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  • The Methods of Educational Inquiry. General. Humanistic Research Methods. Scientific Research Methods. Critical Theory, Policy Research, and Evaluation. Issues in Educational Research. Research Methodology. Humanistic Analysis Procedures. Scientific Analysis Procedures. Measurement in Educational Research. Introduction to Measurement. Item Response Methods. Applications of Measurement in Research.
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sturman a (1997) case study methods

Educational research, methodology and measurement : an international handbook

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  • Keeves, John P
  • Second edition
  • Oxford, UK ; Tarrytown, N.Y. : Pergamon, 1997
  • Resources in education (Oxford, England)
  • xx, 1054 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm
  • Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
  • Sect. I. The Methods of Educational Inquiry -- Introduction: Towards a Unified View of Educational Research / J. P. Keeves. (a). General. History of Educational Research / G. de Landsheere. Research Paradigms in Education / T. Husen. Research in Education: Epistemological Issues / J. C. Walker and C. W. Evers. Comparative Methodology in Education / J. P. Keeves and D. Adams. Facet theory / S. Shye. (b). Humanistic Research Methods. Anthropological Inquiry / J. U. Ogbu, N. E. Sato and E.-Y. Kim. Biographical Research Methods / N. K. Denzin. Case Study Methods / A. Sturman. Educational History in Biographies and Autobiographies / T. Husen. Ethnographic Research Methods / R. Taft. Historical Methods in Educational Research / C. F. Kaestle. Narrative Inquiry / F. M. Connelly and D. J. Clandinin. Naturalistic and Rationalistic Enquiry / E. G. Guba and Y. S. Lincoln. Oral History / B. K. Hyams. Phenomenography / F. Marton. Self-report in Educational Research / R. Saljo. Semiotics in Educational Research / J. Anward. (c). Scientific Research Methods. Scientific Methods in Educational Research / A. Kaplan. Cross-sectional Research Methods / P. Lietz and J. P. Keeves. Experimental Studies / M. J. Lawson. Human Development: Research Methodology / A. von Eye and C. Spiel. Longitudinal Research Methods / J. P. Keeves. Simulation as a Research Technique / R. R. Wilcox. Survey Research Methods / M. J. Rosier. Twin Studies / S. Fischbein. (d). Critical Theory, Policy Research, and Evaluation. Critical Theory and Education / G. Lakomski. Action Research / S. Kemmis. Feminist Research Methodology / B. D. Haig. Hermeneutics / P.-J. Odman and D. Kerdeman. Legitimatory Research / J. P. Keeves. Participatory Research / B. L. Hall. Policy Analysis / M. Trow. Policy-oriented Research / J. Nisbet. Evaluation Models and Approaches / N. L. Smith. Evaluation: A Tylerian Perspective / R. W. Tyler. (e). Issues in Educational Research. Research in Education: Nature, Needs, and Priorities / J. P. Keeves and P. A. McKenzie. Unintended Effects in Education Research / S. Ball. Teachers as Researchers / S. Hollingsworth. Education Research and Policy-making / T. Husen. Ethics of Evaluation Studies / E. R. House. Politics of Educational Research / P. M. Timpane. Translating Research into Practice / F. E. Weinert. Training of Research Workers in Education / K. Harnqvist -- Sect. II. Research Methodology -- Introduction: Methods and Processes in Educational Research / J. P. Keeves. (a). Humanistic Analysis Procedures. Computers and Qualitative Analysis / L. Richards. Concept Mapping / M. J. Lawson. Descriptive Data, Analysis of / J. P. Keeves and S. Sowden. Interviewing for Clinical Research / D. M. Keats. Participant Observation / S. J. Ball. Participant Verification / L. Sharpe. Repertory Grid Technique / R. J. Alban-Metcalf. Triangulation in Educational Research / N. K. Denzin. (b). Scientific Analysis Procedures. Census and National Survey Data / G. Burke. Change, Measurement of / J. B. Willett. Classroom Observation / M. Galton. Content and Text Analysis / J. Anderson. Data Banks and Data Archives / J. Anderson and M. J. Rosier. Data Management in Survey Research / A. Schleicher. Effective Schools Research / J. D. Willms and S. W. Raudenbush. Interviewing for Survey Research / P. V. Miller and C. F. Cannell. Meta-analysis / B. McGaw. Microcomputers in Education Survey Research / A. Schleicher. Models and Model Building / J. P. Keeves. Multilevel Analysis / J. P. Keeves and N. Sellin. Multivariate Analysis / J. P. Keeves. Prediction in Educational Research / R. M. Wolf and W. B. Michael. Q-Methodology / R. M. Wolf. Quasi-experimentation / R. M. Wolf. Questionnaires / R. M. Wolf. Sampling in Survey Research / K. N. Ross and K. Rust. Secondary Data Analysis / R. A. Reeve and H. J. Walberg. Selection Bias in Educational Research / A. C. Tuijnman. Single Case Research: Measuring Change / C. F. Sharpley. (c). Statistical Procedures. Bayesian Statistics / H. R. Lindman. Canonical Analysis / J. P. Keeves and J. D. Thomson. Cluster Analysis / B. S. Everitt. Configural Frequency Analysis / W. Kristof. Contingency Tables / B. S. Everitt. Correlational Methods / R. M. Thorndike. Correspondence Analysis / G. Henry. Data Envelopment Analysis / L. Anderson and H. J. Walberg. Discriminant Analysis / P. R. Lohnes. Effects: Moderating, Mediating, and Reciprocal / A. Russell. Event History Analysis / J. B. Willett and J. D. Singer. Exploratory Data Analysis / G. Leinhardt and S. Leinhardt. Factor Analysis / D. Spearritt. Factorial Modeling / P. R. Lohnes. Galois Lattices / C. Ander, A. Joo and L. Mero. Hierarchical Linear Modeling / S. W. Raudenbush and A. S. Bryk. Hypothesis Testing / J. D. Finn. Interaction, Detection, and its Effects / K. Marjoribanks. Log-Linear Models / J. J. Kennedy and Hak Ping Tam. Measures of Variation / J. P. Keeves. Missing Data and Nonresponse / D. Holt. Mobility Tables / R. Erikson. Multitrait-Multimethod Analysis / H. W. Marsh and D. Grayson. Nonparametric and Distribution-free Statistics / M. Cooper. Partial Order Scalogram Analysis / S. Shye. Path Analysis and Linear Structural Relations Analysis / A. C. Tuijnman and J. P. Keeves. Path Analysis with Latent Variables / N. Sellin and J. P. Keeves. Profile Analysis / J. P. Keeves. Projections of Educational Statistics / D. E. Gerald and W. J. Hussar. Regression Analysis of Quantified Data / M. M. Tatsuoka. Robust Statistical Procedures / H. Huynh. Sampling Errors in Survey Research / K. N. Ross and M. Wilson. Significance Testing / J. K. Lindsey. Smallest Space Analysis / S. Shye. Social Network Analysis / A. S. Klovdahl. Sociometric Methods / L. J. Saha. Variance and Covariance, Analysis of / J. D. Finn -- Sect. III. Measurement in Educational Research -- Introduction: Advances in Measurement in Education / J. P. Keeves. (a). Introduction to Measurement. Classical Test theory / J. A. Keats. Criterion-referenced Measurement / R. K. Hambleton. Decision Theory in Educational Testing / W. J. van der Linden. Equating of Tests / M. J. Kolen. Generalizability Theory / L. Allal and J. Cardinet. Item Bias / J. D. Scheuneman and C. A. Bleistein. Item Writing Techniques / J. L. Herman. Measurement in Educational Research / J. A. Keats. Missing Scores in Survey Research / A. E. Beaton. Multiple Choice Tests, Guessing in / H. J. Rogers. Objective Tests / B. H. Choppin. Reliability / R. L. Thorndike and R. M. Thorndike. Scaling Methods / P. Dunn-Rankin and S. Zhang. Standard Setting in Criterion-referenced Tests / R. K. Hambleton. Taxonomies of Educational Objectives / V. De Landsheere. Test Bias / C. K. Tittle. Thurstone Scales / D. Andrich. Validity / R. A. Zeller. (b). Item Response Theory Measurement. Essays: Equating of Marks / D. Andrich. Item Response Theory / M. L. Stocking. Item Sampling / A. E. Beaton. Judgments, Measurement of / J. M. Linacre. Latent Trait Measurement Models / H. Swaminathan. Partial Credit Model / G. N. Masters. Rasch Measurement Theory / P. Allerup. Rating Scale Analysis / D. Andrich. (c). Applications of Measurement in Research. Adaptive Testing / D. J. Weiss and J. L. Schleisman. Attitudes, Measurement of / L. W. Anderson. Classroom Environments / B. J. Fraser. Descriptive Scales / C. Morgenstern and J. P. Keeves. Measurement of Developmental Levels / M. Wilson. Expectancy Tables in Educational Prediction / G. Morgan. Family and School Environmental Measures / K. Marjoribanks. Item Banking / J. Umar. Measurement of Social Background / J. P. Keeves and L. J. Saha. Models of Intelligence / J.-E. Gustafsson. Personality Inventories / K. M. Miller and B. Tyler. Practical Mathematics and Science Testing / K. C. Cheung. Projective Testing Techniques / J. J. Walsh. Rating Scales / R. M. Wolf. Tests and Attitude Scales, Translation of / R. K. Hambleton and A. Kanjee. Test-taking Anxiety and Expectancy of Performance / F. D. Naylor. Validity of Tests / J. P. Keeves. Vocational Interests and Aptitudes, Measures of / J. J. Lokan
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  • What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

Published on May 8, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research.

A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods , but quantitative methods are sometimes also used. Case studies are good for describing , comparing, evaluating and understanding different aspects of a research problem .

Table of contents

When to do a case study, step 1: select a case, step 2: build a theoretical framework, step 3: collect your data, step 4: describe and analyze the case, other interesting articles.

A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case.

Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation . They keep your project focused and manageable when you don’t have the time or resources to do large-scale research.

You might use just one complex case study where you explore a single subject in depth, or conduct multiple case studies to compare and illuminate different aspects of your research problem.

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Once you have developed your problem statement and research questions , you should be ready to choose the specific case that you want to focus on. A good case study should have the potential to:

  • Provide new or unexpected insights into the subject
  • Challenge or complicate existing assumptions and theories
  • Propose practical courses of action to resolve a problem
  • Open up new directions for future research

TipIf your research is more practical in nature and aims to simultaneously investigate an issue as you solve it, consider conducting action research instead.

Unlike quantitative or experimental research , a strong case study does not require a random or representative sample. In fact, case studies often deliberately focus on unusual, neglected, or outlying cases which may shed new light on the research problem.

Example of an outlying case studyIn the 1960s the town of Roseto, Pennsylvania was discovered to have extremely low rates of heart disease compared to the US average. It became an important case study for understanding previously neglected causes of heart disease.

However, you can also choose a more common or representative case to exemplify a particular category, experience or phenomenon.

Example of a representative case studyIn the 1920s, two sociologists used Muncie, Indiana as a case study of a typical American city that supposedly exemplified the changing culture of the US at the time.

While case studies focus more on concrete details than general theories, they should usually have some connection with theory in the field. This way the case study is not just an isolated description, but is integrated into existing knowledge about the topic. It might aim to:

  • Exemplify a theory by showing how it explains the case under investigation
  • Expand on a theory by uncovering new concepts and ideas that need to be incorporated
  • Challenge a theory by exploring an outlier case that doesn’t fit with established assumptions

To ensure that your analysis of the case has a solid academic grounding, you should conduct a literature review of sources related to the topic and develop a theoretical framework . This means identifying key concepts and theories to guide your analysis and interpretation.

There are many different research methods you can use to collect data on your subject. Case studies tend to focus on qualitative data using methods such as interviews , observations , and analysis of primary and secondary sources (e.g., newspaper articles, photographs, official records). Sometimes a case study will also collect quantitative data.

Example of a mixed methods case studyFor a case study of a wind farm development in a rural area, you could collect quantitative data on employment rates and business revenue, collect qualitative data on local people’s perceptions and experiences, and analyze local and national media coverage of the development.

The aim is to gain as thorough an understanding as possible of the case and its context.

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In writing up the case study, you need to bring together all the relevant aspects to give as complete a picture as possible of the subject.

How you report your findings depends on the type of research you are doing. Some case studies are structured like a standard scientific paper or thesis , with separate sections or chapters for the methods , results and discussion .

Others are written in a more narrative style, aiming to explore the case from various angles and analyze its meanings and implications (for example, by using textual analysis or discourse analysis ).

In all cases, though, make sure to give contextual details about the case, connect it back to the literature and theory, and discuss how it fits into wider patterns or debates.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

  • Normal distribution
  • Degrees of freedom
  • Null hypothesis
  • Discourse analysis
  • Control groups
  • Mixed methods research
  • Non-probability sampling
  • Quantitative research
  • Ecological validity

Research bias

  • Rosenthal effect
  • Implicit bias
  • Cognitive bias
  • Selection bias
  • Negativity bias
  • Status quo bias

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McCombes, S. (2023, November 20). What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods. Scribbr. Retrieved March 7, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/case-study/

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Internationalising Learning in Higher Education pp 111–134 Cite as

Designing an English for Occupational Purposes Framework Based on the Needs of University Administrative Staff: A Case Study

  • Julia Zabala Delgado 2  
  • First Online: 13 August 2019

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This chapter reports a case study carried out at the Universitat Politècnica de València for the design of an English for occupational purposes training framework based on the needs of Administrative and Services Staff (ASS). Focus groups, document analysis and review of English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) approaches were used to design a framework for a language programme that could balance the specific needs of the student population and those of the institution. The results of this study intend to provide a framework for a training programme that would benefit from the pragmatism of EOP approaches while maintaining a strong focus on language learning. Ultimately, the implementation of such an approach should help ASS achieve successful communication in English in a university context.

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Zabala Delgado, J. (2020). Designing an English for Occupational Purposes Framework Based on the Needs of University Administrative Staff: A Case Study. In: Carrió-Pastor, M. (eds) Internationalising Learning in Higher Education. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21587-3_6

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The case study as a type of qualitative research JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY EDUCATIONAL STUDIES 1/2013, 28-43

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This article presents the case study as a type of qualitative research. Its aim is to give a detailed description of a case study-its definition, some classifications, and several advantages and disadvantages-in order to provide a better understanding of this widely used type of qualitative approac h. In comparison to other types of qualitative research, case studies have been little understood both from a methodological point of view, where disagreements exist about whether case studies should be considered a research method or a research type, and from a content point of view, where there are ambiguities regarding what should be considered a case or research subject. A great emphasis is placed on the disadvantages of case studies, where we try to refute some of the criticisms concerning case studies, particularly in comparison to quantitative research approaches.

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sturman a (1997) case study methods

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Bedrettin Yazan

Case study methodology has long been a contested terrain in social sciences research which is characterized by varying, sometimes opposing, approaches espoused by many research methodologists. Despite being one of the most frequently used qualitative research methodologies in educational research, the methodologists do not have a full consensus on the design and implementation of case study, which hampers its full evolution. Focusing on the landmark works of three prominent methodologists, namely Robert Yin, Sharan Merriam, Robert Stake, I attempt to scrutinize the areas where their perspectives diverge, converge and complement one another in varying dimensions of case study research. I aim to help the emerging researchers in the field of education familiarize themselves with the diverse views regarding case study that lead to a vast array of techniques and strategies, out of which they can come up with a combined perspective which best serves their research purpose.

johnpatrick gonzales

American Journal of Qualitative Research

Nikhil Chandra Shil, FCMA

Nina Oktavia

Case study is believed as the widely used kind of research to view phenomena, despite of some critics on it concerning mostly on its data reliability, validity and subjectivity. This article therefore discusses some aspects of case study which are considered important to be recognized by novice researchers, especially about the way how to design and how to make sure the quality and reliability of the case. In addition, the case studying educational research also becomes the focus to be discussed, completed with some examples, to be able to open our mind to the plenty opportunities for case study in education.

Waleed Alabri

Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education

Fernando Almeida

The case study is a widely used method in qualitative research. Although defining the case study can be simple, it is complex to develop its strategy. Furthermore, it is still often not considered to be a sufficiently robust research strategy in the education field because it does not offer well-defined and use well-structured protocols. One of the most frequent criticisms associated with the case study approach is its low validity and reliability. In this sense, this study aims to concisely explore the main difficulties inherent to the process of developing a case study, also attempting to suggest some practices that can increase its reliability, construct validity, internal and external validity. Qualitative research methodologies broadly describe a set of strategies and methods that have similar characteristics to each other. In a qualitative methodology, we have an interactive model of data collection

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sturman a (1997) case study methods

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COMMENTS

  1. Case Study Methods

    Case Study Methods. J. Hamel S. Dufour D. Fortin. Education. 1993. The Case Study Differing Perspectives Conflict of Methods The Current Debate on the Case Study The Case Study Practical Comments and Guidance Thematic Bibliography for the Case Study. 1,100.

  2. PDF The Case Study as a Type of Qualitative Research

    According to Sturman (1997), "[a] case study is a general term for the explo- ration of an individual, group or phenomenon" (ibid., p. 61). Therefore, a case

  3. (PDF) The case study as a type of qualitative research

    The case study method is a research strategy that aims to gain an in-depth understanding of a specific phenomenon by collecting and analyzing specific data within its true context (Rebolj, 2013 ...

  4. (PDF) Case studies.

    the case study method was introduced by Frederic Le Play [15] ... Sturman, A. (1997) Case study methods, in Educational Research, Methodology and Measurement: An International Hand-

  5. Educational research, methodology and measurement : an international

    The Methods of Educational Inquiry. General. Humanistic Research Methods. Scientific Research Methods. Critical Theory, Policy Research, and Evaluation. ... 1997 ISBN 0080427103 (hard : alk. paper) 9780080427102 (hard : alk. paper) Browse related items. Start at call number: LB1028 .E3184 1997. View full page.

  6. Case Study Method: Key Issues, Key Texts

    Books. Case Study Method: Key Issues, Key Texts. Roger Gomm, Martyn Hammersley, Peter Foster. SAGE, Oct 17, 2000 - Social Science - 288 pages. This is the most comprehensive guide to the current uses and importance of case study methods in social research. The editors bring together key contributions from the field which reflect different ...

  7. (PDF) Qualitative research methodology in social sciences and related

    7.5. Case study According to A. Sturman, "A case study is a general term for the exploration of an individual, group or phenomenon" [Sturman, 1997]. Creswell [2009] defines case study as "Researcher explores in-depth a program, an event, an activity, a process, or one or more individuals". The structure of a case study should be the ...

  8. AU Institutional Repository :: Home

    wider use of such a study. (McDonough and McDonough, 1997) Applying Case Studies in Educational Research ... Characteristics of case study Sturman (1999) puts it that a distinguishing feature of case studies is ... Sturman, A. (1999). Case study methods. In J. P. Keeves and G. Lakomski (eds) Issues 111 Educational Research. Oxford: Elsevier ...

  9. Educational research, methodology and measurement : an international

    Case Study Methods / A. Sturman. Educational History in Biographies and Autobiographies / T. Husen. Ethnographic Research Methods / R. Taft. Historical Methods in Educational Research / C. F. Kaestle.

  10. Case Study Methodology of Qualitative Research: Key Attributes and

    A case study is one of the most commonly used methodologies of social research. This article attempts to look into the various dimensions of a case study research strategy, the different epistemological strands which determine the particular case study type and approach adopted in the field, discusses the factors which can enhance the effectiveness of a case study research, and the debate ...

  11. Case studies

    There are several types of case study. Yin (1984) identifies three such types in terms of their outcomes: (i) exploratory (as a pilot to other studies or ... psychological and sociological. Sturman (1999: 107), echoing Stenhouse (1985), identifies four kinds of case study: (i) an ethnographic case study - single in-depth study; (ii) action ...

  12. [PDF] The Case Study as a Research Method

    Case study research, through reports of past studies, allows the exploration and understanding of complex issues. It can be considered a robust research method particularly when a holistic, in-depth investigation is required. Recognised as a tool in many social science studies, the role of case study method in research becomes more prominent when issues with regard to education (Gulsecen ...

  13. 7 sturman a 1997 case study methods in j p keeves ed

    PSYC 344. test prep. 7 Sturman, A. (1997). Case Study Methods. In J. P. Keeves (Ed.).Educational Research, Methodology and Measurement: An International Handbook(2nd Ed.). pp. 61-66. Oxford:Pergamon . 8 Simons, H. (2009).Case Study Research in Practice. SAGE, London. 6. Narrative Research: It is a method that includes the analysis of the ...

  14. PDF Comparing Case Study and Grounded Theory as Qualitative ...

    1995). The uniqueness of case method lies in the focus of the study on the case (Stake, 1998). Furthermore Yin, (2003) define case method is a research design that is often guided by a framework ... When we discuss about limitation, I think there is a need to discuss how to limit them in case study approach. According to Sturman (1997) suggests ...

  15. What Is a Case Study?

    A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research. A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods, but quantitative methods are sometimes also used.

  16. Designing an English for Occupational Purposes Framework ...

    This chapter reports a case study carried out at the Universitat Politècnica de València for the design of an English for occupational purposes training framework based on the needs of Administrative and Services Staff (ASS). ... Sturman, A. (1997). Case study methods. In J. P. Keeves (Ed.), Educational research, methodology and measurement ...

  17. Sturman A ( 1997) Case Study Methods

    Sturman A ( 1997) Case Study Methods, Cover Letter For Oil And Gas Company, Essay On Global Warming In Telugu Language, Essay About The Day When My Friend My Life, Buy Art & Architecture Personal Statement, How To Write Essay About Personal Growth, 5 Paragraph Essay How Long

  18. Sturman A ( 1997) Case Study Methods

    We help complete tasks on Biology, Chemistry, Engineering, Geography, Maths, Physics, and other disciplines. Our authors produce all types of papers for all degree levels. Other. 4.8/5. 626. Finished Papers. A professional essay writing service is an instrument for a student who's pressed for time or who doesn't speak English as a first ...

  19. The case study as a type of qualitative research JOURNAL OF

    However, for this kind of generalization to be possible, it is essential to ensure that the salient features of the case are documented so that new situations can be illuminated by a very thorough understanding of a known case (Sturman 1997, p. 63). A case study is ideal for generalizing findings using the type of test that Karl Popper (in ...

  20. Sturman A ( 1997) Case Study Methods

    Sturman A ( 1997) Case Study Methods. User ID: 104293. I succeeded!! Make the required payment. After submitting the order, the payment page will open in front of you. Make the required payment via debit/ credit card, wallet balance or Paypal. Essay, Research paper, Coursework, Discussion Board Post, Term paper, Research proposal, Powerpoint ...

  21. Sturman A ( 1997) Case Study Methods

    Sturman A ( 1997) Case Study Methods - REVIEWS HIRE. 100% Success rate 1217 Orders prepared. Please note. Please fill the form correctly ... Discussion Board Post, Term paper, Research proposal, Powerpoint Presentation, Case Study, Dissertation, Questions-Answers, Dissertation chapter - Literature review, Thesis Proposal, Literature Review ...

  22. PDF The case study as a type of qualitative research

    of a case study is unnecessary because it is the definition that places the case study within its own space and gives it its own characteristics in comparison to other types of qualitative research. Several researchers have provided general definitions of case studies. According to Sturman (1997), "[a] case study is a general term for the explo-