN drive 2021 [radio program], ABC Radio National, 5 November.

"Red crabs... " (RN drive 2021)

Red crabs, during mating season, require special road rules … (RN drive 2021).

Follow this example for referencing live broadcasts or TV and radio sourced from Library databases.

For format use [television program] or [radio program].

If there is a unique program title, then the following is used:

Program Title Year of broadcast [format], Series title (if any), Broadcasting station, Day and Month of broadcast.

Peter Fitzsimons on Sir John Monash and the battle of Le Hamel 2018 [radio program], ABC Radio Specials, ABC Radio National, 25 April.

For podcasts of radio programs , add the date viewed and URL to the podcast file. For example, a segment from a podcast of a radio program: How healthy are Aussie teens’ habits? 2021 [radio program], Health report, ABC Radio National, 22 November, viewed 25 November 2021, <https://abcmedia.akamaized.net/rn/podcast/2021/11/hrt_20211122_1738.mp3>.

An example of the whole day’s episode of the exact same program (if you are using content from the whole episode):

Health report 2021 [radio program], ABC Radio National, 22 November, viewed 6 December 2012, <https://abcmedia.akamaized.net/rn/podcast/2021/11/hrt_20211122.mp3>.

Why do you need to reference correctly?

Academic integrity refers to presenting academic work in a moral, ethical and honest way. It means using ideas, knowledge and information to develop your own insights, but not presenting someone else's work as your own or trying to gain an unfair advantage. It also means acknowledging the work of others when you include it in your work.

Looking for a different referencing style guide?

Australian guide to legal citation 4th edition (aglc4), american psychological association (apa) style guide, need more information.

Ask us a question or leave us feedback by emailing  [email protected]  or calling  1300 794 628 . Alternatively,  complete this form  so our team members can get in touch with you. 

UOW Harvard

• Introduction to UOW Harvard
• Paraphrases and quotations
• Types of in-text citations
• Multiple sources
• Unknown or anonymous authors
• A company, organisation, or government body as the author
• Legal cases or court decisions
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• Formatting guidelines
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• Secondary sources
• Two to three authors
• More than three authors
• No volume or issue number
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• Single author
• Chapter in an edited book
• Corporate author (where the author is also the publisher)
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• Multiple works by the same author (in different years)
• Multiple works by the same author (in the same year)
• No author or editor
• No date of publication
• Second or later editions
• Translated work
• Website or document from a website
• Podcast/Vodcast
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• Online non-journal article
• Article with one or more authors
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• Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) reports
• Government department as author(s)
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• Legal cases
• Legislation - Acts
• Legislation - Bills
• Company and industry reports
• Company profiles
• Financial data
• Figure, graph, or table
• With author
• Online encyclopaedia or dictionary
• Online video
• Music score
• Music score transcription
• Edited music score or critical edition
• Music performed by performer other than artist (or a specific performance by artist)
• Music from an online source
• Conference papers (published)
• Conference papers (unpublished)
• Images and artwork (print)
• Images and artwork (online)
• Maps within a text (e.g. an atlas)
• Printed Maps
• Online Maps
• Media Release
• Personal Communication
• Course Material
• Leaflet or Pamphlet
• Archival and Primary Sources
• Software and Apps
• UOW Harvard PDF This link opens in a new window
• Referencing & Citing Guide Main Page

In text citations

Every sentence in which you use evidence, information or an example from another source requires an in-text reference (both academic and non-academic sources require a reference, as do both paraphrases and “direct quotes”). Your citation should be for the article/book that you are actually reading (not for the sources quoted in your supporting text).

As well as giving appropriate acknowledgement to original sources, in-text citations work to differentiate between your supporting evidence (which will include an in-text reference) and your own critical thoughts, ideas and engagement with both the evidence and the topic.

In many subjects paraphrasing is the preferred method of using someone else’s work or ideas. This is because clearly explaining an idea in your own words, demonstrates that you understand the original source. Paraphrasing is not simply changing the order of words or using a thesaurus, as this does not demonstrate understanding. Think about what the original passage is saying and how you might explain this to someone in your own words .

A direct quote is where you use the exact words from another person’s work and cite it. Direct quotes are used when the wording of the original is important for the point that you are making. This may be preferred in subjects where exact wording and form is important, such as in literary studies, law or in other areas of study that involve close textural analysis.

For expectations regarding the use of direct quotes, check with your tutor or subject co-ordinator.

Paraphrases

An in-text citation for a paraphrase will require the author and the date. Generally, when paraphrasing you do not need to include page numbers in an in-text citation unless you have been asked to do so. However, including page numbers can help the reader to find the information more easily in a longer text, such as a thesis.

An in-text citation for a direct quote will require the author and the date and page number(s).

Shorter direct quotes must be enclosed in double quotation marks with the in-text citation within the sentence itself. For example:

"This procedure is fuelled by the radical but simple idea that two people standing side by side, looking at identical objects, see different things” (Harper 2002, p. 22).

Quotes of 30 words or longer should be in the form of a block quote, without quotation marks, with a 1 cm indent from the left margin. For example:

the photographs become something like a Rorschach ink blot in which people of different cultures spin their respective worlds of meaning. This procedure is fuelled by the radical but simple idea that two people standing side by side, looking at identical objects, see different things. (Harper 2002, p. 22)

When listing a range of page numbers, you should list the first page number and the last page number separated by an en-dash/rule (approx. the length of two hyphens). For example: “pp. 76–93”.

• Previous: In-text citation information
• Next: Types of in-text citations
• Last Updated: Feb 22, 2024 12:34 PM
• URL: https://uow.libguides.com/uow-harvard-guide

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Harvard Referencing - The Basics

Referencing is..., why reference, harvard referencing style.

• Citations & Reference Lists
• Referencing in Practice
• Recommended Reading
• Some Final Tips

'a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments, in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works, must be referenced'                                                                       (Curtin University Library, 2020)

It is standard practice at third-level to include references in all of your assignments. Good research and good referencing go hand in hand. Referencing is the process of linking what you have read to what you have written. 

What this means is that in order to do good research, you need to reference any words, ideas or images you have used in your assignment that are not your own original thoughts. You will be quoting, paraphrasing and summarising your sources throughout the essay, and compiling a full list of them at the end - more about all of this in the next section...

By learning how to reference properly, you are showing your lecturer that you:

• have read around your subject area 
• are acknowledging the sources you have used, and, 
• are protecting yourself from any charges of copying or plagiarism

A good reference list is the sign of a quality assignment. It provides evidence to your lecturer that you researched your topic well. Once you know how to reference, you are on your way to becoming a proper researcher!

(Pretorius, 2015)

The Harvard Referencing Style (sometimes called the Author-Date style) is the recommended referencing style at TUS: Midwest. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure what style to use as there may be some variations depending on your subject areas. 

There are two elements to any reference using the Harvard Style:

• An in-text citation within the text, and,
• A full reference at the end.

This means when you reference using the Harvard Style, you have to do two things: 

• Include an Author-Date citation each time you refer to a source in the body of your essay. (Note: also, include the page number if it is a direct quote)
• Compile a complete Reference List of all the sources that you cited throughout your essay at the end of your essay. (Note: this list must be in alphabetical order according to the first author's surname)

(George, 2017)

(Herriot-Watt University, 2015)

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• Last Updated: Apr 10, 2024 2:47 PM
• URL: https://lit.libguides.com/harvard-referencing-basics

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When am I supposed to include a page number in my in-text citations? (Harvard style) Last Updated: 22.Feb.2023 Views: 579

If the information you have used can be traced back to a specific page or set of pages in your source, you should always include the page number in your citation., in cite them right harvard style, this applies to paraphrasing as well as direct quotes ..

It doesn't matter how many authors the source has, or whether it's a book, article, report or some other type of document , the key thing is where your information appears.

• If what you've written is a more general summary of a source that doesn't relate back to a particular sentence or passage, a page number won't be required.
• The examples in the Cite Them Right guide that are shown on the specific pages for how to reference books, articles, etc. are limited and will not always show the full range of possible in-text citations.
• For the full details of how to in-text cite any source with one, two, three, or more than three authors, an organisation or even no author, have a look at the ' Setting out citations ' page (login required).
• If you are using a source that does not have page numbers you still need to include some information to help your reader find the information you've used. If it is a webpage you can count the sections or paragraphs, for example 'para. 2' instead of 'p. 2'. If you are using a Kindle book or other reading device or app, you can use the location or percentage shown on your screen.

Why does it apply to paraphrasing but not summarising?

Cite Them Right gives the following explanations.

•  "When you  summarise , you provide a brief statement of the main points of an article, web page, chapter or book... This differs from paraphrasing as it only lists the main topics or headings, with most of the detailed information being left out." ( Summarising (Harvard) - login required)
• In the section 'Common questions on referenci ng > 5. When do I need to include page numbers in citations?' (login required)  :

"when ideas are used from specific pages of a work , page numbers should also be given where appropriate. This:

• allows for the attribution of specific ideas (in some cases, these ideas may not be an obvious theme of the entire work)
• distinguishes your original thoughts from that of others
• allows readers to efficiently locate the original material"
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• Writing Tips

When to Include Page Numbers in a Citation

4-minute read

• 15th July 2022

If you’re a student or researcher , you’ll need to learn how to use references in your academic work to distinguish between your own original ideas and those that are someone else’s. While some referencing styles can seem complicated or overwhelming, you can master them, one step at a time! In today’s post, we provide a guide on when to include page numbers in citations when following three common referencing styles : APA, Harvard, and MLA. Read on to learn more!

In-Text Citations vs. References

First, it helps to understand the function of in-text citations compared to reference lists.

●  In-text citations are placed in the main text of your work to document the source of your information. They point the reader to the exact location of quoted or paraphrased material from a particular source.

●  Reference lists are placed at the very end of your work. They provide comprehensive information for all cited sources so that your reader can easily locate them.

Many referencing styles require that in-text citations include page numbers when directly quoting or paraphrasing another author’s work, while reference lists only require page numbers for sources that are part of a larger work (e.g., a chapter from an edited book or an article from a journal).

1. American Psychological Association (APA)

The APA style guide directs writers to include the author, date, and page number(s) in an in-text citation for a direct quote:

The storm was so severe, it was “raining cats and dogs” (Smith, 2011, p. 12 ).

Smith (2011) claims that the storm was so severe, it was “raining cats and dogs” ( p. 12 ).

However, if you’re paraphrasing the original author’s words (i.e., restating something in your own words or summarizing), page numbers are not required, but they are encouraged when the information comes from a long or complex work.

For an APA reference list , page numbers are only required for sources that are part of a larger work, such as an article from a journal:

Smith, A. (2011). The impact of raining house pets. Monthly Weather Review , 100 (6), 5–13 .

 2. Harvard

Meanwhile, the Harvard style guide requires writers to include the author, date, and page number(s) in in-text citations for both direct quotes and paraphrased text. Page numbers can be excluded when you refer to an entire work or a large section of it.

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Fortunately, Harvard follows a similar author–date method to APA for in-text citations:

Harvard is also similar in that page numbers are only required in reference lists for sources that are part of a larger work, such as a journal article:

Smith, A. (2011). The impact of raining house pets. Monthly Weather Review , 100(6), pp. 5–13 .

Note that “pp.” is used to indicate a page range, which would include the first and last page that your source occupies in the original work.

3. Modern Language Association (MLA)

The MLA style guide follows an author–page method for in-text citations and instructs writers to include the author and page number(s) for both direct quotes and paraphrased text:

The storm was so severe, it was “raining cats and dogs” (Smith 12 ).

Smith claims that the storm was so severe, it was “raining cats and dogs” ( 12 ).

Note that unlike APA and Harvard, the MLA style does not use “p.” or “pp.” to indicate a page number or range for in-text citations.

The final reference list in MLA is called the works cited page, but it is similar to the other styles in that page numbers are only required for sources that are part of a larger work, such as a journal article:

Smith, Asher. “The impact of raining house pets.” Monthly Weather Review , vol. 100, no. 6, 2011, pp. 5–13 .

Proofreading and Editing Services

Hopefully, this guide has provided you with a greater understanding of using page numbers in your citations. However, if you’re still learning or just need help checking your references for consistency, we have editors who are experts in several referencing styles! You can submit a free trial document today to learn more.

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When paraphrasing do I need to include page number in the in-text citation? What about the reference list?

Paraphrases and summaries do not require a page number for in-text citations. Quotes that use exact words from a source do require a page number.

A reference list item for the paraphrased or summarized item needs only what is "normal" for a reference of its type. References for whole books do not include page numbers, for example. Journal, magazine and newspaper articles, on the other hand, do include the beginning and ending pages of the article in their citation.

To see how to create in-text citations for paraphrases, see our APA guide In-Text Citation page  ("Placing in-text citations in a paper" tab) .

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• Last Updated Jun 29, 2020
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• Answered By Kerry Louvier

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Q. In the Harvard referencing format, do you need to add the page number in the citation when paraphrasing?

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• Referencing

Need more help?

Answered by: site admin last updated: dec 13, 2023     views: 1317.

In the Harvard Cite Them Right style, you should include a page number for both direct quotes and paraphrasing.

This rule applies to citations in your writing. For example:

Khan (2015, p.3) ...

...(Khan, 2015, p.3).

It does not apply to the full reference as this performs a different function: telling your reader what the source is (book, book chapter, article etc) and giving specific details on how to find it (by following the format specified in the Harvard guide).

Please check the University's referencing page  for more details on this. 

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Study skills- referencing.

• When should I Reference?
• What is Plagiarism?
• Summarising and Paraphrasing
• Direct Quotations

Summarising

Summarising involves condensing the source material into a shorter form. This may involve giving an overview of a book chapter or journal article. 

• Read and think – what is this telling me – (in the fewest possible words)?

Summarising is: 

• A brief ‘easy to read’ version of a longer piece of writing.
• Contains the main points written in your own words.
• A citation is still required.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing involves putting an idea/small section of a source into your own words, but keeping the meaning the same. A citation is still required - author’s surname, date of publication and page number if available. 

Paraphrasing means changing more than a few words of the text. It involves changing the structure. This may involve reading the text a few times then putting it away before rewriting it, including synonyms when you need another, similar word. The  Manchester Academic Phrasebank  may help with this, as it includes generic sentence starters and information to aid comparison and giving examples without repetition. 

Discover more about paraphrasing by watching the video below:

Watch the video below and click the link to learn more about the Manchester Academic Phrasebank and explore it yourself. 

• Manchester Academic Phrasebank
• Last Updated: Apr 11, 2024 10:29 AM
• URL: https://libraryguides.sunderland.ac.uk/referencing