university references reddit

• TutorHome |
• IntranetHome |
• Contact the OU Contact the OU Contact the OU |
• Accessibility Accessibility
• StudentHome
• Help Centre

You are here

Help and support.

• Referencing and plagiarism

Quick guide to Harvard referencing (Cite Them Right)

• Site Accessibility: Library Services

Print this page

There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database .

For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library’s page on referencing and plagiarism . If you need guidance referencing OU module material you can check out which sections of Cite Them Right are recommended when referencing physical and online module material .

This guide does not apply to OU Law undergraduate students . If you are studying a module beginning with W1xx, W2xx or W3xx, you should refer to the Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules .

Table of contents

In-text citations and full references.

• Secondary referencing
• Page numbers
• Citing multiple sources published in the same year by the same author

Full reference examples

Referencing consists of two elements:

• in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date. If using direct quotations or you refer to a specific section in the source you also need the page number/s if available, or paragraph number for web pages.
• full references, which are given in alphabetical order in reference list at the end of your work and are not included in the word count. Full references give full bibliographical information for all the sources you have referred to in the body of your text.

To see a reference list and intext citations check out this example assignment on Cite Them Right .

Difference between reference list and bibliography

a reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text

a bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignment

Back to top

Examples of in-text citations

You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided below. Alternatively you can see examples of setting out in-text citations in Cite Them Right .

Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.

Online module materials

(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).

When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

OR, if there is no named author:

The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633&section=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:

The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014&section=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941&section=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).

Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.

For ebooks that do not contain print publication details

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

Example with one author:

Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).

Example with two or three authors:

Goddard, J. and Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care . Norwich: University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.

Example with four or more authors:

Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.

Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.

Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.

Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.

If accessed online:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).

Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.

Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).

Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).

Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.

Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).

Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.

• Frequently Asked Questions
• Getting started with the online library
• Disabled user support
• Finding resources for your assignment
• Finding ejournals and articles
• Access eresources using Google Scholar
• Help with online resources
• Finding and using books and theses
• Finding information on your research topic
• Canllaw Cyflym i Gyfeirnodi Harvard (Cite Them Right)
• Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules
• The Classical Studies guide to referencing
• Bibliographic management
• What if I cannot find the reference type I need in my referencing guide?
• I have found a web page with no author, date or publisher - how do I reference it?
• Training and skills
• Study materials
• Using other libraries and SCONUL Access
• Borrowing at the Walton Hall Library
• OU Glossary
• Contacting the helpdesk

Smarter searching with library databases

Thursday, 9 May, 2024 - 20:30

Learn how to access library databases, take advantage of the functionality they offer, and devise a proper search technique.

Library Helpdesk

Chat to a Librarian  - Available 24/7

Other ways to contact the Library Helpdesk

The Open University

• Study with us
• Supported distance learning
• Funding your studies
• International students
• Global reputation
• Apprenticeships
• Develop your workforce
• News & media
• Contact the OU

Undergraduate

• Arts and Humanities
• Art History
• Business and Management
• Combined Studies
• Computing and IT
• Counselling
• Creative Writing
• Criminology
• Early Years
• Electronic Engineering
• Engineering
• Environment
• Film and Media
• Health and Social Care
• Health and Wellbeing
• Health Sciences
• International Studies
• Mathematics
• Mental Health
• Nursing and Healthcare
• Religious Studies
• Social Sciences
• Social Work
• Software Engineering
• Sport and Fitness

Postgraduate

• Postgraduate study
• Research degrees
• Masters in Art History (MA)
• Masters in Computing (MSc)
• Masters in Creative Writing (MA)
• Masters degree in Education
• Masters in Engineering (MSc)
• Masters in English Literature (MA)
• Masters in History (MA)
• Master of Laws (LLM)
• Masters in Mathematics (MSc)
• Masters in Psychology (MSc)
• A to Z of Masters degrees
• Accessibility statement
• Conditions of use
• Privacy policy
• Cookie policy
• Manage cookie preferences
• Modern slavery act (pdf 149kb)

Follow us on Social media

• Student Policies and Regulations
• Student Charter
• System Status
• Contact the OU Contact the OU
• Modern Slavery Act (pdf 149kb)

© . . .

Letter of Recommendation Examples for College Applicants

Admissions pros highlight what makes a recommendation letter stand out.

College Recommendation Letter Examples

Getty Images | iStockphoto

To help applicants and recommenders know what colleges are looking for in recommendation letters, some schools provide examples on their admissions website.

Recommendation letters can serve as powerful testimonials about a student's accomplishments, and the most effective letters demonstrate a candidate's potential for greatness, according to college admissions officers.

The best person to write a letter of recommendation is someone who knows the applicant well and can describe that person's journey in detail, says Kristen Capezza, vice president of enrollment management and university communications at Adelphi University in New York.

Ask for a recommendation letter from the teacher with whom you have the strongest rapport, Capezza suggests – not just someone who gave you a high grade. "That, to me, makes for a more powerful letter, because it will be more personalized and less generic."

Strong relationships shine through in letters and can help in situations where grades are poor, says Denard Jones, lead college counselor at Empowerly, a college admissions consulting company. Jones previously worked in college admissions at Elon University in North Carolina and Saint Joseph's University in Pennsylvania.

"Some of the best recommendation letters I’ve read over the years actually came from where a student might have had a lower grade than just an A," he says. "The reason being was the teacher knew that student and was able to go through and talk about the time they struggled and how they worked through the processes to overcome mastery of a new subject."

Similar to personal essays , recommendations should add to a student's application rather than repeat information, experts say. Admissions officers want to hear the story behind students to understand them holistically. For example, learning about a creative project a student participated in or the fact that the basketball player also starred in the school musical are examples that provide deep context, Jones says.

To help applicants and recommenders know what colleges are looking for in recommendation letters, some schools provide examples on their admissions website. Arizona State University provides this template , which shows how to format the letter as well as the type of content that should be included.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology also provides a breakdown on how to craft a strong letter, with several example letters and critiques on what makes them effective or ineffective.

College admissions pros also offered U.S. News insights on outstanding recommendation letters they've read during their careers.

Recommendation Letters That Swayed Admissions Officers

Admissions officials note that various types of recommendation letters can help a student's admissions odds. Those include letters that explain difficult personal circumstances, showcase remarkable achievements or reveal a student's personality.

Effective recommendation letters help admissions officers imagine how a student could contribute to their class, Capezza says.

"Reading about stories of perseverance, tales of transformation or simply honest accounts of the student's dedication to learning and the community help me to visualize the student as a future member of our community – and that visualization can be the turning point for a difficult admission decision," Capezza wrote in an email.

Challenges Faced and Overcome

Sometimes recommendation letters explain extenuating circumstances that clarify why a student's academic performance was subpar during a particular period in high school, says Skye Telka, admissions counselor at Sora Schools, a virtual private middle and high school. Telka previously served as a college admissions counselor for Warren Wilson College , a liberal arts school in North Carolina.

For instance, she once received an application from a student who performed exceptionally well in her freshman and sophomore years, but faltered in her junior and senior years.

The letter explained that the student's mother was critically ill, and the student had assumed the responsibility of parenting her own siblings, becoming her family's caregiver. Because of this letter, the Warren Wilson admissions committee accepted the student despite her lackluster grades, Telka says.

She also recalled admitting a student who had struggled in mathematics until eventually being diagnosed with dyscalculia , a learning disorder that affects a person's ability to do math.

"This letter of recommendation was important in not only revealing the student’s intellectual capacity, adaptability, and persistence, but also helped further contextualize their academic journey," Telka wrote in an email. "Especially in light of a global pandemic and some of the knowledge loss or academic irregularities associated with that, a clear and dedicated passion can really win over an admissions committee in the review process. Such passions are weighed heavily when it comes to shaping the incoming class."

This letter example from MIT shows how a school counselor provided context about a student's difficult life outside of school and previous struggles in the classroom.

Jane is an outstanding young woman whose academic record may not fully reflect her ability. Her parents were divorced during her junior year, and, for several years before that, her home situation had been in turmoil with a great deal of fighting between her parents. Her father has an alcohol problem, and Jane certainly endured a great deal of emotional distress. The fact that she has been able to do as well as she has done given the circumstances says a lot about her. Now that the home situation has stabilized, her performance has improved. I believe her senior year grades are a much better reflection of her ability.

The anonymous critique provided on the MIT admissions website says some may wonder if it's appropriate for recommendation letters to include such personal details. It is, the critique explains.

"We appreciate anything that gives us insight and perspective into a student’s performance and the environment," the critique reads. "Comments about problems that a student has experienced will help us understand the context in which they have accomplished whatever they have achieved. The extent to which they have dealt with these problems is useful to know as well."

These types of letters can be particularly valuable in cases where a student is less eager to share the details on their own, Jones says.

Information about a student's difficulties can not only mitigate deficits in an application, but also increase scholarship opportunities, Jones says. He adds that if a recommendation letter is especially compelling, the admissions committee might offer a student a scholarship or a spot in the honors program.

Abilities and Passions

Admissions officers say there are some recommendation letters that convey a student's strong interest in and aptitude for a specific academic discipline. Telka says she was amazed by a recommendation letter for a prospective agriculture student that was written by the student's employer at an apple orchard. The student had worked to revive a nearly extinct heirloom apple variety by planting it in various places.

"Because I had such context of what they had already achieved, it allowed me to reach out to faculty on campus (and) reach out to a couple of endowed scholarship opportunities," Telka says.

Another example from MIT shows a student interested in journalism who took on leadership responsibilities for the school newspaper and yearbook.

As business manager for the paper and co-editor of the yearbook the past two years, Mary has done an outstanding job. She personally brought the town’s business community from the view that the school newspaper was a charitable organization to the realization that the paper is a direct pipeline through which advertisers can reach students. She also took the initiative to set up the advertising rate schedule for the paper that produced enough revenue to expand coverage from a four-page paper, so that it is an eight-page and often twelve-page paper. Her work as photographer for both publications has been equally outstanding.

"Lots of specifics here give us a very clear impression and help us to know why that impression is held," the critique reads. "We have evidence of her newspaper directives and overall character."

When a student says he or she is strongly committed to a specific field or a particular type of community service , it is a plus if that statement is corroborated by a third party in a recommendation letter, Telka says.

It's also helpful when recommendation letters highlight a student's unusual interests. "We like to see nuggets of authenticity and anything that makes the student stand out," she says. "Clubs, extracurricular activities or anything else that makes a student unique. For example, we had one student who founded the juggling club at their high school. That sticks with you."

Strong Character

A recommendation letter may also offer insight into a person's character. Capezza recalls a letter she received about a student in a military family who had moved across the country. Written by a high school counselor , the letter described how the student had adjusted to the various places he moved.

"Throughout it all, the student was able to show upward trajectory in the grades and the types of classes being taken, but it also spoke to the student's ability to adapt to new situations," Capezza says. "No matter how overwhelming and daunting it was, the student was up for a new challenge and really learned to become his own self-advocate, and it was just a story of transformation by way of circumstance."

The following example, provided by college admissions consulting company IvyWise, describes a high-performing student's character.

Ashley’s teachers say she is an organized student who is not afraid to ask questions when she is uncertain about a skill or concept. She also works well in group settings, always making sure all members are actively involved in the work, instead of simply taking over, as many of her similarly high achieving peers are wont to do. She is also extremely goal-oriented; once she sets her mind to completing a task or project, she pursues it in earnest until it is done, regardless of any obstacles that pop up along the way. Far from the ruthless competitor, however, her peers characterize her as a compassionate friend, someone that everyone feels comfortable opening up to.  

This section of the letter "backs up the things the committee will likely see in her other recommendations and essays and provides a qualitative understanding of who she is as a student and a member of a school community," says Carolyn Pippen, master college admissions counselor for IvyWise.

A Strong Introduction and Conclusion Help

Like any piece of writing, it's important for a letter of a recommendation to immediately grab the attention of the reader. Though students don't necessarily have control over how a letter is written, experts say having deep relationships and offering anecdotes can help recommenders craft a more compelling letter.

"Experienced readers glance at the opening and concluding sentences before deciding if the letter is worth reading," he says. "A good anecdote is far more effective than even the most carefully chosen list of adjectives."

Jones provided an example of a teacher's recommendation for a fictitious student that demonstrates this well.

Introduction

One of my professors used to remind us daily of a quote by Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Nothing great has ever been accomplished without enthusiasm.” ... Jack epitomizes this quotation because he displays enthusiasm and energy toward everything he commits. Whether it be his intense dedication to academics, his devotion to making sure his customers are happy, his role as a lead in our Future Business Leaders of America club, or his overall school spirit, Jack puts forth every effort to produce the best possible results. He seems to live a fearless life. I have witnessed this first-hand.

The letter goes on to explain how Jack started his own lawn care service as a 10th grader and was managing more than 20 properties by his senior year. It also explains that Jack spent time working alongside his mother at a medical treatment center to help restore a decades-old barn that would help a local farm rebuild its revenue stream.

The conclusion should summarize the letter and tie everything together, Jones says. This example, written from the perspective of a school counselor for the same fictitious student, demonstrates that well, he says.

Jack is well-rounded – academically sound, athletic, and a leader. He has an entrepreneur's outlook, spirit, and risk-taking calculus. Life is more than what's happening for him today or next weekend – he is a strategic, forward thinker who enjoys planning for the future. He wants the next part of his journey to be in an environment where he can stretch himself, try different things, and confidently spread his wings. I am happy to give my full recommendation for admission to Jack Wright!

"A brief summary of the student's accolades will leave the reader with a positive feeling," Jones says.

Searching for a college? Get our complete rankings of Best Colleges.

10 Steps to Choosing the Right College

Tags: college applications , college admissions , colleges , education , students

2024 Best Colleges

Search for your perfect fit with the U.S. News rankings of colleges and universities.

College Admissions: Get a Step Ahead!

Sign up to receive the latest updates from U.S. News & World Report and our trusted partners and sponsors. By clicking submit, you are agreeing to our Terms and Conditions & Privacy Policy .

Ask an Alum: Making the Most Out of College

You May Also Like

How to decide if an mba is worth it.

Sarah Wood March 27, 2024

What to Wear to a Graduation

LaMont Jones, Jr. March 27, 2024

FAFSA Delays Alarm Families, Colleges

Sarah Wood March 25, 2024

Help Your Teen With the College Decision

Anayat Durrani March 25, 2024

Toward Semiconductor Gender Equity

Alexis McKittrick March 22, 2024

March Madness in the Classroom

Cole Claybourn March 21, 2024

20 Lower-Cost Online Private Colleges

Sarah Wood March 21, 2024

How to Choose a Microcredential

Sarah Wood March 20, 2024

Basic Components of an Online Course

Cole Claybourn March 19, 2024

Can You Double Minor in College?

Sarah Wood March 15, 2024

• Find a Program & Supervisor
• Eligibility Requirements
• Prepare Your Application
• Online Application & Fee
• Transcripts
• English Proficiency Requirements
• Post-Application
• Tuition & Fees
• Expense Calculator
• Award Opportunities
• Bursaries & Financial Support
• Minimum Funding Policy for PhD Students
• Tri-Agency Scholarship Support
• Thesis and Dissertation
• Registration
• Leaves & Withdrawals
• Program Completion and Graduation
• Graduate Student-Supervisor Expectations
• Three Minute Thesis
• Winter Welcome Weeks 2024
• Graduate Community
• Graduate Student Spaces
• Professional Development
• Public Scholars Initiative
• Health, Wellness and Safety
• Policy Manual
• Prospective Students
• Current Students
• Indigenous Students
• Postdoctoral Fellows
• Faculty and Staff
• Black Students

Programs & Applying

Step 1: choosing your references.

It is recommended that applicants contact the referees prior to listing their contact information in the online application form.

Choose your referees carefully. References are critical application components and are reviewed carefully.

Reference letters written by applicants or friends/relatives of applicants on behalf of referees are not acceptable. References must be written by the stated referee who knows you from your academic or professional relationships.

For more advice on requesting reference letters, please review our blog post .

NUMBER OF REFERENCES REQUIRED

Two academic or professional references. Programs may set additional requirements.

ACADEMIC REFERENCE VS PROFESSIONAL REFERENCE

An academic reference is provided by a college or university instructor, usually holding a PhD. The academic referee will have instructed or supervised you during your academic studies. The academic referee will be asked to comment, where applicable, on your academic preparation, originality, skill at research, industry, intellectual capacity, and teaching ability.

A professional reference is provided by an individual who has worked with you in the field of your intended graduate study in a supervisory capacity. The professional referee will be asked to comment, where applicable, on your academic preparation, practice competence, creativity, working relationships, work ethic, critical thinking skills, research skills, intellectual capacity, and teaching ability.

All other references are considered “personal.”

PERSONAL REFERENCES ARE NOT ACCEPTED.

RETIRED REFEREES

If your referee is retired and does not have an institutional email address, you will be required to arrange for the submission of a third reference.

step 2: INSTRUCTIONS FOR REFEREES

All references must be written by you and sent by the referee directly to the College of Graduate Studies.

Once the applicant has submitted their online application, you will receive an automated email message from the College of Graduate Studies with instructions on how to submit your reference.

Through the online system you have two options:

• Fill out the online reference form.
• Upload an attachment. Attach a PDF or Word version of your letter of reference. Please put the reference on your letterhead and sign. Scan and upload as a PDF whenever possible.

If you would like to submit your reference via email, you may send your PDF document to  [email protected] .

References submitted in this way will be considered valid only when sent from an institutional email address (i.e. [email protected]) directly to the College of Graduate Studies.

If you do not have an institutional email address, you should mail a reference letter written on institutional letterhead. This reference letter should be placed in a sealed envelope, signed across the seal of the envelope, and addressed to the College of Graduate Studies. The reference letter must be written in English and include your name and contact information (including the institutional address). You may also choose to submit the Reference Form, available in our Forms  database , in addition to your Reference letter.

• College of Graduate Studies 1161 Alumni Avenue Kelowna, BC  V1V 1V7 Canada

REFERENCES MUST BE SUBMITTED DIRECTLY TO THE COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND NEVER TO THE APPLICANT.

You should receive a confirmation email indicating receipt of your reference. The confirmation email will be sent within 10 business days of receipt.

STEP 3: ENSURING REFERENCES HAVE BEEN SUBMITTED AND ARE ACCEPTED

Applicants are responsible for selecting appropriate referees and ensuring that their referees complete & submit references prior to the application deadline. Applicants can check the status of the references via the online application checklist. Applicants can also send reminders and update referee contact information through the  online application system .

REPLACING A REFEREE/ EDITING A REFEREE’S EMAIL

• Sign in to the  online application system .
• Click “Submitted Applications.”
• Locate the application you would like to update. Click on the “References” button.
• Select the referee.
• Click “Replace a Referee” or click “Edit Email Address and Resend Email.”
• Fill in the required information and click next. A notification will be sent to your new referee.

sTEP 4: VERIFICATION OF REFERENCES BY THE COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES

All references are verified for their authenticity.

As such, we are unable to accept references from free email accounts such as Hotmail, Yahoo, Gmail, etc. References must be received from an institutional email address in order to be considered official.

When you are ready to apply, or need to check the status of your application, access our online application system.

Apply Today

• Library Home

APA: Citing Uncommon Sources

On sites where items are posted under user names but not necessarily proper names, enter the user name where you would normally put the author's name. Author in this case will be the main creator(s) for the item you are citing.

Creator information may often be found under a section called "About" for some types of social media, however this is not always standard.

Most items will provide a date they were posted. The standard format for the date is Year, Month Day.

If only part of the date is provided, post what you have such as the year and skip the rest of the date.

If no date is provided, use the initials n.d. where you would normally put the date

Note : All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Your Librarian

Reddit posts & comments

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a Reddit post in APA style 7th edition:

Author of the Reddit post. [Reddit screen name] (Date of posting). Title of the Reddit post [Online forum post]. Retrieved from URL

A Reddit post from an unknown user

[HiinXCVIII]. (2018, September 24). Fantastic view from google earth [Online forum post]. Retrieved from https://www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/9ihsdp/fantastic_view_from_google_earth/

An unknown user's question on Reddit

[SoulK007]. (2018, December 9). How are you supposed to cite a reddit post in APA or MLA? [Online forum post]. Retrieved from https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/a4hwq8/how_are_you_supposed_to_cite_a_reddit_post_in_apa/

Streaming Video from a Website (Youtube, Vimeo, etc.)

Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. of person who posted the video if known. [User name that posted the video] . (Year video was posted, Month Day).  Title of video  [Video]. Name of Streaming Service. URL

Note : According to APA, for citing purposes the person who posted the video is credited as the author.

Author last name, First initial. Second initial if given [@Twitter user name]. (Year tweet was posted, Month Day).  Text of post up to the first twenty words  [Tweet]. Twitter. URL

Instagram Posts

in-text citations: (APA Style, 2018; Fox, 2018; Public Interest Directorate, 2018)

Snapchat or Instagram Stories

Although each story within the highlight is dated, the highlight itself is not dated, so use "n.d." in the reference. Because the highlight can be changed at any time, with content added or removed,  include the retrieval date  with the URL:

• in-text citations: (APA Style, n.d.)

Author's Last Name, First intial. Second Initial if Given. or Username if real name not provided. (Year blog post was published, Month Day). Title of blog post.  Title of Blog . URL

Director/Producer/Host's Last Name, First intial. Second Initial if Given. (Role in the production e.g. Host, Director, Producer) (Year podcast was released, Month Day if given). Title of podcast episode: Subtitle if given (episode number if known) [Audio podcast episode]. In  Title of Podcast . Publisher. URL if known

TV (episodes & series)

Television Broadcast: Producer, P.P. (Producer). (Date of broadcast).  Title  [Television broadcast]. City, State: Studio or distributor.

Birt, J., (1977, May 4).  David Frost Interviews Richard Nixon  [Television broadcast]. Dana Point, California:

     David Paradine Productions.

Television Series: Writer, W.W. (Writer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In P. Producer (Producer),  Series title . City, State: Studio or distributor.

Sherwood, S. (Writer) & Cooper H. (Director). (1970). Lost Locket, Found Locket [Television series episode ]. In S, 

    Sherwood (Producer),  Brady Bunch.  USA: ABC.

PowerPoint or other presentation

Citation Format

Author, A. A. (year of publication).  Title of presentation  [PowerPoint slides]. Publisher. URL or DOI

Tenten, B. A. (2018).  Outlining your APA research paper: An overview  [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. http://www.xxx.edu/ppt/xxxx

Artist last name, A.A. (Year). Song title. On  Album title . City, State of production: Recording manufacturer.

Loggins, K. and Messina, J. (1971). House at Pooh Corner. On  Sittin' In . USA: Columbia Records.

Name of Company that created the application or Creator's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given (Year current version of the application was released).  Name of application  (Version version number if given) [Mobile application software]. Publisher Name or App Store. URL application was downloaded from.

Note:  Only cite software and apps when they are not widely known or available. Citations are not needed for common apps such as Microsoft Word or Twitter.

• Last Updated: Nov 13, 2023 4:49 PM
• URL: https://library.wcupa.edu/apauncommon

• Schools & departments

You will usually be asked to provide references in support of your application.

Reference requirements

Reference requirements vary between degree programmes: some programmes do not ask for any references, while others require either one or two references. Find the specific reference requirements for your chosen programme in our degree finder.

Choosing your referees

Appropriate people to provide your references would include a Personal Tutor (or equivalent) or another academic who has taught you at undergraduate or masters level. They should be able to comment on your potential to undertake postgraduate study.

If it is a while since you graduated you may be able to supply a work-related reference in place of an academic one. This would typically be written by a line manager.

Requesting a reference

Download our reference request template, which will help you prepare a request to send to your referee. 

Providing your references

There are multiple ways you can provide your references.   

For applicants: guidance on providing references with your application

You can supply us with your references online in the following ways: 

Upload references to the Applicant Hub your application 

You can upload the reference yourself. A reference must be printed on headed paper, dated, and hand-signed. 

This can then be scanned and uploaded to the Applicant Hub when submitting your application.

Applicant Hub

If you have not uploaded your references at the point of submitting your application, you can upload them to the Applicant Hub a later date.

We can contact your referee directly 

You can provide us with the referees’ email addresses in your application, and we will send a reference request by email. This will provide them with a link to upload a reference direct to your application, or to send it directly to us. 

Reference requests will not be generated until you receive your University Username (UUN) (7-digit number beginning with an S). It can take up to 7 days to receive your UUN after you have submitted your application. 

Please note that the system will only send one email, and that it is your responsibility to send reminders if required. 

Please ensure that your referees are prepared and able to provide the references within five working days of the submission of your application. However, it may take longer for reference requests to be issued, depending on the volume of applications being processed at the time.

For referees: guidance on providing references for your students

Your referee can email us directly  

Your referee can email their reference to us directly at  [email protected] .   

They must use their professional email address and quote your name, UUN and the programme you have applied for. 

We can upload the reference from there. 

You can post your references to the relevant College or School office. Please ensure that your full name and date of birth are clearly indicated on each reference. If you have already applied and received your UUN you should also include this.

Contact  details for your programme can be found on your programme's entry in the Degree finder.

Degree finder

The legal context of providing references

• Your referee does not need your consent to provide a reference for you. By requesting a reference, you are taking steps towards making a contract with the University, and there is a legal basis ("performance of a contract") that allows your referee to use your personal information for this purpose.
• Your referee cannot provide confidential references; they must be prepared to share the reference with you.
• Your referee has a legal obligation to use due care when compiling your reference   in order to ensure its accuracy.
• As references involve the sharing, handling and disclosure of personal data, they are subject to the General Data Protection Regulation.

How To Write A University Reference: References Made Easy

If you’ve been asked to write a university reference, then congratulations – you’re about to provide an incredibly important element of that person’s application.

One that can often make the difference between them getting an achievable offer or not.

So, no pressure – it’s just their future in your hands!

And if you’re wondering exactly how to write a university reference, then this post is for you.

To write a university reference, you need to ensure that you know the applicant well, understand their relevant strengths and weaknesses and have the time to research and refine your writing. You should also include information on their skills, suitability, progress and potential.

So, if you’ve been asked to provide a university reference and are struggling to make a start, check out the following guide, suitable for all open reference requests (if no specific criteria are mentioned).

At the end of the post, you’ll find a completely free, downloadable university reference to help you get started…

What Is A University Reference?

Actually, although you might feel quite a lot of responsibility towards the person who has chosen you as their referee, if you write honestly, accurately and with their best interests at heart, you’ll do a great job.

Typically, a reference for university can be anywhere from 500 to 800 words long and is uploaded directly to the relevant platform directly by the referee. This could be to UCAS in the UK, the Common App in the US or third-party providers like China Admissions .

It’s read in conjunction with the candidate’s own personal statement and the rest of their application, which contains elements such as their educational history and personal details.

A university reference is used to help determine an applicant’s suitability for study in higher education. It’s used almost exclusively by admissions teams to form a rounded picture of a candidate’s potential for challenging academic study, their skills and experience, attitude and value.

Importantly, a university reference should paint a positive but realistic picture of the candidate, emphasise their key strengths and act as an endorsement without undue flattery… not always an easy balance to strike.

What Makes A Great Referee?

The best references are always those written by a referee that genuinely knows the candidate well and has a high level of understanding of their existing knowledge and suitability.

Great referees are also aware of the demands that a particular course of study will place on the applicant and can vouch for their ability to cope, academically and personally.

It’s worth mentioning that although there should be a good level of communication between the applicant and the referee, including sharing of factual details, discussion of potential courses and destinations, and mutual viewing of their personal statement (to avoid repetition and aid emphasis of strengths and experiences), a reference must be written solely by the referee.

Having written hundreds of references over the years, I found that it was always helpful to offer to share the reference with the applicant once it had been uploaded and delivered (and hence unable to be changed). 

That way, the applicant felt reassured about the contents but understood that they were not in a position to unduly influence the writing. Applicants can ask universities and third-party providers for access to their references once they have been uploaded, so if they really want to see them, they can.

Don’t let that concern you.

It’s much better to be open with applicants and their families, especially if there’s a chance that your reference might indicate that they may struggle to meet the demands of the course. As long as you stay focussed on the positives and have a good dialogue with the applicant, you’ll write a reference that will do them proud.

The UCAS Academic Reference plays a very important role in our decision-making process. We use it to assess not only the student’s current achievements but also their future potential. Michael Sanders University of Manchester

How Do You Write A University Reference?

So, how do you write a reference for a university student? 

Before we get to the specific elements to include, let’s briefly look at where to start. Before you put pen to paper, it’s worth taking the time to make sure that you have access to the following:

Existing And Pending Qualifications

You won’t need to include these in your reference, but it will give you an excellent idea of how well the applicant is progressing academically, where their strengths and weaknesses are in lessons, and possibly where they show resilience and a strong work ethic to overcome challenges.

Most of all, you’ll get a better understanding of how suitable they may be for the kind of subject they’re interested in reading at university.

Background Information

You probably know the applicant in an academic capacity (you’re their teacher, advisor, counsellor, agent or tutor) or as a friend, acquaintance or employer.

Either way, there are bound to be areas of their life that you don’t know much about, from their upbringing to their interests.

Take the time to get to know about the aspects you’re not sure about, particularly in terms of how they might support the application.

Course, Campus And Subject Choices

If the applicant has already made choices about what they want to study and where, then a good referee will take some time to look at the course details and compare the demands of the course with the applicant’s strengths and ambitions.

It’s not down to you to advise for or against their choices, but being informed about them is vital because you’ll want to tailor your reference to suit the relevant course demands.

If someone’s applying to read Biology and you don’t mention that they deepened their understanding by taking an additional course in Organic Chemistry, or have a high level of practical ability in their lab work, then you’re not giving them every advantage.

Wider Knowledge And Interests

Make sure that you find out about the applicants’ wider reading and research, their hobbies and interests and their knowledge and experience related to the subject.

This can give you much more of an overview of their suitability than qualifications and grades.

If the applicant has a strong practical skillset, make sure you reference it. If they have made great progress in a hobby, it’s worth knowing about.

You may not write about how great their ballet dancing is, but knowing about it will reinforce your positive comments about their stamina and resilience.

The Applicant’s Strengths and Ambitions

It’s always worth asking the applicant what they consider to be their strengths and how they have developed and demonstrated these.

Having some tangible evidence to underpin your comments adds a real air of authenticity to any reference. Knowing their strengths also gives you the opportunity to avoid writing about their weaknesses.

You shouldn’t ever write about the things an applicant struggles with, academically or otherwise.

There’s no value in using space in your reference to discuss the things the applicant can’t do well. Focus on the positives, stay truthful and instead, if you must mention them, frame the weaknesses as positives.

Instead of the following, which has no place in a reference…

Why not try…

Or even better…just don’t mention her timekeeping at all!

Remember to use the reference as a celebration of the applicant’s strengths. If punctuality isn’t one of them, don’t include it in the reference!

A final point when it comes to preparation… it’s always worth making sure that you have access to some up-to-date editing software like Grammarly .

References often demand a low word count, and having room to include all your points effectively can require some concise writing and judicious editing.

It’s also reassuring to know that you’ve uploaded an important document like a reference without any errors in spelling, punctuation or grammar. Using a tool like Grammarly helps take the headache out of writing in an academic style, especially if you’re out of the habit (and it’s great for all sorts of other writing projects too).

You can check out the free version of Grammarly here or hit the banner above for more information.

What Do You Put In A University Reference?

OK, so you’ve done your research, you’ve had the conversations, you’ve read the personal statement. Excellent. Here are the key details you need when it comes to the specific contents to include in a university reference.

This is not an exhaustive list, but it’s a combination of recommendations from admissions teams, service platforms and schools coupled with common sense from my own experience.

Post-16 Academic Performance

Most important of all, you must outline the applicant’s recent academic performance. Focus on the subjects they are studying in order of relevance to the subject they intend to read.

Remember, descriptions of what they’ve done aren’t very useful, but examples of how they’ve applied knowledge and skills, and the way that relates to the challenges they are likely to face in higher education, are vital.

You should also indicate how predicted (sometimes referred to as ‘pending’) grades have been generated if you have that information.

If you have access to the data, it’s very helpful to include specific grades from internal tests that might not appear elsewhere and to indicate ranking within a subject or year group.

It’s also recommended to indicate how the applicant’s education may have been impacted by COVID-19, online learning or other external factors beyond the control of the candidate.

Universities often like to see a link to an institution’s website containing this information in detail rather than see space used up in a reference.

Potential For Success At University

This relates to academic success – how academically capable is the candidate, how well prepared, what level of research skills do they have, how adept are they at independent study, and how quickly can they absorb and understand new theories?

Do they have the potential to flourish and thrive in an academic environment and to complete the course successfully? It also relates to the applicant’s personal qualities – do they have the potential to manage in a social context, in terms of solo living, emotionally and financially?

It’s important to any institution that the learner makes a success of the opportunity, educationally, personally and financially.

Suitability For Subject Or Career Path

Another important element that you must include is whether the candidate is suitable for the particular subject they have chosen to read.

Just because an applicant is passionate about a subject doesn’t mean they are necessarily talented or capable in that area, and it’s important that the reference makes this clear.

This is where your knowledge of and connection with the applicant will become so important, both in the process of guiding their decision-making and in understanding their motivations.

You just need to make it clear in the reference how suitable you feel that person is, and you can only do that if you’ve taken the time to understand the course content.

Remember, it’s not your job to judge, just to offer an informed opinion.

Attitude, Motivation And Commitment To Study

If you can give a first-hand account of the applicant’s attitude and dedication to study, then that will be of great value to the admissions teams, who are looking for ways to differentiate between candidates.

If they can see evidence that an applicant has a track record in positive attitudes towards education, and is a self-motivated, independent learner, then that is the kind of detail likely to make a real difference.

• Consistently arrived well prepared and eager to learn?
• Engaged fully in the taught curriculum?
• Revised fully and accurately, and in good time?
• Made and kept accurate and well-referenced notes?
• Read outside the confines of the subject?
• Asked for additional work?
• Taken opportunities to deepen knowledge when offered?
• Created their own opportunities to further their understanding of the subject?
• Asked questions in an active way rather than absorbing information passively?
• Contributed to class discussion, debate, practical and group work?

You might not be able to judge all of these, but gathering feedback from a range of sources will help you form an overall picture. Remember, you should try to avoid describing and focus on actual examples that evaluate their progress.

So don’t write…

That doesn’t really tell the reader anything and isn’t helpful in comparing this candidate against another.

Instead, you could write…

This example basically says the same thing as the first one but gives the reader the context to understand the depth of this applicant’s connection to the subject beyond the demands of the fixed curriculum.

Subject-Specific Skills And Qualities

The more you can write about the kinds of subject-specific skills the candidate has, the more the reader will see a connection between the applicant and the course they are applying for.

Again, don’t inflate or invent, but give tangible examples of skills that underpin this field of study.

To identify these, look at the course descriptors for the subject the applicant is interested in studying and work out the skills that will be the most relevant.

Then clarify with the relevant subject teacher or with the applicant themselves which skills can be used as supportive examples.

Relevant Achievements, Experiences And Interests

Admissions teams are frequently faced with applicants who have nearly identical qualifications and predicted grades.

What makes the difference in an application is individuality and the unique achievement that proves a candidate’s suitability.

It’s important to identify the achievements and experiences that make the subject of your reference special, but you’re only going to be interested in the things that are relevant.

Examples might be…

• Completing independent projects, EPQs or MOOCs
• Entering school competitions
• Entering national or international competitions
• Participating in summer camps, festivals or academic workshops
• Membership of and participation in relevant clubs, groups or societies
• Travel and field trips
• Visits to exhibitions, displays, lecture opportunities or museums

Relevant Work Experience, Internships Or Volunteering

If the applicant has taken part in work experience opportunities or worked or volunteered with organisations that have relevance to the application, then you should certainly make room to include these.

This could be anything from a weekend job or helping with a family business to self-employment, positions with recognised firms or time spent supporting charities or community causes.

As with some of the other points on this list, the key thing to focus on in the reference is the value of these experiences. What the applicant learned and how they are going to be able to apply that learning in a higher education setting is far more important than simply listing the things they’ve done.

Showing how the applicant is growing and developing and giving the reader the chance to see how that person is likely to be able to contribute positively to an educational community is critical.

Transferable Skills

This is often the area that causes the most confusion when it comes to writing a reference.

Often, referees are encouraged to mention that an applicant loves football or judo, or that they are a keen pianist or love to take photos whilst travelling.

The problem is that the reader doesn’t really care, as that kind of information doesn’t actually mean anything.

As a referee, you need to be able to tease out the relevant transferable skills and place the focus on how an interest or activity has given the applicant a greater range of skills than someone else competing for the same place.

Transferable skills are those which can be applied regardless of specialism. They’re sometimes called ‘life skills’ or ‘soft skills’, and when they can be evidenced, they are highly valued by universities.

Examples might include…

Special circumstances or mitigation.

You may be aware of circumstances that have adversely affected the applicant’s educational journey. If you have permission to share these , it can be very helpful for an admissions tutor to understand why results or progress may have been affected before making offers.

You may know of family difficulties, financial hardships, health concerns or special educational needs that have made a difference.

Explain the impact of these, how the applicant has actively sought to overcome them, and your opinion of how they will be able to manage in higher education as a result.

Universities aren’t looking for reasons not to make offers, so far from disadvantaging candidates, this approach can make all the difference if results are not what the applicant was expecting.

Equally, if education has been interrupted as a result of COVID-19 or other factors that are outside the control of the candidate, it’s wise to mention these as well.

Honest Endorsement Of The Applicant

Lastly, it’s wise to sum up your reference with a few words that endorse the application. Your perspective, your honest opinion and your recommendation will go a long way to convincing the reader about the suitability of the applicant.

If you write a compelling few sentences at the end (especially if you make reference to the applicant’s value to the university or college), it can leave a lasting positive image of the applicant’s potential.

A good example might be…

I hope that’s been a valuable insight into how to write a university reference and that you feel reassured about the task ahead of you.

If you’d like to download an example of a university reference, you can click here or hit the banner below.

Just remember that every reference must be unique to the applicant, and they are checked for plagiarism, so whilst it’s useful as a guide, please don’t copy the wording.

You’ll have your own points to make about each applicant, and your relationship with them is going to form the basis of everything you write.

Good luck with your reference writing, and don’t forget to contact me if you’d like some 1-1 support.

You’ve got this! D

Research and content verified by Personal Statement Planet .

David Hallen

I've worked in the Further Education and University Admissions sector for nearly 20 years as a teacher, department head, Head of Sixth Form, UCAS Admissions Advisor, UK Centre Lead and freelance personal statement advisor, editor and writer. And now I'm here for you...

Recent Posts

Postgraduate Personal Statement Example: Environmental Policy

Studying examples of personal statements can be a valuable strategy when applying to a university or college.  That’s because personal statement examples can teach you how to write and...

Postgraduate Personal Statement Example: Technology Entrepreneurship & Innovation

Examples of personal statements can be valuable to reference when applying to a university or college course.  That’s because personal statement examples can teach you how to write and...

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / How to Cite Sources / How to Cite a Reddit Ask Me Anything Thread in APA, MLA, or Chicago

How to Cite a Reddit Ask Me Anything Thread in APA, MLA, or Chicago

As new forms of online communication become acceptable sources in an academic setting, questions regarding proper citation sometimes arise. You might be confused about how to cite certain things—like a Reddit Ask Me Anything thread—but we promise it’s not as difficult as it might initially seem. Regardless of whether you want to cite a Reddit Ask Me Anything thread in MLA format , APA format , or Chicago style, we have some tips to help make the process a little easier for you.

To correctly cite a Reddit Ask Me Anything thread, you must take the following pieces of information into consideration:

• The title of the Ask Me Anything thread that you’re citing
• The date it was published
• The author (usually subject) of the Ask Me Anything thread
• The URL (visible in the top of your web browser)

Use the following structure to cite a Reddit Ask Me Anything thread in MLA 9:

Author’s Last name, First Name [Username if different than their name]. “Thread Title.”  Reddit , date the thread was published, URL (without http:// or https://).

Here’s how the above example would be cited in MLA 9:

Gates, Bill [u/thisisbillgates]. “I’m Bill Gates, co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Ask Me Anything.” Reddit , 3 Mar. 2017, www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/5whpqs/im_bill_gates_cochair_of_the_bill_melinda_gates/.

Here’s how the above example would be cited in an in-text citation:

(Author’s Last Name OR Username)

Use the following structure to cite a Reddit Ask Me Anything thread in APA:

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Date). Thread title [Online forum].  Retrieved from URL

Here’s how the above example would be cited in APA:

Gates, B. (2017, February 27). I’m Bill Gates, co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Ask me anything [Online forum]. Retrieved from //www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/5whpqs/im_bill_gates_cochair_of_the_bill_melinda_gates/

Use the following structure to cite a Reddit Ask Me Anything thread in Chicago:

Author’s Last name, First name. “Thread Title.” Reddit . Accessed Date (Time stamp if available). URL.

Here’s how the above example would be cited in Chicago:

Gates, Bill. “ I’m Bill Gates, co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Ask Me Anything.” Reddit . Accessed February 27, 2017. //www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/5whpqs/im_bill_gates_cochair_of_the_bill_melinda_gates/ .

Citation Guides

• Annotated Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• Citation Examples
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Page Numbers
• Reference Page
• Sample Paper
• APA 7 Updates
• View APA Guide
• Bibliography
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• View MLA Guide

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate it!

We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!

Let us improve this post!

Tell us how we can improve this post?

Citation Basics

Harvard Referencing

Plagiarism Basics

Plagiarism Checker

Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.

Get Started

Recommended pages

• Undergraduate open days
• Postgraduate open days
• Accommodation
• Information for teachers
• Maps and directions
• Sport and fitness

Postgraduate Admissions

What type of references do you require.

• Question Answered
• Rate this answer

Madras University Result 2024: Scorecards To Be Out Soon, Check Steps To Download

Madras university result 2024: students should carefully verify their online report cards upon release. any errors should be promptly reported to university authorities..

Madras University Result 2024: Application numbers and passwords will be required to access scorecards.

The University of Madras is expected to announce the results for various undergraduate and postgraduate courses today. Those who appeared in the examinations can check the results on the official website once they are released.

The university may declare results for all six semesters. Students who took the November/December exams will be able to access their mark sheets online by logging in with their application number and password.

Here's how to check Madras University Result 2024:

• Go to the Madras University official website at unom.ac.in.
• Find and click on the semester exam results link on the homepage, then select the relevant semester.
• Log in using your roll number and date of birth.
• Check the result and download it.
• Print it out for future reference.

Students should carefully verify their online report cards upon release. Any errors should be promptly reported to university authorities. The marksheet will include the student's name, father's name, semester number, roll code, registration number, subject-wise full marks, passing marks, and total marks.

Promoted Listen to the latest songs, only on JioSaavn.com

On March 28, Anna University announced the results for the Tamil Nadu Common Entrance Test (TANCET) 2024. Scorecards are available on the institute's official website at tancet.annauniv.edu between April 3 and May 3.

The TANCET exam for the Master of Computer Application (MCA) and Master of Business Administration (MBA) programs took place on March 9. The MCA exam was held in the morning shift from 10 am to 12 noon, and the MBA exam was held in the afternoon shift from 2.30pm to 4.30pm.

Track Budget 2023 and get Latest News Live on NDTV.com.

Track Latest News Live on NDTV.com and get news updates from India and around the world .

Track Latest News and Election Results Coverage Live on NDTV.com and get news updates from India and around the world.

Watch Live News:

GOP lawmakers replace trustees at historically Black college in Tennessee

Republican lawmakers in Tennessee this week replaced the board of trustees at the state’s only public historically Black college, saying leaders had mismanaged money at the school despite being underfunded for years.

Gov. Bill Lee (R) signed into law Thursday a bill to vacate the 10-member board at Tennessee State University shortly after the measure was approved in a 66-25 vote by the GOP-controlled state House. The measure took effect immediately, and Lee also named new trustees for the board of the HBCU in Nashville.

Some lawmakers expressed concerns that state leaders, who are predominantly White, are unfairly singling out Tennessee State.

“I’ve seen many audits of many universities that look horrendous,” state Rep. Bo Mitchell (D-Nashville) said after the House vote. “Have we ever, ever vacated an entire board of a university before? Have we ever done that?”

In a statement, Tennessee State officials said, “We believe this legislation will disrupt our students’ educational pursuits, harm the image of the University, and remove a Board that had achieved success in its enhanced governance of TSU.” The statement also said the school never mismanaged funds.

Several audits conducted over the years, including two released this week, revealed that TSU has face challenges in maintaining financial stability, which led lawmakers to pursue dissolving the board of trustees. But a recent forensic audit revealed no evidence of “fraud or malfeasance” at the university.

But a recent report from the state comptroller’s office indicated that the school is not meeting federal guidelines for various programs, including the Higher Education Emergency Relief Fund during the pandemic, Pell Grants, and said the school granted Title IV funds to ineligible students.

Tennessee State officials stated that proper funding could have changed their situation. The state’s legislature previously determined that — at $544 million — the university was underfunded. A federal report last fall on land-grant universities like Tennessee State stated the university has been underfunded by the state by $2.1 billion between 1987 to 2022. Just two schools in the state have the land-grant designation: TSU and the University of Tennessee.

In the 1860s, Congress approved a program to improve access to colleges across the country. Under the program, land-grant schools receive federal funding that must be matched by state governments.

States should fix underfunding of land-grant HBCUs, Biden administration says

State Rep. Justin Pearson (D-Memphis) told Nashville’s local NPR station, WPLN , “The University of Tennessee — a predominantly white institution and the state’s other land grant university — did, in fact, get its full state funding each year.”

“Some years, the University of Tennessee even got more than its required funding levels,” Pearson said. “But Tennessee State University was denied those resources, and because they were denied the resources, there were problems that occurred.”

State Republicans said Tennessee State has not used money appropriated to the school well and granted too many scholarships that left students without housing which left them in hotel rooms. In 2022, the university said it had moved about 900 students into off-campus hotels after it enrolled a record number of first-year students that fall semester.

“Tennessee State University is a remarkable institution and my administration, in partnership with the General Assembly, is committed to ensuring students are being served,” Lee said.

Tennessee State is also searching for its next president. The current president, Glenda Glover, is stepping down in June .

Danielle Douglas-Gabriel contributed to this report

Common Crop Issues in Backyard Chickens (EBR-60)

EBR-60  |  June 2021

Common Crop Issues in Backyard Chickens

What is the crop.

Chickens, as well as other birds, have a unique digestive system, which allows them to feed very quickly and digest it later at a safer location. They do not have teeth, so feed is swallowed whole. The crop is part of their digestive system (Figure 1).

The crop is a storage sack that holds the feed and slowly releases it to the gizzard where it is ground into smaller pieces. When the crop is full, it is visible as a small protrusion at the base of the neck in front of the chest.

The crop is easy to locate after a bird has just eaten. Many times, the texture of the feed can be felt by gently massaging the crop, especially if the feed contains larger pieces such as whole corn. While problems with the crop are rare, when they do occur, timely action will lead to better results.

The best time to check your flock for crop issues is first thing in the morning before the birds have time to eat. A normal crop will be empty and hard to find at that time. When you locate it, you can move it around with your fingers. If a bird has a crop that feels full and hard despite not having eaten for a long time, it may indicate a problem (Figure 2).

Impacted Crop May Occur After Eating Indigestible Materials

Crop binding or impacted crop results when the crop gets impacted with material (feed). Impaction is often the  result of eating large amounts of poorly digestible  materials like newspapers, grass, feathers, string, plastic  or other indigestible material. Additionally, diseases that affect the nervous system, such as Marek's disease, can lead to impacted crops.

Birds with impacted crops will still have a full crop early in the morning before feeding. If you palpate the crop, it will feel hard like a golf ball. You will not be able to move the crop around when you massage it. You can see it more easily if you compare the affected bird with  another one. Be gentle while palpating enlarged crops with excessive fluid as aggressive massaging may cause aspiration pneumonia.  

Be careful not to over diagnose this condition. If you suspect a bird has an impacted crop, isolate it with water and no feed to see if the condition corrects itself. After fasting, if the crop is empty, the bird may have just eaten  a big meal before you checked it. If the crop is still full, it may have eaten something indigestible. Continue to provide lots of water and gently massage the crop to help move the material through the digestive track. If the impaction lasts for days and becomes harder, surgical intervention might be necessary to alleviate the problem. Contact your veterinarian before it’s too late.

Pendulous Crop is Enlarged and Distended

A pendulous crop hangs down in the front of the bird. As a result, the crop cannot empty properly which can lead to other problems like sour crop (see below). Affected birds continue to eat but they lose weight and eventually become emaciated and may die.

The exact cause of pendulous crop is unknown, but this  condition frequently develops after binge eating,  excessive water intake, or consumption of large amounts of fibrous or indigestible material like grasses, rocks or sand. Chicks brooded at very high temperatures can also develop this condition as they will drink excessive  amounts of water. Crop washes will not recover any fungal elements, only foul-smelling liquid. Because the muscles and ligaments have been damaged, no treatment is available. Owners wishing to maintain their birds can try using a “crop bra.” This is a type of bandage that  gently places pressure on the crop to help the contents empty into the stomach and hold the crop in place. It must be worn continually, as the crop will revert to the  pendulous condition if the crop bra is removed. Birds that develop a pendulous crop should not be used as breeders since the condition can pass from generation to  generation.

Sour Crop Easily Identified by Smell it Emits

Known as crop mycosis, crop mold or thrush, sour crop is a yeast infection caused by Candida albicans. It is most easily identified by the “sour” smell it emits. It is  commonly associated with long-term administration (1- 2 weeks) of oral antibiotics, which affects the microflora of the upper digestive tract and causes yeast overgrowth. It also can develop as result of a pendulous or impacted  crop. Other causes include bad or spoiled feed, slimy or unclean water, and watering systems that lack proper hygiene. Additionally, any condition or disease makes birds immunocompromised can lead to the development of sour crop.

Sour crop may extend upwards to the esophagus and the oral cavity and appear as a fine white pseudo-membrane. It is not transmitted from one bird to another; however, multiple birds within the same flock can be affected if they are under same conditions or on long-term  administration of antibiotics.

Sour crop can be treated using antifungals like copper sulfate or nystatin. It is important to follow the dose  recommended by your veterinarian, since copper sulfate overdose can be toxic for the birds. Treatment is most effective when applied to an empty crop, so it is best to  apply it early in the morning. You can flush out the crop using one teaspoon of Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) in a cup of water. Copper sulfate solution at 1:2000 dilution in drinking water is commonly used to treat and prevent fungal infections in poultry. Again, be careful to not over use as it can become toxic.

Sour crop can be prevented by improving primary husbandry and avoiding unnecessary use of antibiotics.

Crop Worms Caused by Several Species of Helminths

Capillaria is the most prevalent species of crop worm and the problem is more common on floor-reared birds. The  worms are small and thin, often resembling hair or thread. Female worms are much larger than males and range from 0.4 - 2.4 inches long, depending on the species.

Cappillaria can spread via the fecal oral route but in most cases, earthworms (an intermediate host) are required to complete the lifecycle of the capillaria. Chickens are infected when they eat the earthworms. Affected birds look unthrifty, weak and emaciated and may have difficulty breathing. In addition, crop stasis (when the  crop stops functioning) might happen and sometimes  sudden death occurs with no signs in severe cases.

Veterinarians can prescribe off-label medications like fenbedazole or levamisole to treat the condition, but consumption of meat and eggs must stop until the  withdrawal of the drugs from the treated birds has been completed. Crop worms can be prevented by good  husbandry and putting the birds on dry, well-drained soil.

• Greenacre, C. B., & Morishita, T. Y. (2014). Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery . Hoboken: Wiley.
• Boulianne M., et al., (2012). Avian Disease Manual , 7th ed. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc.

For more information, visit: http://extension.umd.edu/ poultry .

Acknowledgements

The authors want to thank Dr. Tamer Sharafeldin, Dr. Geoffrey A. Lossie, and Dr. Dan Bautista for devoting considerable time and expertise to reviewing this article.

JON MOYLE [email protected]

MOSTAFA GHANEM [email protected]

MAEGAN PERDUE [email protected]

This publication,  Common Crop Issues in Backyard Chickens (EBR-60), is a part of a collection produced by the University of Maryland Extension within the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources.

The information presented has met UME peer-review standards, including internal and external technical review. For help accessing this or any UME publication contact: [email protected]

For more information on this and other topics, visit the University of Maryland Extension website at extension.umd.edu

University programs, activities, and facilities are available to all without regard to race, color, sex, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, marital status, age, national origin, political affiliation, physical or mental disability, religion, protected veteran status, genetic information, personal appearance, or any other legally protected class.

Download Publication

Watch CBS News

Body of missing University of Missouri student Riley Strain found in river in West Nashville

By Kerry Breen

Updated on: March 22, 2024 / 1:50 PM EDT / CBS News

A body found in a river in West Nashville on Friday morning has been confirmed to be  missing University of Missouri student Riley Strain , the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department said.

Strain's body was recovered from the Cumberland River in West Nashville, about eight miles from downtown, police said on  social media .

Metropolitan Nashville Police Department Chief John Drake said in a news conference that "there is no other evidence that suggests anything other than" Strain falling into the river, noting that he still had his clothes, watch and other identifying items on him. 

Police added that no "foul play-related trauma was observed" and an autopsy is pending. Strain's family has been informed, Drake said.  

Strain, 22, disappeared while on a fraternity trip to Nashville, and was last seen on March 8, shortly after being kicked out of Luke's 32 Bridge, a bar owned by country singer Luke Bryan. The bar said its records show he ordered one alcoholic drink and two glasses of water. 

Surveillance video showed Strain walking alone in downtown Nashville. He was last seen at around 9:52 p.m. The friends he was with reported him missing just after 1:30 a.m.   

In a message to its student body , the University of Missouri said that Strain had traveled to Nashville to attend his fraternity's spring formal event. 

In recent days, the search for Strain has focused on area waterways after his debit card was found along a Nashville river. Officials first focused on Cumberland River's downtown section before expanding the search to include more of the river, including the Cheatham Dam, which is about 40 miles from downtown Nashville. The search has involved helicopters, boats and ground crews. Police also shut down the dam to inspect debris that floated to the surface, CBS affiliate  WTVF  reported.  

Strain's body was found by workers at a company on the river shortly after 7 a.m., Drake said.

"They removed something from the river and as they moved it they noticed Mr. Strain and called it in," Drake said. The police chief said that officers had planned to search this area of the river today, noting that because of Strain's height and weight it was believed his body could be surfacing in the area soon. 

Drake said that the police department received over 200 tips during the search for Strain, and thanked the community for their attempts to find him. He also said his "heart and prayers go out" to Strain's family. 

The Cumberland River is a major waterway that runs over 680 miles through Kentucky and Tennessee. Multiple dams dot the river.

The Metropolitan Nashville Police Department has been working with the Cheatham County Sheriff's Office to conduct downriver operations. The United Cajun Navy, a volunteer disaster relief organization, has also participated in the search. 

After Strain's body was found, Nashville Mayor Freddie O'Connell said on social media that the city would "continue to work toward improvements in safety in a variety of ways."

"This is not the outcome that anyone hoped for – especially his parents and everyone who loved him," O'Connell wrote. 

The University of Missouri emphasized that resources were available for students and staff affected by Strain's death and disappearance.

"As the Mizzou community mourns Riley, we are keeping his family in our thoughts and offering support," the school said. 

The college student's parents have been in Nashville since the search began. Chris Whiteid, Strain's stepfather, told  ABC News  on Wednesday that the family had already started bracing for the worst-case scenario.

"Put yourself in our shoes. Everybody knows it. Everybody's thinking it," Whiteid said. 

• Riley Strain
• Missing Person

Kerry Breen is a reporter and news editor at CBSNews.com. A graduate of New York University's Arthur L. Carter School of Journalism, she previously worked at NBC News' TODAY Digital. She covers current events, breaking news and issues including substance use.

More from CBS News

California woman says her bloody bedroom was not a crime scene

Families of victims in Baltimore bridge collapse speak out: "Tremendous agony"

Girlfriend charged decades after man was killed in D.C.

Chance Perdomo, "Gen V" star, dies in motorcycle accident at 27