case studies in object oriented analysis and design pdf

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Case studies in object-oriented analysis and design

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• © 2011

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

• Sarnath Ramnath 0 ,
• Brahma Dathan 1

Department of Computer Science, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, USA

You can also search for this editor in PubMed   Google Scholar

Department of Information and Computer Science, Metropolitan State University, St. Paul, USA

• Coverage of implementation issues.
• Introduction to the art and craft of refactoring.
• Provides a sound footing on object-oriented concepts such as classes, objects, interfaces, inheritance, polymorphism, dynamic linking.
• Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras

Part of the book series: Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science (UTICS)

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Table of contents (12 chapters)

Front matter, basic object-oriented concepts, introduction.

• Sarnath Ramnath, Brahma Dathan

Basics of Object-Oriented Programming

Relationships between classes, language features for object-oriented implementation, introduction to object-oriented analysis, design, implementation and refactoring, elementary design patterns, analysing a system, design and implementation, how ‘object-oriented’ is our design, advanced concepts in object-oriented design, exploring inheritance, modelling with finite state machines, interactive systems and the mvc architecture, designing with distributed objects, back matter.

• Design Patterns
• Implementation

From the reviews:

“The authors present a comprehensive, well-organized excursion through object-oriented analysis and design. The volume is organized into three parts, each containing four chapters. … The book also has an excellent appendix on the essentials of Java. … many undergraduate faculty members will consider it to be a comprehensive reference to the object-oriented elements that will be important for all future software developers. Summing Up: Recommended. Students of all levels, researchers/faculty, and professional software developers.” (J. Beidler, Choice, Vol. 49 (5), January, 2012)

“The book is clearly aimed at undergraduate students … it is useful for anyone wanting to learn OOAD, particularly practising or budding Java programmers. … Some useful examples are used throughout the book to illustrate the concepts … . There are also some very useful discussion, further reading and exercise sections at the end of each chapter. … A book on OOAD that is also an introductory text on Java, UML, design and architectural patterns and software architectures is a bargain not to be missed.” (Kawal Banga, BCS, February, 2012)

“Dathan and Ramnath’s book begins with an extensive introduction to object-oriented concepts … . This book is very well written and well manufactured. The discussion of design decisions and their resolution is especially good. … This book fills a niche in the range of texts covering object-oriented analysis and design: it is for a course teaching general object-oriented analysis and design techniques using Java that emphasizes patterns and is based on extensive case studies.” (Christopher Fox, ACM Computing Reviews, December, 2011)

Sarnath Ramnath

Brahma Dathan

Book Title : Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

Editors : Sarnath Ramnath, Brahma Dathan

Series Title : Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-522-4

Publisher : Springer London

eBook Packages : Computer Science , Computer Science (R0)

Copyright Information : Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011

eBook ISBN : 978-1-84996-522-4 Published: 06 December 2010

Series ISSN : 1863-7310

Series E-ISSN : 2197-1781

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : X, 440

Number of Illustrations : 150 b/w illustrations

Additional Information : Jointly published with Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Topics : Software Engineering , Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems , Programming Techniques

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Object-Oriented Analysis and Design(OOAD)

• OOAD Full Form
• Object Oriented Analysis in Object Oriented Analysis & Design
• Object Oriented Paradigm in Object Oriented Analysis & Design(OOAD)
• Object Oriented System | Object Oriented Analysis & Design
• Object Model | Object Oriented Analysis & Design
• Object Oriented Principles in OOAD
• What are the Object Oriented Analysis and Design(OOAD) Phases?
• Booch Methodology in Object-Oriented Analysis and Design(OOAD)
• GRASP Design Principles in OOAD
• Aggregation in OOAD
• Unified Process in OOAD

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) is a software engineering methodology that employs object-oriented principles to model and design complex systems. It involves analyzing the problem domain, representing it using objects and their interactions, and then designing a modular and scalable solution. It helps create systems that are easier to understand, maintain, and extend by organizing functionality into reusable and interconnected components.

Important Topics for the Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

Important Aspects of OOAD

Object-oriented analysis, object-oriented design, benefits of object-oriented analysis and design(ooad), challenges of object-oriented analysis and design(ooad), real world applications of object-oriented analysis and design(ooad).

Here are some important aspects of OOAD:

• Object-Oriented Programming: Object-oriented programming involves modeling real-world objects as software objects, with properties and methods that represent the behavior of those objects. OOAD uses this approach to design and implement software systems.
• Design Patterns: Design patterns are reusable solutions to common problems in software design. OOAD uses design patterns to help developers create more maintainable and efficient software systems.
• UML Diagrams: Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized notation for creating diagrams that represent different aspects of a software system. OOAD uses UML diagrams to represent the different components and interactions of a software system.
• Use Cases: Use cases are a way of describing the different ways in which users interact with a software system. OOAD uses use cases to help developers understand the requirements of a system and to design software systems that meet those requirements.

Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA) is the first technical activity performed as part of object-oriented software engineering. OOA introduces new concepts to investigate a problem. It is based on a set of basic principles, which are as follows:

• Lets say you’re building a game. OOA helps you figure out all the things you need to know about the game world – the characters, their features, and how they interact. It’s like making a map of everything important.
• OOA also helps you understand what your game characters will do. If a character jumps when you press a button, OOA helps describe that action. It’s like writing down a script for each character.
• Every program has specific tasks or jobs it needs to do. OOA helps you list and describe these jobs. In our game, it could be tasks like moving characters or keeping score. It’s like making a to-do list for your software.
• OOA is smart about breaking things into different parts. It splits the job into three categories: things your game knows (like scores), things your game does (like jumping), and how things in your game behave (like characters moving around). This makes it easier to understand.
• OOA knows that at first, you just want to understand the big picture. So, it starts with a simple version of your game or program. Later on, you add more details to make it work perfectly. It’s like sketching a quick drawing before adding all the colors and details.

The above noted principles form the foundation for the OOA approach. 

In the object-oriented software development process, the analysis model, which is initially formed through object-oriented analysis (OOA), undergoes a transformation during object-oriented design (OOD). This evolution is crucial because it shapes the analysis model into a detailed design model, essentially serving as a blueprint for constructing the software.

The outcome of object-oriented design, or OOD, manifests in a design model characterized by multiple levels of modularity. This modularity is expressed in two key ways:

• At a higher level, major components of the system are organized into subsystems.
• This practice is similar to creating modules at the system level, providing a structured and organized approach to managing the complexity of the software.
• A more granular form of modularity is achieved through the encapsulation of data manipulation operations into objects. ” It’s like putting specific tasks (or operations) and the data they need into little boxes called “objects.”
• Each object does its job neatly and keeps things organized. So, if our game has a character jumping, we put all the jumping stuff neatly inside an object.
• It’s like having a box for each task, making everything easier to handle and understand.

Furthermore, as part of the object-oriented design process, it is essential to define specific aspects:

• OOD involves specifying how data attributes are organized within the objects. This includes determining the types of data each object will hold and how they relate to one another, ensuring a coherent and efficient data structure.
• OOD requires a procedural description for each operation that an object can perform. This involves detailing the steps or processes involved in carrying out specific tasks, ensuring clarity and precision in the implementation of functionality.

Below diagram shows a design pyramid for object-oriented systems. It is having the following four layers.

• The Subsystem Layer: It represents the subsystem that enables software to achieve user requirements and implement technical frameworks that meet user needs.
• The Class and Object Layer: It represents the class hierarchies that enable the system to develop using generalization and specialization. This layer also represents each object.
• The Message Layer: This layer deals with how objects interact with each other. It includes messages sent between objects, method calls, and the flow of control within the system.
• The Responsibilities Layer: It focuses on the responsibilities of individual objects. This includes defining the behavior of each class, specifying what each object is responsible for, and how it responds to messages.
• Improved modularity: OOAD encourages the creation of small, reusable objects that can be combined to create more complex systems, improving the modularity and maintainability of the software.
• Better abstraction: OOAD provides a high-level, abstract representation of a software system, making it easier to understand and maintain.
• Improved reuse: OOAD encourages the reuse of objects and object-oriented design patterns, reducing the amount of code that needs to be written and improving the quality and consistency of the software.
• Improved communication: OOAD provides a common vocabulary and methodology for software developers, improving communication and collaboration within teams.
• Reusability: OOAD emphasizes the use of reusable components and design patterns, which can save time and effort in software development by reducing the need to create new code from scratch.
• Scalability: OOAD can help developers design software systems that are scalable and can handle changes in user demand and business requirements over time.
• Maintainability: OOAD emphasizes modular design and can help developers create software systems that are easier to maintain and update over time.
• Flexibility: OOAD can help developers design software systems that are flexible and can adapt to changing business requirements over time.
• Improved software quality: OOAD emphasizes the use of encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, which can lead to software systems that are more reliable, secure, and efficient.
• Complexity: OOAD can add complexity to a software system, as objects and their relationships must be carefully modeled and managed.
• Overhead: OOAD can result in additional overhead, as objects must be instantiated, managed, and interacted with, which can slow down the performance of the software.
• Steep learning curve: OOAD can have a steep learning curve for new software developers, as it requires a strong understanding of OOP concepts and techniques.
• Complexity: OOAD can be complex and may require significant expertise to implement effectively. It may be difficult for novice developers to understand and apply OOAD principles.
• Time-consuming: OOAD can be a time-consuming process that involves significant upfront planning and documentation. This can lead to longer development times and higher costs.
• Rigidity: Once a software system has been designed using OOAD, it can be difficult to make changes without significant time and expense. This can be a disadvantage in rapidly changing environments where new technologies or business requirements may require frequent changes to the system.
• Cost: OOAD can be more expensive than other software engineering methodologies due to the upfront planning and documentation required.

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) has been widely applied across various industries to improve software development processes, enhance maintainability, and promote code reusability. Here are some real-world applications of OOAD:

• Financial Systems: Banking Software: OOAD is often employed in banking systems to model complex financial structures, transactions, and customer interactions. The modular and scalable nature of OOAD helps in designing flexible and robust banking applications.
• Healthcare Systems: Electronic Health Record (EHR) Systems: OOAD is utilized to model patient data, medical records, and healthcare workflows. Object-oriented principles enable the creation of modular and adaptable healthcare applications that can evolve with changing requirements.
• Aerospace and Defense: Flight Control Systems: OOAD is crucial in designing flight control systems for aircraft. It helps model the interactions between different components such as navigation systems, sensors, and control surfaces, ensuring safety and reliability.
• Telecommunications: Telecom Billing Systems: OOAD is applied to model and design billing systems in the telecommunications industry. It allows for the representation of complex billing rules, subscription plans, and customer data in a modular and scalable way.
• E-commerce: Online Shopping Platforms: OOAD is commonly used in the development of e-commerce systems. It helps model product catalogs, user profiles, shopping carts, and payment processes, making it easier to maintain and extend the functionality of the platform.

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