MLA Quick Citation Guide

  • In-Text Citations
  • Citing Online Journal, Newspaper & Magazine Articles

Formatting Notes

  • Online Books & eBooks
  • Online (Streaming) Film, Video, & Audio
  • Citing Other Online Resources
  • Citing Print Resources
  • Citing Art, Films, Television, & Music

Unless directed otherwise by your instructor, when using MLA 8 Style for your paper, follow these steps for formatting your citations:

  • Start your works cited list on a separate page at the end of your paper
  • Double space all of your citations, but don't add extra spaces between citations. Spacing should be consistent for the whole list.
  • Use a hanging indent for each citation by indenting the second line and any following lines of a citation. 

The Purdue Owl site has a helpful page with more detailed information about formatting:

  • MLA Works Cited Page: General Format

Due to some limitations on this guide's design, many of the examples do not use double spaces and hanging indents (they don't work well with responsive design). Any color-coded images of citations, however, do show citations with standard MLA style spacing and indents.

Online Books & E-books

Online books and ebooks: not quite the same thing.

MLA makes a distinction between online books and eBooks:

  • Online book: a book with a URL that you can access on a website or database like Project Gutenberg, Google Books, ProQuest Ebook Central, EBSCOhost eBooks, Early English Books Online, etc.
  • E-book: "a book that lacks a URL and that you use software to read on a personal device or computer" ( MLA Style Center FAQ ); includes Kindle, EPUB, Nook editions.

Each is cited somewhat differently, although the core style elements still provide the basis for your citations.

Online Books (books with URLs or DOIs, accessed on the web)

color coded MLA style citation of an book read online

  • For most online books, you do not need to include an access date at the end of the citation, but you may wish to include an access date if you think the online book URL may not be stable or if you suspect the online book may be changed in the future.

Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan. Carmilla . 1872.  Project Gutenberg . www.gutenberg.org/files/10007/10007-h/10007-h.htm.

Bell, Nancy. We Are Not Amused: Failed Humor in Interaction, De Gruyter, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central , https://ntserver1.wsulibs.wsu.edu:3447/lib/wsu/detail.action?docID=2035730.

E-books (books without URLs, accessed on an e-reader, e-reader app, or on your computer using e-reader software)

color coded MLA citation for an eBook

  • Author. Title of Book . Name of e-book Edition. Publisher, Year of publication.

Gay, Roxane. Hunger: A Memoir of (My) Body . EPUB, Harper, 2017.

Part of an Online Book or E-book

  • Sometimes online books and e-books (for example, those we can read in PDF formats) have stable page numbers, but many online books and e-books don't provide numbers as print books do. Don't include page numbers if they are unavailable or device-specific.

Online Book Examples:

Osawa, Yoshimi. “‘We Can Taste but Others Cannot’: Umami as an Exclusively Japanese Concept." Devouring Japan: Global Perspectives on Japanese Culinary Identity, Oxford UP, 2018. Oxford Scholarship Online. www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190240400.001.0001/oso-9780190240400-chapter-7.

Henry, O. “The Fox in the Morning.” Cabbages and Kings , Doubleday, Page & Co., 1919, pp. 11-24. Google Books . www.books.google.com/books?id=zmcqAAAAYAAJ&dq=O.%20Henry&pg=PP10#v=onepage&q=O.%20Henry&f=false.  

E-book Examples:

Bottigheimer, Ruth B. “A New History.” Fairy Tales: A New History . EPUB, Excelsior Editions/State U of New York P, 2009, pp. 103-15.

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Cite a Book

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Citing books in apa, print books with one author:.

APA citation format:

Author Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year Published). Title of work . Publisher.

Moriarty, L. (2014). Big little lies . G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

Print books with two or more authors:

Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., & Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Date). Title . Publisher.

Goldin, C. D., & Katz, L. F. (2008). The race between education and technology . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Matthews, G., Smith, Y., & Knowles, G. (2009). Disaster management in archives, libraries and museums . Ashgate.

Full versions of E-books:

E-books are generally read either on a website, on an e-reader, or on a database.

Author Last Name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year Published). Title of work . https://doi.org/xxxx or http://xxxx

Auster, P. (2007). The Brooklyn follies . http://www.barnesandnoble.com/

To cite your ebooks automatically, use the “Book” form at CitationMachine.com, click “Manual entry mode,” and click the “E-book” tab. Everything will be properly formatted following APA bibliography guidelines.

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MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications)

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Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9 th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

The MLA Handbook highlights principles over prescriptive practices. Essentially, a writer will need to take note of primary elements in every source, such as author, title, etc. and then assort them in a general format. Thus, by using this methodology, a writer will be able to cite any source regardless of whether it’s included in this list.

However, this guide will highlight a few concerns when citing digital sources in MLA style.

Best Practices for Managing Online Sources

Because online information can change or disappear, it is always a good idea to keep personal copies of important electronic information whenever possible. Downloading or even printing key documents ensures you have a stable backup. You can also use the Bookmark function in your web browser in order to build an easy-to-access reference for all of your project's sources (though this will not help you if the information is changed or deleted).

It is also wise to keep a record of when you first consult with each online source. MLA uses the phrase, “Accessed” to denote which date you accessed the web page when available or necessary. It is not required to do so, but it is encouraged (especially when there is no copyright date listed on a website).

Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA

Include a URL or web address to help readers locate your sources. Because web addresses are not static (i.e., they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the web (e.g., on multiple databases), MLA encourages the use of citing containers such as Youtube, JSTOR, Spotify, or Netflix in order to easily access and verify sources. However, MLA only requires the www. address, so eliminate all https:// when citing URLs.

Many scholarly journal articles found in databases include a DOI (digital object identifier). If a DOI is available, cite the DOI number instead of the URL.

Online newspapers and magazines sometimes include a “permalink,” which is a shortened, stable version of a URL. Look for a “share” or “cite this” button to see if a source includes a permalink. If you can find a permalink, use that instead of a URL.

Abbreviations Commonly Used with Electronic Sources

If page numbers are not available, use par. or pars. to denote paragraph numbers. Use these in place of the p. or pp. abbreviation. Par. would be used for a single paragraph, while pars. would be used for a span of two or more paragraphs.

Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources (Including Online Databases)

Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style. Not every web page will provide all of the following information. However, collect as much of the following information as possible:

  • Author and/or editor names (if available); last names first.
  • "Article name in quotation marks."
  • Title of the website, project, or book in italics.
  • Any version numbers available, including editions (ed.), revisions, posting dates, volumes (vol.), or issue numbers (no.).
  • Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date.
  • Take note of any page numbers (p. or pp.) or paragraph numbers (par. or pars.).
  • DOI (if available, precede it with "https://doi.org/"), otherwise a URL (without the https://) or permalink.
  • Date you accessed the material (Date Accessed). While not required, saving this information it is highly recommended, especially when dealing with pages that change frequently or do not have a visible copyright date.

Use the following format:

Author. "Title." Title of container (self contained if book) , Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs and/or URL, DOI or permalink). 2 nd container’s title , Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).

Citing an Entire Web Site

When citing an entire website, follow the same format as listed above, but include a compiler name if no single author is available.

Author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), DOI (preferred), otherwise include a URL or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site . Version number, Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL, DOI or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites . The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. Accessed 23 Apr. 2008.

Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory . Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/. Accessed 10 May 2006.

Course or Department Websites

Give the instructor name. Then list the title of the course (or the school catalog designation for the course) in italics. Give appropriate department and school names as well, following the course title.

Felluga, Dino. Survey of the Literature of England . Purdue U, Aug. 2006, web.ics.purdue.edu/~felluga/241/241/Home.html. Accessed 31 May 2007.

English Department . Purdue U, 20 Apr. 2009, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/. Accessed 31 May 2015.

A Page on a Web Site

For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by an indication of the specific page or article being referenced. Usually, the title of the page or article appears in a header at the top of the page. Follow this with the information covered above for entire Web sites. If the publisher is the same as the website name, only list it once.

Lundman, Susan. “How to Make Vegetarian Chili.”  eHow , www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.

“ Athlete's Foot - Topic Overview. ”   WebMD , 25 Sept. 2014, www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/athletes-foot-topic-overview.

Citations for e-books closely resemble those for physical books. Simply indicate that the book in question is an e-book by putting the term "e-book" in the "version" slot of the MLA template (i.e., after the author, the title of the source, the title of the container, and the names of any other contributors).

Silva, Paul J.  How to Write a Lot: A Practical Guide to Productive Academic Writing. E-book, American Psychological Association, 2007.

If the e-book is formatted for a specific reader device or service, you can indicate this by treating this information the same way you would treat a physical book's edition number. Often, this will mean replacing "e-book" with "[App/Service] ed."

Machiavelli, Niccolo.  The Prince , translated by W. K. Marriott, Kindle ed., Library of Alexandria, 2018.

Note:  The MLA considers the term "e-book" to refer to publications formatted specifically for reading with an e-book reader device (e.g., a Kindle) or a corresponding web application. These e-books will not have URLs or DOIs. If you are citing book content from an ordinary webpage with a URL, use the "A Page on a Web Site" format above.

An Image (Including a Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph)

Provide the artist's name, the work of art italicized, the date of creation, the institution and city where the work is housed. Follow this initial entry with the name of the Website in italics, and the date of access.

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV . 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo Nacional del Prado , www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-family-of-carlos-iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-71759e417e74. Accessed 22 May 2006.

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine . 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive , www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.

If the work cited is available on the web only, then provide the name of the artist, the title of the work, and then follow the citation format for a website. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author.

Adams, Clifton R. “People Relax Beside a Swimming Pool at a Country Estate Near Phoenix, Arizona, 1928.” Found, National Geographic Creative, 2 June 2016, natgeofound.tumblr.com/.

An Article in a Web Magazine

Provide the author name, article name in quotation marks, title of the web magazine in italics, publisher name, publication date, URL, and the date of access.

Bernstein, Mark. “ 10 Tips on Writing the Living Web. ”   A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites , 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.

An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal

For all online scholarly journals, provide the author(s) name(s), the name of the article in quotation marks, the title of the publication in italics, all volume and issue numbers, and the year of publication. Include a DOI if available, otherwise provide a URL or permalink to help readers locate the source.

Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal

MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals. If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (i.e. there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers, indicate the URL or other location information.

Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.

Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print

Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print, including the page range of the article . Provide the URL and the date of access.

Wheelis, Mark. “ Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. ”   Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.

An Article from an Online Database (or Other Electronic Subscription Service)

Cite online databases (e.g. LexisNexis, ProQuest, JSTOR, ScienceDirect) and other subscription services as containers. Thus, provide the title of the database italicized before the DOI or URL. If a DOI is not provided, use the URL instead. Provide the date of access if you wish.

Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. “ Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates. ”   Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library , https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20155. Accessed 26 May 2009.

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest , https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.

E-mail (including E-mail Interviews)

Give the author of the message, followed by the subject line in quotation marks. State to whom the message was sent with the phrase, “Received by” and the recipient’s name. Include the date the message was sent. Use standard capitalization.

Kunka, Andrew. “ Re: Modernist Literature. ”  Received by John Watts, 15 Nov. 2000.

Neyhart, David. “ Re: Online Tutoring. ” Received by Joe Barbato, 1 Dec. 2016.

A Listserv, Discussion Group, or Blog Posting

Cite web postings as you would a standard web entry. Provide the author of the work, the title of the posting in quotation marks, the web site name in italics, the publisher, and the posting date. Follow with the date of access. Include screen names as author names when author name is not known. If both names are known, place the author’s name in brackets.

Author or compiler name (if available). “Posting Title.” Name of Site , Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), URL. Date of access.

Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez]. “Re: Best Strategy: Fenced Pastures vs. Max Number of Rooms?” BoardGameGeek , 29 Sept. 2008, boardgamegeek.com/thread/343929/best-strategy-fenced-pastures-vs-max-number-rooms. Accessed 5 Apr. 2009.

Begin with the user's Twitter handle in place of the author’s name. Next, place the tweet in its entirety in quotations, inserting a period after the tweet within the quotations. Include the date and time of posting, using the reader's time zone; separate the date and time with a comma and end with a period. Include the date accessed if you deem necessary.

@tombrokaw. “ SC demonstrated why all the debates are the engines of this campaign. ”   Twitter, 22 Jan. 2012, 3:06 a.m., twitter.com/tombrokaw/status/160996868971704320.

@PurdueWLab. “ Spring break is around the corner, and all our locations will be open next week. ”   Twitter , 5 Mar. 2012, 12:58 p.m., twitter.com/PurdueWLab/status/176728308736737282.

A YouTube Video

Video and audio sources need to be documented using the same basic guidelines for citing print sources in MLA style. Include as much descriptive information as necessary to help readers understand the type and nature of the source you are citing. If the author’s name is the same as the uploader, only cite the author once. If the author is different from the uploader, cite the author’s name before the title.

McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.” YouTube , uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E.

“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.

A Comment on a Website or Article

List the username as the author. Use the phrase, Comment on, before the title. Use quotation marks around the article title. Name the publisher, date, time (listed on near the comment), and the URL.

Not Omniscient Enough. Comment on “ Flight Attendant Tells Passenger to ‘Shut Up’ After Argument Over Pasta. ”  ABC News, 9 Jun 2016, 4:00 p.m., abcnews.go.com/US/flight-attendant-tells-passenger-shut-argument-pasta/story?id=39704050.

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Once you have created your Cite This For Me account you will be able to use the citation machine to generate multiple references and save them into a project. Use the highly-rated iOS or Android apps to create references in a flash with your smartphone camera, export your complete bibliography in one go, and much more.

What Will The Citation Machine Create For Me?

Cite This For Me’s citation maker will generate your reference in two parts; an in-text citation and a full reference to be copied straight into your work.

The citation machine will auto-generate the correct formatting for your works cited list or bibliography depending on your chosen style. For instance, if you select a parenthetical style on the citation machine it will generate an in-text citation in parentheses, along with a full reference to slot into your bibliography. Likewise, if the citation generator is set to a footnote style then it will create a fully-formatted reference for your reference page and bibliography, as well as a corresponding footnote to insert at the bottom of the page containing the relevant source.

Parenthetical referencing examples:

In-text example: A nation has been defined as an imagined community (Anderson, 2006).* Alternative format: Anderson (2006) defined a nation as an imagined community.

*The citation machine will create your references in the first style, but this should be edited if the author’s name already appears in the text.

Bibliography / Works Cited list example: Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities. London: Verso.

Popular Citation Examples

  • Citing archive material
  • Citing artwork
  • Citing an audiobook
  • Citing the Bible
  • Citing a blog
  • Citing a book
  • Citing a book chapter
  • Citing a comic book
  • Citing conference proceedings
  • Citing a court case
  • Citing a database
  • Citing a dictionary entry
  • Citing a dissertation
  • Citing an eBook
  • Citing an edited book
  • Citing an email
  • Citing an encyclopedia article
  • Citing a government publication
  • Citing an image
  • Citing an interview
  • Citing a journal article
  • Citing legislation
  • Citing a magazine
  • Citing a meme
  • Citing a mobile app
  • Citing a movie
  • Citing a newspaper
  • Citing a pamphlet
  • Citing a patent
  • Citing a play
  • Citing a podcast
  • Citing a poem
  • Citing a presentation
  • Citing a press release
  • Citing a pseudonym
  • Citing a report
  • Citing Shakespeare
  • Citing social media
  • Citing a song
  • Citing software
  • Citing a speech
  • Citing translated book
  • Citing a TV Show
  • Citing a weather report
  • Citing a website
  • Citing Wikipedia article
  • Citing a YouTube video

What Are Citation Styles?

A citation style is a set of rules that you, as an academic writer, must follow to ensure the quality and relevance of your work. There are thousands of styles that are used in different academic institutions around the world, but in the US the most common are APA, MLA and Chicago.

The style you need to use will depend on the preference of your professor, discipline or academic institution – so if you’re unsure which style you should be using, consult your department and follow their guidelines exactly, as this is what you’ll be evaluated on when it comes to grading.

Referencing isn’t just there to guard against plagiarism – presenting your research in a clear and consistent way eases the reader’s comprehension. Each style has a different set of rules for both page formatting and referencing. Be sure to adhere to formatting rules such as font type, font size and line spacing to ensure that your work is easily legible. Furthermore, if your work is published as part of an anthology or collected works, each entry will need to be presented in the same style to maintain uniformity throughout. It is important to make sure that you don’t jump from one style to another, so follow the rules carefully to ensure your reference page and bibliography are both accurate and complete.

If you need a hand with your referencing then why not try Cite This For Me’s citation builder? It’s the quickest and easiest way to reference any source, in any style. The citation generator above will create your references in MLA format style as standard, but this powerful citation machine can generate fully-formatted references in thousands of the widely used global college styles – including individual university variations of each style. So, whether your subject requires you to use the APA citation , or your professor has asked you to adopt the Chicago style citation so that your work includes numbered footnotes, we’re sure to have the style you need. Cite This For Me also offers a citation machine and helpful formatting guide for styles such as ASA , IEEE or AMA . To access all of them, simply create your free account and search for your specific style.

Popular Citation Styles

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How Do I Format A Works Cited List Or Bibliography?

Drawing on a wide range of sources greatly enhances the quality of your work, and reading above and beyond your recommended reading list – and then using these sources to support your own thesis – is an excellent way to impress your reader. A clearly presented works cited list or bibliography demonstrates the lengths you have gone to in researching your chosen topic.

Typically, a works cited list starts on a new page at the end of the main body of text and includes a complete list of the sources you have actually cited in your paper. This list should contain all the information needed for the reader to locate the original source of the information, quote or statistic that directly contributed to your work. On the other hand, a bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the material you may have consulted throughout your research and writing process. Both provide the necessary information for readers to retrieve and check the sources cited in your work.

Each style’s guidelines will define the terminology of ‘ works cited ’ and ‘ bibliography ’, as well as providing formatting guidelines for font, line spacing and page indentations. In addition, it will instruct you on how to order your works cited list or bibliography – this will usually be either alphabetical or chronological (meaning the order that these sources appear in your work). Before submitting your work, be sure to check that you have formatted your whole paper – including your reference page and bibliography – according to your style’s formatting guidelines.

Sounds complicated? Referencing has never been so easy; Cite This For Me’s citation machine will automatically generate fully-formatted references for your works cited page or bibliography in your chosen style. Sign in to your Cite This For Me account to save and export your bibliography straight into Microsoft Word, Evernote, EndNote and more. If that sounds like too much work.

How Do Citations Actually Work?

Although the citation generator will create your bibliography and works cited list for you in record time, it is still useful to understand how this system works behind the scenes. Understanding how a citation machine actually generates references will greatly increase the quality of your work.

As well as saving you time with its citation maker, Cite This For Me provides the learning resources to help you fully understand the citing process and the benefits of adopting great referencing standards.

The referencing process:

  • Find a book, journal, website or other source that will contribute to your work.
  • Save the quote, image, data or other information that you will use in your work.
  • Save the source information that enables you to find it again (i.e. URL, ISBN, DOI etc.).
  • Format the source information into a reference.
  • Copy and paste the reference into the body of the text.
  • Repeat for each source that contributes to your work.
  • Export or copy and paste the fully-formatted reference into your bibliography.

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In-text citation

Reference list.

  • Artificial intelligence
  • Audiovisual

Books and chapters

  • Conferences
  • Course materials
  • Government and business reports
  • Medicine and health sources
  • Music scores
  • Tables and figures
  • Theses and dissertations
  • Web and social media
  • Other sources
  • Print this page
  • Other styles AGLC4 APA 7th Chicago 17th (A) Notes Chicago 17th (B) Author-Date Harvard MLA 9th Vancouver
  • Referencing home

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

  • What is a DOI? Most online journal articles and e-books have a DOI. It is a unique identifier that provides a persistent link to the location of the content, and it should be provided in the reference where it is available. This alphanumeric string is usually located on the first page with other referencing elements in both print and online articles. All DOIs start with a 10 followed by a full stop, e.g. doi:10.1111/jan.12128
  • They can also be formatted as a URL, and this is the format used in APA 7th. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12128
  • Always include the DOI for works that have a DOI regardless of whether you have accessed the print or online version. If an online article has a DOI then you do not need to include a URL.
  • If a work does not have a DOI, for further guidance refer to the APA Style website, DOIs and URLs
  • DOI or URL hyperlinks can be formatted in blue text and underlined (the default setting for Microsoft), or in plain text that is not underlined, but links should be live if the work is to be read or published online.

(Author's surname, Year)

This was seen in an Australian study (Couch, 2017).

Couch (2017) suggests that . . .

Two authors

(Author 1’s surname & Author 2’s surname, Year)

(Zheng & Labeke, 2017)

Zheng and Labeke (2017) . . .

Three or more authors

(First author’s surname et al., Year)

(De Keyser et al., 2019)

De Keyser et al. (2019) . . .

  • Go to  Getting started >  In-text citation  to view other examples such as multiple authors.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Copyright year). Title of book (Edition.). Publisher.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Copyright year). Title of book (Edition.). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx

Coronel, C., & Morris, S. (2019). Database systems: Design, implementation, and management (13th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Foster, E. & Godbole, S. (2014). Database systems: A pragmatic approach . Apress. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-0877-9

  • e-books are cited in the same way as print books but with the addition of a DOI (Digital Object Identifier).
  • No edition information is required for first editions. For subsequent editions include edition information after the title in parentheses, e.g. (2nd ed.).

Edited book

Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. B. (Eds.). (Copyright year). Title of book (Edition.). Publisher.

Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. B. (Eds.). (Copyright year). Title of book (Edition.). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx

Bruyère, S. M. (Ed.). (2016). Disability and employer practices: Research across the disciplines . Cornell University Press.

Gonida, E. N., & Lemos, M. S. (Eds.). (2019). Advances in motivation and achievement: Vol. 20. Motivation in education at a time of global change: Theory, research and implications for practice . Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0749-7423201920

Chapter in an edited book

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Copyright year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (Edition., pp. xxx–xxx). Publisher.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Copyright year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (Edition., pp. xxx–xxx). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx

Moye, J., & Wood, E. (2020). Understanding legal and clinical capacities. In J. Moye (Ed.), Assessing capacities of older adults: A casebook to guide difficult decisions (pp. 9–23). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000184-002

Book, republished in translation

For the in-text reference, give the date of the original book followed by the date of translation.

(Aubert, 2001/2007).

Author, A. A. (Copyright year). Title of book . (A. A. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published xxxx)

Aubert, L. ( 2007). The music of the other: New challenges for ethnomusicology in a global age (C. Ribeiro, Trans.). Ashgate. (Original work published 2001)

Manuscript submitted for publication

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year work completed). Title of work [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Department Name. University Name.

Ralph, G. J., & Maloney, L. M. (2020). Investigations into social distancing policies: Urban versus rural areas [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Department of Disease Prevention. Challenge University.

Custom textbooks

See Custom textbooks in the Course materials guide.

For further guidance, see the APA Style website - Book references , Chapter references , Missing reference information

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Go to Index

Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

Go to Author-Date: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography system. Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened citations for the same sources. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For examples of the same citations using the author-date system, follow the Author-Date link above.

1. Zadie Smith, Swing Time   (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.

2. Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 12.

Shortened notes

3. Smith, Swing Time , 320.

4. Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind , 37.

Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)

Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life . New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.

Smith, Zadie. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press, 2016.

For many more examples, covering virtually every type of book, see 14.100–163 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part.

1. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

Shortened note

2. Thoreau, “Walking,” 182.

Bibliography entry

Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

1. John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

2. D’Agata, American Essay , 182.

D’Agata, John, ed. The Making of the American Essay . Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

For more examples, see 14.103–5 and 14.106–12 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Translated book

1. Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words , trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.

2. Lahiri, In Other Words , 184.

Lahiri, Jhumpa. In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016.

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes, if any (or simply omit).

1. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851), 627, http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

3. Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 92, ProQuest Ebrary.

4. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 3, Kindle.

5. Melville, Moby-Dick , 722–23.

6. Kurland and Lerner, Founder s ’ Constitution , chap. 4, doc. 29.

7. Borel, Fact-Checking , 104–5.

8. Austen, Pride and Prejudice , chap. 14.

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle.

Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016. ProQuest Ebrary.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale . New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

For more examples, see 14.1 59 –63 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Journal article

In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

1. Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum ,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.

2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

3. Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.

4. Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73.

5. Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.

6. LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76.

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by et al .

7. Rachel A. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures,” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 465, https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

8. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses,” 466.

Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

For more examples, see 14.1 68 – 87 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

1. Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker , April 17, 2017, 43.

2. Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times , March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

3. Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post , July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.

4. Tanya Pai, “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps,” Vox , April 11, 2017, http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

5. Mead, “Dystopia,” 47.

6. Manjoo, “Snap.”

7. Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”

8. Pai, “History of Peeps.”

Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Mead, Rebecca. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker , April 17, 2017.

Pai, Tanya. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox , April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.

9. Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.”

For more examples, see 14.1 88 – 90 (magazines), 14.191–200 (newspapers), and 14.208 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Book review

1. Michiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith, New York Times , November 7, 2016.

2. Kakutani, “Friendship.”

Kakutani, Michiko. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith. New York Times , November 7, 2016.

1. Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross, Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

2. Stamper, interview.

Stamper, Kory. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

Thesis or dissertation

1. Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013), 99–100.

2. Rutz, “ King Lear ,” 158.

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013.

Website content

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date (as in example note 2).

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

2. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

3. Katie Bouman, “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole,” filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA, video, 12:51, https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

4. Google, “Privacy Policy.”

5. “Yale Facts.”

6. Bouman, “Black Hole.”

Bouman, Katie. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

For more examples, see 14. 20 5–10 in The Chicago Manual of Style . For multimedia, including live performances, see 14. 261–68 .

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

1. Pete Souza (@petesouza), “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit,” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016, https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

2. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

3. Souza, “President Obama.”

4. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017.

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Energy & Environmental Science

Radiative sky cooling thermal concentration with cooling power exceeding one kw per square meter.

The world’s first demonstration of passive radiative cooling under the sun in 2014 attracted substantial attention due to its ubiquitous and passive nature. Numerous nanophotonic and metamaterials capable of radiative sky cooling have been reported over the past decade. However, the cooling power density of such materials is approximately one magnitude lower (100 W m-2) compared to terrestrial solar irradiation. Furthermore, improved optical characteristics could yield a modest increase in cooling power density due to the blackbody radiation limit. We report a rationally designed AsymSkyCool method (Asymmetrically-sized heat-source-on-radiative-Sky-Cooling-coated-substrate) for radiative sky cooling thermal concentration (tcRC). The tcRC concept yields over 2000 W m-2 at night and close to 1000 W m-2 at 493 W m-2 solar irradiation. The nearly tenfold improvement over the state-of-the-art sky cooling-based concentrators is enabled by advanced thermal management utilizing radiative energy concentration and localization. As climate plays a crucial role in the radiative sky cooling material performance, the concept has been experimentally verified in three geolocations, including Ljubljana, Slovenia (46.04° N), Shanghai, China (31.02° N), and Kunming, China (24.86° N). This work provides new insights into the usability of radiative sky cooling materials for thermal energy-intensive applications, such as high-power electronics cooling, radiative cooling-assisted sorbent, and solely radiative cooling-atmospheric water harvesting that will unlock substantial benefits for advancements in energy, water, and food nexus.

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P. Poredoš, H. Shan, C. Wang, Z. Chen, Z. Shao, F. Deng, H. Liu, J. Yu and R. Wang, Energy Environ. Sci. , 2024, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D3EE03214K

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Republican Michigan lawmaker loses staff and committee assignment after online racist post

Rep. Josh Schriver on the floor of the Michigan House of Representatives, at the Michigan Capitol, in Lansing, Mich., on Oct. 10, 2023. The Republican lawmaker, Schriver, in Michigan lost his committee assignment and staff Monday, Monday, Feb. 12, 2024, days after posting an image of a racist ideology on social media. House Speaker Joe Tate, a Democrat who is Black, said he will not allow the House to be a forum for “racist, hateful and bigoted speech.” (David Guralnick/Detroit News via AP)

Rep. Josh Schriver on the floor of the Michigan House of Representatives, at the Michigan Capitol, in Lansing, Mich., on Oct. 10, 2023. The Republican lawmaker, Schriver, in Michigan lost his committee assignment and staff Monday, Monday, Feb. 12, 2024, days after posting an image of a racist ideology on social media. House Speaker Joe Tate, a Democrat who is Black, said he will not allow the House to be a forum for “racist, hateful and bigoted speech.” (David Guralnick/Detroit News via AP)

FILE - Michigan House Speaker Joe Tate, D-Detroit, awaits the start of Gov. Gretchen Whitmer’s State of the State address, Wednesday, Jan. 25, 2023, at the state Capitol in Lansing, Mich. Republican lawmaker, Josh Schriver, in Michigan lost his committee assignment and staff Monday, Feb. 12, 2024, days after posting an image of a racist ideology on social media. Tate, a Democrat who is Black, said he will not allow the House to be a forum for “racist, hateful and bigoted speech.” (AP Photo/Al Goldis, File)

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A Republican lawmaker in Michigan lost his committee assignment and staff Monday, days after posting an image of a racist ideology on social media.

House Speaker Joe Tate, a Democrat who is Black, said he will not allow the House to be a forum for “racist, hateful and bigoted speech.”

State Rep. Josh Schriver, who is white, shared a post on X — formerly known as Twitter — that showed a map of the world with Black figures greatly outnumbering white figures, along with the phrase, “The great replacement!”

The conspiracy theory says there’s a plot to diminish the influence of white people.

Republican presidential candidate former President Donald Trump gestures at a campaign rally in Waterford Township, Mich., Saturday, Feb. 17, 2024. (AP Photo/Paul Sancya)

Schriver, who represents portions of Oakland and Macomb counties, can vote on the House floor. But Tate removed him from a committee and told the House Business Office to oversee his staff members, who still can assist constituents.

“Representative Schriver has a history of promoting debunked theories and dangerous rhetoric that jeopardizes the safety of Michigan residents and contributes to a hostile and uncomfortable environment for others,” Tate said.

A message seeking comment from Schriver wasn’t immediately returned. He defended his social media post last week.

“I’m opposed to racists, race baiters and victim politics,” Schriver told The Detroit News. “What I find strange is the agenda to demoralize and reduce the white portion of our population.”

Schriver was elected to a two-year term in 2022. Gov. Gretchen Whitmer, a Democrat, released a statement Friday calling his post “abhorrent rhetoric.”

“We will never let those who stoke racial fears divide us,” she said.

Follow Ed White on X at https://twitter.com/edwritez

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Announcing One Book, One Philadelphia 2024 Selection: True Biz by Sara Nović

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PHILADELPHIA – The Free Library of Philadelphia (FLP), the Free Library of Philadelphia Foundation (Foundation), and the Office of the Mayor today announced that True Biz by Sara Nović has been chosen as the 2024 One Book, One Philadelphia featured reading selection. This announcement marks the 22nd year of the program.

True Biz is a story of communication across radically different experiences. It involves three characters at the River Valley School for the Deaf. Charlie is a new transfer student. Austin is the school’s golden boy. February is the school’s Headmistress and a child of deaf adults. Together, they try to find their footing during a new school year, navigating major life changes and an impending threat to their school that may change them forever.

“Reading is fundamental,” said Mayor Cherelle L. Parker , “I cannot thank the Free Library of Philadelphia enough for their dedication to providing spaces for our communities to improve literacy and create civic dialogue across our City. The One Book, One Philadelphia program is a great way to unify our City and inspire a love of reading for youth and adults.”

One Book, One Philadelphia is an acclaimed literacy and civic dialogue initiative that encourages the greater Philadelphia region to come together through reading and conversation. This announcement marks the beginning of the FLP’s new reading period, during which Philadelphians are invited to delve into the featured selection.

Young readers will join the conversation with discussions and programs inspired by youth companion titles such as You’re Welcome, Universe, written and illustrated by Whitney Gardner, and Can Bears Ski? , written by Raymond Antrobus and illustrated by Polly Dunbar.

“One Book, One Philadelphia continues to create a shared reading experience that promotes learning from different cultures and perspectives, which helps us to better understand not only the world around us but also each other,” said Kelly Richards, President and Director of the Free Library of Philadelphia . “This year’s selection, True Biz , is no different. With its emphasis on education and belonging, it is as enlightening as it is heartwarming.”

The 2024 One Book, One Philadelphia program season will officially kick off at the Parkway Central Library on April 8 at 7:30 p.m. The launch event will feature a conversation between author Sara Nović and Melissa Draganac-Hawk, Principal of Pennsylvania School for the Deaf. A registration link to attend the kick-off event will be posted on the One Book, One Philadelphia webpage today. An American Sign Language interpreter will also attend the kick-off event.

This season’s programming will include dozens of events for all ages. Programming will explore themes from True Biz and the youth companion titles including, language and connection, Deaf cultures and histories, accessibility, education, and the desire for self-determination. Details can be found on freelibrary.org/onebook .

The 2024 One Book, One Philadelphia program is endowed by the Joseph and Marie Field Fund and sponsored by the Field Foundation. The program is also made possible through generous support from PECO and The Sylvia W. and Randle M. Kauders Foundation, secured by the Foundation. Media sponsors include Audacy, ClearChannel Outdoor, Keystone Outdoor, WHYY, and WURD.

In addition, donations made through the Educational Improvement Tax Credit (EITC) Program enable thousands of School District of Philadelphia students and teachers to participate in the One Book, One Philadelphia each year by providing free copies of the selected books and accompanying curricula. The Foundation extends its gratitude to the corporations that have made this important initiative possible through their EITC gifts.

All FLP locations will have copies of True Biz and the youth companion titles for customers to borrow with a Free Library card, as well as e-book copies and downloadable audiobooks available for check-out from freelibrary.org .

Images of the event can be found here .

About the Free Library of Philadelphia The Free Library of Philadelphia system, with 54 locations and The Rosenbach, advances literacy, guides learning, and inspires curiosity with millions of digital and physical materials; 31,000 yearly programs and workshops; free public computers and extensive Wi-Fi; and rich special collections, including those at the Parkway Central Library and The Rosenbach. With more than 5 million in-person visits and 5 million more online annually, the Free Library and The Rosenbach are among the most widely used educational and cultural institutions in Philadelphia and boast a worldwide impact.

About One Book, One Philadelphia Founded in 2003 by the Free Library of Philadelphia and the Office of the Mayor, One Book, One Philadelphia motivates tens of thousands of people to read an annual featured selection and participate in programming that encourages empathy, understanding, and dialogue among Philadelphia’s many communities.

About Sara Nović Sara Nović is a writer, activist, and translator based in Philadelphia. Her New York Times bestselling book Girl at War won the American Library Association’s Alex Award and was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. She holds a master’s of fine arts degree from Columbia University, where she studied fiction and literary translation. 

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City provides update on response to air quality alert for thursday, june 8, 2023, el departamento de salud pública de filadelfia declara emergencia de salud por calor para el lunes 8 y el martes 9 de agosto de 2022, philadelphia department of public health declares heat health emergency monday, august 8 and tuesday, august 9, 2022.

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World Book Day 2024 costumes to buy online, from Harry Potter to Stick Man

Falling on 7 march this year, get inspired for world book day with these literary ideas, article bookmarked.

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If you’ve been racking your brain for World Book Day costume ideas, you’ve come to the right place. Celebrated annually on the first Thursday in March – which falls on 7 March this year – the literary event was first launched in 1995 as a way to celebrate the power of storytelling and encourage young people to start reading.

Since then, it’s become a permanent fixture in every school’s calendar and sees children across the country dress up as their favourite characters, be that from classic tales or new novels that have recently hit the shelves.

While some parents prefer to make their kids’ costumes from scratch, there are plenty of ready-made options out there for those who don’t have the time, patience, or inclination to get crafty. Even better, most are budget-friendly, too, and can be stored away post-World Book Day for dressing up fun at home or even Halloween.

To make sure you avoid a last-minute panic, we’ve rounded up our pick of World Book Day costumes that you can buy online right now, to help your little one look the part.

Read more: The best water bottles for kids

World Book Day 2024 costume ideas

Tu clothing ‘gangsta granny’ fancy dress costume: £12, tuclothing.sainsburys.co.uk.

Help your child transform into a character from one of David Walliams’s bestselling books with this hilarious Gangsta Granny costume. The set includes everything your little one will need to embody the unassuming bandit, including a dress that features a standout jewel print on the skirt, a burglar eye mask and even a grey curly wig.

Rubie’s ‘The Wizard of Oz’ Dorothy costume: £21.98, Amazon.co.uk

If your little one is a fan of children’s novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum, then its leading lady, Dorothy, is an obvious pick for World Book Day. This costume offers a glittering take on the character’s outfit that’s sure to make your child stand out. The gingham blue dress is covered in sparkly rhinestones, finished with satin puff sleeves and has a delicate lace trim on the skirt. Plus, it even comes with two matching blue hair bows, so you can style your child’s locks in Dorothy’s classic pigtail plaits.

John Lewis Willy Wonka costume: £25, Johnlewis.com

As the owner of a gigantic chocolate factory, he is surely one of the most popular characters in children’s literature, so, a Willy Wonka outfit is always going to be a good idea. The costume reflects the character’s eccentric personality and comes with a vivid purple tailcoat, a mock shirt and waistcoat, emerald-green trousers and, of course, a top hat.

Asda Disney ‘Alice in Wonderland’ blue fancy dress costume: £9, Asda.com

Lewis Carroll’s  Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland  has been luring children and adults down the rabbit hole of surreal storytelling since it was written in 1865. This outfit, right down to its silky bow headband and little apron, is unmistakably Alice. The dress also features fun illustrations of some of the story’s best-loved characters, including the Cheshire Cat, around the hemline.

‘Harry Potter’ child Gryffindor house deluxe costume: £19.99, Very.co.uk

Step into a world of magic and swap your child’s school uniform for a Hogwarts one, with this Harry Potter ensemble. The perfect way to declare their favourite house, the Gryffindor costume includes a printed hooded robe with mock shirt detailing, faux round glasses, and a wand. Add a small lightning bolt scar (using face paint or eyeliner) to the forehead, to complete the look.

Party Delights ‘Very Hungry Caterpillar’ deluxe costume: £17.99, Partydelights.co.uk

This is an adorable option for a much-loved children’s book:  The Very Hungry Caterpillar . The deluxe costume features a padded striped tabard with little feet and a red headpiece with the instantly recognisable character’s face. We think this would be a particularly good option for little ones who might not want to wear a costume all day, as it can be worn over the top of their normal clothes.

Smiffys ‘Stick Man’ costume: £32.49, Smiffys.com

If your little one loves Julia Donaldson’s Stick Man , look no further than this creative costume, which includes a top, trousers and character hood of the anthropomorphic wooden stick . The design features a realistic-looking wood grain, as well as the main character’s trademark leaf on his head. The top also features the phrase “An excellent stick”, in addition to three images that show other characters from the book, such as the playful dog.

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This Middletown bookstore calls itself a 'bookseum.' What you'll find at Sadie's

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Every February, a Black-owned bookstore in Middletown flips the narrative on Black History Month.

“Black History is a mindset, not a month,” said Yaa Yaa Whaley-Williams, owner of Sadie’s Books & Beverages. “That’s kind of the theme in this space: Disrupt the typical narrative. And not just for the purpose of being revolutionary or crazy, but to really inspire people.”

Sadie’s is the first-of-its-kind “bookseum,” a term coined by Whaley-Williams to encompass the blend of Black history, art and literature showcased in her shop.

“Black History needs to be something that we celebrate for more than 28 or 29 days every year,” she said. “It’s really a movement of unearthing hidden treasures and hidden histories.”

“When we get selective when it comes to the Black history that we’re sharing, we’re doing a huge disservice to people understanding why we are where we are and what we need to do to move forward.”

At Sadie’s, history starts with its namesake, the owner’s grandmother. Born in Jamaica, Sadie immigrated to the United States with her mother and sisters at age 7. 

Though she died more than three decades ago, Sadie’s influence lives on through her heirlooms, on display atop each of the bookshelves lining the walls at her namesake store – her shortwave radio, her Polaroid camera, her VHS player.

Sadie’s personal typewriter, still in prime working condition, invites book browsers to tap out a message near the children’s section. Her record collection sits nestled between a pair of buffalo-checked mid-century armchairs, each LP waiting for its chance to go for a spin.

More: Safer roads a priority for some Ulster officials following pedestrian deaths

“These are things you can touch, things you can ask questions about, something nostalgic for the elders or to inspire the youth,” Whaley-Williams said. “Yeah, we sell books, but it’s really about coming and engaging with your community.”

Sadie’s clothes iron is often mistaken for a kettlebell by the unenlightened. One young visitor asked if a tape from her VHS collection was an oddly shaped frisbee.

“We want to inspire not just a reverence for grandparents and elders, but to get people thinking about what treasures and heirlooms they might have in their families,” Whaley-Williams said.

The books-end of the business features hundreds of Black authors across 23 genres and curated lists, separated by hashtag, including the works of 15 local authors.

Memoirs and biographies are found under #ITellIt and #TheGOATs. Another shelf over, #HipToTheHop spotlights the lyricism and literary work of Black artists.

Sadie’s prides itself on being a community-curated collection, Whaley-Williams said. If a browser makes a compelling argument to move an author or a certain work from one section to another, they are free to do so.

“We’re not Barnes & Noble,” she said. “If you feel passionate about a book, move things around because it’s your space.”

In order to ensure Sadie’s truly belongs to all who enter, Whaley-Williams launched a book access and equity program, offering brand-new children’s books marked down to $3 and $7, a nod to the shop’s address at 37 North St.

“When I was a kid getting a free or discounted book, it was usually dog-eared or had writing in it, or some pages missing,” Whaley-Williams recalled. “But getting a discounted book shouldn’t mean that it’s anything less than brand new.”

How Middletown celebrated Valentine's: Explore different kinds of love at your local bookstore

The museum-focused right side of the store is decorated with samples from paint-and-sip events – famous Black artists and influential leaders – along with a haunting white sculpture of a protecting angel, created and gifted by Whaley-Williams’ aunt.

Below the suspended statue sits Sadie’s shrine, showcasing a selection of books signed by the author to the store or to Whaley-Williams herself, often at the behest of the latter’s mother.

“Anytime I got a book, I had the author sign it to you, not to me,” Whaley-Williams recalled her mother telling her upon her discovery of a bell hooks title personally inscribed to her.

The shrine doubles as a home for wayward heirlooms without another place to go, donated by community members without descendants of their own. An original copy of “The Negro Motorist Green Book” is proudly displayed alongside a 100-year-old zebra-skin drum brought back from Africa.

Sadie’s Studio, an alcove in the back of the store reserved for artists and creators, can easily transition from movie set to sound stage to photo studio, complete with tripods, microphones, lighting and production equipment.

Interspersed among the displays are small samplings of products by local Black-owned businesses.

Baby Schnooks, a woman-owned business in Newburgh, donates proceeds from a line of chapsticks – with flavors inspired by Arizona Iced Teas and Skittles – to the Trayvon Martin Foundation.

“It’s a curated experience because they each have a story,” Whaley-Williams said. “It’s a cool way to not just be a conscious consumer, but to participate in current activism.”

Lolly’s Handmade of Middletown features an all-natural skincare line inspired by the owner’s cancer diagnosis that necessitated a switch to paraben-free products.

Also available are incense, lapel pins, coloring books, cookbooks and bookmarks, all created and produced by local Black-owned businesses.

The joy of running a Black-owned business that promotes Black artists and authors is not without its challenges, Whaley-Williams said.

She awoke one morning to find her car had been egged – something that hadn’t occurred in her nearly a decade of living in Middletown until two years ago, when Sadie’s first opened.

Some prospective patrons turn around as soon as they walk in, while others enter with a demeanor more challenging than curious.

When she receives pushback about the lack of celebrated white authors on her shelves, Whaley-Williams tells visitors: “Steinbeck and Shakespeare, they’ve had their accolades and they get shelf space everywhere. This is about the people who don’t make those shelves.”

She is often able to diffuse tension with the Sadie’s signature tour, with a particular emphasis on the #FoodforEducators section.

“I make it less about my take on something and direct them to a book on the subject instead,” Whaley-Williams said.

“Just like anything — women’s history, LGBTQ pride — Black History shouldn’t be a flavor of the month,” Whaley-Williams said. “When we’re intentional about being inclusive to people who are traditionally on the margins of society, then we can honor it all the time.”

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    Zn metal-based batteries (ZMBs) are widely considered to be promising energy storage devices due to their cost-effective and safety features, but uneven Zn2+ deposition facilitates rapid dendrite growth. Here, we introduce a novel work function chemistry strategy to improve the Zn2+ flux and transport kineti

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  21. Radiative Sky Cooling Thermal Concentration with Cooling Power

    The world's first demonstration of passive radiative cooling under the sun in 2014 attracted substantial attention due to its ubiquitous and passive nature. Numerous nanophotonic and metamaterials capable of radiative sky cooling have been reported over the past decade. However, the cooling power density of

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    2 of 2 | . FILE - Michigan House Speaker Joe Tate, D-Detroit, awaits the start of Gov. Gretchen Whitmer's State of the State address, Wednesday, Jan. 25, 2023, at the state Capitol in Lansing, Mich. Republican lawmaker, Josh Schriver, in Michigan lost his committee assignment and staff Monday, Feb. 12, 2024, days after posting an image of a racist ideology on social media.

  23. Announcing One Book, One Philadelphia 2024 Selection: True Biz by Sara

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  25. World Book Day 2024 costumes to buy online

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