tourism and hospitality case study

• © 2021

Marketing Tourism and Hospitality

Concepts and Cases

• Richard George 0

ICON College of Technology and Management/Falmouth University, London, UK

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

• Explores the fundamental principles of marketing applied to tourism and hospitality businesses
• Includes a chapter on the most important issues in marketing tourism
• Places special emphasis on smaller tourism businesses

41k Accesses

8 Citations

1 Altmetric

• Table of contents

About this book

Authors and affiliations, about the author, bibliographic information.

• Publish with us

Buying options

• Available as EPUB and PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Compact, lightweight edition
• Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
• Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Other ways to access

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check for access.

Table of contents (14 chapters)

Front matter, understanding marketing in the tourism and hospitality industry, tourism and hospitality marketing principles.

Richard George

Characteristics of Tourism and Hospitality Marketing

Understanding the tourism and hospitality market, tourism and hospitality consumer behaviour, tourism and hospitality marketing research, designing the tourism and hospitality marketing strategy, tourism and hospitality marketing planning, the tourism and hospitality marketing environment, market segmentation, targeting, and positioning, implementing the tourism and hospitality marketing mix, tourism and hospitality products, branding, and pricing, tourism distribution, promoting and advertising tourism and hospitality products, designing the tourism and hospitality promotions mix, digital marketing in tourism and hospitality, understanding tourism and hospitality marketing issues, quality service experiences through internal and relationship marketing, marketing tourism destinations.

This textbook explores the fundamental principles of marketing applied to tourism and hospitality businesses, placing special emphasis on SMEs in the international tourism industry. It includes examples from a wide range of destinations, from emerging markets to high-income countries. Taking a comprehensive approach, the book covers the whole spectrum of tourism and hospitality marketing including destination marketing, marketing research, consumer behaviour, and digital and social media marketing. Practical in focus, it gives students the tools, techniques, and underlying theory required to design and implement successful tourism marketing plans.

Chapters contain in-depth case studies, including companies like Marine Dynamics Shark Tours (South Africa), Reality Tours & Travel (Mumbai, India), and Makeover Tours (Turkey). Thematic case studies include ‘Halal Tourism in Southeast Asia’, and ‘Marketing and Branding Rwanda’. These illustrate key concepts and theory, with definitions, key summaries, and discussion questions providing further insights. This textbook is ideal for undergraduate and postgraduate students looking for a comprehensive text with a practical orientation. 

• destination branding
• place branding
• emerging economies
• developing countries
• case studies

Richard George  is a senior lecturer at ICON College of Technology & Management/Falmouth University in the UK. He was formerly Associate Professor of Marketing at the University of Cape Town (UCT) and Director of the Tourism Research Unit at UCT. His research interests include safety and security issues and consumer behaviour in the travel and tourism industry. He holds a PhD in Marketing from UCT, South Africa. 

Book Title : Marketing Tourism and Hospitality

Book Subtitle : Concepts and Cases

Authors : Richard George

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64111-5

Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan Cham

eBook Packages : Business and Management , Business and Management (R0)

Copyright Information : The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

Softcover ISBN : 978-3-030-64110-8 Published: 09 May 2021

eBook ISBN : 978-3-030-64111-5 Published: 08 May 2021

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : XXIII, 500

Number of Illustrations : 60 b/w illustrations, 75 illustrations in colour

Topics : Tourism Management , Marketing

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research

Field Guide to Case Study Research in Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure: Volume 6

Table of contents

Field guide to case study research in tourism, hospitality and leisure, advances in culture, tourism and hospitality research, copyright page, list of contributors, why case study research introduction to the field guide to case study research in tourism, hospitality, and leisure.

This chapter is a general introduction to the field of case study research in tourism, hospitality, and leisure. The chapter presents a brief review of the literature on the intra-individual logic of case study research. The chapter describes the “four horsemen” for doing case study research: accuracy, generality, complexity/coverage, and value/impact. Examples in the chapter that illustrate this perspective for undertaking case study research may impassion the reader to read through the field guide and personally engage in case study research – at least that is the hope of the editors of this field guide.

Analysis of Texts – Introduction

The Field Guide opens with a series of chapters addressing somewhat disparate issues – touristification of the countryside, emotions experienced in a secular pilgrimage, assessment of museum performance, tourists’ packing for travel and the role of the hospitality receptionist. Yet, what these chapters hold in common is their broad approach to case study research. Each chapter presents findings based on the analysis of texts. Here we use the term texts in its broadest sense, to mean the written word, spoken word or visual image intended to express meaning. Thus, amongst these chapters we see research findings generated from the analysis of words and images in tourism promotional materials; analysis of the diaries of tourists; computer software analysis of concepts generated from focus group discussions amongst museum stakeholders; verbal protocol analysis and videotape analysis of a tourist packing for travel; analysis of story, poetry and metaphor used by hospitality reception staff to express their lived experiences of their jobs. Each of the chapters concludes with comment on lessons learned about the processes of data gathering and analysis.

Immersed in Green? Reconfiguring the Italian Countryside Through Rural Tourism Promotional Materials

Rural tourism agents and operators occupy a central role in the use and diffusion of certain social representations of rurality through the mobilization and utilization of specific (yet increasingly global) signs and symbols that, in the urban imaginary, characterize typical and traditional rural settings. Rural tourism promotional materials may contribute to the reconfiguration of the countryside more in accordance with an idealized rural than with the reality of local features. This chapter examines how rural areas and rurality are presented and commodified, using an exploratory content analysis of online and offline materials combined with a survey directed at rural tourism entrepreneurs in five municipalities of two different Italian regions – Campania and Tuscany. Evidence strongly suggests a discrepancy between the real and the portrayed rurality, pointing at the emergence or reinforcement of rural reconfiguration processes, shaped by external and often global images and imaginaries.

Evoked Emotions: Textual Analysis Within the Context of Pilgrimage Tourism to Gallipoli

This chapter focuses on tourism from Australia to Gallipoli to attend Anzac Day commemorations. The research examines diary excerpts of tourists to Gallipoli using theory on emotions to gain insights into the consumption experience. We describe this tourist experience as a pilgrimage, as it is purposeful and is aimed at reaching a specific destination that has spiritual meaning for the consumer. We found that this tourist experience elicits both positively and negatively valanced emotions. The findings highlight that not all tourism experiences elicit hedonically related emotions; however, the outcome of the experience can be positive. Further research on emotions that explores this paradox between emotions in consumption and emotions in post-consumption will assist to understand the ways in which consumers process their emotions within this context.

Using Concept Mapping and Stakeholder Focus Groups in a Museum Management Case Study

This chapter describes a participatory case study undertaken at a museum in New Zealand, involving a varied range of museum stakeholders. The research investigated aspects of museum performance assessment in the context of public accountability from the perspectives of different communities of interest, including Maori, the indigenous people of New Zealand. The complex research design involved identifying key stakeholders, and then conducting focus groups with a diversity of stakeholder types. Through a brainstorming process, these groups co-created texts which formed the raw data for the study. The stakeholder-generated texts were interpreted at various stages to produce ‘Possible Performance Statements’ which reflected the understandings and concerns of the various stakeholders in relation to the case museum's performance. Adopting the concept mapping approach developed by Trochim, the focus group participants then sorted the statements into conceptual constructs which made sense to them, and also rated the statements according to their relative importance as criteria for assessing their museum's performance. Proprietary software that is used to analyse the sorting and rating data produced concept maps and pattern matches which facilitated interpretation of the participants’ perspectives. The visual representations of the quantitative analyses enabled qualitative consideration leading to the development of a framework for museum performance assessment which would be more holistic and locally relevant and which would address stakeholder concerns.

The application of this intricate hybrid research design provided lessons which suggested other ways to gain richer data and deeper insights from the concept mapping approach, especially in a cross-cultural context. Participatory approaches which allow collective, as opposed to individual, interpretation of the co-created texts may be more suitable in certain cultural contexts, in this instance among Maori participants. The approach adopted was resource-intensive, requiring tight organisation and flexibility, greatly assisted by piloting the processes and using a professional editor to prepare the texts for interpretation by the participants. To maximise the insights from the focus groups, audio-recording of the research participants’ discussions as they generated their texts relating to museum performance assessment should be considered, as well as involving participants in the interpretation of the concept maps.

Assessing the Grounded Theory of Packing for Air Travel Using a Video-Ethnographic Case Study

Packing for travel is an intriguing aspect of tourist behavior. Until recently, no research has sought to explain what the modern traveler packs for air journeys or why these items are packed. Perhaps for some observers these questions appear mundane, and the answers appear obvious, yet these issues attract a great volume on commentary on websites, blogs, in travel books, in magazines, and conversations between travelers. From these sources, Hyde and Olesen (2011) developed a grounded theory of packing for air travel. The purpose of this article is to test the grounded theory of packing for air travel using video-ethnographic case study data. The findings are that the grounded theory for air travel is able to explain what possessions are packed and the motives for these items being packed. The emphasis that any individual places on the possessions they pack and the role these possessions play during a journey will differ by traveler. This adds to extant literature on packing for travel.

Using Expressive Text in Research to Interpret and Portray Lived Experience: Lived Experience in Hospitality Receptionist Work

This chapter examines how hospitality and tourism researchers can use ‘expressive text’ (or writing) to express the lived quality of an experience in order to ‘show what an experience is really like’ rather than ‘tell what it is like’. Expressive text refers to written language forms such as narrative, poetry and metaphor that can be used as tools in research to vividly represent the meaning and feeling conveyed in an experience. The expressive text-based approach to researching lived experience provides a textual link between experience and its expression. For this reason, it is especially useful when working with lived experience accounts of phenomenological and hermeneutic research.

The expressive text-based approach suggested here is still a relatively under explored arena within hospitality and tourism research. As a relatively under explored arena, the rich insightful knowledge that can be gained from understanding practitioner experience is rarely a central focus of scholarly writings about the workplace in hospitality and tourism contexts. However, in order to be fully appreciated as a discipline in its own right and to advance knowledge of the field, understanding the typical and significant attributes of hospitality and tourism work will be decidedly helpful.

One of the difficulties of working with lived experience accounts is finding a suitable research approach that helps to both retain the lived elements of the experience and ensure the rigour of the inquiry. An expressive text-based methodological framework that has a phenomenological and hermeneutic philosophical underpinning is argued to be suitable for this purpose. Therefore, the focus of this study is to discuss such a methodology and explain the reasons for its content, style and structure in researching lived experience. The approach that is proposed here consists of a five-tiered textually expressive methodology that is employed to contextualise, portray and interpret the lived experience meanings in order to understand the significance of the experience in relation to relevant discourses in hospitality and tourism studies, and to consider implications for policy and professional practice. The guiding questions of the five-tiered framework cover the following issues: (1) What is the context of the lived experience? (2) What is the lived experience of this practice like? (3) What is the meaning of this experience for the practitioner? (4) What is the significance of the experience in contributing to the advancement of knowledge within the field? (5) What are the implications for practice and professional development?

To illustrate uses of this methodology in research, the study here includes an example showing portrayals and interpretations of the typical and significant lived nature of hospitality reception work. This shows and communicates the full meaning of the episode, circumstances or situation. The chapter then concludes with some reflections on benefits as well as tensions in working within an expressive text-based phenomenological and hermeneutic framework.

Executive Interviews – Introduction

Each of the three chapters in this part of the Field Guide has, as its primary data source, interviews with tourism and hospitality executives. Sushma Seth Bhat (2012) , in her chapter titled Single Case Study Research: The Development of www.purenz.com , explains how she compiled a single case on the development of a destination website, based on interviews with tourism industry executives in New Zealand. In her chapter titled Fashions in Tourism: The Views of Russian Tourists and Experts , Olga Lysikova (2012) utilises information from interviews with travel industry executives to address the question, are there fashions in tourist behaviour? Cindia Ching-Chi Lam and Clara Weng-Si Lei's (2012) chapter, Case Studies in Multicultural Contexts in Asia , presents experiences acquired in undertaking two case study projects in Macao, with much of the data gathered from interviews with executives in the Macao hotel industry.

Single Case Study Research: The Development of www.purenz.com

This chapter shares with readers the author's reflections on the process of deciding upon and carrying out research using a single case study. The purpose of the research was to understand the nature and dynamics of co-operation in destination marketing and to contribute to the development of a relevant theoretical framework for the study of co-operation in destination marketing. Fig. 1 summarises the process used to carry out this study; each stage of this process is further elaborated upon in the chapter. The chapter concludes with the author's reflections on what has been learned from this project about the joys and perils of case study research.

Fashions in Tourism: The Views of Russian Tourists and Experts

It is fashionable among Russians to travel all over the world. The author researches the social and cultural phenomenon of fashions in tourism based on analysis of the views of Russian tourists and experts from the tourism sphere. The criteria for prestige of a tourism destination are considered. Fashion trends in the practices of Russian tourists are analyzed.

Case Studies in Multicultural Contexts in Asia

Networking, gatekeeper access, understanding of “localized talks,” and jargon are revealed to be influential factors on the quality and richness of case study research (CSR) data. Rapport between the researcher and the interviewee not only affect the depth of the data collected but also the credibility and completeness of the final research output. This chapter discusses these features of CSR by employing two different CSR studies. The chapter provides practical insights to promote the interviewee's confidence in revealing sensitive data, through a three-step procedure.

Field Research – Introduction

In the first chapter in Part Three, Jan Louise Jones provides useful practical advice for the first-time tourism researcher for doing participant observation research. Keep a daily journal and actually talk with participant actors to learn their plans, actions, and interpretations of outcomes are two takeaway proposals to look for when reading Jones’ contribution. The references are very useful sources that expand of Jones’ recommendations. The mistake to avoid is thinking that you will be able to remember all the daily details and nuances of your observations without a written daily journal.

Practical Tips for Conducting Research Abroad

The purpose of this research is to highlight some of the experiences and lessons learned from participating in qualitative research abroad for the first time. The chapter provides an overview of an international research trip to Cuba to study the impact of tourism on a tourist's value stance and highlights some of the feelings and emotions a researcher may experience when embarking on this type of trip. Tips for conducting research before, during and after a trip, are provided throughout the chapter.

Knowledge Spillovers and Entrepreneurial Opportunities: The Case of Sannio FilmFest

Scholars tend to examine knowledge spillover particularly with reference to science-based and hi-tech industries, but little is known about this phenomenon within cultural industries. Some entrepreneurship scholars try to figure out how new ventures can arise starting from knowledge spillovers. This chapter shows how knowledge spillovers can occur within cultural industries and why it is usually difficult for these moments to give rise to entrepreneurial initiatives. The chapter offers a case study to provide a deep understanding of the phenomenon and to identify areas for future research.

Epiphany Travel and Assisted-Subjective Personal Introspection

The study uses assisted-subjective personal introspection (ASPI) to analyze, assess, and critique a traveler's adventure as well as uncover the rationale behind why participating in a long trip with global implications was important to this traveler. Coupled with a thorough ASPI analysis, the study constructs an autoethnography: a form of autobiographical personal narrative that explores a traveler's experience of life. To equip the traveler with the necessary skills and tools to perform this analysis, the study includes research using ASPI and autoethnography. Finally, participating in Harvard University's “Implicit Association Test” (IAT) provides an external analysis and better understanding of own conscious–unconscious divergences. Using causal mapping, the study delineates a 14-week trip into weekly increments identifying positive and negative relationships while assessing the strengths of those relationships. The goal of this exercise is twofold: (1) to increase understanding of the human condition and (2) how that understanding can influence international marketing.

Functions and Behaviors of Tourists in Experience Management Process: Case of Three Independent Business Tourists

Tourism literature tends to focus on passive tourists, who constitute the majority of tourists today. However, there is a growing number of individuals who overlap their study, work, and business with tourism activities. These independent tourists have created a new segment in the tourism industry, where tourists develop and experience their own tourism activities. However, there is a lack of current research on these independent tourists, especially in terms of how they function in the experience management process and how this can be translated into various new types of offers.

This study investigates the functions, experiences, and behaviors of this type of tourists. Accordingly, this study makes use of purposive sampling, employing direct observation, in-depth interviews, and analysis of personal social media (e.g., blogs). The findings show that while some independent tourists function in a multitude of ways, from searching for ideas to composing, creating, and experiencing their own products, others are less active and tend to piggyback their efforts on those of more active tourists. The study finds that the motivational matrix is highly important for individuals who combine work and tourism. Working persons with a strong motivation for tourism relative to work maintain high levels of commitment, activity, and creativity in the tourism sphere, especially when they face problems with their work. Highly satisfied independent tourists initiate future actions by either revisiting the same destination or leading others to have similar experiences at the same location. Finally, the chapter discusses some methodological lessons learned from direct observation and in-depth interviews and studying social media.

Case Studies of International Tourists’ in-Destination Decision-Making Processes in New Zealand

We report field research undertaken in five sites in New Zealand in which we explored the process of tourists’ in-destination decision-making. We then critique our experiences of conducting this project.

Stakeholder Participatory Research – Introduction

This section of the Field Guide presents an alternative paradigm for case study research, stakeholder participatory research. Such research takes an alternative viewpoint from that of researcher as owner of the research process, or researcher as disinterested creator of knowledge for general consumption. Instead, the four chapters here present an alternative view on who should own the research process and who should benefit from the knowledge that research generates. In answer to both of these questions, stakeholder participatory research has a singular answer: the local community-based stakeholder should own and benefit from case study research.

Participatory Action Research for Stakeholder Collaboration: Lessons from a Rural Area in Piedmont, Italy

Participatory Action Research, or PAR, draws on the paradigms of critical theory and constructivism (Whyte, W. F. (1989). Advancing scientific knowledge through participatory action research. Sociological Forum, 32(5), 499–623) and aims to influence the design and outcomes of behaviours occurring in a case study (Woodside, A. G. (2010a). Case study research: Theory, methods and practice (p. 13). Bingley, UK: Emerald). In tourism studies, this methodology is relevant for renewing research orientation and paradigms for stakeholder collaboration, as the approach focuses on the principle of empowering local actors in community-based development processes.

This chapter explores PAR with an exploratory case study in a rural area of Piedmont, Italy. The case study demonstrates that PAR is a valid approach when the research purposes are not only to produce a deep understanding of forms of collaborations but also to create a co-operative climate by planning actions with local actors. The research approach involves evaluating deliberated actions and thereby stimulating strategic thinking in resource allocation processes.

Protecting Social and Cultural Identity in Sustainable Tourism: The Case of Gökçeada, Turkey

Sustainable tourism development is a concept that recognizes both environmental and socio-cultural limits to development. It also recognizes that as tourist numbers increase, socio-cultural and environmental costs increase. As such, sustainable tourism considers social and cultural liability, economic productivity and ecological sensibility in all its processes. The sustainability of the tourism industry can only be assured through maintaining the natural, social and cultural values of regional areas that rely on a tourism industry.

In this case study of tourism on Gökçeada (Imbros) Island in Turkey, a model is developed which explains the maintenance of social, cultural, natural and architectural environments to achieve sustainability in tourism. The case study research employs interviews, observation and Delphi techniques. A SWOT analysis on how best to protect and develop the social and cultural identity of Gökçeada is completed based on the findings of the interviews, observations, Delphi analysis and literature. A Sustainable Tourism Tree Model is presented for tourism in Gökçeada. Future applications of the Sustainable Tourism Tree Model, both for generating development of tourist destinations in a sustainable way and for resolving socio-cultural challenges in development, are discussed.

Accessibility as Competitive Advantage of a Tourism Destination: The Case of Lousã

Tourism destinations are facing intense and increasing competition worldwide, while consumers are ever more demanding, requiring not only service quality but also socially responsible and sustainable destinations. In this context, developing accessible tourism at a destination may help gain competitiveness in an underserved, typically most loyal market. Developing accessible tourism may also create a culture of social responsibility. This would enhance a shared, human and involving vision of the destination amongst stakeholders, including tourists who increasingly value socially responsible positions of economic actors in the tourism industry. The development of this approach is shown for Lousã, a small tourism destination focusing on accessible tourism as a core of its development strategy, a strategy developed through a stakeholder participatory approach. In this chapter, we present a study that helped develop the strategic positioning of Lousã, combining qualitative and quantitative methods and integrating visions of several relevant stakeholders.

DIT-ACHIEV Model for Sustainable Tourism Management: Lessons Learned from Implementing a Holistic Model of Sustainable Tourism Indicators

The DIT-ACHIEV Model recognises that tourism is an important source of revenue, investment and employment throughout Ireland. It is particularly important in rural regions, given the unique selling point provided by the beauty and character of rural Ireland that must be managed correctly and in a sustainable manner to ensure its success and longevity. Tourism's impacts (direct and indirect) on areas such as the environment, transport, regional planning, business and trade mean that policies and plans must be coordinated and integrated to avoid one area of policy pressurising or hindering the success of another.

The main thrust of this chapter is on learnings from piloting the Model, which is an indicators-based tool for evaluating the state of tourism in a destination. In developing appropriate methodologies, a variety of innovative research approaches have been tested and the resultant efforts to reach appropriate and valid results in each instance are the focus of this chapter. All of the research tools require local participation in varying degrees from volunteers, residents, students, businesses, organisations, etc. In some instances, these processes have proven to be highly successful; in others, more challenging. One of the key outcomes of developing the methodologies is increased learning in the area of local agency empowerment/facilitation. These are lessons that can be transferred in a practical and real way to any local-level tourism research project.

Researching Indigenous and Marginal Peoples – Introduction

Those promoting tourism often seek to highlight that which is unique about their destinations in order to attract tourists. Many countries have beautiful landscapes, rich histories and heritage, and the tourist may come to see linkages of landscape and history across different countries and indeed possibly across continents. However, in the search for the unique, those countries with ethnic minority or other minority groups demarcated by factors other than ethnicity but characterised by special belief systems or ways of life living within their borders (e.g. the Amish) are truly able to offer the tourist a glimpse of something that will not be found in other parts of the world. Accordingly, and being aware that holiday makers are not lay anthropologists and may be seeking little more than an entertainment, minorities and their culture have become in many places a staged show based primarily on song and dance. Indeed, such has been the process that Xie (2011, p. 196) provides an example from the island of Hainan, China, where tourism promoters have created ‘the authentic Chiyou tribe’ to entertain tourists – a tribe developed purely for entertainment based on concepts of the exotic and primitive and only loosely based on the culture of the native Li people. One partial result described by Xie (2011) has been that the Li themselves have become confused as to their own culture.

Fieldwork in Remote Communities: An Ethnographic Case Study of Pitcairn Island

This research examines, in a case study of Pitcairn Island, the meaning of community. Such meanings emerge in the empirical field whereby the ‘field’ offers its own cues to both issue and method. The main lesson learned from this ethnographic study stems from the experiential nature of fieldwork whereby ‘community’ is viewed as a cluster of embodied dispositions and practices. Influenced by Anthony Cohen's ethnographic work (1978, 1985) the case study demonstrates the centrality of the symbolic dimensions of community as a defining characteristic. Described as one of the most isolated islands in the world accessible only by sea, Pitcairn is the last remaining British ‘colony’ in the Pacific, settled in 1790 by English mutineers and Tahitians following the (in)famous mutiny on the Bounty. It represents in an anthropological sense a unique microcosm of social structure, studied ethnographically only a handful of times. Results show symbolic referents contribute to a sense of ‘exclusivity’ of Pitcairn culture that facilitates co-operation and collectivity whilst also recognizing the internal–external dialectics of boundaries of identification. The study reveals culture as a symbolic rather than structural construct as experienced by its members, seeing the community as a cultural field with a complex of symbols whose meanings vary amongst its members. Thus, connection and contiguity of culture continually transform the meaning of community, space and place. As such, community continues to be of both practical and ideological significance to the practice of anthropology.

Stakeholders, High Stakes and High Tides: Quality of Life in a Small Island Festival Context

The aim of this chapter is to reflect on some of the implications in doing fieldwork in a small and relatively isolated island community. In 2009, a Danish island in the Wadden Sea National Park, only reachable by motor vehicles when the tide is out, was selected to host one of the many events taking place during the biannual Wadden Sea Festival. The aim of the project was to create vanishing art depicting the quality of life (QoL) on the island by use of materials found in the island's natural environment. Prior to the implementation of the event and as a part of the project, the authors were invited to qualitatively investigate the QoL among island residents, specifically focusing on subjective well-being. Through a description of stakeholder connections and conflicts, a number of lessons are discerned and pondered upon. In addition to applying the case to demonstrate and discuss how researchers can investigate QoL in tourism and how research(ers) impact small communities, we also reflect on the unforeseen consequences and entanglements of a seemingly (because of its size) ‘straightforward’ field of research. It is argued that field studies in very small communities more easily expose not only ‘outside’ interference, but also controversies and conflicts between neighbours, within families and between dwellers and professions of multiple sorts. Consequently we argue that researchers must continuously reflect on their own role in and relations to the places and communities – the ‘cases’ – which they investigate.

Use of Mixed-Methods Case Study to Research Sustainable Tourism Development in South Pacific SIDS

Triangulation of research methods is crucial to thoroughly explore how tourism can be better linked to the local economy in the Pacific's ‘Small Island Developing States’ (SIDS) because it includes the use of multiple data collections, analytical methods, data sources and theories or perspectives (Rocco et al., 2003). The exploration of the interactions between the various stakeholders in tourism and the wider economy will help linkages to be understood and enhanced. The research focuses on the following stakeholders: tourists, growers, small and medium tourism enterprises (SMTEs), government officials and village councils. The study explores the ways in which each of these stakeholder groups interacts with each other and their perspectives on the issues surrounding the linkages between tourism and agriculture.

The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the use of a case study of Niue and multiple data-gathering techniques to collect critical information on the linkages between tourism and agriculture in Pacific SIDS. The findings and lessons learned from a single case study of Niue using a mixed-methods approach potentially benefit other island nations in the region. This chapter begins with a discussion on the usefulness of case study research and then justifies the use of a mixed-methods approach and multiple stakeholders to better understand the linkages between tourism and agriculture in SIDS. The complexities of the inter-sectoral analysis being undertaken and the lack of prior data in this area necessitated a mixed-methods approach to the research. The chapter thoroughly discusses the research process and participants, including the design of research tools and the conduct of field work. Then the chapter focuses on research findings and concludes by reviewing the lessons learned from this research approach and its use of a case study and mixed methods to gain a holistic insight into the potential for enhancing the linkages between tourism and agriculture on Niue.

Culturally Sustainable Entrepreneurship: A Case Study for Hopi Tourism

This chapter examines how values relating to sustainability of indigenous cultures together with values relating to establishing economic autonomy through entrepreneurial initiatives can be accommodated in developing tourism policy. Specifically, the Hopi tribe of Arizona in the United States is investigated. Sustainable entrepreneurship, cultural sustainability, and cultural citizenship are used as theoretical frameworks to comprehend capacities for tourism policy that consider social, economic, and cultural impacts, as well as the integrated nature of these impacts on the Hopi tribe. Survey data was used to operationalize the concepts. Embodying core principles for protection of culture within a tourism policy along with procedural elements for compliance has the best chance for achieving the aims of preservation and development of cultural identity.

Cross-Case Analysis – Introduction

This section of the book comprises three chapters written by Oksana Grybovych, Susan Slocum, Ken Backman, Elisabeth Baldwin and Chris Ryan. The first two by Grybovych (2012) and Slocum, Backman, and Baldwin (2012) respectively report research processes related to specific projects, while the last seeks to provide an analysis associated with cross-case study research. By definition cross-case analysis relates to comparisons being made across different places, or of the same place across different times (a longitudinal analysis such as that by Gu & Ryan, 2008, 2011, in their studies of Shi Chi Hai Hutong in Beijing) or indeed of different places at different times, but related to each other by the commonality of a theme identified by the researcher.

Designing a Qualitative Multi-Case Research Study to Examine Participatory Community Tourism Planning Practices

This chapter explores methodological aspects of designing a qualitative multi-case research study to examine the issues of citizen participation, new democratic forms of planning, and community tourism planning. The study discussed below took place during the months of June 2007–March 2008 in three North American communities – two in the United States and one in Canada. The purposes of the study were to compare and contrast the current practices of citizen involvement in community tourism planning with the framework of deliberative democracy, to expand the literature on tourism planning, and to contribute to the development of a model of participatory community tourism planning to be adopted by communities and planners pursuing tourism as a development tool. This chapter focuses on methodological intricacies of designing a qualitative multi-case research study, those wishing to explore the project more are referred to Grybovych (2008).

Independent Instrumental Case Studies: Allowing for the Autonomy of Cultural, Social and Business Networks in Tanzania

Tourism is being utilized as a key economic development tool of the 21st century. Serious concern over the benefit of tourism for the poor has contributed to discussion on community involvement and community participation in contemporary literature. In particular, sustainable development has become a way to address the long-term viability of income and employment in least-developed countries while attempting to preserve traditional customs and culture in the face of globalization. Sustainability refers to finding solutions to poverty without compromising the natural and cultural resource base needed by future generations to pursue their own economic goals. This task requires attention to the economic, cultural and social needs of all groups while focusing on solutions that are also viable for the long term (Bramwell, 2001; Davidson, 2007; Mfaume & Leonard, 2004). It is also important to note that social structures and cultural references vary noticeably within countries and regions. Therefore, three separate, independent instrumental case studies (also known as collective case studies) were conducted in three distinct Tanzanian communities in or around tourism destinations. The objective was to allow for the autonomy of specific cultural, social and business networks to be reflected in the research methodology.

Case studies allow for the investigation of constraints to economic participation within real-life experiences, as there is no clear distinction between the phenomenon and the context. Instrumental case studies strive to develop theory, or in this case, facilitate understanding of pervasive problems and do not require typical study populations (Stake, 1995). An instrumental case study is utilized where a ‘particular case is examined mainly to provide insight’ into a phenomenon and the case supports understanding of the phenomenon (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005). The emphasis is placed on specific issues rather than on the case itself. The case in then used as a vehicle to develop a better understanding of the situation or problem (Stake, 2003). Single case studies are ideal for investigating a phenomenon that has not been previously studied and can make a significant contribution to knowledge (Yin, 2003). Since constraints to economic participation within Tanzania have not yet been empirically studied, each individual case study is exploratory in nature.

Once the specific case studies were independently derived and themes developed, a cross-case comparison offered insight into reoccurring themes or case-specific constraints. Using an iterative process, the strength of this methodology lies in the inductive approach that provides suggestive rather than definitive analysis (Welch, 1994). The first phase of analysis results in ‘within’ themes specific to a particular region. Using cross-case comparisons, emergent patterns provide similarities and differences between the three communities.

Cross-Case Analysis

Prior to the development of low-cost computing and the ease of completing statistical analysis, case studies played a significant role in the development of the social sciences. However, since the mid-1990s statistical modelling and empirically driven work has come to dominate academic literature; yet there remain epistemological similarities between some forms of case study work and statistical modelling. Nonetheless, issues of the qualitative versus quantitative divide and the purported role of value judgments made by the researchers have in part muddied the waters until quite recently, when the researchers using statistical methods started to adopt the use of the first person in their writing and began to recognise that the choice of a given statistical technique is just as surely a value judgment or exercise of experience and expertise as is any interpretation of text by a qualitative researcher. Similarly, qualitative researchers have become increasingly familiar with textual analysis using software programmes based on neural network theory, and a new generation of researchers have become comfortable with a mixed method mode of analysis.

About the Authors

Maria Amoamo is a post-doctoral fellow in Te Tumu, the School of Māori Pacific and Indigenous Studies at University of Otago in New Zealand. Maria's research interests include the representation of indigenous, cultural and heritage tourism. Her PhD thesis examined the issue of identity in relation to Māori regional tourism within a post-colonial framework. She is currently examining the economic value of identity in relation to determining ‘what is the profile of Māori tourism in Dunedin?’ Maria is also examining the issue of social vulnerability and resilience of Pacific Island communities in relation to tourism.

• Kenneth F. Hyde
• Arch G. Woodside

We’re listening — tell us what you think

Something didn’t work….

Report bugs here

All feedback is valuable

Please share your general feedback

Join us on our journey

Platform update page.

Visit emeraldpublishing.com/platformupdate to discover the latest news and updates

Questions & More Information

Answers to the most commonly asked questions here

Tourism and Hospitality

• Get started
• Journal articles and databases

Finding case studies

Case studies on the web, analysing case studies, case study analysis and written response.

• Market reports

Case studies are descriptions of real or hypothetical business problems.

Case studies can be found in:

• books, ebooks, and journal articles via Library Search (include the phrase "case study" in the search)
• online business databases: 
• ABI/INFORM collection Worldwide business journals for information on advertising, marketing, economics, human resources, finance, taxation, computers, and companies.
• Business source complete Business Source Complete is a scholarly journal article database, providing bibliographic and full text access to business, finance, and management journal articles, as well as company & industry information.
• Sage Knowledge SAGE Knowledge is a social sciences digital library containing resources by publisher, Sage, for students, researchers, and faculty. It includes a range of content, including scholarly monographs, reference works, handbooks, series, business cases, professional development titles, and more.
• Tourism Cases "Tourism Cases is a growing collection of case studies written by international practitioners and academics. Designed to share experiences and expertise from the Tourism Industry, our case studies offer practical, real-life examples in one easily searchable platform."

These websites provide a few free case studies. Information on what is publicly available is generally noted in the details of the cases.

• Business Ethics Business Ethics is the study of ethical dilemmas, values, and decision-making in the world of commerce.
• MIT Sloan School of Management Learning Edge
• The Case Centre
• The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository

The following resources provide advice on how to read and interpret case studies, and how to prepare written case study analysis.

• Case studies (Cengage Learning)
• Preparing a Written Case Analysis (McGraw Hill)
• Guide to Case Analysis (MBA Depot)
• Case Study Method: A Step-by-Step Guide for Business Researchers (Journal article)
• How to write a case study response (QUT)
• << Previous: Journal articles and databases
• Next: News >>
• Last Updated: Mar 27, 2024 9:30 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.uq.edu.au/tourism

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection

The economic and social impact of COVID ‐19 on tourism and hospitality industry: A case study from Oman

Habiba mohammed said al‐mughairi.

1 Department of Business Studies, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Al Sharqiya North Governorate Sultanate of Oman

2 Al Sharqiya North Governorate, Ibra Oman

Preeti Bhaskar

3 ICFAI Business School, ICFAI University, Dehradun India

Abdullah khalfan hamood Alazri

Associated data.

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

The COVID‐19 pandemic has incurred a substantial economic and social impact around the world. Many sectors have been drastically affected but the tourism and hospitality industry was one of the hardest hit by the COVID‐19 outbreak globally. The coronavirus pandemic has caused direct losses of half‐billion Omani Rial to the tourism sector. This pandemic has also exacerbated the mental health of business owners of the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman. This research aims to investigate the economic and social impacts of COVID‐19 on the tourism and hospitality sector of Oman. The data was collected from business owners of micro, small, medium, and large size‐companies operating in the tourism and hospitality industry. A structured questionnaire was distributed and data collection was done from September 2020 to January 2021. The finding of the study reveals a negative economic and social impact on the tourism and hospitality industry of Oman due to the COVID‐19 outbreak. The economic impact includes financial loss, reduction in customer demand at a national and international level, disruptions in the logistics and distribution channels, ruined the relationship with suppliers, customers, and employees. The social impact included depression, irritation, anxiety, and stress among the business owners about the present and future conditions. This study has given valuable suggestion to mitigate the negative economic and social impact on the tourism and hospitality industry of Oman. The finding of the study will support the government to boost the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman.

1. INTRODUCTION

On December 31, 2019, the first case of deadly Coronavirus (COVID‐19) was reported in Wuhan, Hubei, China (World Health Organization,  2020 ). The deadly virus was transmitted to the whole world‐giving rise to uncertain and unstable situation. As the pandemic spread across the globe, the Sultanate of Oman also became its victim. To mitigate the effects of the pandemic, the Omani government announced the first lockdown on April 10, 2020 and consecutively the lockdown was extended zone‐wise based on the severity of COVID‐19 cases. Many businesses were completely shut down, the stringent measure was announced for conducting business activities in selected sectors only, and the tourism and hospitality sector was not exempted from this regulation. The COVID‐19 pandemic has incurred a significant economic and social impact around the world (United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO),  2020 ). Many sectors have been drastically affected but tourism and hospitality industry was one of the hardest hit by the COVID‐19 globally. A recent report by the World Association of Investment Promotion Agencies (IPAs) on May 2020, stated that sectors like hotels and restaurants and other travel and tourism‐related services were among the top five vulnerable sectors during the crisis of COVID‐19. IPAs reported that hotels and restaurants are affected by the pandemic by around 84% followed by other travel and tourism‐related services by around 65%. This pandemic has exacerbated the condition of business owners of the tourism and hospitality industry (Gursoy & Chi,  2020 ; Hospitality Net,  2020 ; Qiu et al.,  2020 ). Similar to other countries around the world, Oman's tourism and hospitality industry also has been drastically affected economically and socially due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. The COVID‐19 has caused direct losses of half‐billion Omani Rial to the tourism sector (Al Nasseri,  2020 ). The revenues of 3–5 star hotels have reduced by 60.2% and hotel occupancy rates declined by 50.1%. Oman tourism and hospitality industry continue to face the stifling stemming in hotels, motels, guesthouses, travel booking agents, tour operators, event management companies, restaurant, café, and other tourism‐related services. The continuous ban on the aviation industry with limited flight operational at the national and international level has made the catastrophic impact on allied business activities of the tourism and hospitality industry.

COVID‐19's economic impact on Oman tourism has resulted in more unemployment, reduced consumer purchasing power, and low‐income generation (Al‐Hasni,  2021 ). Likewise, economic impact, the social impact was staggering the owners on the survival of their business. Owners are stressed about future business activities as the tourism and hospitality industry is on the brink of collapse. Though, the Oman government took several initiatives to mitigate the economic and social impact of the tourism and hospitality industry by offering monetary and nonmonetary support to the business owners to sustain and survive their business. The Ministry of Tourism assured to provide a relief package for business owners, encouraged banks to invest in the tourism sector, restructured loans schemes for hotel investors, grants, incentives, facilities, introducing new financing policies (Oman Observer,  2020a , 2020b ). Certainly, it is only the assurance, the losses are huge and still, no‐good hope is seen among the business owners in this sector. Several researchers have investigated the economic impact on the hospitality and tourism industry but the social impact has not been investigated from the owner's perspective. This research aims to investigate the economic and social impacts of COVID‐19 on the tourism and hospitality sector of Oman. This study will make a novel contribution through quantitative research by offering rich insights into the economic and social impact of the COVID‐19 on the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman. The finding of this research will support the government to boost the on tourism and hospitality industry in Oman.

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Previous literature shows that world economies have been largely hit by COVID‐19 outbreak irrespective of developed or developing countries (Alhassan et al.,  2020 ; Alhassan et al.,  2021 ; Alola & Victor,  2020 ; Balsalobre‐Lorente et al.,  2020 ; Del Chiappa et al.,  2021 ; Fernandes,  2020 ; Gupta et al.,  2020 ; Harris & Moss,  2020 ; Jones & Comfort,  2020a , 2020b ; Liu et al.,  2021 ; Shapoval et al.,  2021 ; Singh & Neog,  2020 ; Usman et al.,  2020 ). Researchers have analyzed the macroeconomic effect of the pandemic on counties, Mugaloglu et al. ( 2021 ) revealed that COVID‐19 created huge uncertainty in Turkey thus reduced the investment expenditure significantly. Similarly, South Africa is on the verge of falling into debt trap as the pandemic has increased the cost of public finance in the country (Alhassan et al.,  2021 ; Tseng,  2021 ). As the death toll continuously increased, the stock market reacted adversely specially that of Britain, Russia, India, and China thus creating a situation of Global meltdown (Kharbanda & Jain,  2021 ). The increased number of deaths due to the pandemic has a negative impact on the per capita income of the country, thus the pandemic has forced many counties toward negative economic growth (Alhassan et al.,  2021 ). The macroeconomic indicators like Gross Domestic Product, Foreign Direct Investments, Employment, Health care system of the world were also put on gloomy situation due to uncertainties resulting from forced lockdowns in order to safeguard from getting affected from COVID‐19 (Balsalobre‐Lorente et al.,  2020 ; Idris & Oruonye,  2020 ). The pandemic had put the complete world economy on hold, all the major sectors were adversely affected due to lockdown, apprehensions, uncertainties, and doubts. Out of all the economic sectors, the tourism and hospitality industry is facing maximum brunt due to the COVID‐19 crisis across the globe. Many researchers have investigated and analyzed the impact of COVID‐19 on the tourism industry and hospitality industry in various countries like England (Ntounis et al.,  2021 ); Macao (Lim & To,  2021 ); South Africa (Van Heerden & Roos,  2021 ); Bangladesh (Naiem & Al,  2021 ); and China, Italy, Australia, and Las Vegas (Folinas & Metaxas,  2020 ). The economic impact has been studied by several researchers from various perspectives (Crespi‐Cladera et al.,  2021 ; Debata et al.,  2020 ; Gössling et al.,  2020 ; Karim et al.,  2020 ; Khalid et al.,  2021 ; Kumar,  2020 ; Lim & To,  2021 ; Rakshit & Basistha,  2020 ; Siddiquei & Khan,  2020 ). The advent of the COVID‐19 crisis has made it critical for the researcher to identify the main factors that are affecting the tourism and hospitality industry (Zenker & Kock,  2020 ). Zopiatis et al. ( 2021 ) have also reported similar key economic and social areas (human resource management, finance/economics education and research, marketing, microlevel (operations), macrolevel (destination) for understating the impact of COVID 19 on tourism and hospitality industry.

Chen et al. ( 2020 ) proposed nine key themes including the effect on tourism, people's emotions, management of tourism and cultural venues, the position of the hospitality industry, national command and local reaction, tourism conflicts and remedies, corporate self‐improvement initiatives, government assistance, and postcrisis tourism product for analyzing the tourism and hospitality industry in China. Baum and Hai ( 2020 ) analyzed areas of Asia, Europe, and North America's hospitality and tourism and reported unprecedented negative impact during the pandemic. Davahli et al. ( 2020 ) conducted in‐depth literature review focusing on challenges faced by the hospitality industry where findings revealed the negative impact on revenue, job loss, change in the customer preferences, and decline in market demand. Owners have to pay fixed costs, which include rent, electricity, wages, and loan interests, but the continuous decline in the revenues was making it challenging for owners to sustain during COVID‐19 scenario (Folinas & Metaxas,  2020 ; Pagano et al.,  2020 ). The financial stress and solvency concerns make it difficult for owners to pay debts due to COVID‐19 (Benjamin, et al., 2020; Crespi‐Cladera et al.,  2021 ; Tomassini and Cavagnaro, 2020). Because of the COVID‐19 crisis, many companies have decided to terminate their employees or were asked to go on unpaid leave (Karim et al.,  2020 ; Lucas, 2020). The psychological effect on the owner is deepened, as they have to make indefinite layoff of the employee due to lack of clarity on their businesses returning to normal (Şengel et al.,  2020 ). The COVID‐19 crisis has negatively impacted employee‐organization relationships (Baum et al.,  2020 ). Within this turbulent environment, owners were challenged to stabilize their business. Therefore, companies requested the government to provide bailout packages to survive for the short‐term until the impact of COVID‐19 decline (Nicola et al.,  2020 ; Ozili & Arun,  2020 ). Owners perceive that they have to shut down their business within 3 months and will not be able to return at pre‐pandemic levels (Brizek et al.,  2021 ). However, there is an ambiguity on the survival of companies on short‐term bailout packages (Bas & Sivaprasad,  2020 ). A time span of more than 5 years will be required for tourism and hospitality to recover (Dua et al.,  2020 ; Yoong,  2020 ). COVID‐19 has resulted in severe consequences and affected the socio‐economic prosperity of many nations (Aneja & Ahuja,  2020 ; Gössling et al., 2021; Kumar et al.,  2020 ; Nicola et al.,  2020 ). The abrupt halt of the economic activities made the future sustainability of the tourism and hospitality industry into a big question mark.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research examined the economic and social impact of COVID‐19 on the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman. In this respect, a structured questionnaire was sent to business owners working in the tourism and hospitality industry of Oman. The questionnaire consisted of four sections; the first section included demographic factor and details of their businesses. The second section included the questions related to economic impact; the third section includes questions related to social impact; and the fourth section includes open‐ended questions related to strategies for the future. The data was collected from September 2020 to January 2021 from micro (<five staff), small (6–25 staff), medium (26–99 staff), and large, size‐companies (99 and above). In Oman, tourism and hospitality business include cafés, restaurants, campings, events management, farms booking, guesthouses, hotels, motels, taxies booking (local travel‐local touring, etc.), tour/holiday packages, tour guides (local sight‐seeing, etc.) and travel booking (airlines‐national/international).

4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

By the end of the survey period, data collected from 97 respondents distributed throughout 15 businesses in the tourism and hospitality sector. Around 68% of the business owners were within the age range of 35–55 years old, where most of them has a bachelor (47.4%), postgraduate (23.7%), and secondary school (19.6%) degrees. The majority of responses received belong to hotels sector (34%), followed by motels (15.5%), coffee/restaurants and farm bookings (12.4%), tour/holiday packages (11.3%), and guesthouse (10.3%). Most of those who responded has their businesses in Muscat (the Capital) (43.5%), followed by Al‐Dhakiliyah (14.5%) and Ash‐Sharqiya North (13%) and the remaining are dispersed among the other eight governorates.

4.1. Economic impact of COVID ‐19 on tourism and hospitality industry

To explore the economic impact of the COVID‐19 on the tourism and hospitality industry, various parameters have been included in the questionnaire related to economic aspects. The analysis of data is presented from Tables  1 , ​ ,2, 2 , ​ ,3, 3 , ​ ,4, 4 , ​ ,5, 5 , ​ ,6, 6 , ​ ,7, 7 , ​ ,8, 8 , ​ ,9 9 .

The impact of the COVID‐19 outbreak on the tourism and hospitality businesses

Impact of COVID‐19 on international business

Impact of COVID‐19 on domestic level businesses

Risk of business closure period

Business expected time to recover from the losses incurred by the Covid‐19 outbreak

Challenges faced by company due to COVID‐19

Action taken by owners in response to the COVID‐19 outbreak

Type of support required to safeguard company

Effective strategies to be implemented by businesses to recover from COVID‐19

Table  1 shows the level of impact on financial situation of the business, customer demand for the products and services, suppliers and supply chain, and channels of distributions. It can be clearly seen from Table  1 that tourism and hospitality businesses have been negatively affected by the COVID‐19 outbreak, as majority of the respondents (67%) perceived that there is a large negative impact on their businesses. From the table, 67% responded have agreed the that COVID 19 outbreak has affected the financial conditions of their business, followed by negative impact on the customer demand for the business products/service (58.5%); suppliers and supply chain (44.3%); channels of distribution of the business products/services to customers (40.2%).

Tables  2 and ​ and3 3 show the level of impact on various parameter on the national and international business. From Table  2 , it can be observed that the impact has been largely recorded on the international business. Business owners reported reduction in the international business as they have received less number of inquiries/booking (81.4%) and the number of visitors (85.6%) have also declined. The reasons can be attributed due cancelation of international events (76.3%). Many visitors have opted for the cancelation of their visits (78.4%) or decided to postpone their travel plans (77.3%). Comparatively less impact has been reported in the domestic business (Table  3 ).

Table  4 shows the perception of business owners toward the expected time period for closure of their business in the future. Most of the business owners (38.10%) are not having plan to close their business where some business owners believe that they can survive till 6–12 months (17.50%) and from Table  5 it can be seen that, business owners perceive that it may take 9 months–1 year to recover from the losses incurred by the Covid‐19 outbreak (37%). Business owners did not show positive response toward the recovery of losses incurred by the COVID‐19 pandemic. They believe that it will take approximately 1 year to recover from the losses. However, 38% of business owners agreed that COVID‐19 outbreak has not created new opportunities while 38% of business owners have expanded their business domestically. This can be due to the restriction imposed on the international travel.

As an outcome of COVID‐19, business owners have encountered several type of challenges due to the outbreak of COVID‐19. It can be seen from Table  6 shows that business owners have faced decline in international demand (71.1%) and domestic demand (62.9%). In addition, 70.1% of business owners agree that they faced difficulty in giving staff salaries and covering up other fixed business costs. The business owners have taken several actions in response to the COVID‐19 outbreak. Table  7 . From this table, it can be clearly seen that owner has stopped the wages for themselves (44.3%) and staff (41.2%). In addition, about 37.1% have decided to scale back on services/products to cut down the extra cost. While, around 37.1% have requested payment/suspension delay and 7.5% have applied for the financial support from the various agencies. Business owners have taken action to lay off the staff permanently (22.7%) and temporarily (35.1%) to survive the COVID‐19 outbreak.

Business owners are trying to safeguard their businesses through various measures and support from various stakeholders. From Table  8 it can be understood that companies mainly need cash grants (61.9%); deferral of tax, rent, expenses, utilities, debt (56.7%) to protect their business. Moreover, 32% of business owners are willing to apply for financial loan and exploring access to market/value chain/alternative sales channels (27.7%).

4.2. Social impact of COVID ‐19 on the tourism and hospitality industry

The social impact has also been reported by business owners due to the COVID‐19 outbreak. The results revealed that approximately all businesses applied and followed safety measures (Regular office sanitization; providing hand sanitizer, gloves, and masks) to prevent the spread of coronavirus among the staff. More specifically, 91.8% of them, follow the rules and regulations ordered by the Government for maintaining the staff strength (Like 30%, 50%, and 70%) in the office. Approximately, 66% of business owners have reduced the number of staff to diminish impact on their regular operational activities. The 60.8% of them, felt nervous or anxious while they are in the workplace and 53.6% felt irritated and stressed about getting affected due to the visits made by customers. While 54.6% found it mentally difficult to adapt to a new normal (social distancing, wearing mask, gloves, etc.) at the workplace. Moreover, 66% felt that their relationship has been affected with their colleagues. That is, they may have been infected by COVID‐19 and they fear that they also get infected. 83.5% did not feel like closing the company/office and sit at home till the COVID‐19 pandemic ends will help them during the pandemic. 69.1% felt stressed that their company may plan to reduce some staff in the future due to the COVID‐19 outbreak. 67.3% felt stressed that the company may have reduced the staff salary due to the loss that occurred by the COVID‐19 pandemic. 69.1% of respondents have not taken any counseling services to deal with the fear of COVID‐19.

The business owners were asked about their future strategies that are effective in returning their businesses to normal mode after the period of COVID‐19. It can be assessed from Table  9 that majority of respondents felt it is very much likely to move business online (26.8%), provide special offers for the canceled bookings (30.9%), and invest in digital media to make businesses more visible through marketing (35.1%). However, others thought it is unlikely to merge their businesses with other companies (53.6) as well as shutting or selling their businesses (35.1%).

The respondents also asked about the additional steps that can be taken to promote their businesses. Designing new packages, entering new markets, advertising for more offers and discounts, implementing online marketing strategy through social media as well as digital marketing, reducing sales prices and reducing national labor expenses, connecting with new partners abroad, and opening up more markets, were mostly highlighted by participants.

5. DISCUSSION

This research reported that the tourism and hospitality industry has been drastically affected in Oman by the COVID‐19 outbreak. The findings testified to the negative economic and social impact on the tourism and hospitality industry of Oman. The economic impact of a global pandemic on the tourism economy has severely affected the various developed and developing countries (Faber et al.,  2020 ; Joshi & Bhaskar,  2020 ; Kaushal & Srivastava,  2021 ; Lim & To,  2021 ; McCartney,  2021 ). Many researchers have focused on the economic impact from various perspectives like financial loss, customer demand, logistics and distribution channels, supplier's relationship, employees downsizing, and so forth (Baum & Hai,  2020 ; Huang et al.,  2020 ; Jones & Comfort,  2020a , 2020b ; Joshi & Bhaskar,  2020 ). In Oman, COVID‐19 has severely affected the financial situation of tourism and hospitality companies. It was also found that the companies received cancelation requests for future bookings at the national as well as at the international level. These findings are aligned with previous studies of Karim et al. ( 2020 ); Grad ( 2020 ); Joshi, Bhaskar, and Gupta ( 2020 ); Joshi, Vinay, et al. ( 2020 ). The present COVID‐19 outbreak has not only affected the present booking but has made a huge impact on future bookings. The customers demand for tourism package has also declined, as companies have not received many inquiries from domestic or international visitors. The reason can be stated that the announcement of the closure of the border several times by the Oman government (Bloomberg,  2020 ; Godinho,  2021 ). During the year 2019, Oman has seen nearly 200% increase in tourist arrivals during festivals, events, conferences, and so firth (Nair,  2019 ; Times News Service,  2020b ) but due to the COVID‐19 outbreak, several national and international events were canceled (GC32 Racing Tour Media,  2020 ; Oman News Agency,  2020 ; TAS News Service,  2020 ). The cancelation of events has drastically affected the tourism and hospitality companies, as they were not able to attract tourist for making travel plans to the country. In Oman, many tourism and hospitality companies had seen a huge financial loss of business from March to December 2020. Due to huge financial loss, they perceived that their business might be permanently shut down within 6–12 months. To avoid the permanent closure period, many companies decided to lay off staff temporarily, reduced the wages for themselves and staff, scale back on services and products. Due to uncertainty over economic conditions, the companies found it difficult to cover fixed and variable business costs. The companies found it difficult to manage with limited funds this has also affected their expansion plans. Apart from financial losses and reduction in demand, companies have faced several challenges. The companies have faced many other difficulties in delivering products and services to maintain their customers. It was a big challenge for the companies to acquire the necessary materials and services for managing the inventory and developing new products. Additionally, due to government restrictions over the limited percentage of staff to attend at the workplace; companies had huge difficulty in fulfilling the requirements and providing services to the customers. Several researchers reported the similar findings with respect to different countries. Like Brizek et al. ( 2021 ) results indicated that, South Carolina restaurants will not be able to survive for more than 2‐month and have to shut down soon, if pandemic restrictions remained in place until 2021. Moreover, they will not be unable to bring back their company's employees to pre‐pandemic levels. At global level, Dube et al. ( 2021 ) conducted the survey in Australia, the United States, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Mexico, and the United Kingdom and reported the negative impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic, which led to a total disappearance of sit‐in guests and travelers in tourism and hospitality industry. Though, many researchers estimate the tourism and hospitality industry will rebound from the pandemic, owing to various forms of government intervention (Assaf & Scuderi,  2020 ; Ioannides & Gyimóthy,  2020 ; McCartney,  2021 ; Sharma et al.,  2021 ; Zhong et al.,  2021 ).

Like the economic impact, this study also reported that the social impact on the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman. The COVID‐19 outbreak had made a significant social impact on business owners of the tourism and hospitality industry. Many studies have investigated the social impact on various parameters like; depression, loss of freedom, suicidal tendency, feeling of anger, uncertainty about the spread of the disease, feeling of vulnerability, difficulty in concentrating, nervousness, monotony, anxiety, prickliness, agitation, sense of lonesomeness, apprehension, and fears (Aduhene & Osei‐Assibey,  2021 ; Cao et al., 2020; Kawohl & Nordt, 2020; Mamun & Griffiths,  2020 ; Miles, 2014; Orgilés et al.,  2020 ; Saladino et al.,  2020 ; Weir,  2020 ). As reported in this research study, most of the companies' owners felt irritated, anxious and stressed about getting affected due to the visits made by customers or employees of the company during the COVID‐19 outbreak. Though, most of the companies have followed the safety measures like sanitization of the office; providing hand sanitizer, gloves, and masks to prevent the spread of coronavirus among the staff and customers. It was difficult to adjust psychologically to a new normal in the business, such as wearing, continuous washing of hands, masks, hand gloves, social distancing, and so forth. The fear of COVID‐19 also made them felt like closing the companies for short‐term job and sit at home until COVID‐19 ends. To avoid this situation, the Omani government allowed companies to run their business while following the standard operating procedure. As per the Oman government, companies have followed the rule for maintaining the staff strength like 30%, 50%, and 70% in the office during the COVID‐19 for maintaining social distancing (Ankara,  2020 ; Oman Observer,  2020a , 2020b ) This provision has allowed the companies owners to control the spread of coronavirus and continue the business. Still, many owners were stressed over the future plan as they might have to reduce some more staff and cut salary due to the loss that occurred by in the COVID‐19. Furthermore, owners felt that their relationship with their staff has got affected as they were asked to work on reduced salary and given notice for termination of services for the future. Hence, it can be concluded that the social impact was very high on owners of the tourism and hospitality industry in the Oman. Many owners took the counseling services to deal with fear of COVID‐19. Lancet Global Mental Health Commission recommended to use digital technological interventions to reduce anxiety levels, stress and improve mental health and self‐efficacy among people (Kang et al.,  2020 ; Patel,  2018 ; Xiao et al.,  2020 ).

6. CONCLUSION

The COVID‐19 outbreak has adversely affected the economic and social aspects of the tourism and hospitality industry in the Oman The economic impact considered a financial loss, customer demand, logistics and distribution channels, supplier's relationship, and employees' turnover. The losses were due to the cancelation of bookings as a result of border closure, indefinite postponement of sports, business, and cultural events. This has affected future bookings because companies have not received many inquiries from foreign and domestic tourists. Due to significant losses, the company had feared that their business might be permanently shut down, as it was difficult to manage fixed and variable business costs. Companies have used alternatives to survive in this critical situation like temporarily lay off staff, reduced salaries for themselves and staff, reduction in services and products. Strict rule and regulation of government have added more difficulty to run the business in this critical situation. Companies could not fulfill the demands of their customers due to the limited availability of resources and staff. Companies' long‐term plans have also been affected as there is no certainty on the revival time of the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman. The outbreak of COVID‐19 has had a huge social impact on the owners of the tourism and hospitality industry. The lockdown has not only affected the owners financially but also have left them psychologically drained, the symptoms of depression, apprehensions, anger, boredom, irritability, restlessness, nervousness, loneliness appears prominently among them. In spite of all the safety measures being in place, owners found it difficult to adjust psychologically to a new normal. The uncertainty over the future of business was adding more stress to the owners, which have affected their relationship with their colleagues. While the outbreak of COVID‐19 affected all facets of business, the owners remained optimistic about the potential opportunities and restructure their operation plan to sustain in the present and future scenario. While COVID 19 outbreak has adversely affected most of the companies in all aspects, the owners are optimistic about the future. They improvised their strategies, incurred investments in digital platforms, and conducted their business online. An aggressive digital media marketing was planned to attract customers at the national and international level. Companies announced special offers for canceled booking and special discounts for the existing customer to make future travel booking. To attract the international customer, special packages were offered for a staycation in Oman at very reasonable rates. Many companies merged with other companies for cross‐promotion to communicate with local and international people through virtual tourism events. Some companies are still looking forward to the support from the Oman government to sustain their business during the COVID‐19 crisis. Most of the companies have requested for the bailout packages, the moratorium on term loans, reduce interest rates, cash grants, and deferral of tax, rent, expenses (utilities), and technical assistance on the digitization of business.

6.1. Recommendation/way ahead for tourism and hospitality industry in Oman

The COVID‐19 has affected the tourism and hospitality of Oman (Al Nasseri,  2020 ; Times News Service,  2020a ). The Omani government has been taking some initiatives to open the tourism and hospitality industry to attract tourist at the national and international level. This study provides some recommendations to policyholders and decision‐makers to boost the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman. The recommendations include; flexible visa rules and regulations, increase the number of flights to European countries, provide bailout packages to the tourism and aviation industry, promote tourism at national and international level by providing lucrative offers to the tourists, propaganda of strict compliance with health and safety measures, promote cultural and business events, provide special offers for low to mid‐budget travelers, establish direct airline connectivity, motivate the business owners to provide leave travel concession to their employees, and finally provide support to the Omani business owners and special provision for Gulf Cooperation Council residents.

Apart from that, in order to revive the tourism and hospitality industry, the Omani government can also adapt the practices adopted by companies incorporated in foreign countries. Like, many countries have restructured their business for the post‐COVID‐19 world by making technological advancement. The new digital era for the tourism and hospitality industry needs to be based on artificial intelligence, robots, 3D simulations, virtual reality, blockchain, cloud computing, Internet of Things, big data, and augmented reality. According to the PwC report, blockchain technology can increase revenue by US$40 billion and cutting maintenance repair and overhaul costs globally by US$3.5 billion in the aerospace industry (Lemasson et al.,  2019 ). Companies are working on improving tourist inclinations by offering technological innovative services to increase confidence and unleashes a consumer rebound. Hotels are using robots on the frontline for room services, housekeeping deliveries, arrangements of food and beverages, in‐room dining, delivering housekeeping items, dispensing facemasks, and for sanitizing in order to protect guests and employees. The advanced self‐service and biometrics will make contactless facilities from the booking of a hotel to exit from the hotel will reduce the COVID‐19 risks. In Rome, Hotels are offering digitalized guest experiences such as a virtual tour of the hotel property, mobile check‐in and check‐out, contactless payments, voice control, and digital menu, facial recognition to access their rooms and venues of recreational activities.

Beijing and Miami are using SITA‐Smart Path self‐service biometric at the airport have improved the passenger processing efficiency thereby maintaining social distancing in a seamless fashion. SITA allows passengers to use their face for biometrics recognition from departure to arrival at the airport. AI‐powered chatbots and Virtual agents provide real‐time information to the tourist at single click or voice note. Similarly, Canada, New York, and the United States are using artificial intelligence temperature checks at airport and hotels reduce congestion of tourist and reduce the risk of cross‐infection. This has resulted in positivity and confidence among the tourist. Countries are exploiting digital marketing to accelerate their business. Like, China is using a live promotion, live‐streaming platforms through social media for maintaining real‐time connectivity and attracting customers. Companies are collaborating with celebrities to act as a tour guide to provide 360° views of tourist destination, hotels, adventurous activities, and camping sites to create enthusiasm among tourist to visit. To attract business travelers for regular visits, Georgia, Barbados, Estonia, Dubai is offering “remote worker visa/Nomad visa.” It provides a combination of professional and leisure offerings in the “workstation” and “staycation” segment. The above trends are benefitting tourism and hospitality industries and likely to have a positive impact. Efforts in the right direction will make Oman as one of the popular destinations among tourists; it will not only boost the industry but will have a cascading positive impact on the whole economy.

6.2. Contribution of the study

The current study adds to the body of knowledge in the tourism and hospitality industry. This study contributes to the current understanding of the economic and social impact of COVID 19 on the Tourism and Hospitality Industry. The holistic analysis of this study add to existing research by identifying critical dimension that should be considered while analyzing the economic and social impact on Tourism and Hospitality Industry. The study confirmed results of existing studies that also emphasized the economic impact dimensions such as financial loss, decline in market demand, unemployment, impact on suppliers, supply chain, channels of distribution, change in the customer preferences, and shutting down of business in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry (Baum & Hai,  2020 ; Huang et al.,  2020 ; Jones & Comfort,  2020a , 2020b ; Joshi & Bhaskar,  2020 ; Karim et al.,  2020 ; Lim & To,  2021 ; Lucas, 2020; Pagano et al.,  2020 ; Rakshit & Basistha,  2020 ; Şengel et al.,  2020 ) and social impact dimensions such as sadness, miserable, antagonism, uncertainty about the spread of the disease, vulnerability, apprehension, wearisomeness, and fears (Aduhene & Osei‐Assibey,  2021 ; Cao et al., 2020; Mamun & Griffiths,  2020 ; Weir,  2020 ). However, the present study also identified additional economic and social impact dimensions like government policy, logistic channels, future tourism practices, relationship with stakeholders, merger plans, and counseling services. The study's recommendations can be used by policymakers to focus designing the future road map and development of Sustainable tourism and hospitality in Oman.

6.3. Limitations and future scope of the study

This research has highlighted the economic and social impact of COVID 19 on the tourism and hospitality industry of Oman. This research has some limitation, which may be addressed in future research studies. First, the findings of this study are limited to Oman, and therefore, the results cannot be generalized to other countries. Second, the researchers have only used quantitative technique to reach the objective of the study. Future researchers can use the triangulation approach to address this research problem to get more valid and reliable results. Third, due to the limited literature on the addressed topic in the Oman context, it was difficult to identify the critical factors for analyzing economic and social impact. Further studies can be conducted by including other factors that may draw different findings and conclusion. Lastly, a comparative study can be conducted among developing countries to analyze the economic and social impact of COVID 19 on the tourism and hospitality industry.

Biographies

Dr. Habiba A. L. Mughairi is Head of the Department at Business Studies and faculty at University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ibra, Oman. She has 16 years of teaching experience in the areas of accounting, finance, and economics. She has completed her PhD from Brunel University London. Her research interest includes financial economy, financial econometrics, and applied economics. She has presented several research papers at national and international conferences. She has received two national awards for her research contribution. She also received two funded research grants from the Research Council (TRC), Oman

Ms. Preeti Bhaskar is working as faculty at University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ibra, Oman and research scholar at ICFAI University, Dehradun, India. She possesses 10 years of teaching experience in the area of Human Resource Management. Her research interest includes technology adoption, e‐government, job performance, job satisfaction, sustainable development, continuing education, job performance, online teaching and learning. She has published research papers in many reputed journals ( ABDC and SCOPUS ) and presented research papers at various national and international conferences. She has also authored two books on “general management” and published case studies in Case Centre, the United Kingdom. She has also completed two minor research projects sponsored by the Symbiosis international university, Pune. She is actively engaged in conducting student development programs and faculty development programs at various colleges and universities.

Dr. Abdullah khalfan hamood Alazri is the Assistant Dean for Administration and Finance affairs and faculty at the University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Nizwa, Oman. He has completed his PhD from Brunel University London. He possesses 15 years of teaching and research experience in the area of human resource management. He has also served in a various administrative position at different Colleges of Technology in Oman. His research interest includes employee engagement, talent management, human resources management, job performance and satisfaction, higher education, and teaching and learning.

Mohammed Said Al‐Mughairi, H. , Bhaskar, P. , & khalfan hamood Alazri, A. (2021). The economic and social impact of COVID‐19 on tourism and hospitality industry: A case study from Oman . Journal of Public Affairs , e2786. 10.1002/pa.2786 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ]

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

• Aduhene, D. T. , & Osei‐Assibey, E. (2021). Socio‐economic impact of COVID‐19 on Ghana's economy: Challenges and prospects . International Journal of Social Economics. , 48 , 543–556. [ Google Scholar ]
• Al Nasseri, Z. (2020). Tourism sector in Oman loses half a billion rials due to impact of Coronavirus . Retrieved January 28, 2021, from https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/business/story/Tourism_sector_in_Oman_loses_half_a_billion_rials_due_to_impact_of_Coronavirus-SNG_195005960/
• Al‐Hasni, Z. S. (2021). The economic impact of COVID‐19 on the Omani tourism sector . Psychology and Education Journal , 58 ( 2 ), 824–830. [ Google Scholar ]
• Alhassan, G. N. , Adedoyin, F. F. , Bekun, F. V. , & Agabo, T. J. (2020). Does life expectancy, death rate and public health expenditure matter in sustaining economic growth under COVID‐19: Empirical evidence from Nigeria? Journal of Public Affairs , e2302. 10.1002/pa.2302 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Alhassan, G. N. , Öztürk, I. , Adedoyin, F. F. , & Bekun, F. V. (2021). Telehealth as a panacea amidst global pandemic (COVID‐19) in Africa . Duzce Medical Journal , 23 ( Special Issue ). [ Google Scholar ]
• Alola, A. A. , & Victor, F. B. (2020). Pandemic outbreaks (COVID‐19) and sectoral carbon emissions in the United States: A spillover effect evidence from Diebold and Yilmaz index . Energy & Environment , 32 ( 5 ), 0958305X20977275. [ Google Scholar ]
• Aneja, R. , & Ahuja, V. (2020). An assessment of socioeconomic impact of COVID‐19 pandemic in India . Journal of Public Affairs , 21 , e2266. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ankara . (2020). Oman: Half of gov't staff resume work . Retrieved January 28, 2021, from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/latest-on-coronavirus-outbreak/oman-half-of-govt-staff-resume-work/1860234
• Assaf, A. , & Scuderi, R. (2020). COVID‐19 and the recovery of the tourism industry .
• Balsalobre‐Lorente, D. , Driha, O. M. , Bekun, F. V. , Sinha, A. , & Adedoyin, F. F. (2020). Consequences of COVID‐19 on the social isolation of the Chinese economy: Accounting for the role of reduction in carbon emissions . Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health , 13 ( 12 ), 1439–1451. [ Google Scholar ]
• Bas, T. , & Sivaprasad, S. (2020). The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic crisis on the travel and tourism sector: UK evidence. Available at SSRN 3623404 .
• Baum, T. , & Hai, N. T. T. (2020). Hospitality, tourism, human rights and the impact of COVID‐19 . International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 32 , 2397–2407. [ Google Scholar ]
• Baum, T. , Mooney, S. K. , Robinson, R. N. , & Solnet, D. (2020). COVID‐19's impact on the hospitality workforce–new crisis or amplification of the norm . International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. , 32 , 2813–2829. [ Google Scholar ]
• Benjamin, S. , Dillette, A. , & Alderman, D. H. (2020). “We can't return to normal”: committing to tourism equity in the post‐pandemic age . Tourism Geographies , 22 ( 3 ), 476–483. [ Google Scholar ]
• Bloomberg (2020). Saudi, Oman halt international flights, close borders for a week over mutant COVID‐19 . Retrieved January 28, 2021, from https://www.livemint.com/news/world/saudi-oman-halt-international-flights-close-borders-for-a-week-over-mutant-COVID-19-11608550624683.html
• Brizek, M. G. , Frash, R. E. , McLeod, B. M. , & Patience, M. O. (2021). Independent restaurant operator perspectives in the wake of the COVID‐19 pandemic . International Journal of Hospitality Management , 93 , 102766. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cao, J., Zhang, J., Wang, C., Hu, H., & Yu, P. (2020). How Far Is the Ideal Destination? Distance Desire, Ways to Explore the Antinomy of Distance Effects in Tourist Destination Choice . Journal of Travel Research , 59 ( 4 ), 614–630. [ Google Scholar ]
• Chen, H. , Huang, X. , & Li, Z. (2020). A content analysis of Chinese news coverage on COVID‐19 and tourism . Current Issues in Tourism , 1–8. 10.1080/13683500.2020.1763269 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Crespi‐Cladera, R. , Martín‐Oliver, A. , & Pascual‐Fuster, B. (2021). Financial distress in the hospitality industry during the COVID‐19 disaster . Tourism Management , 85 , 104301. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Davahli, M. R. , Karwowski, W. , Sonmez, S. , & Apostolopoulos, Y. (2020). The hospitality industry in the face of the COVID‐19 pandemic: Current topics and research methods . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 17 ( 20 ), 7366. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Debata, B. , Patnaik, P. , & Mishra, A. (2020). COVID‐19 pandemic! It's impact on people, economy, and environment . Journal of Public Affairs , 20 ( 4 ), e2372. [ Google Scholar ]
• Del Chiappa, G. , Bregoli, I. , & Fotiadis, A. K. (2021). The impact of COVID‐19 on Italian accommodation: A supply‐perspective . Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing (JTHSM) , 7 ( 1 ), 13–22. [ Google Scholar ]
• Dua, A. , Mahajan, D. , Oyer, L. , & Ramaswamy, S. (2020). US small‐business recovery after the COVID‐19 crisis|McKinsey . Retrieved February 18, 2021, from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/us-small-business-recovery-after-the-COVID-19-crisis
• Dube, K. , Nhamo, G. , & Chikodzi, D. (2021). COVID‐19 cripples global restaurant and hospitality industry . Current Issues in Tourism , 24 ( 11 ), 1487–1490. [ Google Scholar ]
• Faber, M. , Ghisletta, A. , & Schmidheiny, K. (2020). A lockdown index to assess the economic impact of the coronavirus . Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics , 156 ( 1 ), 1–23. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID‐19) on the world economy. Available at SSRN 3557504 .
• Folinas, S. , & Metaxas, T. (2020). Tourism: The great patient of coronavirus COVID‐2019 .
• GC32 Racing Tour Media . (2020). GC32 Oman Cup cancelled due to coronavirus . Retrieved January 28, 2021, from https://www.sail-world.com/news/227448/GC32-Oman-Cup-cancelled-due-to-coronavirus
• Godinho, V. (2021). Oman closes land border for one week, says closure can be extended . Retrieved January 28, 2021, from https://gulfbusiness.com/oman-closes-land-border-for-one-week-says-closure-can-be-extended/
• Gössling, S. , Scott, D. , & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID‐19 . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 29 ( 1 ), 1–20. [ Google Scholar ]
• Gössling, S. , & Lund‐Durlacher, D. (2021). Tourist accommodation, climate change and mitigation: An assessment for Austria . Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism , 100367. [ Google Scholar ]
• Grad, C. (2020). German tourism reported a historic decline in turnover . Retrieved January 28, 2021, from https://www.tourism-review.com/german-tourism-industry-counts-the-losses-news11804
• Gupta, P. K. , Bhaskar, P. , & Maheshwari, S. (2020). Coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak in India: A perspective so far . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Investigations , 11 ( 4 ), 1–6. [ Google Scholar ]
• Gursoy, D. , & Chi, C. G. (2020). Effects of COVID‐19 pandemic on hospitality industry: A review of the current situations and a research agenda . Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management , 29 ( 5 ), 527–529. [ Google Scholar ]
• Harris, P. , & Moss, D. (2020). Reflections on the impact of coronavirus on public affairs . Journal of Public Affairs , 20 ( 2 ), e2205. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hospitality Net (2020). Counting the Social Costs of Tourism in the COVID‐19 Era In Asia . https://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4100143.html
• Huang, A. , Makridis, C. , Baker, M. , Medeiros, M. , & Guo, Z. (2020). Understanding the impact of COVID‐19 intervention policies on the hospitality labor market . International Journal of Hospitality Management , 91 , 102660. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Idris, M. , & Oruonye, E. (2020). Socioeconomic impact of COVID‐19 in oil exporting countries: An analytical review of the macroeconomic indicators in Nigeria . International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies , 6 ( 5 ), 44–50. [ Google Scholar ]
• Ioannides, D. , & Gyimóthy, S. (2020). The COVID‐19 crisis as an opportunity for escaping the unsustainable global tourism path . Tourism Geographies , 22 ( 3 ), 624–632. [ Google Scholar ]
• Jones, P. , & Comfort, D. (2020a). A commentary on the COVID‐19 crisis, sustainability and the service industries . Journal of Public Affairs , 20 ( 4 ), e2164. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Jones, P. , & Comfort, D. (2020b). The COVID‐19 crisis and sustainability in the hospitality industry . International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 32 ( 10 ), 3037–3050. [ Google Scholar ]
• Joshi, A. , & Bhaskar, P. (2020). COVID‐19: Impact of lockdown on tourism & hospitality industry . Business Excellence and Management , 10 ( 5 ), 147–154. [ Google Scholar ]
• Joshi, A. , Bhaskar, P. , & Gupta, P. K. (2020). Indian economy amid COVID‐19 lockdown: A Prespective . Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology , 14 , 957–961. [ Google Scholar ]
• Joshi, A. , Vinay, M. , Bhaskar, P. , & Jugran, S. (2020). COVID‐ 19 Indian tourism & hospitality industry on the brink of collapse . Antardrishti IUD Journal of Interdisciplinary Research , 1 ( 1 ), 1–10. [ Google Scholar ]
• Kang, L. , Ma, S. , Chen, M. , Yang, J. , Wang, Y. , Li, R. , & Liu, Z. (2020). Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross‐sectional study . Brain, Behavior, and Immunity , 87 , 11–17. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Karim, W. , Haque, A. , Anis, Z. , & Ulfy, M. A. (2020). The movement control order (mco) for COVID‐19 crisis and its impact on tourism and hospitality sector in Malaysia . International Tourism and Hospitality Journal , 3 ( 2 ), 1–7. [ Google Scholar ]
• Kaushal, V. , & Srivastava, S. (2021). Hospitality and tourism industry amid COVID‐19 pandemic: Perspectives on challenges and learnings from India . International Journal of Hospitality Management , 92 , 102707. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Khalid, U. , Okafor, L. E. , & Burzynska, K. (2021). Does the size of the tourism sector influence the economic policy response to the COVID‐19 pandemic? Current Issues in Tourism , 1–20. 10.1080/13683500.2021.1956441 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kharbanda, V. , & Jain, R. (2021). Impact of COVID on the stock market: A study of BRIC countries . International Journal of Financial Markets and Derivatives , 8 ( 2 ), 169–184. [ Google Scholar ]
• Kumar, S. , Maheshwari, V. , Prabhu, J. , Prasanna, M. , Jayalakshmi, P. , Suganya, P. , & Jothikumar, R. (2020). Social economic impact of COVID‐19 outbreak in India . International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications , 16 ( 4 ), 309–319. [ Google Scholar ]
• Kumar, V. (2020). Indian tourism industry and COVID‐19: Present scenario . Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education , 10 , 179–185. [ Google Scholar ]
• Lemasson, M. , Marx, C. , Sealy, R. P. , Thompson, S. , & Watkins, A. (2019). How the adoption of blockchain can provide a boost of power and efficiency to the aerospace industry . https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/aerospace-defence/assets/data-for-the-life-of-the-aircraft.pdf
• Lim, W. M. , & To, W. M. (2021). The economic impact of a global pandemic on the tourism economy: The case of COVID‐19 and Macao's destination‐and gambling‐dependent economy . Current Issues in Tourism , 1–12. 10.1080/13683500.2021.1910218 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Liu, M. T. , Wang, S. , McCartney, G. , & Wong, I. A. (2021). Taking a break is for accomplishing a longer journey: Hospitality industry in Macao under the COVID‐19 pandemic . International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 33 , 1249–1275. [ Google Scholar ]
• Lucas, B. (2020). Impacts of Covid‐19 on inclusive economic growth in middle‐income countries . https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/15310 [ Google Scholar ]
• Mamun, M. A. , & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID‐19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID‐19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies . Asian Journal of Psychiatry , 51 , 102073. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• McCartney, G. (2021). The impact of the coronavirus outbreak on Macao. From tourism lockdown to tourism recovery . Current Issues in Tourism , 24 ( 19 ), 2683–2692. [ Google Scholar ]
• Miles, S . (2014). Battlefield sites as dark tourism attractions: An analysis of experience . Journal of Heritage Tourism , 9 ( 2 ), 134–147. [ Google Scholar ]
• Mugaloglu, E. , Polat, A. Y. , Tekin, H. , & Kılıç, E. (2021). Assessing the impact of Covid‐19 pandemic in Turkey with a novel economic uncertainty index . Journal of Economic Studies , ahead‐of‐print . 10.1108/JES-02-2021-0081 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Naiem, M. , & Al, A. (2021). Impacts of COVID‐19 Pandemic on Tourism & Hospitality Industry in Bangladesh (April 28, 2021) .
• Nair, V. (2019). Nearly 200% increase in tourist arrivals in 10 years . Retrieved January 28, 2021, from https://www.omanobserver.om/nearly-200-increase-in-tourist-arrivals-in-10-years/
• Nicola, M. , Alsafi, Z. , Sohrabi, C. , Kerwan, A. , Al‐Jabir, A. , Iosifidis, C. , & Agha, R. (2020). The socio‐economic implications of the coronavirus and COVID‐19 pandemic: A review . International journal of surgery , 78 , 185–193. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ntounis, N. , Parker, C. , Skinner, H. , Steadman, C. , & Warnaby, G. (2021). Tourism and hospitality industry resilience during the Covid‐19 pandemic: Evidence from England . Current Issues in Tourism , 1–14. 10.1080/13683500.2021.1883556 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Oman News Agency . (2020) COVID‐19 Pandemic Forces Cancellation of 2020 Edition of OMAN by UTMB® . Retrieved January 28, 2021, from https://omannews.gov.om/NewsDescription/ArtMID/392/ArticleID/15498/COVID-19-Pandemic-Forces-Cancellation-of-2020-Edition-of-OMAN-by-UTMB%C2%AE
• Oman Observer (2020a). Tourism Ministry discusses impacts of COVID‐19 on the tourism sector . https://www.omanobserver.om/tourism-ministry-discusses-impacts-of-COVID-19-on-tourism-sector/
• Oman Observer (2020b). 70% of government employees in Oman can return to offices . Retrieved January 28, 2021, from https://www.omanobserver.om/70-of-government-employees-in-oman-can-return-to-offices/
• Orgilés, M. , Morales, A. , Delvecchio, E. , Mazzeschi, C. , & Espada, J. P. (2020). Immediate psychological effects of the COVID‐19 quarantine in youth from Italy and Spain . Frontiers in Psychology , 11 , 2986. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ozili, P. K. , & Arun, T. (2020). Spillover of COVID‐19: Impact on the global economy. Available at SSRN 3562570 .
• Pagano, M. , Wagner, C. , & Zechner, J. (2020). Disaster resilience and asset prices. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.08929 .
• Patel, V. (2018). The lancet commission on global mental health and sustainable development . Lancet , 392 , 1553–1598. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31612-X [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Qiu, R. T. , Park, J. , Li, S. , & Song, H. (2020). Social costs of tourism during the COVID‐19 pandemic . Annals of Tourism Research , 84 , 102994. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Rakshit, B. , & Basistha, D. (2020). Can India stay immune enough to combat COVID‐19 pandemic? An economic query . Journal of Public Affairs , 20 ( 4 ), e2157. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Saladino, V. , Algeri, D. , & Auriemma, V. (2020). The psychological and social impact of COVID‐19: New perspectives of well‐being . Frontiers in Psychology , 11 , 2550. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Şengel, Ü. , Çevrimkaya, M. , Işkın, M. , Zengin, B. , & Sarıışık, M. (2020). The effects of novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) on hospitality industry: A case study . Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies , 8 ( 3 ), 1646–1667. [ Google Scholar ]
• Shapoval, V. , Hägglund, P. , Pizam, A. , Abraham, V. , Carlbäck, M. , Nygren, T. , & Smith, R. M. (2021). The COVID‐19 pandemic effects on the hospitality industry using social systems theory: A multi‐country comparison . International Journal of Hospitality Management , 94 , 102813. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sharma, G. D. , Thomas, A. , & Paul, J. (2021). Reviving tourism industry post‐COVID‐19: A resilience‐based framework . Tourism Management Perspectives , 37 , 100786. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Siddiquei, M. I. , & Khan, W. (2020). Economic implications of coronavirus . Journal of Public Affairs , 20 ( 4 ), e2169. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Singh, M. K. , & Neog, Y. (2020). Contagion effect of COVID‐19 outbreak: Another recipe for disaster on Indian economy . Journal of Public Affairs , 20 ( 4 ), e2171. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• TAS News Service . (2020) COVID‐19 pandemic forces cancellation of 2020 edition of OMAN by UTMB® . Retrieved January 28, 2021, from https://www.thearabianstories.com/2020/07/02/COVID-19-pandemic-forces-cancellation-of-2020-edition-of-oman-by-utmb/
• Times News Service . (2020a). COVID‐19 impact measured across 7 sectors in Oman . Retrieved January 28, 2021, from https://timesofoman.com/article/3018714/oman/COVID-19-impact-measured-across-7-sectors-in-oman
• Times News Service . (2020b). Seeing Double: Oman tourist numbers double in a decade . Retrieved January 28, 2021, from https://timesofoman.com/article/1817180/Oman/Tourism/Seeing‐Double‐Oman‐tourist‐numbers‐double‐in‐a‐decade
• Tomassini, L. , & Cavagnaro, E. (2020). The novel spaces and power‐geometries in tourism and hospitality after 2020 will belong to the ‘local’ . Tourism Geographies , 22 ( 3 ), 713–719. [ Google Scholar ]
• Tseng, C. (2021). Measuring the financial and fiscal impacts of COVID‐19 in South Africa. a strong prolonged economic bonanza is unlikely to materialise evenly across the EU. An uneven recovery would acquiesce imbalances within the Union, and especially the euro area. [Terzi, A. (2021). The Roaring Twenties after Covid‐19: Revisiting the evidence for Europe. Journal of New Finance, 2(1), 3.]
• UNWTO . (2020). UNWTO world tourism barometer 18, (2) .
• Usman, M. , Ali, Y. , Riaz, A. , Riaz, A. , & Zubair, A. (2020). Economic perspective of coronavirus (COVID‐19) . Journal of Public Affairs , 20 ( 4 ), e2252. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Van Heerden, J. , & Roos, E. L. (2021). The possible effects of the extended lockdown period on the south African economy: A CGE analysis . South African Journal of Economics , 89 ( 1 ), 95–111. [ Google Scholar ]
• Weir, K. (2020). Grief and COVID‐19: Mourning our bygonelives (Vol. 1 ). American Psychological Association. [ Google Scholar ]
• World Health Organization (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic . https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
• Xiao, H. , Zhang, Y. , Kong, D. , Li, S. , & Yang, N. (2020). The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in January and February 2020 in China . Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research , 26 , e923549‐1. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Yoong, K . (2020). Reopening hotels: How to recover and get it right . Retrieved February 18, 2021, from https://hospitalityinsights.ehl.edu/reopening-hotels-getting-it-right
• Zenker, S. , & Kock, F. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic–a critical discussion of a tourism research agenda . Tourism Management , 81 , 104164. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Zhong, L. , Sun, S. , Law, R. , & Li, X. (2021). Tourism crisis management: Evidence from COVID‐19 . Current Issues in Tourism , 24 ( 19 ), 1–12. https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F13683500.2021.1901866 [ Google Scholar ]
• Zopiatis, A. , Pericleous, K. , & Theofanous, Y. (2021). COVID‐19 and hospitality and tourism research: An integrative review . Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. , 48 , 275–279. [ Google Scholar ]

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Open research case study - Hospitality and Tourism

Openness and transparency constitute a foundational principle for research integrity, as set out in the UK Concordat to Support Research Integrity. Openness can promote rigour, constructive scrutiny, accountability and can enable others to build on research. However, it can also bring challenges. Critically, what openness and transparency can and should mean varies across disciplines and fields of study. This is one of a series of case studies in a wide range of disciplines that illustrate these differences. The series is intended to enable researchers to see similarities and differences between fields, and to inform those supporting open research through, for example, training, policies or incentives. It is based on a single interview with a researcher, and is therefore illustrative rather than representative.

Related Papers

Stanislav Ivanov

This paper examines various models of academic publishing and considers their relative advantages for authors, readers, academic institutions and society. Relevant factors in driving authors’ choice of journal include the journal’s scope, reputation and publishing model used. Authors’ choices are shaped by the expectations of academic institutions and strongly determine both access to readers and the benefits to society. From an analysis of 174 journals in the tourism and hospitality field, four publication models are identified and compared: ‘subscription-only’ and the ‘Green’, ‘Gold’ and ‘Platinum’ open-access models. The findings of a survey of 42 editors of journals in the field are then presented. These suggest that subscription-based journals (be they subscription-only or hybrid) tend to be owned by commercial publishing companies and have the highest reputation, as measured by their position in one or more indexing systems. They also tend to have significantly larger numbers ...

Nordic Perspectives on Open Science

Bertil F Dorch

This paper makes the case for Open Science as a means to support and practice Responsible Conduct of Research. Responsible and ethical research practices imply research integrity in terms of transparency, honesty and accountability in all parts of research, being it when attaining funding for research, collecting and analyzing research data, collaborating on research, performing scholarly communication, e.g. authoring and disseminating research etc. Likewise, the topics normally associated with Open Science directly support responsible conduct and in fact, one can argue that Open Science is a ubiquitous prerequisite for good research practice.

Journal of Travel Research

Douglas Frechtling

Tourism Management

paul phillips

Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore

Set against the framework of today's competitive research environment, this paper focuses on a less discussed category of ethics within tourism – that of the researcher as a professional. " Data " is presented as reflexive considerations on the ethical challenges and dilemmas an early career researcher faced during her transition from the early to mid-career phase. Personal experiences are compared to a multidisciplinary literature on ethics, education, knowledge production and distribution. This paper concludes that it is possible for early career researchers in the current tourism academic climate to remain ethical and successful at the same time – if, they engage constantly and reflexively with the ethical questions that surround their own identity, power and responsibility as academics. The paper also asks that the tourism research community and institutional structures place more emphasis on the discussion of ethics and codes of conduct.

David Fennell

Open Praxis

Sukaina Walji

International Journal of Tourism Research

Robin Nunkoo, Ph.D

The tourism and hospitality research landscape is constantly evolving and the field is growing in maturity. One of the distinguishing features that characterize this evolution is the proliferation of academic journals. The number of tourism and hospitality journals has increased from less than 10 before the 1980s to around 300 in 2017 (Shani & Uriely, 2017). Among the various knowledge dissemination channels that exist, academic journals play a leading position and serve several important functions. They play a central role in knowledge production and are considered key to knowledge advancement in any discipline (Xiao & Smith, 2007). Journals signify the existence of a scientific domain, niche discipline, or school of thought (Nie, Ma, & Nakamori, 2009). The various tourism and hospitality journals constitute the main reservoir of knowledge for researchers, students, and practitioners alike. Interestingly, these journals have been in their own right, the focus of investigations, described by Figueroa-Domecq, Pritchard, Segovia-Pérez, Morgan, and Villacé-Molinero (2015) as “the scholarship on the scholarship” of tourism and hospitality research (p. 88). Within these groups of studies, feature fervent debates on research methodologies and related aspects. For example, Xiao and Smith (2006a) noted a rise in the number of articles published in Annals of Tourism Research that has as main objective, the the dissemination of new concepts, models, and methods. Such an argument can also be extended to other journals in the field, where articles focusing on research methods are common.Informed by the above debates, this volume contains discussions on various quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods approaches, as well as other chapters on contemporary tourism and hospitality research that are common to both approaches. It raises wider methodological debates by drawing together the wealth of research methods experience gained by tourism and hospitality researchers in one volume. The handbook comprises of 43 chapters authored by 60 individuals from diverse educational and research backgrounds and geographical locations. The handbook also has an adequate representation of female authors in the field. It is my hope that such heterogeneity in the authors’ characteristics has led to a handbook that reflects adequately the diverse research methods and methodologies used by tourism and hospitality scholars world-wide and the debates that abound.

RELATED PAPERS

Balsaeng'gwa saengsig

Sung-Ho Lee

Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online

Zahid Hussain

Advances in Applied Probability

Space Policy

Duncan Lunan

Savira Anthony

Lara Seijas

Daniel Isidoro

Shravan Paswan

arun khamari

Revista Habitus - Revista do Instituto Goiano de Pré-História e Antropologia

Sandra Corrêa

International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS)

mangasi sinurat

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Meytal Eran-jona

DR. MS. JEBA REGIS

Vascular Pharmacology

Khawaja Haider

HortScience

Ron J. Johnson

Iranian Evolutionary Educational Psychology Journal

Iranian Evolutionary Educational Psychology Journal , Aliakbar Fini

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

corina caduff

Jurnal Neutrino:Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya

Dolfie Pandara

WA 0852 7019 0835 T E M P A T P K L M E D A N Gratis

Journal of Health and Allied Sciences

Damaru Paneru

International Journal of Plant and Soil Science

Dilkhush Meena

Sequential Analysis

Ross Kravitz

Eduardo Tepichin

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

• Architecture and Design
• Asian and Pacific Studies
• Business and Economics
• Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies
• Computer Sciences
• Cultural Studies
• Engineering
• General Interest
• Geosciences
• Industrial Chemistry
• Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies
• Jewish Studies
• Library and Information Science, Book Studies
• Life Sciences
• Linguistics and Semiotics
• Literary Studies
• Materials Sciences
• Mathematics
• Social Sciences
• Sports and Recreation
• Theology and Religion
• Publish your article
• The role of authors
• Promoting your article
• Abstracting & indexing
• Publishing Ethics
• Why publish with De Gruyter
• How to publish with De Gruyter
• Our book series
• Our subject areas
• Your digital product at De Gruyter
• Contribute to our reference works
• Product information
• Tools & resources
• Product Information
• Promotional Materials
• Orders and Inquiries
• FAQ for Library Suppliers and Book Sellers
• Repository Policy
• Free access policy
• Open Access agreements
• Database portals
• For Authors
• Customer service
• People + Culture
• Journal Management
• How to join us
• Working at De Gruyter
• Mission & Vision
• De Gruyter Foundation
• De Gruyter Ebound
• Our Responsibility
• Partner publishers

Your purchase has been completed. Your documents are now available to view.

6. Tourism and Hospitality Case Studies

From the book modelling and simulations for tourism and hospitality.

• Jacopo A. Baggio and Rodolfo Baggio
• X / Twitter

Supplementary Materials

Please login or register with De Gruyter to order this product.

Chapters in this book (14)

Tourism and Hospitality Studies

Tourism and Hospitality Studies (THS) ISSN 2948-5363 (Online) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal on all aspects of tourism and hospitality published by RMP Publications in June and December.

Tourism and Hospitality Studies promotes and enhances research developments in the field of tourism and hospitality. The journal provides an international platform for debate and dissemination of research findings whilst also facilitating the discussion of new research areas and techniques. THS continues to add a vibrant and exciting channel for those interested in tourism and hospitality research developments.

Current Issue

Explore our brand new website! We hope you like the improvements we've made. We'd love to hear your feedback and please let us know if you find something that requires our attention – Website feedback .

Tourism and Hospitality Management Subject regulations

This subject looks at how to design and deliver memorable tourism, travel and hospitality experiences to international and domestic visitors in the modern digital era. This includes hotels, resorts and accommodation, bars and restaurants, transport services, leisure activities, and even hospitals and banks. Gain the skills to forecast changes in visitor demand; and manage the social-environmental impacts of tourism and hospitality. Tourism and Hospitality Management is available as a first major for the Bachelor of Business (BBus) and the Bachelor of Management Studies with Honours (BMS(Hons))[1]. Tourism and Hospitality Management may also be included as a second major or minor in other undergraduate degrees, subject to approval of the Division in which the student is enrolled. To complete Tourism and Hospitality Management as a single major for the BBus, students must gain 135 points from papers listed for Tourism and Hospitality Management, including 105 points above 100 level, and 60 points above 200 level. Students must complete MRKTG101, THMGT101, MRKTG203, THMGT201, THMGT203, THMGT301, THMGT303, THMGT304, and one of WSOMM396 or WSOMM399. To complete Tourism and Hospitality Management as part of a double major for the BBus or other undergraduate degree, students must gain 120 points from papers listed for Tourism and Hospitality Management, including 90 points above 100 level, and 45 points above 200 level. Students must complete MRKTG101, THMGT101, MRKTG203, THMGT201, THMGT203, THMGT301, THMGT303 and THMGT304. To complete a minor in Tourism and Hospitality Management, students must complete 60 points from the papers listed for the Tourism and Hospitality Management major, including at least 30 points above 100 level. Students must complete THMGT101. NOTES: [1] There will be no new enrolments into the BMS(Hons) from 2024. Students who commenced a BMS(Hons) in 2023 or prior should contact the Waikato Management School for programme advice.

Other qualifications

Prescriptions for:

A Graduate Certificate and Graduate Diploma in Tourism and Hospitality Management are available to graduates who have not included Tourism Management or Hospitality Management at an advanced level in their first degree.

The qualification regulations define the subject requirements for the Graduate Certificate and Graduate Diploma. There are no specified subject papers that must be completed for these programmes.

The qualification regulations define the subject requirements for the PGCert(THMgt) and PGDip(THMgt). There are no specified subject papers that must be completed for the PGCert(THMgt) programme.

PGDip(THMgt) students must complete THMGT502 and THMGT503; and 30 points from ANTHY515, DEVST504, THMGT590, or THMGT591.

All students should discuss their programme with the Management Student Centre before enrolling.

Tourism and Hospitality Management papers

This paper focuses on the role of Marketing in business, introducing students to marketing research, consumer behaviour, and analysis, as essential...

This paper introduces fundamental tourism and hospitality concepts, their global context, history, key tourist markets, and industry structure...

This paper covers online and offline media and techniques, in addition to traditional advertising and promotional tools. Students develop a...

The design of visitor experiences should anticipate and respond to changing demand and behaviour. This paper creates scenarios for innovative ways to...

This paper examines contemporary trends in the management of operations and service in the tourism and hospitality enterprise, strategies for...

This experiential paper draws together best practice in event management from a practical, business, and operational perspective. The paper covers...

The design of visitor experiences should anticipate and respond to changing demand and behaviour. This paper analyses the nature of visitor...

Destinations are the core of tourism offering attributes that meet tourist needs. However, social, cultural, environmental and economic consequences...

This paper focuses on food & beverage systems management. It will provide students with an understanding of production efficiencies, financial...

The Management Internship provides students with the opportunity to apply their management discipline-based knowledge to an authentic project within...

This paper offers students the opportunity to complete a directed investigation of an approved topic relevant to an organisation or industry and in...

This paper provides an in depth introduction to ethnographic research, including its ethical, theoretical, and methodical components.

This paper enables students to understand applied business analytics including data management and analytics tools, develop critical thinking skills...

A focus on the successful management of digital business applications based on rapidly evolving technologies; from business case to competitive...

This paper identifies and examines a wide range of current management issues, both internal and external to the organisation, that impact on...

Entrepreneurship and new venture creation provide a major impetus for economic growth and development. This paper introduces the key issues and...

This paper provides students with an opportunity to learn about the tourism industry, and to appreciate the different management issues from a...

This paper provides students with an awareness of the essential issues involved in the management and operations specific to hotels and resorts. The...

A report on the findings of a theoretical or empirical investigation.

An externally examined piece of written work that reports on the findings of supervised research.

2024 Catalogue of Papers information current as of 12 Apr 2024 01:00am

You’re viewing this website as a domestic student

You’re currently viewing the website as a domestic student, you might want to change to international.

You're a domestic student if you are:

• A citizen of New Zealand or Australia
• A New Zealand permanent resident

You're an International student if you are:

• Intending to study on a student visa
• Not a citizen of New Zealand or Australia