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How to cite in APA when there are multiple authors
This article covers how to cite a reference in APA style (7th ed.) when there are multiple authors. Broadly speaking, in an APA style “the author” refers to the person(s) or group(s) who should be given credit for the work being referenced.
Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:
In-text citations when there are multiple authors
Reference list entries when there are multiple authors, troubleshooting.
APA 7th ed. uses the author-date citation system for citing references in text. Unless you are citing a source with no author in APA , the structure in parenthetical citations includes placing the author’s last name/surname, followed by a comma, and the publication year in parentheses. In narrative citations, this information is incorporated into the sentence.
Parenthetical citation for one author:
(Author Last Name, Year Published)
(Curtis, 2020)
Narrative citation for one author:
Author Last Name (Year Published)
Curtis (2020)
Two authors
For a work with two authors, include both authors’ last names in every in-text citation, whether narrative or parenthetical. In parenthetical citations, use an ampersand (&) between the authors’ last names.
Parenthetical citation for two authors:
(1st Author & 2nd Author, Year Published)
(Curtis & Williams, 2020)
Narrative citation for two authors:
1st Author & 2nd Author (Year Published)
Curtis & Williams (2020)
Three or more authors
When citing a journal paper in APA with three or more authors, only enter the last name of the first author listed and add “et al.” after it. “Et al.” is Latin for the phrase “and others,” which is why it is used as a substitute for two or more authors’ last names.
Parenthetical citation for three or more authors:
(1st Author et al., Year Published)
(Harris et al., 2020)
Narrative citation for three or more authors:
1st Author et al. (Year Published)
Harris et al. (2020)
Here is a page with more information on when to use “et al.” in APA style .
Group authors
The same guidelines for in-text citations apply when the authors of a source are a distinct group or organization such as a government agency, association, nonprofit organization, business, hospital, task force, or study group. To confirm whether a reference was written by individual author(s) or a group, check the cover or title page.
Hint: for an online resource, the author could be the name of the organization hosting the webpage or website, rather than the name of just one content contributor.
Before using an abbreviated group name as the author of your citation, spell out the abbreviation and define the group one time first in the text. Afterward, use the abbreviation of the group name throughout the rest of the paper.
Group author in-text citation examples:
First parenthetical citation with group abbreviation included: (Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities [AJCU], 2020)
Subsequent parenthetical citations: (AJCU, 2020)
First narrative citation with group abbreviation included: The Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities [AJCU] (2020)
Subsequent narrative citations: The AJCU (2020)
Avoiding ambiguity in in-text citations
Sometimes, in-text citations that have three or more authors, some of whom have the same last name, and the same publication year can look like they are the same reference when using the et al. abbreviation. For example, Curtis et al. (2020) could refer to
Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, and Tyler (2020)
Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, Maxey, Key, Smith, and Esparza (2020)
To avoid this ambiguity and confusion for the reader, write out as many names as possible for the in-text citation until the references are distinguished, and then add “et. al” to abbreviate the other authors’ names.
Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, et al. (2020)
Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, Maxey, et al. (2020)
When only the final author is different, list all of the names in every citation to avoid any confusion.
Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, and Esparza (2020)
APA has slightly different reference structures for different source types (e.g., book, website, journal article, etc.), but each structure generally includes the following:
Author last name, Author initials. (Date Published). Title. URL or DOI if available .
Need more help with citing a particular source? Find further guidance in this APA citations guide.
One or two authors
For references with one or two authors, cite using the four-part structure.
Two individual authors example:
Smith, J., & Jones, S. (1994). Making a movie star. Behind the Scenes Stories: A Journal of Celebrity Life, 44 (2), 192–200. https://doi.org/l4nds0r
One group author example:
The American Marine Society. (2003). Whale mating patterns in the new millennium. The American Marine Society Magazine , 17-20 . https://fams.gov/article/2003/whale-mating-patterns-in-the-new-millennium
2 – 20 authors
In APA 7th ed., up to 20 authors should be included in a reference list entry. Write out the last name and first initial(s) for each contributor.
2–20 authors example:
Wright, A., Komal, G., Siddharth, D., Boyd, G., Cayson, N., Beverley, K., Travers, K., Begum, A., Redmond, M., Mills, M., Cherry, D., Finley, B., Fox, M., Ferry, F., Almond, B., Howell, E., Gould, T., Berger, B., Bostock, T., Fountain, A. (2020). Styling royalty. London Bridge Press.
21+ authors
For references with more than 20 authors, after listing the 19th author replace any additional author names with an ellipsis ( … ) followed by the final listed author’s last name and first initial(s).
21+ authors example:
Wright, A., Komal, G., Siddharth, D., Boyd, G., Cayson, N., Beverley, K., Travers, K., Begum, A., Redmond, M., Mills, M., Cherry, D., Finley, B., Fox, M., Ferry, F., Almond, B., Howell, E., Gould, T., Berger, B., Bostock, T., . . . Booker, T. (2020). Eating well: Tips from 23 lifestyle authors. Food Magazine. https://foodmag.com/article/2020/tips-from-22-lifestyle-authors
Solution #1: How to order the names of multiple authors in an APA reference
Authors should be cited in the exact order that they are listed by the source, even if they have not been listed alphabetically.
Solution #2: How to cite an article with more than 20 authors in APA style
If an article has more than 20 authors, all authors do not need to be listed in the reference. Instead, name the first 19, then use an ellipsis (…), then add the name of the final author listed. The ellipsis acts as a substitute for all the names between the first 19 and the final authors. No ampersand (&) is needed before the final name.
For example:
Richards, B.A., Lillicrap, T. P., Beaudoin, P., Bengio, Y., Bogacz, R., Christensen, A., Clopath, C.
Costa, R. P., de Berker, A., Ganguli, S., Gillon, C. J., Hafner, D., Kepecs, A., Kriegeskorte,
N., Latham, P., Lindsay, G. W., Miller, K. D., Naud, R., Pack, C. C., … Kording, K. P. (2019). A deep learning framework for neuroscience. Nature Neuroscience , 22 (11), 1761–1770. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0520-2
When making an in-text citation, only write the first author’s last name followed by “et. al.” This applies to both parenthetical and narrative citations.
(Richard et al., 2019)
Richard et al. (2019)
Solution #3: How to cite an article written by an organization in APA style
- Organization as author
When an article is written by an organization, use the typical four-part APA structure (author, date, title, publisher) and cite the organization as the author.
American Nurses Association. (2019). 2018 Annual Report, American Nurse Today, 14 (6), 29-36.
https://www.nursingworld.org/~49d621/globalassets/docs/ana/ana-annual-report-for-
- Organization as author and publisher
If the organization that authored an article is also its publisher , omit the publisher’s name in the citation.
- In-text citation when an organization is an author
Use the organization’s name as the author. For example:
American Nurses Association [ANA] (2019)
If an organization’s name is long, abbreviate it by doing the following:
- First, write the organization’s name in full the first time, followed by the abbreviation in parenthesis.
- After this, you may use the abbreviation without including the complete name.
1 st in-text narrative citation: American Nurses Association [ANA] (2019)
1 st in-text parenthetical citation: (American Nurses Association [ANA] (2019)
After this distinction is made, abbreviations in-text can be used as demonstrated below:
Narrative citations: The ANA (2019)
Parenthetical citations: (ANA, 2019)
Published October 28, 2020.
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To cite a source with multiple authors and an edition number in APA style, you need to know the names of the authors, title of the book, edition number, and publisher. The in-text citation of a book with multiple authors and an edition number is similar to citing a journal or a book reference with multiple authors. An example of a book reference with three authors and an edition number, along with a template, is given below:
In-text citation template and example:
Author Surname et al. (Publication Year)
LeBuffe et al. (2012)
Parenthetical
(Author Surname et al., Publication Year)
(LeBuffe et al., 2012)
Reference list entry template and example:
Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., & Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Book title (edition number). Publisher
LeBuffe, P. A., Naglieri, J. A., & Manderth, A. (2012). Devereux early childhood assessment for preschoolers (2nd ed.). Kaplan Early Learning Company.
Use numerals to indicate an edition number. The word “edition” is abbreviated as “ed.” Italicize the book title and follow sentence case for capitalization.
Citing a source that has multiple authors with the same last name and same initials is the same as citing a source with different authors. There is no need to add the initials of the authors in in-text citations as all surnames (although the same) appear in a single source. Examples of a book reference with three authors with the same last name and initials and their templates are given below:
Dunn et al. (2007)
(Dunn et al., 2007)
Author Surname, F. & Author Surname, F. (Publication Year). Book title. Publisher.
Dunn, L. M., Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (2007). Peabody picture vocabulary test-IV. American Guidance Service.
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Q. How do I cite a resource with six or more authors in APA Style?
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APA Style (7th ed.)
Cite the first author plus “et al.” in every in-text citation; include all author names only in cases where "et al." is not enough information to identify which author in the references the citation refers to, such as duplicate citations for two different groups of authors (e.g., two resources with distinct authors share the citation "Patterson et al.").
If you have two works by six or more authors where the citations shorten to the same form, please refer to the examples in How Do I Cite a Resource by Three to Five Authors in APA Style? for instructions on the proper citation format. Also, please see How Should I Present the Author(s)'s and/or Editor(s)'s Names in My Reference in APA Style? for information on how to present the authors' names in a reference.
For other information regarding citing works by multiple authors, please see How Do I Cite a Resource by Two Authors in APA Style? and If I'm Using the APA Style Rules, When Should I Use "Et Al."? .
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
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APA 7th Edition Citation Guide
- APA 7th Edition Home
- Formatting the Paper Itself
- When and What to Cite
In-Text: Multiple Authors
- In-Text: First and Subsequent Citations
- In-Text: Authors and Dates Matching
- In-Text: Direct Quotations
- In-Text: Secondary Sources
- Reference Examples: Print
- Reference Examples: Electronic
- Reference Examples: Audiovisual Media
- Step 1: Author (Names)
- Step 2: Date
- Step 3: Titles
- Step 4: Source
- Help and Training
- Related Guides
This citation guide is based on The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed., 2020). The contents are accurate to the best of our knowledge.
Content in this guide was copied with permission from Bethel University (TN) Library .
How to Use This Guide
Citations in APA style include two parts: (1) in-text citations, which are connected to (2) reference list citations.
This guide will help you create in-text citations that correlate with the corresponding reference list citations. Please see Reference Examples for more details on the reference list.
Note: All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper except for Personal Communications and similar unrecoverable sources.
Multiple Authors
If you are citing a source that has multiple authors, follow these basic steps.
Two Authors
Always cite both authors' names in-text every time you reference them.
Johnson and Smith (2009) found...
Three or More Authors
If a document has three or more authors, simply provide the last name of the first author with "et al." from the first citation to the last.
Thomas et al. (2007) likened abnormal psychology to...
... distractions (Thomas et al., 2007).
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Sources with two authors
If you are citing a source with two authors, the surname of both of the authors should be listed in your in-text citation. You should keep the names in the same order as they are in the source.
The surname and initial(s) of both the authors should appear in the full reference for the source. Use a comma to separate them (as well as an ampersand).
The rest of the reference should follow the usual style for the type of source you are citing.
In-text citation:
(Reiss & White, 2013, p.6)
Reference list:
Reiss M.J., & White, J. (2013). An aims-based curriculum: the significance of human flourishing for schools. London: IOE Press.
Sources with three to five authors
If you are citing a source with three to five authors, cite all authors in the in-text citation the first time it occurs; after this only include the first author's surname followed by 'et al'.
The surname and initial(s) of all the authors should appear in the full reference for the source. Use commas to separate the authors and an ampersand before the last one.
(Rogers, Hallam, Creech & Preti, 2018) - first time
(Rogers et al., 2018) - subsequent references
Rogers, L., Hallam, S., Creech, A., & Preti, C. (2018). Learning about what constitutes effective training from a pilot programme to improve music education in primary schools. Music Education Research , 10 (4), 485-497.
Sources with six or more authors
If you are citing a source with six or more authors, the surname of only the first person attributed as one of the source's authors should be included in your in-text citation, followed by the words 'et al'.
All the authors' surnames and initial(s) should appear in the full reference for the source (separated by commas) and with an ampersand before the last author.
(Battersby et al., 2018)
Battersby, C., Armus, L., Bergin, E., Kataria, T., Meixner, M., Pope, A., Stevenson, K. B., Cooray, A., Leisawitz, D., Scott, D. Bauer, J., Bradford, C. M., Ennico, K., Fortney, J. J., Kaltenegger, L., Melnick, G. J., Milam, S. M., Narayanan, D., Padgett, D., & Wiedner M. C. (2018). The Origins Space Telescope. Nature Astronomy, 2 , 596-599.
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APA 6th Referencing Style Guide
- APA referencing style
- In-text citation
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Reference List
Reference formatting guide, reference examples, reference list example, secondary citations, doi and url.
- TV, film & video
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A reference list lists only the sources you refer to in your writing.
The purpose of the reference list is to allow your sources to be be found by your reader. It also gives credit to authors you have consulted for their ideas. All references cited in the text must appear in the reference list, except for personal communications (such as conversations or emails) which cannot be retrieved.
A bibliography is different from a reference list as it lists all the sources used during your research and background reading, not just the ones you refer to in your writing.
One author (a book chapter)
One author, multiple works published in the same year
Two authors (a journal article with doi)
Three authors
- Use "&" before the final author.
Four to seven authors
- List all authors in the reference entry
More than seven authors
- First 6 authors ... last author. and follow by date and other information.
Click the type of resources on the left column to find more reference examples.
Go to the In-text citation page to learn how to do in-text citations.
A secondary citation is where you are citing information or quotes the author of your reference has taken from source that you have not read.
In-text citation:
- Name the author of the original work in your text, cite the secondary source in in-text citation: (as cited in ..., 1993)
Reference list entry:
- Give the secondary source in the reference list.
DOI = digital object identifier
- A DOI commonly identifies a journal article but it can also be found on other publication types including books.
- All DOIs start with 10 . and includes numbers and letters. Example: doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.08.001
- The DOI provides a permanent internet address for the item making it easy to locate.
- You may search by DOI numbers in Library Search to locate articles.
Doi in your reference list entry:
- Always use the DOI if available (for print or online articles and books).
- No full stop at the end of a DOI.
A new citing format for DOI was introduced by APA in March 2017. The new format includes https and the prefix doi.org : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2016.11.001
Articles retrieved from library databases may include ezproxy.aut.ac.nz in the DOIs. This ezproxy information should be removed.
For example:
https://doi-org. ezproxy.aut.ac.nz /10.1093/pubmed/fdv045
The correct URL for this DOI is:
https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdv045
If there is no DOI for a online journal article or an e-book, include a URL in your reference.
Use the URL of a journal home page for journal articles without DOI
- Use the URL of the journal homepage, NOT the full URL of the article, in your reference.
Finding a journal homepage URL :
You could do a Google search for the journal title (within double quotation marks), e.g. "new zealand management magazine" to find the journal's homepage
Or, go to the Library database Ulrichsweb , search by the journal title or the journal's ISSN to find the journal record. On the journal record page, find the journal URL for your reference.
Journals without a home page and no DOI:
This can happen to some discontinued journals, or journals archived in an archival database only.
- Use the database home page URL in your reference. See the example in the following section.
Use a URL of a library database:
Resources retrieved from a library database, without a DOI:
If you use electronic resources without DOI, such as an ebook or a data set or a journal without a website, from a library database, You are required to include the URL of the database homepage in your reference.
- Do not use the full URL of the source that you retrieved from a database.
An ebook "Small town sustainability: economic, social,and environmental innovation".
The URL on the ebook page is:
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/lib/AUT/detail.action?docID=1121624
- You should remove ezproxy and other details following it.
- The correct URL in the reference for this book should be http://ebookcentral.proquest.com
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Quick Guide to APA Citation (6th ed.) | In-Text Citation & Reference List
APA style is one of the most common formats for citing sources Other well known citation styles include MLA and Chicago .
APA Style citations consist of two parts:
- In-text citation : A brief citation in parentheses when you mention a source, citing the author’s last name and the year of publication, e.g. (Smith, 2019) . It identifies the full source in the reference list.
- Reference list entry : Full publication details listed on the reference page , which appears at the end of your paper. The reference provides all the information needed to find the source, e.g. Smith, P. (2019, April 18). Citing Sources in APA Format. Retrieved April 21, 2019, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/
This citation guide is based on the 6th edition of the APA Manual. The latest edition, published in October 2019, is not yet supported, but we have compiled a quick guide to the most important 7th edition changes . You can also use our free APA Citation Generator to automatically create accurate citations.
Table of contents
In-text citations, reference list, apa formatting for papers.
An in-text citation is a concise way to show the reader where the original idea came from and to give credit to the original author. Use one every time you quote or paraphrase a source.
Include the author’s last name and the year of publication. When quoting a source, it’s also necessary to include the page number(s) of the quote.
- An earlier study in which X and Y were compared revealed that … (Smith, 2017) .
- Smith (2017) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with …
When there are two authors, separate their last names with an ampersand (&), or with the word ‘and’ when they appear in the running text.
- Research shows that there is a great need for … (Reynolds & Thomas, 2014) .
- Reynolds and Thomas (2014) write that there is a great need for …
3-5 authors
When there are three or more authors, separate their last names using commas . The last two authors’ last names should be separated by both a comma and an ampersand.
- Recent research suggests that there is … (McGuire, Morrison, Reynolds, & Thomas, 2014) .
- McGuire, Morrison, Reynolds, and Thomas (2014) argue that …
If you cite the same source again, to save space, you shorten the citation. Instead of including all the authors’ names, include only the first author, followed by “ et al. ” (meaning “and others”).
- In this research, many participants made use of … (McGuire et al., 2014) .
- McGuire et al. (2014) noticed that …
6 or more authors
If a source has six or more authors, use the shortened version from the first citation.
- Lunott et al. (2015) discuss the …
Organization as author
When a source does not list an individual author, it can often be attributed to an organization instead.
- According to new research … (Microsoft, 2014) .
When you quote a source , you also have to add the page number to the in-text citation.
- According to the company’s business plan, “making an APA Citation Generator is a lot of work, but many students benefit from it” (Swan, 2014, p. 5) .
Multiple sources in one citation
Sometimes, it’s necessary to cite multiple sources in one sentence. You can combine them into one set of parentheses, separated by semicolons .
- Various studies show that … ( Docker & Vagrant, 2002 ; Porter, 1997 ; Lima, Swan, & Corrieri, 2012 ).
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Every source cited in the text must also appear in your reference list .
The format differs depending on the source type, but every reference begins in the same way: with the author’s last name and initials, the publication year or date, and the title of the source.
Book citations
Note: Book titles should be italicized .
- Format Last Name, Initials. (Year). Book title (edition). City, State/Country: Publisher.
- Example Porter, M. E. (1998). Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.
Journal article citations
Note: The journal title and volume number should be italicized .
- Format Last Name, Initials., & Last Name, Initials. (Year). Article title. Journal Name , Volume (Issue), Page Number(s). https://doi.org/DoiNumber
- Example Andreff, W., & Staudohar, P. D. (2000). The evolving European model of professional sports finance. Journal of Sports Economics , 1 (3), 257–276. https://doi.org./10.1177/152700250000100304
Website citations
- Format Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Page title [OptionalType]. Retrieved from http://webaddress
- Example Worland, J. (2015, July 27). U.S. flood risk could be worse than we thought. Retrieved from http://time.com/3973256/flooding-risk-coastal-cities
Report citations
Note: The title should be italicized .
- Format Organization Name or Author Last Name, Initials. (Year). Report title . Retrieved from http://webaddress
- Example Royal Bank of Scotland. (2015). Annual report and accounts 2014 . Retrieved from http://investors.rbs.com/~/media/Files/R/RBS-IR/2014-reports/annual-report-2014.pdf
More APA Style examples
Do you want to cite an image , interview , YouTube video , movie , or another source type that is not on this list? We have many more APA Style examples to help you cite correctly.
Sorting the reference list
Sort the references in alphabetical order based on the author’s last name. If you cite multiple sources by the same author, then sort them by publication year.
When you use the APA Citation Generator , your reference list is alphabetized automatically.
Full reference list guide
There are certain formatting rules you must adhere to when writing a paper in APA format .
The basic requirements are:
- Times New Roman 12 pt
- Double line spacing
- One-inch (2.54 cm) margins
- Left-aligned running head with a shortened title and page number
In addition to these general rules, there are more specific requirements for formatting the title page , running head , abstract , reference page , and headings and subheadings .
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OASIS: Writing Center
Apa style: apa 6 & 7 comparison tables, apa 6 & 7 comparison tables.
Many students come to Walden having used APA 6 in their previous education programs.
These comparison tables offer highlights of some changes between APA 6 and APA 7, which students may find helpful in transitioning to APA 7. Note that these are not comprehensive tables of all changes between the two editions, but the table highlights the most common changes students will use in their writing at Walden.
- APA 6 and 7 Comparison Tables Download a PDF version of these tables.
Updated July 14, 2020.
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APA Citation Style, 6th Edition: Three to Five Authors/Editors
- One Author/Editor
- Two Authors/Editors
- Three to Five Authors/Editors
- Chapter in a Book
- Edition Other Than the First
- Electronic Books
- Journal Article with One Author
- Journal Article with Two Authors
- Journal Article with Three to Six Authors
- Journal Article with Seven or More Authors
- Government Publication
- Magazine Articles
- Newspaper Article
- Reference List
Books with Three to Five Authors
(this libguide is for apa 6th edition, click here to visit our new apa 7th edition libguide ).
The formatting guidelines below refer to books with three authors. If the book has four or five authors, you would follow this format and add the fourth and fifth author's after the third.
General Format:
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author's Last Name, Author's Last Name, & Author's Last Name, year)
In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):
(Author's Last Name, Author's Last Name, & Author's Last Name, year, page number)
References:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Location of publication: Publisher.
In-text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Ledlow, Manrodt, & Schott, 2017)
Note: In the first in-text citation, include all of the three to five author's last names. After the first in-text citation, all subsequent in-text citations include the first author's last name, et al., and the year. For example: (Ledlow et al., 2017). See table below for more information.
In-text Citation (Direct Quote):
(Ledlow, Manrodt, & Schott, 2017, p. 52)
Ledlow, G. R., Manrodt, K. B., & Schott, D. (2017). Health care supply chain management: Elements, operations, and strategies. Burlington, MA: Bartlett & Jones Learning.
Books with Three to Five Editors
The formatting guidelines below refer to books with three editors. If the book has four or five editors, you would follow this format and add the fourth and fifth editor's name after the third.
(Editor's Last Name, Editor's Last Name, & Editor's Last Name, year)
(Editor's Last Name, Editor's Last Name, & Editor's Last Name, year, page number)
Editor's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Editor's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., & Editor's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Eds.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Location of publication: Publisher.
(Blumenthal, Diclemente, Braithwaite & Smith, 2013)
Note: In the first in-text citation, include all of the three to five editor's last names. After the first in-text citation, all subsequent in-text citations include the first editor's last name, et al., and the year. For example: (Blumenthal et al., 2013). See table below for more information.
(Blumenthal, Diclemente, Braithwaite, & Smith, 2013, p. 52)
Blumenthal, D. S., Diclemente, R.J., Braithwaite, D., & Smith, S.A. (Eds.). (2013). Community-based participatory health research : Issues, methods, and translation to practice. New York: Springer Pub.
More than Five Authors or Editors?
If you are looking to cite a book with more than five authors or editors, follow the same format as three to five authors/editors. The only difference is with in-text citations. Even in your first in-text citation, you can shorten to the last name of the first author followed by et al., and the year. For example: Rodgers, Chung, Hightower, Collins, Long, Carr, & Thomas (2016) would be (Rodgers et al., 2016) starting with the first in-text citation. See the table below for more information or page 177 of the APA Manual, 6th Edition.
Citing References in Text
Carrie forbes, mls.
Page References
Citation information has been adapted from the APA Manual (6th Edition). Please refer to pages 176-177 and 184 of the APA Manual (6th Edition) for more information.
Helpful Tips
-If two or more references of three or more authors/editors and publication year short to the same in-text citation, cite as many last names as needed to differentiate them. Example from p.175 of APA Manual: both Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet, & Kim, 2001 and Ireys, Chernoff, Stein, DeVet, & Silver, 2001 shorten to (Ireys et al., 2001). Instead, use Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet, et al. (2001) and Ireys, Chernoff, Stein, et al. (2001) respectively. Please refer to page 175 of the APA Manual, 6th Edition for more in depth information.
-Be mindful of hyphenated names, particularly hyphenated first names in your reference list. If an author or editor has a hyphenated first name, include first initials for both separated by a hyphen. For example: Lamour, J.-B. for Jean-Baptiste Lamour.
-If your reference list includes publications by two or more authors with the same last name, you should include the first initial in all in-text citations in order to help the reader avoid confusion.
-Suffixes like "Jr." or "III" are not included in in-text citations but are included in the reference list.
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APA Citation Style 6th Edition: C. Three to Five Authors or Editors
- Quotes & Paraphrasing
- References Guidelines
- Definitions
- A. One Author or Editor
- B. Two Authors or Editors
- C. Three to Five Authors or Editors
- D. Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
- E. Article in a Reference Book
- F. No Author
- H. Edition other than the First
- I. Translation
- J. Government Publication
- A. Journal Article with One Author
- B. Journal Article with 2 Authors
- C. Journal Article with 3-5 Authors
- D. Journal Article with 6 or more authors
- E. Magazine Article
- F. Newspaper Article
- A. Basic Web Page
- B. Website from a University Site
- C. No Author
- D. Blog Post
- E. Entry in a Reference Work
- F. Government Document
- A. Motion Picture
- B. YouTube Video
- A. Electronic Image
- A. Interview
- D. Classical Works
- E. Secondary Sources
About Citing
For each type of source in this guide, both the general form and an example will be provided.
The following format will be used:
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase) - entry that appears in the body of your paper when you express the ideas of a researcher or author using your own words. For more tips on paraphrasing check out The OWL at Purdue .
In-Text Citation (Quotation) - entry that appears in the body of your paper after a direct quote.
References - entry that appears at the end of your paper.
Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from the APA Manual (6th ed.).
Book with Three to Five Authors or Editors (pp. 177, 202)
Printable handouts.
- Inserting a Running Head
- Annotated Bibliography
- APA 7th Edition Checklist
- APA 6th Edition Guide
- APA References Page Sample
- Creating a Hanging Indent
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- Last Updated: Feb 15, 2024 4:59 PM
- URL: https://libguides.oakwood.edu/APA
- Free Tools for Students
- APA Citation Generator
Free APA Citation Generator
Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!
🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?
An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.
It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.
Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.
👩🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator?
College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.
🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?
Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:
- Save a considerable amount of time
- Ensure that your citations are consistent and formatted correctly
- Be rewarded with a higher grade
In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).
⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?
Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:
- Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page.
- MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
- Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
- Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.
MyBib supports the following for APA style:
Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
APA Citation Style Guide (6th Ed.): 3 - 5 Authors
- In-text Citation
- Two Authors
- 3 - 5 Authors
- 6 or More Authors
- Magazine Article
- Newspaper Article
- One Author or Editor
- Two Authors or Editors
- 3-5 Authors or Editors
- Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
- Article in a Reference Book
- Book with No Author
- Book Edition
- Translation
- Web Pages and Blog Posts
- Motion Picture
- YouTube Video
- Audio Podcast
- Music Recording
- Images and Art
- Classical Work
- Secondary Source
- Government Publication
Article with 3-5 Authors
General Format
- << Previous: Two Authors
- Next: 6 or More Authors >>
- Last Updated: Jul 6, 2020 9:13 AM
- URL: https://uscmed.sc.libguides.com/APAStyle
In-text citation
- Reference list
- Artificial intelligence
- Audiovisual
- Books and chapters
- Conferences
- Course materials
- Government and business reports
- Medicine and health sources
- Music scores
- Tables and figures
- Theses and dissertations
- Web and social media
- Other sources
- Print this page
- Other styles AGLC4 APA 7th Chicago 17th (A) Notes Chicago 17th (B) Author-Date Harvard MLA 9th Vancouver
- Referencing home
The APA 7th style uses in-text citations when referring to or quoting people’s work. The essential elements of an in-text citation are the author surname/s and year.
Two types of in-text citations
1. author prominent format.
Use this format if you want to emphasise the author. Their name becomes part of your sentence.
Jones (2018) concluded that the treatment was effective in 74% of cases.
Author prominent citations are also referred to as parenthetical citations.
2. Information prominent format
Use this format if you want to emphasise the information. It cites the author’s name, typically at the end of a sentence.
...as evidenced by a recent Australian study of the treatment's effectiveness (Jones, 2018).
Information prominent citations are also referred to as narrative citations.
The following examples show how to form in-text citations according to number of authors and other considerations.
Surname, Year
Hawkins (2020) reported that the results of the study were inconclusive.
. . . the results of the study were inconclusive (Hawkins, 2020).
Two authors
Both surnames in the order listed on the publication and the year.
For author prominent citations, use “and” between the author names.
For information prominent citations, & between the author names.
Bovey and Hede (2013) argue that . . .
. . . is a significant factor (Bovey & Hede, 2013).
Three or more authors
Cite the first author followed by et al. and year
Robbins et al. (2017) note that leadership empathy and good communication are key to negotiating successful organisational change.
They may be required to work harder now there are … perform the same tasks (Robbins et al., 2017).
Different authors, same surname
When two or more authors have the same surname, add their initials to distinguish between them
P. R. Smith (1945) adopted a unique approach . . . . . . later in the text . . . This idea was first advanced by S. Smith (1935).
Research conducted by W.O. Brown and Jones (1985) was influenced by the work of S.A. Brown and Smith (1961).
The corresponding information prominent citations would be:
(P.R. Smith, 1945)
(S. Smith, 1935)
(W.O. Brown & Jones, 1985)
(S.A. Brown & Smith, 1961)
Multiple authors, ambiguous citations
Distinguish identical multiple-author citations with the same year by adding an additional surname, followed by a comma and et al.
Instead of just Brown et al. (1998), add additional author surnames to distinguish between separate works that Brown co-authored that year:
Brown, Shimamura, et al. (1998)
Brown, Taylor, et al. (1998).
The corresponding information prominent citations would be (Brown, Shimamura, et al., 1998), and (Brown, Taylor, et al., 1998).
- For further guidance see the APA Style website - Citing multiple works…
Same author, two or more works
Author surname, then years separated by a commas, in chronological order.
Reimer (2017, 2018, 2019) considered this phenomenon across various studies . . .
. . . this phenomenon was considered across various studies (Reimer, 2017, 2018, 2019).
Same author, multiple works and same year
Assign a suffix of a, b, c, d, etc. after the year, according to alphabetical listing by title in the reference list.
Stairs (1992b) examined . . . . . . later in the text . . . According to Stairs (1992a) . . .
. . . was recently considered (Stairs, 1992b) . . . . . . later in the text . . . . . . the results were inconclusive (Stairs, 1992a).
- For multiple references by the same author with no date, after n.d. add a hyphen and then the suffix e.g. (Dreshcke n.d.-b)
Multiple works from various authors
You may want to cite works from various authors to more strongly support a particular point you are making.
List each work alphabetically by surname in alphabetical order, separated by semicolons.
. . . as proposed by various researchers (Adams et al., 2020; Green, 2019; Hall & Clark, 2021).
Green (2019), Adams et al. (2020), and Hall and Clark (2021) analysed . . .
- In the author prominent citation there is no requirement to order the citations alphabetically
If the author is identified as 'Anonymous'
Use 'Anonymous' as the surname.
Anonymous (2019)
(Anonymous, 2019)
Unknown author
Give the first few words of the title. If the title is from an article or a chapter, use double quotation marks. If the title is from a periodical, book brochure, or report, then use italics.
. . . the worst election loss in the party's history ("This is the end," 1968).
Corporate or group author
If the organisation has a recognisable abbreviation
First listing: Organisation name [Abbreviation], Year Subsequent: Abbreviation, Year
Where the organisation abbreviation is not widely known
Use the name in full every time
Census data gives valuable insights into... (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2021).
Australia's next census will be held on 10th August 2021 (ABS, 2021).
Author quoted directly
Occasionally it may be necessary to include in your work a quotation from an author.
Always include a page number when you have to cite directly from a source.
If no page numbers are available (e.g. in a website), include a paragraph number.
Use accepted abbreviations like p. for page and para. for paragraph
Gittins (2006) suggests that "the key to understanding microeconomics is to realise that its overwhelming focus is on the role of price" (p. 18).
Weston (1988) stated "the darkest days were still ahead" (p. 45).
A patient is in pain when they tell you and "it is important to believe the patient so as to build a trusting relationship" (Phipps et al., 1983, p.45).
Personal communications
Private letters, e-mail and conversations require only an in-text citation, which includes the date of the communication (Month DD, YYYY).
Personal communications are not included in reference lists, as they are not accessible to others.
R. Smith (personal communication, January 28, 2020) . . .
. . . (R. Smith, personal communication, January 28, 2020)
Author referred to in a secondary source
The original author is cited together with the secondary author.
Only do this when the original is unavailable and only include what you have actually read.
Farrow (1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988) . . .
Ward and Decan (1988) cited Farrow (1968) as finding . . .
. . . (Farrow, 1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988).
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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts
APA Formatting and Style Guide (6th Edition)
Welcome to the Purdue OWL
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Cite your source automatically in APA Cite Using citation machines responsibly Powered by Note: Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we've highlighted a few important differences between APA 6 and APA 7 with underlined notes written in red.
This guide contains examples of common citation formats in APA (American Psychological Association) Style Citing Articles Citing Books Web Pages and Blog Posts Other Article with 6 or more Authors General Format In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname et al., Year) In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname et al., Year, page number)
The APA manual recommends the use of the author-date citation structure for in-text citation references. This structure requires that any in-text citation (i.e., within the body of the text) be accompanied by a corresponding reference list entry. In the in-text citation provide the surname of the author but do not include suffixes such as "Jr.".
APA in-text citations consist of the author's last name and publication year. When citing a specific part of a source, also include a page number or range, for example (Parker, 2020, p. 67) or (Johnson, 2017, pp. 39-41). Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr Worried about in-text citation errors?
APA Style (6th Edition) APA Formatting and Style Guide (6th Edition) In-Text Citations: Author/Authors In-Text Citations: Author/Authors Note: This page reflects APA 6, which is now out of date. It will remain online until 2021, but will not be updated. The equivalent APA 7 page can be found here.
APA 7th ed. uses the author-date citation system for citing references in text. Unless you are citing a source with no author in APA, the structure in parenthetical citations includes placing the author's last name/surname, followed by a comma, and the publication year in parentheses.
Use " et al ." to shorten in-text citations of sources with 6+ authors (first in-text citations) and 3+ authors (subsequent in-text citations), for example: (Taylor et al., 2019). Using "et al." in APA in-text citations Sources with three, four or five authors are shortened after the first citation.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., & Author, S. S. Continue adding authors, including the nineteenth.
APA Style (7th ed.) Cite the first author plus "et al." in every in-text citation; include all author names only in cases where "et al." is not enough information to identify which author in the references the citation refers to, such as duplicate citations for two different groups of authors (e.g., two resources with distinct authors share the citation "Patterson et al.").
General Format: NOTE: If your reference has three to six authors, cite them all the first time mentioned in your paper. After that, use the first author's last name, followed by et al. and the year). In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author's Last Name, Author's Last Name, & Author's Last name, year) (Author's Last Name et al., year)
Citations in APA style include two parts: (1) in-text citations, which are connected to (2) reference list citations. This guide will help you create in-text citations that correlate with the corresponding reference list citations. Please see Reference Examples for more details on the reference list.
Use the author-date citation system to cite references in the text in APA Style. In this system, each work used in a paper has two parts: an in-text citation and a corresponding reference list entry. In-text citations may be parenthetical or narrative.
If you are citing a source with two authors, the surname of both of the authors should be listed in your in-text citation. You should keep the names in the same order as they are in the source. The surname and initial (s) of both the authors should appear in the full reference for the source. Use a comma to separate them (as well as an ampersand).
Use for 2 - 6 authors, use "&" before the final author: One author, two publications: Order by year of publication, the earlier one first. Same year of publication for both - add 'a' and 'b' after the year, inside the brackets. ... A new citing format for DOI was introduced by APA in March 2017. The new format includes https and the prefix doi ...
In-text citation: A brief citation in parentheses when you mention a source, citing the author's last name and the year of publication, e.g. (Smith, 2019). It identifies the full source in the reference list. Reference list entry: Full publication details listed on the reference page, which appears at the end of your paper.
APA 6 (location and old guideline) APA 7 (location and new guideline) In-text citation format for three or more authors. Table 6.1: In in-text citations of sources with three to five authors, list all authors the first time, then use et al. after that; for sources with six or more authors, use et al. for all citations.
The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.). Cite your source automatically in MLA or APA format Cite Using citation machines responsibly Powered by Single Author
A source with one author will, of course, always just be referenced by their own name (e.g., Smith (2018) states…). A source with two authors will always be referenced in full (e.g., Johnson and Smith (2019) state…). Three authors, then, will use et al. a er referencing the primary author (e.g., Jackson et al. (2017) state…).
After the first in-text citation, all subsequent in-text citations include the first author's last name, et al., and the year. For example: (Ledlow et al., 2017). See table below for more information. In-text Citation (Direct Quote): (Ledlow, Manrodt, & Schott, 2017, p. 52) References: Ledlow, G. R., Manrodt, K. B., & Schott, D. (2017).
Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from theAPA Manual (6th ed.). Book with Three to Five Authors or Editors (pp. 177, 202) The general format below refers to a book with three authors.
An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style. It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official ...
This guide contains examples of common citation formats in APA (American Psychological Association) Style. Overview; In-text Citation; References; Citing Articles Toggle Dropdown. One Author ; ... subsequent citations include only the first author's/editor's surname, followed by et al. and the year. In-Text Citation (Quotation):
Basic Rules Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.) Articles in Periodicals
Parenthetical citation: (Watson & Rayner, 1920/2013) Narrative citation: Watson and Rayner (1920/2013) 4. Book published with new foreword by another author When someone other than the original author contributes a new part to the work, such as a foreword or introduction, use this format: Provide the author of the entire book in the main
In-text citation. The APA 7th style uses in-text citations when referring to or quoting people's work. The essential elements of an in-text citation are the author surname/s and year. Two types of in-text citations 1. Author prominent format. Use this format if you want to emphasise the author. Their name becomes part of your sentence.
APA Stylistics: Basics; APA Headings and Seriation; APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation; APA Sample Paper; APA Tables and Figures 1; APA Tables and Figures 2; APA Abbreviations; Numbers in APA; Statistics in APA; APA Classroom Poster; APA Changes 6th Edition; General APA FAQs; Suggested Resources Style Guide Overview MLA Guide APA Guide Chicago ...
In cases involving an unlawful composition of the bench, article 101 of the Basic Law requires that the criminal conviction be reversed. A violation of article 6 of the ECHR can be no less weighty and must be taken into account when interpreting and applying section 359, number 6 of the code of criminal procedure. (Paras. 69-74.)
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